ENERGY & LIFEPhotosynthesis

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html

_____________ can make their own food usingenergy from sunlight.

Ex:

AUTOTROPHS

http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

__________________ get energy by consumingother organisms

Ex:

HETEROTROPHS

http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

Images: http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Na+ - K + PUMPEndocytosisExocytosis

Animation from:

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?

*Movement

*Synthesis of biomolecules

*Reproduction

Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreatheReplication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.aspTranscription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gifTranslation:

ATPImage by: Riedell

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY

CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY

ATP = __________________________Adenosine triphosphate

____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

3

ATP can change into ADP

ADP = __________________________Adenosine diphosphate

____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

2

ATP → ____ + ____ +

http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html

ATP releases energy stored in a high energychemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP

ADP

ADP + ___ + ________ → ___

The energy to do this comes from

____________ like _____________

Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP.

ATP

It’s like recharging the battery !

STORE

FOODS GLUCOSE

ATP is useful BUT . . .ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY,

but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________.

A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy.

Cells only keep enough ATP

around to last a few seconds and

recharge it by burning___________.http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

NOT LARGELONG TERM

90 times

glucose

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs

REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS

began centuries ago with this

simple question:

When a tiny seed grows into a

huge plant, where does all the

“new plant” come from?http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

THE BIG PICTURE

Scientists discovered that in the

presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water

into carbohydrates and release oxygen.

_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen

6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→

In addition to water and carbon dioxide,

__________________

and

__________________

are needed for photosynthesis to happen.

chlorophyll

light energy

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm

____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.

Photosynthesis

consumed

Reaction 1 → Product → X

Reaction 2 → Product Y

A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________

biochemical pathway

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products

LIGHT ENERGY

6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2

Scientist

1961- American chemist ________________________

received the Nobel prize for

figuring out the

chemical _______________

used by plants to make sugar

http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin

Melvin Calvin

pathway

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html

Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light

Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________

http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

wavelengths

colors

Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,

BUT . . . .

Myth:

Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… We “see” reflected light

Light wavelengths that are ___________

off of objects bounce back to our eyes .

That is the ___________ we “see”

Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

REFLECTED

COLOR

This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.

_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE

http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg

exceptabsorbs ALL

BLUEreflected

Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.

When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.

That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.

http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg

http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif

absorbs ALL

ENERGY

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.

_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.

REFLECTS ALL

LITTLE

http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gifhttp://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.

pigments

By: VanderWal

The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________

_________________ are plant pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and red)

CAROTENOIDS

http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg

http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg

CHLOROPHYLL

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______the other colors and leaves usually look green

ALL THE TIME

hides

red

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.

There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________

Chlorophyll a absorbs the_____ & ________wavelengths best.

It absorbs very little ______ light.

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b

red violet

Blue

red

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.

There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________

Chlorophyll babsorbs some ______light and even more_________ light.

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b

red

Blue-violet

That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..

Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light!

http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg

REFLECTS

That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______;

so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.

http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1

USE MORE

ABSORB

DOESN’T

ENERGY & ELECTRONS

When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif

http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!

ELECTRONS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS

Proteins that are part of the thylakoid

membrane organize

________________________________ into clusters called _____________________PHOTOSYSTEMS

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Light absorbing PIGMENTS

LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS

Molecule that carries

= _______

Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS

= ___________

ATP

NADP+

Images by Riedell

________ + _____ + _____ → ____________

HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too

____________ is one

of the carriers that

cells use to transport

high energy electrons.

NADP+

2 e- H+

_______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

SEE A MOVIEATP SYNTHASEIN ACTION

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONRequires ______________

Molecules are part of ________________

Made up of __________________

connected by ______________________

& ___________________

Uses light energy to change

ADP + P → _______

NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________

Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________

LIGHT

ATP

THYLAKOID membranes

PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

NADPHH20

oxygen

ATP SYNTHASE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW

Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Calvin Cycle

See Calvin cycleanimation

CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________)

____________ require ____________

Happens in _________ between thylakoidsNADPH donates _______________

ATP donates _________________

CO2 donates ______________ to make __________

LIGHT

LIGHT INDEPENDENT

ENERGY

STROMAHydrogen + electrons

Carbon & oxygenGLUCOSE

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

DOES NOT

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis____________________

Water is one of the raw materials needed, so

A shortage of water can ________________

photosynthesis

AMOUNT OF WATER

http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss.

slow or stop

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C

At temperatures above or below

this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop

Conifers in winter may carry outphotosynthesis only occasionally

TEMPERATURE

http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

____________________

More light increases rate of photosynthesis

up to a certain level until plant reaches its

maximum rate of photosynthesis

LIGHT INTENSITY

See effect of light experiment

http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm

THE BIG PICTURE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides

the _____________ we breathe

and the __________

heterotrophs (like us)

consume to survive

_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen

OXYGEN

sugars