Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Energy
State and Perspectives of the Anaerobic Digestion Sector in Germany
www.german-renewable-energy.com
Dipl.-Ing. David WilkenFachverband Biogas e.V.
German Biogas Association
Headquarters
23 employees
Board of Trustees
elected Honorary Spokesmen of Regional Groups, Working Groups & Advisory
Boards
Steering Committee (7 members)
elected by the members for a four-year-period
3,950 members (2010)
organised in
23 regional groups
each headed by an elected spokesman
Berlin Office
2 employees
Regional offices (north, east and south)
3 employees
Operators of AD plants
Research institutes
Interested private persons
Companies
Lawyers
Banks and others
European Biogas Association (EBA) founded in February 2009
2
Objectives of the German Biogas Association
Objectives of Fachverband Biogas e.V.:
- Promotion of the biogas sector
- Promotion of a sustainable energy supply
- Definition of legal framework for reliable and long-term investments
- Creation of adequate technical rules and standards
- Promotion of R&D
- Exchange of information
- Members service
Lobbying on Federal state, federal and EU level in the
following fields:
- Renewable Energy Act (EEG)
- Energy-management
- Regulatory approval
- Environmental law
- Laws on agricultural issues
- Tax law3
EBA – European Biogas Association
18 Countries
4
• Germany (Fachverband Biogas and FNBB)• Estonia (Eesti Biogaasi Assotsiatsioon MTÜ)• France (ATEE Club Biogaz und Méthéor,• (Eden - Energie Développement Environnement)
(Méthéor – Association pour la Méthanisation Écologique des déchets)• Great Britain (REA – Biogas Group)
(ADBA - The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association)• Ireland (Sustainable Energy Ireland)• Italy (Consorzio Italiano Biogas)• Lativa (Latvijas Bigazes Asociacija)• Lithuania (Bioduju Asociacija)• Luxembourg (Biogasvereenegung)• Netherlands (DSM)• Austria (ARGE Kompost & Biogas)• Poland (Polskie Stowarzyszenie Biogazu)• Romania (Asociatia Romana Pentru Biogaz)• Sweden (Svenska Biogasföreningen)• Schwitzerland (Biogas Forum Schweiz)• Spain (Asociación Española de Biogás)• Czech Republic (Česká bioplynová asociace o. s.)• Hungary (Magyar Biogáz Egyesület)
Structure
Biogas – the all-rounder
Key Figures & Legislation
Biogas from waste
Digestates as valuable fertiliser
Summary
5
The biogas principle – like a concrete cow
6
products: heat and power
product: digestate
digester
feed
engine
7
Source: VLK (2002) (modified)
Renewable commodities
Farm fertiliser
Organic waste of plants
Animal By-products
Grass, maize, potatoes, mustard, silage, ...
Liquid manure,Dung, ...
Beet leaf, harvest residues, …
Brewer grains, old fat,vegetable waste, marc,distiller´s wash, ...
Food residues, grease, slaughterhouse wastes, expired food, …
Digestion Biogas
Agricultural area
Agricultural by-products
Digestate
Substrates
8
Quelle: FAL, Weiland (2003)
1. PhaseHydrolysis
2. PhaseAcidogenesis
3. PhaseAcetogenesis
4. PhaseMethanogenesis
hydrolyticbacteria
acidogenicbacteria
acetogeneticbacteria
methanogenicbacteria
Fatty Acid(Propanoic Acid)
Alcohol
BiomassPolysacharide
ProteinFats
SugarAmino AcidFatty Acid
H2/CO2
Acetic Acid
pH: 5-6
pH: 5,5 – 6,7
pH: 6,6 – 8,0
Biogas
CH4/CO2
Anaerobic degradation of organic compounds
Composition of biogas
9
component percentage
CH4 50-75 Vol. %
CO2 25-75 Vol. %
H2S 0-5.000 ppm
NH3 0-500 ppm
H2O 1-3 Vol. %
Dust particles < 5 N2 0-5 Vol. %
Example of a typical agricultural biogas plant:
- CH4 52 Vol. %- CO2 35 Vol. %- H2S 120 ppm- O2 0,5 Vol. %
Source: FNR (2003) modified by FVB
=> 1.000 ppm = 0,1 Vol.%
10
1/3 of the EU gas
demand could be
covered by biogas
The biogas is burned
in combined heat and
power units (CHP) to
produce electricity.
Beside the CHP
produce heat as a by-
product.
With the biogas from
a hectare maize silage
drives a natural gas
car approximately
70,000 kilometres
Biogas
electricity heat fuel
storage
Ca. 40 AD Ca. 4.900 AD
Biogas is a base and peak load compatible primary energy carrier and therefore an important guarantor for future mobility and energy supply.
2 gas station
natural gas grid
Biogas – the all-rounder
Use of Biogas
11
Biogas feed-in projects in Germany
12
Currently 40 feed-in plants in operation Bio-gas station: 2 27 more projects planned or under construction Large scale plants with participation of gas
network operators are predominant Political target: 6 % biomethane by 2020. Market is only slowly developing and remains
closed for small and medium sized plants. Lack of political framework
The Combined Power Plant
13
Located in all parts of Germany and connected:
11 wind turbines 20 solar plants 4 biogas plants 1 pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant
balancing of peaks and lows through biogas and PSP
100% energy supply from RES is possible
Structure
Biogas – the all-rounder
Key Figures & Legislation
Biogas from waste
Digestates as valuable fertiliser
Summary
14
Development of the number of biogas plants in Germany
139 159 186 274 370 450617
8501.050
1.3001.600
1.7502.050
2.680
3.5003.711
3.891
4.984
650
1.377
5065
182256
333390
1.100
1.271
1.893
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
Number biogas plants
Installaled electric capacity [MW]
15
Biogas in Germany – Key figures
2009
number of biogas plants 4.900
total installed electric capacity 1.900 MW
electricity production 12.5 billion kWh
share of total electricity production 2,5 %
production of biomethane 180 million m³
turnover biogas sector 2,6 billion €
Export quota ~ 5 %
created jobs > 16.000
CO2 reduction 10 million t/a
16
German Renewable Energy Act (EEG)
17
• priority connection of installations for the generation of electricity
from renewable energy sources
• priority purchase and transmission of this electricity,
• a consistent fee for this electricity paid by the grid operators,
generally for a 20- year period, for commissioned installations.
• nationwide equalisation of the purchased electricity and the
corresponding fees paid
The core elements:
Compensation by the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG)
<=150 kW <=500 kW <= 5 MW
1. Basic compensation 11.67 Cent(+ 1 Cent)
9.18 Cent(unchanged)
8.25 Cent(unchanged)
2. Clean air – bonus - new Old plants 1.0 Cent 1.0 Cent
New plants 1.0 Cent 1.0 Cent
3. Renewable primary products bonus 7 Cent (+ 1 Cent)
7 Cent(+ 1 Cent)
4(unchanged)
4. Landscape work bonus - new 2 Cent 2 Cent
5. Bonus for the use of manure - new 4 Cent 1 Cent
6. Bonus for innovative technologies (without Gasinjection)
2 Cent (unchanged)
2 Cent (unchanged)
2 Cent (unchanged)
7. Bonus for innovative
technologies (Gasinjection)
New plants Depending on the size of the gas treatment 1/2 Cent
Old plants 2 Cent
8. Combined heat and power-bonus 2/3 Cent 2/3 Cent 2/3 Cent
18
EEG – adapted by a lot of countries
19
Biogasproduction in Europe (2007)
20
Source: EurObserv´ER
Agricultural Biogas
49 %
15 %
36 %
Sewage Sludge Gas
Landfill Gas5.9 Million tons of oil equivalents
Structure
Biogas – the all-rounder
Key Figures & Legislation
Biogas from waste
Digestates as valuable fertiliser
Summary
21
Biogas from municipal biowaste (Germany)
22
13 million t/a separately collected biowaste(incl. 8,7 million t/a municipal biowaste)
IncinerationComposting Fermentation
material energeticrecycling/recovery
4 million t/a biowaste generate electricity, heat and biomethane in 969 biogas plants
Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, 2008
Allocation of waste treatment biogas plants
Chart Title
Manure(cattle / pig)
23%
Separate collected household waste
(Bio-bin)
17%
Leftovers (kitchen, restaurants)
13%
Fat separator contents
11%Expired food
9%
energy crops& other biowastes
27%
Source: RAL-Gütesicherung Gärprodukt (RAL-GZ 245); Nov. 2008
23
Biogas yields of different substrates
24
Substrate Dry matter
[%]
Organic part of dry matter
[%]
Biogas yield [lN / kg organic
dry matter]
Biogas yield [lN / kg dry
matter]
Methane content [%]
Cow manure 8,5 81,4 345 23,9 58,0
Pig manure 4,7 71,9 447 15,1 60,8
Cattle dung 21,8 82,3 337 60,5 53,2
Poultry dung 86,4 69,3 385 230,5 51,4
Municipal biowaste 57,5 60 375 100 61,5
Food waste 22,5 89 350 265 53,0
Market waste 17,5 85 500 77,5 62,5
Old fats 36 84 700 230,5 66
Stomach contents 14 83 325 40 62,5
Grass silage 28,3 89,0 627 157,9 52,9Source: KTBL 2005
Potential of municipal biowaste
25
Biowaste accumulation in Germany: 91,4 kg / inhabitant * year
Biogas Potential : ~ 100 m³ / t biowaste
Electrical Potential : 1,5 – 3 kWhel / m³ Biogas
= 91,4 * 0,1 * 2,5 = 22,85 kWhel / inhabitant * year
= 80.000.000 * 22,85 = 1.828 GWhel / year in Germany
(Agricultural, commercial & industrial waste is not included)
Structure
Biogas – the all-rounder
Key Figures & Legislation
Biogas from waste
Digestates as valuable fertiliser
Summary
26
Digestate as fermentation product
27
Nutrients & Humus
Part organicwaste
Dry matter
%
Typical Nutrients in % of dry matter Value in € / t (dry matter)
Nges P2O5 K2O MgO S Fertilisation Humus
0 % 5,4(4-8)
6,74(3,5-9,2)
3,23(2,0-4,2)
7,26(3,5-10,5)
1,39(0,6-1,8)
1,05(0,5-1,5)
10,45(7,20-17,40)
9,08(5,30-16,65)
30-50 % 5,0(2-9)
11,65(2,5-19,3)
4,17(2,2-6,8)
4,94(2,1-9,0)
0,91(0,4-1,9)
0,88(0,4-3,0)
11,54(5,45-17,70)
6,90(3,05-13,80)
> 70% 4,3(2-11)
12,50(3,8-21,3)
4,03(1,5-6,8)
4,57(2,0-9,2)
0,60(0,3-1,2)
0,93(0,4-2,2)
10,51(5,60-15,90)
6,41(3,10-17,00)
28
Quality Assurance for digestates
29
GüteGemeinschaft Gärprodukte e.V.
Verification of quality with higher requirements than the official requirements
Production and use of digestates according to national and European requirements Biowaste Ordinance, VO (EU) No. 1774/2002 Regulations for condition and apply of fertilisers
Structure
Biogas – the all-rounder
Key Figures & Legislation
Biogas from waste
Digestates as valuable fertiliser
Summary
30
Summary
Biogas is …
Sustainable energy production and substitution of fossil energy carriers
Production of organic fertilisers and reduction of mineral fertilisers by closed nutrient cycles (e.g. phosphorus)
Reduction of green-house-gas-emissions (by substitution of fossil energy carriers and mineral fertilisers, avoidance of methane emissions digesting manure and biowaste)
Creating jobs especially in rural area
Increasing independence and security of the energy supply
31
