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Energy system flexibility and integration- precondition for large scale integration of VRE
(wind) in the Danish power system
iiESIImperial CollegeLondon 16 May 2017
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Peter Børre Eriksen, Chief EngineerEnerginet.dk
Agenda
• The Danish power system – overview of large scale
integration of wind (VRE)
• Energy integration of VRE within connected power systems
• Energy integration across energy sectors
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Energy consumption in Denmark towards 2050
Imperial College London
The Green Energy Transition in Denmark is primarily based on:
1. Highly increased energy efficiency – especially through electrification
2. Much more fluctuating power production from especially wind (– and sun)
iiESI 16 May 2017
• 2020: DK wind power will constitute 50% of the electricity consumption
• 2050: Denmark must be independent of fossil-fuels
DK Generation of thermal and wind 2005-16;2016: wind generation approx. 40 % of yearly demand
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Thermal>100kV Thermal<100kV Wind PV
TWh
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Development of Wind Power and PV in Denmark
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
MW
On shore Coastal Offshore
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
2031
2034
2037
2040
PV
MW
MW
WindWind + PV
PV
Danish Renewable Energy systems
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Large scale integration of VRE (wind and PV) needs flexibility.
Flexibility measures:
- A)Within European integrated power systems
- B)Across different energy sectors:
• Power system
• Heat system
• Transport system
• Natural gas system
• ……
Flexibility of power system
• Physics (“hardware”)
o Generation
o Demand
o Storage
o Transmission
• Market (facilitator) is the “software”
that dispatches the physical resources
(short term) and gives incentives for new
investments (long term)
• System operation (facilitator), e.g. good
forecasts reduce need for reserves
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
The ability of a power system to handle variaility and uncertainty in generation and demand whilmaintaining satisfactory reliability
A)
1650 MW 680/740 MW
600 MW
1500/1640 MW
1300/1700 MW
600 MW
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
MW Capacity 2016
Demand
Wind Power/Demand ~40%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Large CHP
Local CHP
Wind power
Interconnectors
A) The Danish electricity system hasstrong connections abroad and more to come
Denmark has importantstorage opportunity in Norway/Sweden (flexibility)
Denmark is a bridge
between the hydro-
dominated
Norway/Sweden and
the thermal dominated
European Continental
power systemBorder between
Nordic and
Continental
synchronous systems
Border between hydro
and thermal systems
A)
iiESI 16 May 2017Imperial College London
European Transmission Planning-grid is facilitator of flexibility
• Transmission provides basis
for flexibility
• Transmission is necessary
hardware for balancing
generation resources with
demand
• Regional distribution of large
scale RES calls for regional
(European) transmission
planning and solutions
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Electricitytransmission
Gas transmission
Energinet.dk TSO for power and gas systems in DK
A)
European common day-ahead market - facilitates flexibility
Belgium, France,
Netherlands (TLC)
Price coupling since 2006
Nordic region-Germany
(operated by EMCC)
Volume coupling since
November 2009
CWE-Nordic region (+ Estonia)Flow calculated by EMCC Prices calculated by PXs
Interim solution NWE: Interim Tight Volume Coupling (ITVC) since
November 2010
Central West Europe (CWE)
Price coupling since
November 2010
Nordic Region Price coupling since 1999
(Eastern Denmark 2000)
North West Europe (NWE) -One price calculation for entire area
Price coupling since February 2014 = target model
Nordic region– SwePol/Nordic region-Lithuania/Nordic region-Latvia
Price coupling since Dec. 2010 / June 2012/ June 2013
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Price coupling since
May 2014
NWE+SWE = MRC (multi regional coupling)
One price calculation
MRC + Italian borders Price coupling since
February 2015
4M – not yet coupled to MRC Price coupling since November 2014
A)
Today’s ID markets
One intraday marketfrom Q1-2018
A)
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
European intraday markets – facilitates flexibility
Spot price, wind power and market dynamics
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
A) CASE DK: 1 week in September 2015
DK: 30 % increase by 2030 due to non classic demand
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
20
21
20
22
20
23
20
24
20
25
20
26
20
27
20
28
20
29
20
30
20
31
20
32
20
33
20
34
20
35
20
36
20
37
20
38
20
39
20
40
DK Power Demand (GWh)
Elpatroner og storevarmepumperStore datacentre
Femern og elektrificering af fjernbanen
Elbiler
Individuelle varmepumper
Klassisk elforbrug
AF2015
Electric boiler and large
Data centres
Femern and railway electrification
Electric vehicles
heat pumps
Individual heat pumps
Classic demand
Flexibility across energy sectors
B)
Use of flexible demand to reduce peak residual load
Imperial College London
Max residual load is in a 12 hours period
iiESI 16 May 2017
Max residual load for averaging periods of 1 hour to 1 year (2035 scenario)
B)
DK: Integration across energy sectors
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Energy system Energy serviceEnergy ressource
Minimized, low and stable costs
Sustainable resourcesIntegrated energy systemcreates flexibility
Fjern- og blokvarme systemer
Vind
Sol-
Bølge
Bio, affald mv.
Naturg
Olie
Kul
El-system
Flydende brændstoffer (Benzin, Diesel, Metanol, DME etc.)
Termiskforgasnin
Anaerob
Export el
El-proceslys, it, køl
Proces-varme
Bygn opvarmn.
Vej-transport
Bane-transport
Sø-transport
Fly-transport
Gaslagre
Varmep
Kedel
EV
ICE/FC
Import
Import el
Gas-systemer (metan/syntesegas/H2)
Bio ElektrolyseDecentral varmep.
GasKraftvarme
Ethanol
Central varmep.
Gas-behandling
Electricity
Gasses
Liquid fuels
Heat
Performance of integrated system is key (economic and technical analysis)
• Building heating
• Proces-heat
• Cooling
• Light, IT etc.
• Wind
• Solar
• Biomass
• Natural gas
• Fossil oil
• Coal
• Etc…0,
20,
40,
60,
80,
100,
120,
140,
160,
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
$/b
arre
l
Historisk oliepris
Oil-price
Wind-variation
Heating
Process heat
Electrical services(Light, cooling, IT, process etc.)
Transport
B)
RE-gas as feedstock for fuels etc.
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Methane
Synthesis gas Methanol
DMEElectrolysis
Alkaline/SOECSynthetic Gasoline/
dieselHydrogen
Methan
PE plastic etc.
Fertilizer
RE-gas
H20
Legend:
CH4
H2
CO
TransportIndustry
etc.
Power/heatIndustryTransport
etc.
Biogas
Anaerobic
Thermal
gasification
400-600 °C
200-300 °C
200-300 °C
>200 °C
>800 °C
>500 °C
B)
Cross energy sector balancing
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
DK Gas storage (11 TWh methane-gas)
Transmission system:Interconnectors yearly accumulated energy in 2035 (2.3 TWh)
EV and hybrid,case 2035
District heating storage
~2.3 TWhstorage
Interconnectors (MW) Accumulated (GWh)
DK use of transmission system to balance fluctuating power production (2035)
B)
B)Across different energy sectors
Measures of large scale RES integrationA)Within European
integrated power systems
50 % wind by2020=>100% VEby 2050
Longer term: • stronger integration with the
gas sector (electrolysis, H2, green gases, large scale gas storage)
DK
• Strong grids, strong interconnectors
• Coupled European markets• Flexibility in demand and
generation
Integration of power system with
• heat and gas• transport sector• .....
+
iiESI 16 May 2017Imperial College London
Conclusions
+
A)
B)
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Thank you for attention
The gas system adds a socio- economic value of DKK 2-3 bn. per year (2035)
iiESI 16 May 2017 Imperial College London
Fjern- og blokvarme systemer
Vind
Bølge
Naturgas
Olie
Kul
El-system
Flydende brændstoffer fossile/VE (Benzin, Diesel, Metanol, DME etc.)
TermiskAnaerob
Export el
El-proceslys, it, køl
Proces-varme
Bygn opvarmn.
Vej-transport
Bane-transport
Sø-transport
Fly-transport
Gaslagre
Varmep.
Kedel
EV/PHEV
FM/FC
Import el
Gas-systemer (metan/syntesegas/H2)
Elektrolyse VarmepumperGas
Kraftvarme
Ethanol
Sol
HT-VP.
Bio, affald mv.
BioKraftvarme
Gas-katalyse
Fjern- og blokvarme systemer
Vind
Bølge
Naturgas
Olie
Kul
El-system
Flydende brændstoffer fossile/VE (Benzin, Diesel, Metanol, DME etc.)
TermiskAnaerob
Export el
El-proceslys, it, køl
Proces-varme
Bygn opvarmn.
Vej-transport
Bane-transport
Sø-transport
Fly-transport
Varmep.
Kedel
EV/PHEV
FM/FC
Import el
Elektrolyse VarmepumperGas
Kraftvarme
Ethanol
Sol
HT-VP.
Bio, affald mv.
BioKraftvarme
Gas-katalyse
With gas in 2035-Storage and regional use of gas
Without gas in 2035-Local use of gas
B)
Operating the Danish power system without central stations
Imperial College London
On 2nd September 2015:
• Market did not schedule any central
power station in DK-W to operate
• System stability by operating:
• SK4 VSC (700 MW DK-NO)
• Synchronous compensators :
• 4 in DK-W
• 2 in DK-E
NewDC
NewAC
iiESI 16 May 2017
A) CASE DK: 1 week in September 2015
iiESI 16 May 2017Imperial College London
A) CASE DK: 1 week in September 2015