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The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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Energy Transfer in Living Things
(The Mitochondrion and Chloroplast) Ann Batiza, Ph.D., Mary Gruhl, Ph.D., Tim Herman, Ph.D. and *Dave Nelson, Ph.D.
with contributions by Jean Abreu and lead designer, Mark Hoelzer
Milwaukee School of Engineering and *UW-Madison
Instructional Tools • Plant Cell Mat (6)– highlights an enlarged mitochondrion and
chloroplast
• Animal Cell Mat (1)
• Drawings by Jean Abreu and Mark Hoelzer
Activities 1. Energy Transfer in Living Things – Group Activity
2. Energy Transfer in Living Things – Summary Activity
Key Ideas to Learn Using these Tools 1. Energy from the sun is used to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Only
green plants, algae and some tiny bacteria can carry out photosynthesis. Animals cannot
make their own food. They must eat it. Therefore all life depends upon the sun.
2. Food is made in special organelles within plant and algal cells. That organelle is called a
chloroplast. Food is also made in some photosynthetic bacteria because similar protein
machines that can capture light energy are found on their inner membrane.
3. All living things - plants, algae, fungi, archaea, bacteria (whether or not they are
photosynthetic!) and animals - need ATP to power life. Therefore all living things must make
ATP. ATP is made in the mitochondria of plants, algae, fungi and animals. ATP is also made
with the use of similar proteins on the inner membranes of bacteria.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things – Group Activity (student version)
Key Idea #1: Energy from the sun is used to make food through a process called
photosynthesis. Only green plants, algae and some tiny bacteria can carry out photosynthesis.
Animals cannot make their own food. They must eat it. Therefore all life depends upon the sun.
All living things need food as a source of energy.
Green plants and some algae and some tiny bacteria can make their own food. They do this through a
process called photosynthesis [to make (synthesis) with light (photo)]. Therefore these green plants,
algae and microbes use light to make their own food.
Animals must eat their food because they cannot make their own. Animals must eat food originally
produced by green plants, algae or microbes.
All living things ultimately depend on light for their energy.
1. Draw a diagram in the box below to explain this true statement. Be sure to include the sun, a plant,
algae or photosynthetic bacterium and an animal, such as a human being.
Name_____________________________________________Teacher_______________Date_____________
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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Key Idea #2: Food is made in special organelles within plant and algal cells. That organelle is
called a chloroplast. Food is also made in some photosynthetic bacteria because similar protein
machines that can capture light energy are found on their inner membrane.
All living things are made up of building blocks called cells. Each cell is surrounded by a plasma
membrane, a fatty bag that surrounds it like a balloon. In addition, plant cells have a cell wall around
that membrane to provide a rigid support.
Within cells there are special compartments themselves surrounded by membranes. Each compartment
carries out a special function. Inside plant cells one can find small organelles called chloroplasts. Often
they are green because some of the protein machines in those chloroplasts reflect green light. A
diagram of a plant cell is shown on the right.
2. In the plant cell, can you circle two chloroplasts? Is a
chloroplast smaller or larger than a vacuole?________ Is it
smaller or larger than the nucleus?_____________
Image used with permission from Dave Nelson
We have used some dotted lines to show a blow-up of an actual chloroplast viewed under an electron
microscope.
Study the magnified image of a chloroplast on the left. Notice how it contains several dark membrane-
bound bags that are linked together through tunnels. The dark bags are called thylakoids. A stack of
them is a granum (plural is grana). The stroma is the watery space around the thylakoids. The protein
machines that enable plants and algae to make sugar are located on the thylakoid membranes.
In photosynthetic bacteria, similar protein machines are
located on the inner membrane. Since chloroplasts are about
the same size as bacteria, bacteria don’t contain chloroplasts.
In fact chloroplasts most likely come from a photosynthetic
bacterium!
Look at this light microscope picture of some green plant cells.
Image by SUN teacher, Jean Abreu.
Image from Wikipedia Commons.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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You can see parts of thirty-one plant cells.
Discussion Question #1. About how many chloroplasts can you see within each cell?
Discussion Question #2. Can you see all the chloroplasts in the cell or might there be some that
you can’t see? Why or why not?
The diagram below shows a single plant cell. (It was drawn by SUN teacher Jean Abreu.) The arrow
coming from it indicates an enlarged chloroplast. The arrow coming from the chloroplast shows
proteins within the chloroplast that are important for photosynthesis.
Discussion Question #3. What do the arrows between the figures mean?
Discussion Question #4. Can you imagine how similar proteins might be arranged on the
membrane that surrounds a photosynthetic bacterium?
Image by SUN teacher, Jean Abreu.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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In order to learn more about this process by which protein machines capture light energy, you will use a
large mat that represents a blown-up plant cell. But this is a peculiar plant cell because only the
chloroplast and another organelle called the mitochondrion are highlighted. Study the mat to see which
organelle represents the chloroplast. The thylakoid is represented by the gray circle. What is the brown
area around the gray circle?
4. With your group, place the following labels on the plant cell mat:
Plant cell Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Thylakoid lumen Stroma
Place the sign, “Sugar is made here” in the stroma.
Discussion Question #1. Which kinds of cells can make food (sugar)?
Discussion Question #2. Where does the energy to make sugar come from?
Discussion Question #3. Where should the protein machines that capture light energy be located?
3. Draw a photosynthetic bacterium in
the box. Include the protein machines
that might allow this bacterium to
capture light energy in order to make
sugar.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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Key Idea #3: All living things - plants, algae, fungi, archaea, bacteria (whether or not they are
photosynthetic!) and animals - need ATP to power life. Therefore all living things must make ATP. ATP
is made in the mitochondria of plants, algae, fungi and animals. ATP is also made with the use of similar
proteins on the inner membranes of bacteria.
All living things whether plants, animals, algae, fungi, archaea or bacteria need to convert the energy
stored in sugar into a usable chemical form called ATP. Just like all these other living things, plant cells
need ATP to provide the energy they need to grow, repair themselves and reproduce. They produce
that ATP in their mitochondria (plural of mitochondrion).
The mitochondrion is the small compartment in all cells where ATP is made through a process called
cellular respiration. ATP is used as a source of energy for all life. All living things, whether plant, animal
or microbe, need ATP to power life.
5. Circle three
mitochondria in the
plant cell to the
right.
Below are two images of mitochondria.
Study the 3D diagram of a mitochondrion on the left. Compare it with actual microscopic images of lung
mitochondria on the right produced by Louisa Howard and available through Wikipedia Commons.
The mitochondrion is like a balloon within another balloon. It has an inner membrane (1) and an outer
membrane (2). Because of these two membranes, two spaces are created. The inside space is called
the matrix (4). The space between the membranes is called the intermembrane space (3). We will see
that this space is very important in allowing energy from electrons from sugar to be stored in ATP.
6. Circle two mitochondria in the animal
cell to the left.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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7. On each diagram or image of a mitochondrion, label:
inner membrane outer membrane intermembrane space matrix
(space)
(space)
(membrane)
(space)
(membrane)
Study the series of diagrams below. See how the mitochondrion from a plant cell is made increasing larger
to reveal proteins on its inner membrane.
The protein machines on the membrane allow the mitochondrion to use energy from sugar to make ATP.
8. Draw a bacterium in the box. Where
will protein machines that allow for
production of ATP be located?
Images from Wikipedia Commons.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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On the plant cell mat, the mitochondrion has been made very large.
9. Place the following labels on the plant cell mat:
Mitochondrion Inner membrane Outer membrane Intermembrane space Matrix
Place the sign, “A lot of ATP is made here” inside the gray matrix. This is where ATP is assembled.
10. Discuss the following questions with your group. Refer to the appropriate location on the cell
mat as you discuss them.
Discussion Question #4. Which organelle within this plant cell produces sugar?
Discussion Question #5. Which organelle produces ATP?
Discussion Question #6. Where should the proteins involved in photosynthesis be located?
Discussion Question #7. Where should the proteins involved in cellular respiration be located?
Discussion Question #8. What is the name of the part of the chloroplast in which sugar is made?
Discussion Question #9. What is the name of the part of the mitochondrion where ATP is made?
Discussion Question #10. Why do all living things depend upon light from the sun for life?
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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PLANT CELL MAT LABELS
Cut out the following labels and place them in the appropriate place on the Plant Cell Mat.
Chloroplast Activity Labels Plant cell
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Thylakoid lumen
Stroma
Sugar is made here.
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion Activity Labels Plant cell Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Matrix
A lot of ATP is made here.
Mitochondrion
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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The SUN Project -Energy Transfer in Living Things–Summary Activity (student version)
Ann Batiza, Ph.D., Mary Gruhl, Ph.D., Tim Herman, Ph.D. and *Dave Nelson, Ph.D. with contributions by Jean Abreu and lead designer, Mark Hoelzer
1. Label the plant cell using the following terms:
Cell wall Plasma membrane Chloroplast Mitochondrion
2. Label the chloroplast using the following terms:
Stroma Grana Inner membrane Thylakoid lumen
3. In this electron micrograph of plant cells:
Put a box around one plant cell.
Circle one chloroplast.
Can you see a thylakoid? _____Why or why not?
Name_____________________________________________Teacher_______________Date_____________
Image used with permission from Dave Nelson.
Drawings by Mark Hoelzer
Image from Wikipedia Commons.
The SUN Project - Energy Transfer in Living Things (1-11)
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4. What does having chloroplasts mean that plants can do?
5. Label the parts of the mitochondrion on both the diagram and the microscopic image. (Both are
Wikipedia Commons images.)
Inner membrane Outer membrane Matrix Intermembrane space
6. Compare the plant and animal cells.
Do animal cells have chloroplasts? ____ Do plant cells have chloroplasts?_______
Do animal cells have mitochondria?____ Do plant cells have mitochondria?_________
What does this mean that both animals and plants can do?
What does this mean that animals must do with regard to glucose?
Name_____________________________________________Teacher_______________Date_____________
Image from Louisa Howard at Wikipedia
Commons.
Image from Wikipedia Commons.