Engineering Principles ofCombat Modeling andDistributed Simulation

Engineering Principles ofCombat Modeling andDistributed Simulation

Edited by

Andreas Tolk

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Tolk, Andreas.Engineering principles of combat modeling and distributed simulation / Andreas Tolk.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.Chapters 1-15 written by Andreas Tolk; chapters 16-32 written by various authors.ISBN 978-0-470-87429-5 (cloth)

1. War games–Data processing. 2. Military art and science–Computer simulation. 3. Combat–Mathematical models. 4. Combat–Simulation methods. I. Title.

U310.T63 2012355.4′80285–dc23

2011031418

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Preface xi

Contributors xiii

Biographies xvii

Acknowledgments xxvii

Abbreviations xxix

1. Challenges of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation 1

Andreas Tolk

Part I Foundations

2. Applicable Codes of Ethics 25

Andreas Tolk

3. The NATO Code of Best Practice for Command and ControlAssessment 33

Andreas Tolk

4. Terms and Application Domains 55

Andreas Tolk

5. Scenario Elements 79

Andreas Tolk

Part II Combat Modeling

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viii Contents

6. Modeling the Environment 95

Andreas Tolk

7. Modeling Movement 113

Andreas Tolk

8. Modeling Sensing 127

Andreas Tolk

9. Modeling Effects 145

Andreas Tolk

10. Modeling Communications, Command, and Control 171

Andreas Tolk

Part III Distributed Simulation

11. Challenges of Distributed Simulation 187

Andreas Tolk

12. Standards for Distributed Simulation 209

Andreas Tolk

13. Modeling and Simulation Developmentand Preparation Processes 243

Andreas Tolk

14. Verification and Validation 263

Andreas Tolk

15. Integration of M&S Solutions into the OperationalEnvironment 295

Andreas Tolk

Part IV Advanced Topics

16. History of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation 331

Margaret L. Loper and Charles Turnitsa

Contents ix

17. Serious Games, Virtual Worlds, and Interactive Digital Worlds 357

Roger D. Smith

18. Mathematical Applications for Combat Modeling 385

Patrick T. Hester and Andrew Collins

19. Combat Modeling with the High Level Architectureand Base Object Models 413

Mikel D. Petty and Paul Gustavson

20. The Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA) 449

Edward T. Powell and J. Russell Noseworthy

21. Combat Modeling using the DEVS Formalism 479

Tag Gon Kim and Il-Chul Moon

22. GIS Data for Combat Modeling 511

David Lashlee, Joe Bricio, Robert Holcomb,and William T. Richards

23. Modeling Tactical Data Links 537

Joe Sorroche

24. Standards-Based Combat Simulation Initialization usingthe Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL) 579

Robert L. Wittman Jr

25. Multi-Resolution Combat Modeling 607

Mikel D. Petty, Robert W. Franceschini,and James Panagos

26. New Challenges: Human, Social, Cultural, and BehavioralModeling 641

S. K. Numrich and P. M. Picucci

27. Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modelingand Distributed Simulation 669

Gnana K. Bharathy, Levent Yilmaz, and Andreas Tolk

x Contents

28. Uncertainty Representation and Reasoning for Combat Models 715

Paulo C. G. Costa, Heber Herencia-Zapana, andKathryn Laskey

29. Model-Based Data Engineering for Distributed Simulations 747

Saikou Y. Diallo

30. Federated Simulation for System of Systems Engineering 765

Robert H. Kewley and Marc Wood

31. The Role of Architecture Frameworks in Simulation Models:The Human View Approach 811

Holly A. H. Handley

32. Multinational Computer Assisted Exercises 825

Erdal Cayirci

Annex 1: M&S Organizations/Associations 841

Salim Chemlal and Tuncer Oren

Annex 2: Military Simulation Systems 851Jose J. Padilla

Index 869

Preface

Looking through the present volume, I am struck by how long such a bookhas been needed and how the fact of the book coming together is a tangibleindication of how much the field of modeling and simulation has matured in thelast 20 years. Computer models of combat have been a major element in forceplanning, training, and system development for roughly 40 years—give or take adecade and depending on the criteria used. For most of that period, however, thecomputer models were built individually by talented individuals and teams whoplunged ahead with courage, innovation, and hard work, but without the benefitof a discipline to guide them or the technology to make modeling and simulationsystematic and adaptive. None of them had been educated to do what they did.

Many of the early combat models were pure attrition models shaped by therole of massive firepower in World War II, mathematical methods familiar tothat era’s defense scientists, and what computers of the era could and could notdo. Other models were much more “micro” in nature, representing the low levelphysics of combat. Over time, researchers moved toward more systemic treat-ments that included such critical functions as mobilizing reserves, transportingthem to where war was to be fought, and fighting the mostly separate air, land,and sea battles. Some of the detailed models of the era became extraordinarilyaccurate in their representation of, for example, missile trajectories, accuracy,and effectiveness. By the late 1980s, integrated models were emerging that coulddeal with multi-theater conflict, better represent the air–land battle, and (in atleast some work) represent adaptive alternative military strategies.

Despite such progress, and many substantial accomplishments, those of ushelping the Department of Defense to review the state of combat modeling in theearly 1990s were very troubled by the haphazard and often mysterious relation-ships among models, issues of validity (especially where models could not real-istically be tested against hard data), the continued failure to incorporate the “softfactors” known to be crucial in warfare (e.g. the related effects of leadership, troopquality, morale, training, the second-class treatment of command and control),and the failure to deal well with uncertainty (which has been and remains aprofound problem to this day). There were concerns as well about the severelimitations of the era’s modeling and simulation methods, which were laggingwhat was possible technologically as computer science was yielding technologieswith major implications for software engineering in the large (e.g. compos-able rather than monolithic systems), in specific methods (e.g. object-oriented

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xii Preface

programming and agent-based modeling) and for such then-still-visionary con-cepts as distributed interactive simulation and exceedingly accurate entity levelsimulations of battlefield operations such as were demonstrated by DARPA’spath-breaking SIMNET program.

In imagining what might be possible in the way ahead, a recurring observa-tion was that the field of combat modeling needed to be more professionalized:those building the increasingly complex and important simulations should haveshared foundational knowledge of subject matter, the art and science of actuallybuilding simulations, and the technology that was allowing far more advancedmodeling and simulation. At the time, there was no academic infrastructure forcollecting or conveying such knowledge systematically. Not surprisingly, therewere few dedicated professional journals and textbooks, and no real “community”of what the current book properly refers to as simulationists.

And now we come to the present. Many problems and challenges remain andI remain one of the more impatient of critics. However, what has been accom-plished is stunning. Distributed war games and simulations are taken for grantedas part of the way we do business in training and exercising. In actual war,command and control includes near-continuous interaction of component com-manders in geographically dispersed locations who share incredible amounts ofinformation and have a remarkable degree of shared awareness. Mission rehearsalcan sometimes use the same simulations as for training and even weapon systemanalysis. The more privileged workers routinely bring to bear powerful, rea-sonably standardized software engineering methods for model composition andfederation. To be sure, the best versions of all this are very different from whatis often the norm, but a craft and profession has been emerging. The currentbook reflects this evolution. In one volume it combines a wealth of informationrelating to everything from foundational knowledge on representing the key ele-ments of military operations; to technology for building powerful, adaptive, andinteroperable simulations; to assuring that the simulation products relate well tothe mindsets, needs, and language of military users. Remarkably, and as anotherindication of how far we have come, the book even contains material on pro-fessional ethics and good practices. Much of the book reflects Professor Tolk’sexperience building a coherent academic curriculum and teaching many of itsrelated courses. Other chapters bring in the insights and experience of diverseexperts from a number of organizations. The book is a milestone accomplishmentfor which the editor and authors should be congratulated.

Paul K. DavisThe RAND Corporation

July, 2011

Contributors

Gnana K. Bharathy, PhD

Systems Engineering/ACASA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn-sylvania, USA

Jose (Joe) L. Bricio

Combat Direction Systems Activity Dam Neck, US Navy, Virginia Beach, Vir-ginia, USA

Erdal Cayirci, PhD

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Sta-vanger, Norway

Salim Chemlal

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Vir-ginia, USA

Andrew Collins, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University,Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Paulo C. G. Costa, PhD

C4I Center and SEOR, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Saikou Y. Diallo, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University,Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert W. Franceschini, PhD

Science Applications International Corporation, Orlando, Florida, USA

Paul Gustavson, CTO

SimVentions Inc., Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA

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xiv Contributors

Holly A. H. Handley, PhD, PE

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University,Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Heber Herencia-Zapana, PhD

National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, USA

Patrick T. Hester, PhD

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University,Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Robert C. Holcomb Jr

VT-MAK Technologies, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert H. Kewley, PhD

Systems Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York,USA

Tag Gon Kim, PhD

Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

J. David Lashlee, PhD, CMSP

Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office, OSD AT&L/ASD(R&E), Alexan-dria, Virginia, USA

Kathryn Blackmond Laskey, PhD

Systems Engineering and Operations Research, George Mason University, Fair-fax, Virginia, USA

Margaret L. Loper, PhD

Information & Communications Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute,Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Il-Chul Moon, PhD

Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

J. Russell Noseworthy, PhD

TENA SDA, Science Application International Corporation Alexandria, Virginia,USA

S. K. Numrich, PhD, CMSP

Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, USA

Contributors xv

Tuncer Oren, PhD

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada

Jose J. Padilla, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University,Suffolk, Virginia, USA

James Panagos

Gnosys Systems Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

Mikel D. Petty, PhD

University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

P. M. Picucci, PhD

Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, USA

Edward T. Powell, PhD

Science Applications International Corp., Fairfax, Virginia, USA

William T. Richards

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University,Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Roger D. Smith, PhD

Nicholson Center for Surgical Advancement, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida,USA

Joe Sorroche

Flight and Embedded Software/Simulation, Sandia National Laboratories, Albu-querque, New Mexico, USA

Andreas Tolk, PhD

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University,Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Charles D. Turnitsa

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation, Center, Old Dominion University,Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert L. Wittman Jr, PhD

MITRE Corporation, Orlando, Florida, USA

xvi Contributors

Marc Wood, ME

Systems Engineering, United States Military, Academy, West Point, New York,USA

Levent Yilmaz, PhD

Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn,Alabama, USA

Biographies

Andreas Tolk is Professor for Engineering Management and Systems Engi-neering at the Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. He receivedhis PhD in Computer Science (1995) and MS in Computer Science (1988) fromthe University of the Federal Armed Forces, Germany.

Andreas Tolk joined the faculty of Old Dominion University in 2006, wherehe is instrumental in faculty involvement in the National Centers for Systems ofSystems Engineering (NCSOSE) as well as in the Virginia Modeling Analysisand Simulation Center (VMASC). He was a Senior Research Scientist at VMASCfrom 2002 to 2006. He was Vice President for Land Weapon Systems with theGerman company IABG from 1998 to 2002. He was Project Manager for decisionsupport systems and integration of M&S into command and control systems from1995 to 1998 with the German company ESG. From 1983 to 1995, Andreas Tolkserved as an Officer in the air defense branch of the German Army, followed byarmy reserve assignments from 1995 to 2002. He left the army as a Major of theReserve.

Andreas Tolk’s research focuses on model-based systems engineering, whichincludes research on modeling and simulation interoperability challenges in par-ticular in the context of complex systems and system of systems. His research onsimulation interoperability documented in more than 200 publications is interna-tionally recognized by over 30 outstanding paper awards. In 2008, he received theAward for Excellence in Research by Old Dominion University’s Frank BattenCollege for Engineering and Technology. In 2010, he received the first Tech-nical Merit Award from the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization(SISO). He contributed to textbooks on Agent-Directed Simulation and SystemsEngineering, Conceptual Modeling for Discrete-Event Simulation, and Model-ing and Simulation Fundamentals. He has edited books on Complex Systems inKnowledge-Based Environments and Intelligence-Based Systems Engineering.He is also on the editorial board of several journals.

Andreas Tolk is senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electron-ics Engineers (IEEE) and the Society for Modeling and Simulation International(SCS). He is a member of the American Society for Engineering Management(ASEM), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special InterestGroup Simulation (SIGSIM), the Military Operational Research Society (MORS),the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), and the Simulation Inter-operability Standards Organization (SISO).

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xviii Biographies

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF CHAPTER ANDANNEX AUTHORS

Gnana K. Bharathy is a Researcher, Project Manager and Consultant at theUniversity of Pennsylvania. His areas of research broadly include risk manage-ment, analytics, and modeling and simulation, particularly of social systems.He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Canter-bury, New Zealand, and the National Institute of Technology (formerly RegionalEngineering College), Trichy, India. He also holds Project Management Profes-sional certification and is a full member of the Institution of Engineers Australia(MIEAust).

Joe L Bricio is an Engineer in the US Navy, Combat Direction SystemsActivity Dam Neck, Virginia Beach. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in MechanicalEngineering and a Master of Science in Modeling and Simulation, both from OldDominion University. As a Navy Engineer, he is the Co-Chair of the MaritimeTheater Missile Defense Forum Modeling and Simulation Working Group andNAVSEA Modeling and Simulation Forum Chair. Prior to the Navy, he workedboth in large and small businesses, Project Scientist at Virginia Modeling Analysisand Simulation Center (VMASC), and the Center for Advanced EngineeringEnvironments at NASA Langley as a Modeling and Simulation Engineer. He iscurrently a PhD student in Engineering Management and Systems Engineeringat Old Dominion University.

Erdal Cayirci is currently Chief, Computer Assisted Exercise SupportBranch in the NATO Joint Warfare Center in Stavanger, Norway, and also afaculty with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Universityof Stavanger. He graduated from the Turkish Army Academy in 1986 and fromthe Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1989. He received his MS degree fromMiddle East Technical University and the PhD degree from Bogazici Universityin Computer Engineering in 1995 and 2000, respectively. He retired from theTurkish Army as a colonel in 2005. He served on the editorial board of IEEETransactions on Mobile Computing, Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier Science) andACM Kluwer Wireless Networks . He received the 2002 IEEE CommunicationsSociety Best Tutorial Paper Award and the Excellence Award in ITEC 2006. Heco-authored three books published by Wiley and Sons. His research interestsinclude sensor networks, mobile communications, tactical communications, andmilitary constructive simulation.

Salim Chemlal is a PhD candidate in the Electrical and Computer Engi-neering Department at Old Dominion University. He received Dual BachelorDegrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering and an MS in Computer Engi-neering from Old Dominion University. His areas of interest include medicalmodeling and simulation, mobile applications, data mining, augmented realityand scientific visualization, and combat modeling and simulation. To date, hisprojects in these areas have led to several publications and outstanding awards.

Andy Collins is a Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia ModelingAnalysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) where he applies his expertise in

Biographies xix

game theory and agent-based modeling and simulation to a variety of projectsincluding foreclosure and entrepreneur modeling. He earned his PhD and MScin Operational Research from the University of Southampton in the UK. He hasspent the last 10 years, while conducting his PhD and as an Analyst for the UK’sMinistry of Defence, applying game theory to a variety of practical problems.

Paulo C. G. Costa is a Research Associate Professor at the George MasonUniversity (GMU) C4I Center and an Affiliate Professor of the Systems Engineer-ing and Operations Research Department at GMU. He received a PhD and MScfrom GMU and a BSc from the Brazilian Air Force Academy. He is a retired AirForce Officer from the Brazilian Air Force with expertise on integrating semantictechnology and uncertainty management, and a pioneer in the field of probabilis-tic ontologies. He developed PR-OWL, a probabilistic ontology language, and isa key contributor to UnBBayes-MEBN, a probabilistic reasoning framework thatimplements PR-OWL. His research path also includes work as a W3C invitedexpert in the area of uncertainty reasoning, as a leading organizer of workshopsand conferences on semantic technologies (e.g. URSW, STIDS), and as programcommittee member in diverse academic fields. Paulo Costa teaches courses ondecision theory, decision support systems design, and models for probabilisticreasoning. He holds courtesy affiliations from the University of Brasilia and theInstituto Tecnologico da Aeronautica (Brazil).

Saikou Y. Diallo is a Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Model-ing Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) of the Old Dominion University(ODU) in Norfolk, VA. He received his MS and PhD in Modeling and Simu-lation from ODU and currently leads the Interoperability Lab at VMASC. Hisresearch focus is on command and control to simulation interoperability, formaltheories of M&S, web services and model-based data engineering. He partici-pates in a number of M&S related organizations and conferences and is currentlythe Co-Chair of the Coalition Battle Management Language drafting group inthe Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization.

Robert W. Franceschini is a Vice President, Chief Engineer, and TechnicalFellow at SAIC, where he is a technology leader for modeling, simulation, andtraining. He earned a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Cen-tral Florida. His modeling and simulation research work, documented in over50 research publications, includes multi-resolution simulation, course of actionanalysis, terrain reasoning, modes of human interaction with simulation, andsimulation interoperability. He has proposed and directed over $19 million inmodeling and simulation research and development projects.

Paul Gustavson is a Chief Technology Officer and Co-Founder of SimVen-tions Inc. He has over 22 years of experience including the design, developmentand integration of US DoD systems, simulations, standards, and software applica-tions, and has authored numerous technical publications and tutorials on modelingand simulation, and software development. He supports the US M&S Coordina-tion Office in identifying key metadata for M&S assets. He is an active leaderwithin the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) involved inmultiple standards efforts including the Base Object Model (BOM), Distributed

xx Biographies

Simulation Engineering and Execution Process (DSEEP), and HLA Evolved. Heis a co-author of several books, including “C++Builder 6 Developer’s Guide.”He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Engineering from OldDominion University and is a certified John Maxwell Team coach and speaker.

Holly Ann Heine Handley is an Assistant Professor in the EngineeringManagement and System Engineering Department at Old Dominion Universityin Norfolk, VA. Dr Handley applies systems engineering principles and expe-rience in computational modeling to conduct research and perform analysis onchallenging problems of complex organizational systems. Her education includesa BS in Electrical Engineering from Clarkson College (1984), an MS in Elec-trical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley (1987) and anMBA from the University of Hawaii (1995). She received her PhD from GeorgeMason University in 1999. Before joining ODU, Dr Handley worked as a DesignEngineer for Raytheon Company (1984–1993) and as a Senior Engineer forthe Pacific Science and Engineering Group (2002–2010), as well as in variousacademic research positions. Dr Handley is a Licensed Professional ElectricalEngineer and a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE) Senior Grade, the International Council on System Engineers (INCOSE)and Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society.

Heber Herencia-Zapana is a Research Scientist at the National Institute ofAerospace in Hampton, Virginia. He holds a PhD in Electrical and ComputerScience Engineering from Old Dominion University. His topics of interest areformal methods research on aviation systems at NASA Langley Research Center,designing formal specifications of conflict detection and resolution of aircrafttransportation system, proving theorems of formal specification of the detectionand resolution of aircraft using the Prototype Verification System (PVS), andmathematical foundations of modeling and simulation.

Patrick T. Hester is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Management andSystems Engineering at Old Dominion University and a Principal Researcher atthe National Centers for System of Systems Engineering. He received a PhD inRisk and Reliability Engineering at Vanderbilt University. His research interestsinclude multi-attribute decision making under uncertainty, complex system gov-ernance, and decision making using modeling and simulation. He is a memberof the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Society for Judgmentand Decision Making, and the International Society on Multiple Criteria DecisionMaking.

Robert C. Holcomb Jr is a Solution Architect for VT-MAK Technologies.He holds a MS in Modeling and Simulation from Old Dominion Universityand a BS in Software Engineering from the US Military Academy at WestPoint. He has significant practical experience supporting his company’s world-wide distributed customers with modeling and simulation architectures, largescale software development, teaching development, and application of standards,including the integration of geospatial information of various formats into simu-lation systems.

Biographies xxi

Robert H. Kewley is a Professor and Department Head in the US MilitaryAcademy (USMA) Department of Systems Engineering. He is a Colonel in theUS Army. His research interests include systems engineering and distributedsimulation for integration of military systems. He has also done research incommand and control systems. He has analytic experience as the Director ofWest Point’s Operations Research Center and as an Analyst in the Center forArmy Analysis. He has an MS in Industrial Engineering and a PhD in DecisionScience and Engineering Systems, both from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Tag Gon Kim received his PhD in Computer Engineering with a specializa-tion in Systems Modeling and Simulation from University of Arizona, Tucson,AZ, in 1988. He was an Assistant Professor at the Electrical and Computer Engi-neering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, from 1989 to 1991. He joined theElectrical Engineering Department at the KAIST, Tajeon, Korea, in Fall 1991and has been a full Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sci-ence Department since Fall 1998. He was the President of the Korea Societyfor Simulation (KSS) and the Editor-in-Chief for Simulation: Transactions forSociety for Computer Modeling and Simulation International (SCS). He is a co-author of the textbook Theory of Modelling and Simulation , Academic Press,2000. He has published about 200 papers in M&S theory and practice in inter-national journals and conference proceedings. He is very active in research andeducation in defense modeling and simulation in Korea. He was/is a TechnicalAdvisor for defense M&S in various Korean government organizations, includ-ing the Ministry of Defence, the Defence Agency for Technology and Quality,the Korea Institute for Defence Analysis, and the Agency for Defence Develop-ment. He developed a tools set, call DEVSimHLA, for HLA-compliant wargamemodels development, which has been used for the development of three militarywargame models for the Navy, Air Force and Marine force in Korea. He is aFellow of the SCS, a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) and Eta Kappa Nu.

J. David Lashlee is an Associate Director for Data at the US Departmentof Defense Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office in Alexandria, Vir-ginia. He has 25 years of experience developing digital terrain databases forcombat modeling and simulation applications. He has Graduate Degrees in Geo-graphic Techniques, Physical Geography, and Earth Information Science andTechnology. His dissertation research involved hyperspectral modeling of aridand tropical environments using laboratory, field, and imaging spectrometry data.His Postdoctorate study examined the appropriate use of digital terrain data fordevelopmental and operational testing of Army battle command systems. In 2009,he served as Assistant Operations Officer at the Korea Battle Simulation Cen-ter during Exercise Key Resolve, a developmental assignment sponsored by theUS Army Simulation Proponent Office. He is a Certified Mapping Scientist inboth geographic information systems and remote sensing, a Level III CertifiedMember of the Acquisition Workforce, and a Certified Modeling and SimulationProfessional (CSMP).

xxii Biographies

Kathryn Blackmond Laskey is an Associate Professor of Systems Engineer-ing and Operations Research at George Mason University and Associate Directorof the Center of Excellence in Command, Control, Communications, Comput-ing and Intelligence (C4I Center). She received her PhD in Statistics and PublicAffairs from Carnegie Mellon University in 1985, her MS degree in Mathemat-ics from the University of Michigan in 1978, and her BS degree in Mathematicsfrom the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. Laskey teaches and performs researchon computational decision theory and evidential reasoning. Her research involvesmethods for representing knowledge in forms that can be processed by computers,extending traditional knowledge representation methods to represent uncertainty,eliciting knowledge from human experts, applying probability theory to drawconclusions from evidence arising from multiple sources.

Margaret L. Loper is the Chief Scientist for the Information and Com-munications Laboratory at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. She holds aPhD in Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology, an MSin Computer Engineering from the University of Central Florida, and a BS inElectrical Engineering from Clemson University. Margaret’s technical focus isparallel and distributed simulation, and she has published more than 50 papersas book chapters, journal contributions, or in conference proceedings. She is asenior member of the IEEE and ACM, and member of the Society for Modelingand Simulation. She is a founding member of the Simulation InteroperabilityStandards Organization (SISO) and received service awards for her work withthe Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) and High Level Architecture (HLA)standards and the DIS/SISO transition. Her research contributions are in the areasof temporal synchronization, simulation testing, and simulation communicationprotocols.

Il-Chul Moon received his PhD in Computation, Organization, and Societyfrom Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. He is an Assistant Professor at theDepartment of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, from 2011. His the-oretic research interests include social network analysis, multi-agent modelingand simulation, game theory, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Hispractical research interests include military C2 structure, counter-terrorism, anddisaster modeling and simulation.

J. Russell Noseworthy received his PhD in Computer Systems Engineer-ing from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1996. At Rensselaer, he researcheddistributed and real-time computing systems at the NASA Center for IntelligentRobotic Systems for Space Exploration. After working a year at Lockheed Mar-tin’s Distributed Processing Lab, he became employee number three of ObjectSciences Corporation (OSC) in 1997. OSC, which he helped to make the secondfastest growing technology company in Northern Virginia in 2004, was acquiredby Science Application International Corporation in 2005. Since the year 2000,Dr Noseworthy has served as the Chief Software Engineer and the DevelopmentTeam Leader for the TENA software development activity. For the three yearsprior to that, he performed the same role on the team that created the HLA

Biographies xxiii

RTI-NG, a distributed simulation infrastructure. His experience helped to shapethe evolution of work done with the HLA RTI-NG into TENA.

S. K. Numrich holds an AB, MA and PhD in Physics. Her experienceincludes underwater sound in the Arctic, fluid–structure interactions, parallelprocessing, modeling and simulation and virtual reality. Recent studies focusedon irregular warfare, the impact of cultural awareness on military operations,and culturally “aware” modeling and simulation tools. She is a Research StaffMember at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Tuncer Oren is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Ottawa in Canada.He has been involved in simulation since the early 1960s. He authored/co-authored over 450 publications and has been active in about 380 conferencesand seminars held in 30 countries. In the 2000s alone, he has been a keynote,plenary, or invited speaker or was involved at honorary positions in over 50conferences/seminars. In 2011, he was inducted to the Society for Modeling andSimulation International Hall of Fame, a Lifetime Achievement Award, with thefollowing citation: “For his outstanding contributions to the field, particularly newM&S methodologies and synergies that increase the effectiveness and broaden theapplication of simulation, and a Code of Ethics that have significantly impactedthe use of simulation throughout the world.”

Jose J. Padilla is a Research Scientist with the Virginia Modeling, Analysisand Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA. Hereceived his PhD in Engineering Management from Old Dominion University.He also holds a BSc in Industrial Engineering from la Universidad Nacional deColombia, Medellın, Colombia, and a Master of Business Administration fromLynn University, Boca Raton, Florida. His research interest is on the nature of theprocesses of understanding and interoperability and their implications in humansocial culture behavior (HSCB) modeling.

James Panagos is the Founder and President of Gnosys Systems Incor-porated, a small company applying artificial intelligence and other advancedsoftware techniques for challenging command and control computer simulationproblems. He is one of the pioneers in the early work on computer generatedforces through the SIMNET project and was the lead in the first successfullyfielded commercial computer generated forces system a few years later—theLeopard II tactical tank trainer. Subsequently, he has worked on many largeDepartment of Defense initiatives such as Joint Precision Strike Demonstration,Synthetic Theater of War, Warfare Simulation, and the What-If Simulation Systemfor Advanced Research and Development. He presently researches and developstechniques for virtual simulations in the areas of combat behaviors and multi-resolution modeling. He is also working on first-principles simulations of electronbeams and microwave device design tools. He received his SM Degree from MITin 1985.

Mikel D. Petty is the Director of the University of Alabama in Huntsville’sCenter for Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis and a Research Professor in boththe Computer Science and the Industrial and Systems Engineering and Engineer-ing Management Departments. Prior to joining UAH, he was Chief Scientist at

xxiv Biographies

Old Dominion University’s Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Centerand Assistant Director at the University of Central Florida’s Institute for Simula-tion and Training. He received a PhD in Computer Science from the University ofCentral Florida in 1997. Dr Petty has worked in modeling and simulation researchand development since 1990 in areas that include simulation interoperability andcomposability, human behavior modeling, multi-resolution simulation, and appli-cations of theory to simulation. He has published over 160 research papers andhas been awarded over $14 million in research funding. He served on a NationalResearch Council committee on modeling and simulation, is a Certified Modelingand Simulation Professional, and is an Editor of the journals SIMULATION andJournal of Defense Modeling and Simulation . While at Old Dominion Universityhe was the Dissertation Advisor to the First and Third students in the world toreceive PhDs in Modeling and Simulation and is currently Coordinator of theM&S degree program at UA Huntsville.

P. M. Picucci is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for DefenseAnalyses. He holds an MA in National Security Studies from California StateUniversity, San Bernardino, and a PhD in Political Science from the Universityof Kansas. His primary research efforts have centered on non-traditional conflict(irregular warfare and terrorism) and the use of computerized content analysisfor the study of Islamic terrorism.

Edward T. Powell is a Senior Scientist and Program Manager for SAIC.Currently, he is the Lead Architect for the Test and Training Enabling Archi-tecture. After receiving his PhD in Astrophysics from Princeton University, heworked for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory performing simulation-based analysis. He moved to SAIC in 1994, and participated as Lead Architect insome of the most complex distributed simulation programs in the DoD, includ-ing the Joint Precision Strike Demonstration (JPSD), the Synthetic Theater ofWar (STOW), and the Joint Simulation System (JSIMS). He then worked in theintelligence community for two years on architectures for integrating large scalediverse ISR systems. He is working on expanding the applicability of TENA, andintegrating multiple interoperability architecture approaches using ontology-basedsystems.

William T. Richards is a Project Scientist for the Virginia Modeling Anal-ysis and Simulation Center in Suffolk, Virginia. He holds an MS and a BS fromChristopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia. He has worked in thefield of modeling and simulation since 1995 concentrating in automated geospa-tial terrain database generation and software development. He has supportednumerous military simulation exercises such as Cobra Gold, Unified Endeavorand Tandem Thrust. As a result he is familiar with several different simulationsystems that require and use geospatial terrain data. He has also written a numberof papers regarding the use of terrain and environmental data in simulations.

Roger D. Smith is the Chief Technology Officer for the Nicholson Centerfor Surgical Advancement at Florida Hospital. He previously served as the ChiefTechnology Officer for US Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO

Biographies xxv

STRI) and Research Scientist for Texas A&M University. He is applying sim-ulation and related technologies to surgical education and military training. Hehas published three books on simulation, created multiple commercial simulationcourses, published over 150 papers and presentations on technical and manage-ment topics, and has served on the faculties of four universities. Dr Smith holds aBS in Applied Mathematics, MS in Statistics, Master’s and Doctorate in BusinessAdministration, and PhD in Computer Science.

Joe Sorroche is a Principal Member of the Technical Staff for SandiaNational Laboratories. He currently works in the Flight and Embedded Soft-ware/Simulation Group supporting satellite systems design, modeling, and simu-lation. Previously, Mr Sorroche worked as a Senior Systems Engineer with ArcticSlope Regional Corporation Communications (ASRCC) for 15 years at the USAFDistributed Missions Operations Center (DMOC) for the System ArchitectureGroup. He was the DMOC Engineering lead for JEFX, Blue Flag, and VirtualFlag exercises. He chaired the SISO TADIL TALES Product Support Group, theLink 11/11B Product Development Group, and was the SISO Liaison for theNATO Tactical Data Link Interoperability Testing Syndicate. Mr Sorroche hasBachelors and Masters of Science Degrees in Electrical Engineering from NewMexico State University. He is a member of the IEEE, and Tau Beta Pi and EtaKappa Nu Honor Societies.

Charles D. Turnitsa is a Research Scientist with the Virginia Modeling,Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University, Suffolk,VA. He received his BS in Computer Science (1991) from Christopher NewportUniversity (Newport News, Virginia), and his MS in Modeling and Simulation(2006) from ODU. He is a PhD candidate in the Modeling and Simulation pro-gram. He authored or co-authored multiple conference papers and book chapterson combat modeling and distributed simulation. He also supported teaching ofPrinciples of Military Modeling and Simulation with focus on the history. Priorto his work at VMASC, he spent a decade doing research for the US Army andNASA in the areas of data interoperability, knowledge representation and model-ing. Most of his life he has enjoyed the hobby of military wargaming, includingactivities such as publishing, organizing national events, and game design anddevelopment.

Robert L. Wittman Jr is a Principal in Modeling and Simulation for theMITRE Corporation in Orlando, Florida, and is the Chief Architect for the Army’sOneSAF Simulation. He holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering/Interactive Sim-ulation from the University of Central Florida, an MS in Software Engineeringfrom the University of West Florida, and a BS in Computer Science from Wash-ington State University. He has supported US DoD simulation developmentacross the training, experimentation, analysis, and testing domains over the past20 years. He continues to lead the evolution of the Military Scenario DefinitionLanguage (MSDL) international standard and has played critical roles in its ini-tial development as Vice-Chair and Co-Editor on the Simulation InteroperabilityStandards Organization (SISO) MSDL Product Development Group.

xxvi Biographies

Marc D. Wood served as an Aviation Officer in the US Army for 11 years ina variety of assignments, where he experienced the value of combat simulationas a training tool. After earning a Master of Engineering Degree in Industrialand Systems Engineering from Texas A&M University, he joined West Point’sDepartment of Systems Engineering where he now teaches combat modeling andserves as an Analyst in the Operations Research Center.

Levent Yilmaz is an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Soft-ware Engineering and holds a joint appointment with the Industrial and SystemsEngineering at Auburn University. He received his MS and PhD degrees fromVirginia Tech. His research interests are in modeling and computer simulation,agent-directed simulation, and complex adaptive systems. He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and SimulationInternational and is the founding organizer and General Chair of the annualAgent-Directed Simulation conference series.

Acknowledgments

My first thank you note must go to all chapter authors who contributed, inparticular, to Part IV of this book. Most of them served in several roles, as theywere not only chapter authors, but also peer reviewers and editorial supporters.The mutual support of all authors in improving the chapters of this book helpedto make it become a compendium of knowledge capturing the state of the artin combat modeling and distributed simulation as simulation engineers shouldknow it.

This book could not have been written without the help of many additionalpeer reviewers and expert discussions conducted in support of writing the variouschapters. I therefore would like to thank all colleagues and friends who helpedin contributing recommendations for improvement to at least one of the chapters.Your constructive criticism and innovative ideas are hopefully shining through.Particular thanks go to:

Robert Aaron, US Army Test and Evaluation Command

Khaldoon Al-Harthi, Carleton University

Lisa J. Bair, Weisel Science and Technology Corporation

Osman Balci, Virginia Tech

Catherine M. Banks, Old Dominion University

Jerry M. Couretas, Lockheed Martin Corporation

Paul K. Davis, RAND Corporation

Paul Fishwick, University of Florida

Johnny J. Garcia, SimIS Inc.

Randall B. Garrett, Northrop Grumman Technical Services

Dean S. Hartley III, Hartley Consulting

Jean-Louis Igarza, Antycip Simulation Inc.

Max Karlstrom, BAE Systems Sweden

Charles B. Keating, Old Dominion University

Thomas Kreitmair, NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency(NC3A)

Staffan Lof, Pitch

xxvii

xxviii Acknowledgments

Thomas W. Lucas, Naval Postgraduate School

Robert R. Lutz, Johns Hopkins University

Katherine L. Morse, Johns Hopkins University

Eckehard Neugebauer, Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H. (IABG)

Karl-Heinz Neumann, Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H. (IABG)

Q.A.H. (Mimi) Nguyen, NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency(NC3A)

Michael Proctor, Institute for Simulation Technology

Paul F. Reynolds Jr, University of Virginia

Dave Taylor, Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) International,Inc.

James A. Wall, Texas A&M University

My personal thanks go to Kim B. Sibson who read in minuscule detailthrough all my chapters making legions of corrections to ensure that my Germanroots and interesting interpretations of the English language will not get into theway of understanding the book. She also ensured that the writing style remainedconsistent over the long time of compiling and writing these chapters.

My personal thanks go furthermore to Colonel Roy Van McCarty. Hismilitary expertise and feedback on how to describe conceptual and technicalchallenges of combat modeling and distributed simulation better for master levelstudents and practitioners in the field helped to improve the chapters.

Last but not least, I thank Haseen Khan and her team at Laserwords for theminuscule detail of the final editing process. Their contributions to creating theindex, aligning the reference styles, and turning this book from a good idea intoa professional product is very much appreciated.

Abbreviations

AAR After Action ReviewABCS Army Battle Command SystemsABL Airborne LaserAC AircraftACASA Ackoff Collaboratory for Advancement of Systems ApproachACE Adaptive Communication EnvironmentACM Association for Computing MachineryACSIS Army C4ISR and Simulation Initialization SystemACTF-MRM Army Constructive Training Federation Multi-Resolution ModelingADS Agent Directed SimulationAFDRG Anglo French Defence Research GroupAFQT Armed Forces Qualifying TestAFV Armored Fighting VehicaleAI Artificial IntelligenceAIDZ Air Defense Identification ZoneAIEE American Institute of Electrical EngineersALSP Aggregate Level Simulation ProtocolAMC Army Material CommandAMM Army Mobility ModelAMSAA Army Material Systems Analysis ActivityAMSO Army M&S OfficeAMT Architecture Management TeamANSI American National Standards InstituteAPI Application Programming InterfaceAPWG ATCCIS Permanent Working GroupARE Acronym Rich EnvironmentARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency NetworkASCII American Standard Code for Information InterchangeASD Assistant Secretary of Defense

xxix

xxx Abbreviations

ASOC Aerospace Operation CenterASVAB Armed Services Vocational Aptitude BatteryAT&L Acquisition, Technology, and LogisticsATCCIS Army Tactical Command and Control Information SystemATCCS Army Tactical Command & Control SystemsATDL Army Tactical Data LinkAV All View or All ViewpointAVT Applied Vehicle TechnologyAWACS Airborne Warning and Control SystemAWSIM Air Warfare SimulationBCMS Battle Command Management ServicesBDZ Base Defense ZoneBFT Blue Force TrackerBIP Battlefield Interoperability ProtocolBLOS Beyond Line-of-SightBML Battle Management LanguageBN Bayesian NetworkBOM Base Object ModelBPS Bits per SecondBRIMS Behavior Representation in Modeling and SimulationC2 Command and ControlC2IS Command and Control Information SystemC3 Command, Control, and Communication (US)C3 Command, Control, and Consultation (NATO)C4 Command, Control, Communication, and ComputersC4I Command, Control, Communication, Computers, and IntelligenceC4ISR Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Intelligence,

Surveillance, and ReconnaissanceCADM Core Architecture Data ModelCAESAR Computer Aided Evaluation of System ArchitecturesCAOC Combined Aerospace Operations CenterCATT Combined Arms Tactical TrainerCAX Computer Assisted ExerciseC-BML Coalition-Battle Management LanguageCBR Chemical, Biological and RadiologicalCBS Corps Battle SimulationCBT Computer-based TrainingCC Component CommanderCCRP Command and Control Research ProgramCCRTS Command and Control Research and Technology SymposiumCCTT Close Combat Tactical TrainingCEIT Commanders Exercise Initialization ToolkitCEP Circular Error ProbableCEPA Common European Priority Area

Abbreviations xxxi

CES Core Enterprise ServicesCGF Computer Generated ForcesCIS Communication and Information SystemCIWS Closed-In Weapon SystemCJTF Combined Joint Task ForceCLCS Company Level Constructive SimulationCMNTS CommentsCMO Civil Military OperationsCMSD Core Manufacturing Simulation DataCNI Communications, Navigation and IdentificationCNN Cable News NetworkCOA Course of ActionCOBP Code of Best PracticeCOE Common Operating EnvironmentCOI Community of InterestCOIN Counter InsurgencyCOL ColonelCOMPOEX Conflict Modeling, Planning and Outcome ExperimentationCOMSEC Communications SecurityCONCEN Control CenterCOPB Code of Best PracticeCORBA Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCOTS Commercial-Off-The-ShelfCPOF Command Post of the FutureCPT Conditional Probability TableCPU Central Processing UnitCRC Control and Reporting CentreCRM Common Reference ModelCSI Common System InterfaceCSPI COTS Simulation Package InteroperabilityCTAPS Contingency Theater Automated Planning SystemCTPS Combat Trauma Patient SimulationCV Capability ViewpointDAG Directed Acyclic GraphDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDATTRF Data TransferDCR DOTMLPF Change RequestDDCA Distributed Debrief Control ArchitectureDDM Data Distribution ManagementDDMS DoD Discovery Metadata SpecificationDDS Data Distribution ServiceDEC Digital Equipment CorporationDEM Data Exchange Mechanism, also Digital Elevation ModelDEVIL Demonstrator for the Connection of Virtual and Live Simulation

xxxii Abbreviations

DEVS Discrete Event Systems SpecificationDEVSML DEVS Markup LanguageDEVSSOA DEVS Service Oriented ArchitectureDGA Direction Generale de l’ArmementDI Data InitiativeDIAS Dynamic Information Architecture SystemDII Defense Information InfrastructureDIME Diplomatic, Information, Military, and EconomicDIS Distributed Interactive SimulationDISA Defense Information Systems AgencyDIV Data and Information ViewpointDLC Dynamic Link CompatibilityDM Data ManagementDMAO DSEEP Multi-Architecture OverlayDMIF Dynamic Multi-User Information FusionDMSO Defense Modeling and Simulation OfficeDMT Distributed Mission TrainingDNDAF Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces

Architecture FrameworkDoD Department of DefenseDoDAF Department of Defense Architecture FrameworkDOT&E Director, Operational Test & EvaluationDOTMLPF Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, Personnel,

and FacilitiesDP Dimensional ParameterDR Disaster ReliefDRM Data Replication MechanismDS Direct SupportDSB Defense Science BoardDSCA Defense Support to Civilian AuthoritiesDSEEP Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution ProcessDTDMA Distributed Time Division Multiple AccessDTED Digital Terrain Elevation DataDTRA Defense Threat Reduction AgencyDUSA-OR Deputy Under Secretary of the Army—Operations ResearchEDAC Error Detection and CorrectionEDCS Environmental Data Coding StandardEDLC Evolved DLCEFFBD Enhanced Functional Flow Block DiagramEMBR Enterprise Metacard Builder ResourceEMF Exercise Management & FeedbackENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerENM EPLRS Network ManagerEOB Electronic Order of Battle

Abbreviations xxxiii

EOI Event of InterestEP Exercise ProcessEPLRS Enhanced Position Location Radio SetERC Environmental Runtime ComponentERM Entity Relationship ModelESRI Environmental Systems Research InstituteETO Exercise/Training ObjectivesEU EPLRS UnitEXCEN Exercise CenterEXCON Exercise ControlEXDIR Exercise DirectorEXPLAN Exercise PlanFACC Feature and Attribute Coding CatalogueFACET Framework for Addressing Cooperative Extended TransactionsFAO Foreign Area OfficerFAX FacsimileFEAT Federation Engineering Agreements TemplateFEBA Forward Edge of the Battle AreaFEDEP Federation Development and Execution ProcessFIT Fuhrung und Informations-TechnologieFMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-WaveFOM Federation Object ModelFPU Forwarding Participating UnitFRAGO Fragmentary OrderFRU Forwarding Reporting UnitGCC Geocentric Coordinate systemGCCS Global Command and Control SystemGDC Geodetic Coordinate systemGES GIG Enterprise ServicesGFM Global Force ManagementGFMIEDM Global Force Management Data Information Exchange ModelGIG Global Information GridGIS Geographic Information SystemGLOBE Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior EffectivenessGM VV&A General Model for VV&AGOIS Geo-referenced Environment, Object and Infrastructure ServiceGOTS Government-Off-the-ShelfGPS Global Positioning SystemGPU Graphics Processing UnitGRASS Geographic Resources Analysis Support SystemGRIM Guidance, Rationale, and Interoperability ModalitiesGS General SupportGSP Goals, Standards, and PreferencesGSR General Support Reinforcing

xxxiv Abbreviations

HA Humanitarian AssistanceHBR Human Behavior RepresentationHF High FrequencyHFM Human Factors & MedicineHICON Higher Control CellHIDACS High-Density Airspace Control ZoneHLA High Level ArchitectureHQ HeadquarterHSCB Human, Social, Cultural, and BehavioralHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIACM Information Age Combat ModelIBS Integrated Broadcast ServiceIDA Institute for Defense AnalysisIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIED Improvised Explosion DeviceIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIEJU Initial Entry JTIDS UnitIER Information Exchange RequirementIFF Identification Friend and FoeIIDBT Integrated Interactive Data Briefing ToolIIE Institute of Industrial EngineersIJMS International Journal of Modelling and SimulationIMC Information Management CommitteeINCOSE International Council on Systems EngineeringINFORMS Institute for Operations Research and the Management SciencesIO International OrganizationsIP Internet ProtocolISAAC Irreducible Semi-Autonomous Adaptive CombatISAF International Security Assistance ForceISO International Organization for StandardizationISR Intelligence, Surveillance and ReconnaissanceIST Information Systems TechnologyIT Information TechnologyITEC International Training and Education ConferenceIVT Interface Verification ToolIW Information WarfareIWARS Infantry Warrior SimulationJC3IEDM Joint Consultation, Command and Control Information Exchange

Data ModelJCA Joint Capability AreaJCAS Joint Close Air SupportJCATS Joint Conflict and Tactical SimulationJDL Joint Directors of LaboratoriesJDMS Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation

Abbreviations xxxv

JEF Joint Experimental FederationJFCOM Joint Forces CommandJIPOE Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational EnvironmentJLVC Joint Live Virtual ConstructiveJMETC Joint Mission Environment Test CapabilityJMRF Joint Multi-resolution FederationJMRM Joint Multi-resolution ModelJNTC Joint National Training CapabilityJOC Joint Operating ConceptJOPP Joint Operation Planning ProcessJP Joint PublicationJPEG Joint Photographic Experts GroupJS Joint StaffJSAF Joint Semi-Automated ForcesJTC Joint Technical CommitteeJTDS Joint Training Data SystemJTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution SystemJTLS Joint Theatre Level SimulationJTRS Joint Tactical Radio SystemJTT Joint Tactical TerminalJU JTIDS unitJVMF Joint Variable Message FormatJWID Joint Warrior Interoperability DemonstratorKISS “Keep it short and simple,” also “Keep it simple and stupid”KSA Knowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesLAN Local Area NetworkLCIM Levels of Conceptual Interoperability ModelLEP Linear Error ProbleLIDAR Light Detection And RangingLLC Link Level COMSECLLTR Low-Level Transit RouteLOCON Lower Control CellLOS Line-of-SightLPD Local Probability DistributionLPI Low Probability InterferenceLRC Local RTI ComponentLROM Logical Range Object ModelLTDP Long-Term Defense PlanLVC Live Virtual ConstructiveM&S Modeling and SimulationMALO Mission, Area, Level, and OperatorMAMID Methodology for Analysis and Modeling of Individual DifferencesMANA Map Aware Non-uniform AutomataMASON Multi-Agent Simulator Of Neighborhoods

xxxvi Abbreviations

MATREX Modeling Architecture for Technology, Research, andExperimentation

MBDE Model-based Data EngineeringMCE Modular Control EquipmentMCI MIP Common InterfaceMDA Model Driven ArchitectureMEBN Multi-entity Bayesian NetworkMEL Main Event ListMEM Message Exchange MechanismMETOC Meteorology and OceanographyMGRS Military Grid Reference SystemMHS Message Handling ServiceMIDS Multi-Function Information Distribution SystemMIL Master Incident ListMIL-STD Military StandardMIP Multilateral Interoperability ProgramMISS McLeod Institute of Simulation SciencesMIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMLRS Multiple Launch Rocket SystemMMOG Massively Multiplayer Online GamesMOC Maritime Operations CenterMoCE Measures of C2 EffectivenessMoD Ministry of DefenceMoDAF Ministry of Defence Architecture FrameworkMOE Measure of EffectivenessMoFE Measures of Force EffectivenessMOM Management Object ModelMOOTW Military Operations other than WarMOP Measure of PerformanceMoPE Measures of Policy EffectivenessMOPP Mission Oriented Protective PostureMORS Military Operations Research SocietyMOS Military Occupational SpecialtyMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingMRCI Modular Reconfigurable C4I InterfaceMRM Multi-Resolution ModelingMRR Minimum-Risk RouteMRT Mission Rehearsal TrainingMSC-DMS M&S COI Discovery Metadata SpecificationMSCO Modeling and Simulation Coordination OfficeMSDL Military Scenario Definition LanguageMSEC Message Security Encryption CodeMSG Modeling and Simulation GroupMSGID Message Indentifyer

Abbreviations xxxvii

MSIAC Modeling and Simulation Information Analysis CenterMSIS Modeling and Simulation Information SystemMSRR Modeling and Simulation Resource RepositoryMTF Message Text FormatMTI Moving Target IndicatorMTS Message Transceiver ServiceMTWS Marine Tactical Warfare SimulationMUAV Multi-UAVNAF NATO Architecture FrameworkNASA National Aerospace AgencyNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNBC Nuclear, Biological, and ChemicalNCES Net-Centric Enterprise ServicesNCO Net-centric OperationsNCS Net Control StationNDA NHQC3S Data AdministrationNDRM NATO Data Replication MechanismNEC Network Enabled CapabilityNECC Net Enabled Command CapabilityNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNHQC3S NATO Headquarters Consultation, Command and Control SystemsNILE NATO Improved Link ElevenNIMS National Incident Management SystemNIST National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNLP Natural Language ProcessingNMSG NATO Modeling and Simulation GroupNOEM National Operational Environment ModelNOS Not Otherwise SpecifiedNPG Network Participation GroupNRC National Research CouncilNRL Naval Research LaboratoryNRT Near-Real-TimeNTR Network Time ReferenceNWARS National Wargaming SystemNWDC Navy Warfare Development CommandOA Operational AnalysisOASES Ocean, Atmosphere, and Space Environmental ServicesOBS Order of Battle ServiceOCC Ortony, Clore, and CollinsOCE Officer Conducting the ExerciseOCS Organic Communication ServiceODE Officer Directing the ExerciseOIPT Overarching Integrated Product TeamOMC Object Model Compiler

xxxviii Abbreviations

OMG Object Management GroupOMT Object Model TemplateOneSAF One Semi-Automated ForcesONR Office of Naval ResearchOOB Order of BattleOODA Observe, Orient, Decide, and ActOOS OneSAF Operational SystemsOOTW Operations other than WarOP OperationOPFOR Opposing ForceOPNET Operations NetworkOPORD Operational OrderOR Operations ResearchORB Object Request BrokerORBAT Order of BattleORCEN OR CenterORM Other Reference ModelORMT Object Reference Model TemplateOSE Officer Specifying the ExerciseOSI Open Systems InterconnectionOTH Over the HorizonOV Operational View or Operational ViewpointOWL Web Ontology LanguageOWL-DL OWL Description LogicP&R Personnel and ReadinessPA&E Program, Analysis, and EvaluationPACOM Pacific CommandPADS Principles of Advanced Distributed SimulationPASS Publish and Subscribe ServicePDG Product Development GroupPDP Programmed Data ProcessorPDU Protocol Data UnitPEO Program Executive OfficePEO-STRI PEO for Simulation, Training, and InstrumentationPfP Partnership for PeacePFS Priority First SearchPIC Public Information CenterPM Project ManagerPMESII Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, and InfrastructurePMF Performance Moderator FunctionPO Probabilistic OntologyPOMC Probabilistic Ontology Modeling CyclePPF 1. Platform Proto-FederationPPI Planned Position Indicator

Abbreviations xxxix

PPLI Precise Position Location IndicatorsPSG Product Support GroupPSI Political Science-IdentityPSP Playstation PortablePU Participating UnitPV Product ViewpointPVO Private Volunteer OrganizationsQIP Quatroliteral Interoperability ProtocolRAM Rolling Airframe MissileRC Response CellRDECOM Research, Development and Engineering CommandRDF Resource Description FrameworkRDFS RDF-SchemaRESA Research, Evaluation, and System AnalysisREVVA Referential for Verification, Validation, and AccreditationRHI Range Height IndicatorRIF Rule Interchange FormatRLS Real-Life SupportRMI Remote Method InvocationROA Restricted Operations AreaRPC Remote Procedure CallRPDM Recognition Prime Decision ModuleRPG Recommended Practice GuideRPR-FOM Realtime Platform Reference FOMRTA Research and Technology AgencyRTB Research and Technology BoardRTI Runtime InfrastructureRTO Research and Technology OrganizationRTP Research Technology ProgramRTT Round Trip TimingRU Reporting UnitRV Random VariableSAC Standards Activity CommitteeSADL Situational Awareness Data LinkSAF Semi-Automated ForcesSAGE Semi Automatic Ground EnvironmentSAIC Science Applications International CorporationSAM Surface-to-Air MissileSANDS Situation Awareness and DisplaySAS System Analysis & StudiesSBIR Small Business Innovation ResearchSCI Systems Concepts & IntegrationSCM Simulation Conceptual ModelingSCS Society for Modeling and Simulation

xl Abbreviations

SDO Stateful Distributed ObjectSDU Secure Data UnitSE Synthetic EnvironmentSEAD Suppression of Enemy Air DefenseSEAS System Effectiveness Analysis SimulationSEDEP Synthetic Environment Development and Exploitation ProcessSEDRIS Synthetic Environment Data Representation and Interchange

SpecificationSET Sensors & Electronics TechnologySIMCI Simulation to C4I InteroperabilitySIMNET Simulator NetworkingSISO Simulation Interoperability Standards OrganizationSITFOR Situation ForcesSIW Simulation Interoperability WorkshopSMART Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, Requirements, and TrainingSME Subject Matter ExpertSNC System Network ControllerSOA Service Oriented ArchitectureSOAP Simple Object Access ProtocolSOAR State, Operator, and ResultsSOM Simulation Object ModelSOPES Shared Operational Picture Exchange ServicesSORASCS Service Oriented Architecture for Socio-Cultural SystemsSPARQL Simple Protocol and RDF Query LanguageSPI Simulation Publications IncorporatedSRF Spatial Reference FrameSRM Spatial Reference ModelSRML Scenario Reference Markup LanguageSRTM Shuttle Radar Topography MissionSSBN Situation-specific Bayesian NetworkSSG Standing Support GroupSSSB Ship Shore Ship BufferSSTR Secure, Stabilize, Transition, and ReconstructionSTANAG Standardization AgreementStdV Standards ViewpointSTF SEDRIS Transmittal FormatSTMS Soldier Tactical Mission SystemSTTR SBIR and Technology Transfer ResearchSV Systems View or Systems ViewpointSvcV Services ViewpointSWRL Semantic Web Rule LanguageSysML System Modeling LanguageTA Training AudienceTACC Tactical Air Control Center

Abbreviations xli

TACS Theater Air Control SystemTADIL Tactical Digital Information LinkTADIXS Tactical Data Information Exchange SubsystemTADL Tactical Data LinkTALES Technical Advice and Lexicon for Enabling SimulationTAO Tactical Air OperationsTAOC Tactical Air Operations CenterTBM Theatre Ballistic MissileTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTDDS TRAP Data Dissemination SystemTDL TENA Definition LanguageTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTEK Traffic Encryption KeyTENA Test and Training Enabling ArchitectureTIBS Tactical Information Broadcast ServiceTIDE TENA Integrated Development EnvironmentTIN Triangular Information NetworkTLCS Theater Level Constructive SimulationTMI Timing Master InitiatorToA Terms of AcceptanceTOE Table of EquipmentToVV Terms of Verification and ValidationTPED Task/Process/Exploit/DisseminateTPPU Task/Post/Process/UseTRAC TRADOC Analysis CenterTRADOC Training and Doctrine CommandTRANSEC Transport SecurityTRAP Tactical Related ApplicationsTRCE TENA in a Resource Constrained EnvironmentTRIXS Tactical Reconnaissance Intelligence Exchange SystemTRMC Test Resource Management CenterTSA Transportation Security AdministrationTSEC Transmission Security Encryption CodeTT Training TeamTTP Tactics, Techniques, and ProcedureTV Technical ViewUAV Unmanned Air VehiclesUDDI Universal Description, Discovery and IntegrationUDP User Datagram ProtocolUHF Ultra High FrequencyUML Unified Modeling LanguageUMP-ST Uncertainty Modeling Process for Semantic TechnologiesUNITDES Unit DescriptionUNITLOC Unti Location

xlii Abbreviations

UPDM Unified Profile for DoDAF/MODAFURI Uniform Resource IdentifierUSAF United States Air ForceUSD A&T Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and TechnologyUSGS United States Geological SurveyUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSMTF United States Message Text FormatUTM Universal Transverse MercatorV&V Verification and ValidationVHF Very High FrequencyVIDSVC Video ServiceVMASC Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation CenterVMF Variable Message FormatVOB Visitor Office BureauVOCSVC Voice ServiceVR Virtual RealityVRS Vortex Ring StateVV&A Validation, Verification, and AccreditationWAN Wide Area NetworkWARNO Warning OrderWEAG Western European Armaments GroupWEAO Western European Armaments OrganisationWEU Western European UnionWEZ Weapon Engagement ZoneWFZ Weapon Free ZoneWRC WEAG Research CellWSC Winter Simulation ConferenceWSDL Web Service Defintion LanguageWSMR White Sands Missile RangeXML Extensible Markup LanguageXMSF Extensible Modeling and Simulation FrameworkXSD XML Schema Definition