7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

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MAY I

I, 1900.]

N G I N R I N G

THE

PARIS

INTERNATIONAL

disastrous collapse

of the bridge

leading from

the

Champ de Mars, over

the

Avenue

de

Suffren, to

EXHIBITION.

what will

be

the very

po

pular

side show of

the

THE

Po w

ER STATIONS. Globe Celeste, occupying a piece of

ground

S C )

on th

e opposite side of

the

Avenue,

and

along-

(FROM OUR PE

C

IAL

ORRESPONDENT. side

the new station

of

the

lines coming from

Paris, May

4. Moulineaux

and the Gare

St. Lazare.

The

facts

IN our article describing the co

ndition

of the

Paris

attending

thi

s accident have

al r

e

ady

been pub

prior to

the offi

cial o

pening

~ o n y , we lished in full detail

by

the daily press ; a brief

that the presence

of

the pubhc would . reference, however,

should be made to

it here, be-

I

I

w

,

F -91.

I

I

11)

- - ~ - - H - - - - - - - - 6 - - - - ----- ---

FIG.

1.

CRoss

-SECTION

OF BoiLER-Ho usEs .

:

:;:

------------------------------

I

I

I

I

3

6os

built of re-enforced beton,

ought to have been

finished two

or three

weeks earlier, so as

to have

given

the

material

time to

consolidate before

the

centring was

struck. When i t

is

remembered

how

largely

this

ciment

arme, enters

into the con

struction

of

the

terraces beside

the

Seine ;

that

beams of

it

carry much of the weight

of

the

pavilions in

the Rue

des Nations, over

the

electric

railway between the Champ

de Mars

and the Es

planade des Invalides ; and that it has

been

used

in

many

other places where

it

will have to with

stand the strain

of heavy and eccentrica

lly

moving

loads;

it

is q

uite

natural

that

no

little

inquietude

exists.

It

is

not

forgotten either,

that during the

progress of

the

works, several failures occurred

with

beams made of this material,

and

employed in

the

river

terrace

near

the

Horticultural

Building. We

trust that none of the misgivings now very

naturally

expressed, will

be

justified by events, and we dis

miss the subject for the present

with

the remark

that the system followed by M. Galeron was one

devised by an

Hungarian

engineer, M.

Matre.

The

especial object of

Lhis present

article is

to

describe

the

general

arrangements and the

actual

condition of

the

power stations of

the Exhibition ;

in these

stations are

included

the steam

boilers,

engines, electric generators,

and

the many aux.il

liary appliances by which energy,

whether

for light-

4

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

- ----

~ . . . . . . ; . . . ____

. ---- --, . .

Fie3

I

I

I

I

I

I

:I :

I ' I

-

l

5

5

'f

..

5

-

p A

T

11

h

I ' 11

1

1 lr

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I I

II

I

I

11

I

I

I

.

11

Fto.

2. PLAN

OF

THE

BouRDONNAIS

BoiLER-HousE.

,

A G I UL

TUR L

UIL ING

1

~ : : ~ ~ : : ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = ~ = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ ~ = = ~ ~ = = ~ ~ ~ = = = = ~ = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

r

P TH /

I f t

/ /

+ - - - - = - : : . . - ; ; . - :

: : : : . . - : = - : : . . - : : ~ -

= = ~ = = = : . . . . , : . - . = = = = ~ = . . : = = r : : = = = = = - : . . : - . = : = = - - -=-----

------------------------

-+

/

.

~ ~ ~

/

,.,...-- - --: '.O:

0

_

....... ------

-lit

--- - - 1

I

14

15

=

--

-

--

--

-

--

- -

==

-

--

-

-

--

-

----

- - - - - -- ----

----

23

I

- - - - -

11

_[

- - -

I

l:

I

18

I

20

18

Cl

-

22

-

---

H 1

1

-

-

- -

Il ll

- ' ----

J

p Tl-1

l l

FIG. 3. PLAN oF

THE SuFFREN

BoiLER-HousE.

I

retard the efforts of

the authorities

in carry- cause

the material and type

of

constructi

on

th

at ing

or

for motive power, will

be distributed through

ng

to completion

the

large amo

unt of

wo

rk that

failed,

are

so

larg

ely employed in

the

co

nstruction

of

the

wide

area

of

the Exhibition

grounds.

I t

is

to

be done.

Whether to

this,

or

to so

me the Exhibition.

Bo

th the

celestial globe

and

the obvious

that

as one great souree of

interest

in

the

must

be

ascribed the small

degree

of bridge leading

to it,

were

the

work

of an

architect,

Exhibition

is machinery in motion,

and

as the

that has

been

made

during

the

last

18 days M. Galeron, who

presumably acted

under

the super-

chief

popu

lar

attraction

depends on

the

iUumina

cannot tell; but

it

is

certainly

discouraging to vision of the Exhibition

execut

ive.

However

this tions at

night,

no part

of

the great

undertaking

is

a considerable

part

of the

Exhibition

in much may be, the globe was finished and so was the foot- of more capital importance than the

power stations

.

he

same

state as it was

on April 14;

indeed, in

bridge

leading

to it; on Sunday

afternoon,

April29, I t

will

be

remembered

that

a special

feature

of the

sense,

it

may be said

that the

undue

haste with

when

the

A venue

de

Suffren was crowded

with

general a

rrangement of the Paris International

the work was

pushed

forward

during

the

few people,

the

centring

of

the

bridge was removed,

Exhibition,

was th

at

of,

as

far as possible, placing

before the opening, has actually

retarded and the structure

collapsed

under its

own

weight; the

mechanical means of production alongside the

because in some cases, work

has to be

many

wer

&

ki

lled by the falling mass,

and still manufactured

pr0duct, so

that

the visitor would

over again,

and

in

many

more, a careful in-

more were

injured. We believe that

an

inquiry

have

beneath his eyes

the

various processes going

is demanded for th e

sake of

the public. has

resulted

in exonerating the

Exhibition

autho- forward, and

their

results. Electric transmission

to the exhibitors, there is certainly not a

Group

rities,

but

one

cannot help

feeling that the frenzied alone

has

rendered

this feature

- absolutely novel

with

but

few exceptions,

not

a Class-

that

is

yet haste with

which

everything

was

pushed

forward,

in

a

great International Exhibition-

possible.

The

enough to

be

studied with

full advantage.

had

much

to

do

with the catastrophe, and

t

ha

t in

same

source of energy

has

placed

at the

disposal

of

Great

con

sternation was

naturally created by the any

case

an experimenta

l

structure like this

bridge,

th

e

authorities,

a means of

illumination

on a scale

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

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6o6

hitherto unattempted.

Of

course ample current

for both these req

uirem

ents will be available in

time, but that

time h

as

n

ot

yet come

; the garde

ns

h

av?

been partially ligh.ted with jets of gas; and

~ u n l ? g

the l

ast

few. e.

venings

a

very

scanty

electric

hghtmg

has been

VISible; but

the

current

for this

has

been

a

lm

ost wholly,

if

n

ot

entirely,

derived

from an outside source,

while

the interiors of the

buildings

are left in

darkness.

That neither the steam

generators

nor

engines

and dynamos. are yet

in

? ~ e r a t i o n

is

due chiefly

unreadin

ess

of exhibitors ; though it

seems

difficult to

exonerate

the authori t i

es

fr

om

the

blame

of

a ~ l ~ \ ~ i n g ex

hi

bitors,

on

whom the vitality

of the

ExhibitiOn depends,

to

have been

so

l

ax in

the ful

~ l m e n t of

their

engagements.

At the time of

writ

In

g,

though seve

ral

groups

of

engines

and

dynamos

are ready

to be started,

it appears

hopeless to

e x ~ e c t a sufficient supply of steam for several days .

This very unfortunate

delay

will n

ot,

how ever,

prevent us

from making

a

so

mewhat close in

spec

tion of the power stations,

t ho

ugh

we

propose

to

Fis 4._-------------

--

----------

--

-------

I

E N G I N E E R I N G.

vided for bringing

fu

el to the differe nt generators

and

for removing as

hes, &c.

All these arrange

ments are indic

ated on the ou t

lin

e

plan,

Fig. 2, of

the

French

boiler-h

ouse

.

In

this plan A shows

the

position of

the

chimney shaft,

B B

are

the

un d

erground

flues, and

b b

the cross flues from

the

various generators to the main

collectors,

c a in d

icate

t he positions of the large aerating

~ h a f t s

t hat

ventilate

the underground vassages

1n

which

the

steam

and water mains, el

ectr

ic

cables, &c., are placed, and

to

wh ich r eference

was made

in

the article above r

eferre

d

to.

Th

e

position of

these

shafts is

also shown at A in the

cross-section

Fig.

1. The

lines

of rails

fo

r the

boiler service are shown at D D

in

t he plan ; they

are so

placed

that th e trucks can be

run

in and

out with9ut

interfering

with the p ublic conveni

ence

. The

various group

s of

generators

shown

on

the plan

have

b

een

furnished by the following

exhibitors

:

1.

MM.

J.

and

A.

Niclausse.

2.

M. Crepelle-Fontaine.

(M

AY I I ,

1900.

that the central passage is impassable, so

covered is it with debris and materi

al

of all kinds.

Continuing

our walk al

ong

the

public

space in front

?f the boiler-house, the

absence

of flooring, or,

indeed,

of

any attempt at levelling the ground, is ex

plained

by the

constant

and heavy traffic of con

tractors carts, of stacks of bricks required for th e

boiler

settings,

and of portions of boilers awaiting

erection, to

say nothing

of sacks of coal

brought by

porters to be

in readiness

for

the earliest moment

when one or other of

the

boilers

sha

ll

be

complete

and

able

to

get

up steam. Th e overhead steam

mains are in place, it is

true,

but they have yet to

be lagged, and evidently

no steam

can

be

usefully

distributed until this has been done. Group

No . 2, that of

MM.

Crepelle-Fontaine, and No. 3,

that of MM. Mathot

and

Son,

are

in evidence only

by

the lower

parts

of the settings,

by

sacks of

cement and other materials, and by sections of

the boilers themselves which lie awaiting the

advancement

of the brickwork. Following these

is

anot

h

er very

l

arge group (No

. 4) which is

-------------------------c.---- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- :

2

.

i.

.

1 I

3 5

I

I I I

-.. 1

1

1

n 7

:c I'

1 2 .

I

I

V

..

I

I1- - - - - - -1 I

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( : I

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l '

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- - - -__1

: ' L . . - . - - - - 4 - - ~

t t : J t

t t ~ I : j t = = = = = = ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - + -

+ - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 -

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / c t ~ ~

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l t - - ~ , t p ~ ~ t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - + - - - - - - - - - 4 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = ~ = = : J ~ h [ :

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, . . . . - - - - - ~ - f - : : : r - 1 1./

~ ~ . . . . - - - ~ - ~

I

I

ea : ' I ~

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a a

1

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15

1 1

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I I

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tq; I I

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- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- I

FIG. 4.

PLAN

oF

THE BoURDONNAI

S

(FRENC

H) PowER STATION.

Fte 5

'

----

--------------- -----------------------------------

-------------------------

,,- -------------------------------

i

Z

..z

1

.. .

lrf 2

Jr

f+

21

-

17

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_/

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

3/31

M

AV I

I

I

900.

E N G I N E E R I N

G.

THE

HENDEY-NORTON METRIC

LATHE

AT

THE

PARIS

EXHIBITION.

CON

TRU

CTED BY THE HENDEY-NORTON MACHINE C ~ P A N Y LTD., TORRINGTON, CONN., U.S.

A.

o1 D

esc? ipt

ion s

ee

Page 612.)

exhibitors,

but

on

the

adjoining and incomplete

installations, as well as on the general w

ork

re

maining to be done in the boiler-house.

One cause of the great confusion which exists

at

the t

im

e of writing, is

the condit

i

on

of

Group No.

6,

the installation of the Fives-Lille Company ; prac

ically all the sectio

ns

forming the generators of

his group are

yet

stacked

upon

the

gro

und, so

hat a considerable time

must

pass before

it

can

become

useful, and meanwhile the work of erec

ion will

interfere with the progress of the more

exhibits . I t will be noticed from the

that close by

the

F ives-Lille group is the

ventilating shaf t, the arrangem

ents

of

are far from being completed .

Bey

o

nd

is

the

of Mr. Roser Group No . 5) ;

this

consists

six boilers, which will probably be supplying

before these l

ines

are

published

; t

heir pro

of the t

ot

al amo un t req

uired

is, it is need

to say, but a small one . To sum up the posi

at the time of our visit, this boile1-house when

will co

ntain

50

generat

ors,

of

which

will

be furnished

by

the

Niclausse Company,

by Me ssrs. Babcock and Wilcox, and six

by

de Naeyer

and

Co. ; of

these,

16 gene

rs do not strictly belong

to

French exhibi t.s.

total production of steam will ultimate

ly

be

120,000 kilogrammes per hour.

The second boiler-house, which is devoted nomi

exhibitors, is on the other side of

Champs de Mars, and adjoins the Avenue de

The construction

and

dimensions

of

the

g are similar to those of th e

French

boiler

the arrangements are ind icated on the plan,

g.

3

in which

th

e co

rr

esponding

parts

are indi

by the same

letters

as in

Fig.

2. The figures

the plan refer to different installations as follow :

11.

Messrs. Galloway

an

d Co.

12. Messrs. de Naeyer

and

Co.

13. Me ssrs.

Fi

tzner and Gamper.

14. Messrs. Babcock and Wilcox .

15. :Messrs. Siemens

an

d

Halske

Ste

inmuller

16

. Mr. Petry Dereux.

17.

Mr. Berninghous.

18. Mess rs. J.

an

d A. Nic1ausse.

19. Messrs. Mathot and Sons.

20. Messrs.

The

Schuckert Company Berning

generator).

21. Messrs. Petzold a

nd Uo.

22. Messrs. Simons and Lanz.

23. Mr. Pauksch .

From this

boiler-house,

an

equal quant

ity

of

stea

m- 120,000 kil ogrammes

per

ho

nr

- will have

to be furnished.

It

is worthy of note that four

important in

stallations Gro

up

s Nos. 12, 14, 18,

and 19)

are

by t

he

same exhibitors, who contri

bute so la rge

ly

to the French boiler-house.

A

t

the end of the building is Group No. 11, com

prising six boilers

by

Messrs. Galloway and

Co

. ;

these

appear

practically ready to be put

in stea

m.

Group N o. 12, consisting of four generators by

Messrs.

de Naeyer

and Co.,

are

also com

pl

ete;

wbile t

he

small boiler of Messrs. Fitzner and

Gamper has alrea

dy

been tested . No. 14 com

prises two sets each of t wo Babcock and Wilcox

genera tors;

these

form a co

ntra

st

to the

groups

just

referred

to, as a considerable amount of

work remains to be done. N o. 15 is n

inst allation of five Steinmuller ge

ner

ators, con

tributed by

Messrs. Siemens and

Halske

;

they

are

practically finished,

as

also is 16)

the

small

boiler of Messrs.

Petry

Dereu x and Co . The

gene

rator of

Mr.

Berninghous, of Dui

sb

urg, 17) is

n

ot

qui te so far advanced as

the others

we have

just

referred

to; it

s completion, however, is o

nly

a matter

for a few days; i t is worth no ting that the furnaces of

this group

are

at the end,

and not

at the side, of

the

setting. This completes the range of generators of

the south side of the boiler-house. On the opposite

side, No. 23,

the

boiler s

upplied by Mr.

Pauk soh

is a

lr

eady

und

er steam ; those of Simons and Lanz,

and of Petzold Nos . 22 and 21)

are

quite completed ;

the four Berninghous generators contributed by

the

chu ckert Compa

ny are ye

t

very

unfinished, while

No. 19, which will ult imately be the exhibit of

Messrs. Mathot

a

nd

Sons, is at present o

nly

indi

cated hy tho commencement of a brick

setti

n

g;

finally, t he group of Messrs.

J.

and A. Niclausse,

No. 18, consisting of two generators, is practically

complete.

Altogether

the

re

is

a

st

riking difference

be t ween t he

Fr

ench and foreign boiler-houses , the

la t

ter, as will be ga thered

fr

om the foregoing brief

review, being

in

a far

mor

e advanced condition

than the former in fact, it is not too much to hope

that, with

the

exception of t he inst allation of

Messrs .

Ma

th

ot an

d Sons,

all

t

he

diffe

rent

gro

ups

will

be fur

nishing

their

full supp1y of steam, and

-

enabling one- half of the lighting and power

en

ergy req

uir

ed

to

be di

stribut

ed t

hr

oughout

the

Exhibition in

a few days. Altogether there will be

41 boilers in

the

so-called foreign power station.

We may now pass in very brief review the con

di

t ion, at tho time of writing, of the two corres

ponding electrical stations which depe

nd

for

their

usefulness upon the completion of

the

boiler-h ouses.

We shall not, of course, attempt any detailed de

scrip tion of

the

various installations which will

form the subj

ect

of separate articles.

It

may be

in terest ing, however, to give some general indica

tions about the two buildings, which, with the

boiler-houses, c omplete

the

power stations,

the one

being devoted to French exhibits,

and

the other to

foreign inst allat ions. The buildings containing

these exhibits are close to, and parallel with, the

boiler-h ouses ;

they

form the two

great

wings of

the Electricity Palace,

and

are 98 ft. 6 in. wide.

The construction of the buildings preseuts no

f

ea tur

es of special

interes t

.

Th

e

area they

cover

is quite

in

sufficient for t he

required

purpose, con

side

ring

tha.t,

in

addition to the

m

otors and

elec

tric generators, space had to be made for general

electrical

ex

hibits, and even for some in

st a

llations

belonging

to the

Machin

er

y Building. To some

extent relief has been found by the construction

of overflow annexes between the ends of the boiler

houses

and the

cen tr al part of the Electricity

Building, and some power plants have also

be

en

placed in the Chemical Industries and Machinery

Buildings, which

are in

direct communication

with

the

Electricity Palace.

The power stations, like the boiler-houses,

are

distinguished ns

that

of the Bourdonnais, and of the

Suffren;

the former is devoted to

Fr

ench, and the

la

tt e

r to foreign, exhibits. A plan showing the

general arrangement of the installat ion in the Bour

don nais

station

is given

in

Fig. 4.

n this

diag

ram

the

locations occupied

by

t

he

different exhibitors

are as follow :

1.

MM. Cr

epe

ll

e,

Garand,

and

Decauvi1le.

2. The Fives-Lille Company.

3. The Societe Alsacienne.

4. Th e Societe de Laval.

6.

Th

e Cail Company

and the

French Thomson

Ho u

ston Company.

6 MM.

Pi

guet

and

Grammont.

7. MM. Paul and Augustin

Farcot

and

Hutinet

.

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8. MM. Weyher and Richemond

and

the Com

Electricite et Hydraulique.

9.

MM. Weyher and

Richemond

and

the

Com

Gener

ale

Electrique de Nancy.

10.

MM. Weyher and Richemond and the Com

d 'E

lectricit

e de Creil.

11.

MM. Delaunay-B

e

ll

eville, and

the Maison

12. MM. Garnier and Faure

Beaulieu

.

13.

MM.

Bietrix

and Nicolet

(electric

lighting).

14. MM

Dujardin

and Co.

(electric

lighting) .

15.

MM.

Dujardin and Co. and

MM. Schneider

Co.

16. The Maubeuge Iron Works.

The 16

groups, of which

the

li

st is given above,

ill

furnish

15

,000 indicate

d

hor

se-

power

collec

ively.

At t he first glance the

situation appears to

be pra.ctically the

same as

that

of the corresponding

boiler-house; the

main

passages are blocked by

wagons and

material,

and

t he overhead travelling

rane

s

upplied

by

Me

ssrs. Le

Blanc

and Co.,

is

incessan

t ly

occupied

in

transporting

different parts

of machinery which hav

e yet to be

erected.

On the

left is an

in

stallation (Group No. 1) made

by

Mess

rs.

Cr

e

pelle

and

Garand

and by

Me

ssrs.

Decauville

and Co.

This

is intended to

supply

a

continuous

current of 250 volts. In nearly

the

whole of

these

installations the steam

engine

and the

dynamo

come from

different

manufacturers, the exceptions

being

in

the

case

of those exhibitors

who

make

both

engines and

el

ec t

rical

generators.

The next

group,

t

hat

of

t he

Fives-Lille

Company, is

one

of

these

exceptions

; their in stallation will furnish a tri

phase current

of 2200 volts,

with

a

freq

uency

of

50. t is e

vident

that

this

output will

not

be available

for

some

time, as the erection

is

far

from comp

l

ete,

and the large

double

flywheel

of the dynamo is still lying

in pi

eces on the

fl

oo

r. In

the next space

we

find on

one side

the

commencement

of

the Laval exhibit,

whose

steam turbines will

drive

a

dynamo

to furnish a

co

ntinu

o

us

current of 250 volts ; this

mo

st intere

st

ing exhibit, the dynamo of

which

has been

fur

nished by

the

Breguet Company, is

ready to start;

and,

indeed,

at the time of our

visit steam

was

being

admitted to the motor. Adjoining

Laval

is the

in

stallation of the Societe Alsacie

nne de

Con

structions,

of Belfort;

this

will give a

continuous

current, but

at

500 volts. The e

ngine

s

of

the

Alsacienne Company

(3) will

have

a

very

imposing

appearance, but a g

reat

deal

of work remains

to be

done before

an

experimental

run

can take

place. Behind

the

second part of

the La

val

space (see

plan,

Fig. 4) is the Cail exhibit (5) ; the

engine sent by this c

ompa

ny, otherwise known

as the

Societe

Fran9aise

de

Constructions Me

caniques, will,

when

complete,

drive

a

dynamo

furnished by

the

French

Thomson

-Houston Com

pany ; the whole

of

this group will fo

rm

an inte

res

t ing

exhibit and one of very

considerable

proportions

;

it

will

supply

a tripha

se

current

at

5000

volts

and 25

frequency

. The next group,

No. 6, is that

in

which

the motor is

supplied

by

Messrs.

Pi

guet

and

Co.,

and

the dynamo by

Alexandre

Grammont; this

installation

is

not

so

far advanced

as that of Cail and t

he Thom

son

Houston Company, but

it

will ultimately

furnish

a triphase

current

of 2200 volts

and

50 frequency.

Messrs.

Paul

and Au

gus

tin

Farcot

(7) have cOin-

pleted

the

e

rection of their

engine, but

the

Hutinet

dynamo which

it will drive

is not yet in place. In

this

case the

current

will be

two -phase

and of

2200 volts and 42 frequency.

T h i ~ brings

us

to the

end

of the

building, or

rather to

the

foot of t he staircase by which access

is gained to the first storey of the

Electrical

Palace ;

and

here it is satisfactory to see,

in

regular work

in

g, a sn1all, tho';lgh

c ~ m p l e t e ,

elec_trical statio_n

(see

A,

Fi

g. 4), In whiCh

the

~ o t i v

power

1s

fortunately independent

of

the bo1ler-house. The

engine is a

r o l e u m

n;

oto

r

_of

the Charon

system,

a

nd

has

been

1n operatiOn s1nce

last

January; all

the

current

generated

in

~ h e E x h ~ b i t i o n

has, B? far,

come from

this installatiOn, whiCh

has furni

shed

power

for

working the

two l a r ~ t r a v e l l i n ~ crane

s

that are

so busily employed

1n

transportmg the

various

parts

of engin.

and dyna:mos

in the

t wo

power stations

. SuffiCi

ent

exper1ence

has be

en

gained

with this in stallation to demonstrate t

he

high efficiency of the Charon petroleum. m o t o ~ , to

which

we

shall hereaft

er

devote

a special article.

Casua

lly we may

remark that the staircase leading

to t

he fust

storey of the

Electrical

IJalace is in

~ h e

same

cond

i

tion

as it was on the day

of

the openmg

ceremony. vVe also noticed, with some s

ur

prise,

E N G I N E E R I N G.

the active

presenc

e of a portable

for

ge

which

threw

showers

of

sparks over

loose

timber

and

straw

t.hat

belonged to the

packing- cases of

the

Societe

Anonyme

des Hauts Fourneaux

de

Maubeuge

(16,

Fig.

4), a group which later on will

furnish a

continuous

current of 250 volts. Return

ing to the other end of

the building

along

the

Oen

tral Ave

nue, we have first

(No. 15) the

engines

of Mess

rs.

Dujardin and Co., which will

drive the

Schneider dynamos, and give a triphase current

of

3000 volts with 50

frequency

. The Dujardin

firm

have

also

supplied

an engine in

the adjacent

group, No.

14,

to be

co

upled to

a

dynamo

from

the

works

of the Eclairage Electrique Company,

with a continuous current

of

250 Yolts. This

pa.rt

of the power station

is

somewhat more

back

ward

than elsewhere, in

co nseq

uence of construc

tive work

st

ill

in progress.

At

the time

of our

vis

it

an interested

crowd

was

watching

the first

trials of the combined group of Messrs. E. Garniar

and Faur

e

Beaulieu working

in

conjunction with

Mes

srs.

Post

el, Vinay, anrl Co. ; this

installat

ion

will

furnish

a

continuous

current

of

600 volts. t

may be rea

dily

im

agined

that the first group of

ma

c

hines

put in

movement created quite

an impor

tant

event. Group No

. 11 is that of the combina

tion

Delaunay-B

elleville, and the Breguet Company,

who supply a

dynamo

built for a tripha.se current

of 2200 volts and 50 periods; this installation is

e

ntirely

complete, and is

only

awaiting steam, which

the

bo

iler-h

ouse is

no

t

in

a position to supply.

Fol

lowing

this

is

Group

No. 10,

that

of Messrs.

Weyher

and

Richemond

and

tho General Electric Company,

of Creil, which l

atter,

we believe, is a

branch

of

Messr

s . Day de,

Pile,

and Co., of whom,

as

con

tractors,

we

have

had frequent occasion to speak.

Only the engine

of

this in sta

llation

is com

pleted. Group No

. 9 also contains an engine

by

1\Iessrs. Weyher and Richemond, the

dynam

o

being furni

shed

by the

Compagnie

Genera

le Elec

trique de N ancy ; this plant at the time of

writing

was having a preliminary trial, but, of course, was

not furnishing current,

which will

be triphase at

3300 volts. Finally

Group

No . 8 comprises a third

e

ngine

by Messrs. Weyher and Richemond, driving

a triphase 2200.

volt

dynamo and 50 frequency ex

hibited by

the

Electricite

et

Hydraulique

Company.

Power

trials

were in progress at

the

t ime of

our

visit, so that a partial lig

hting

of the grounds and

buildings, so far as the capacity of the installation

allows, is

by this time probably

available.

In order

to

reach

the second power

stat

i

on

de

voted

to foreign exhibitors,

it

is necessal'y

to

cross

the Champs de Mars, which is m

ost c o ~ v e n i e n t l y

done by

passing

through

the

central ~ o r t w n

of the

Electricity Building

. Here all was 1n a state of

confusion that defies description ; the

ground

was

inter

sec ted with

open trenches,

with unfinished

lines of electrical communications,

with

wagons,

packin

o

cases and

fl

ooring, which, having been

laid

too

s o o ~

was necessarily taken up

on account

of its

havino- been

broken

by the

pas

sage of wagons and

h e a v y t : ~ cases. This will all have to be relaid. The

plan

of the for eign

~ l e c t r i c ~ l

power

stati?n

is shown

in Fig.

5, page

606; It

contams

the

fo

ll

owmg groups :

No. 17. Messrs. Robey and Co.

No . 18. Messrs. Galloway and Co.

and

Messrs.

1\Iather

and Platt.

No. 19.

Me

ssrs.

Willans

and

Robinson

and

Messrs.

Siemens Brothers.

No. 20.

No. 21. The

Helios Company

and the Societe

d'Augsb

ourg.

No.

22. Societe

d'

Augsbourg and

the

Societe

Nuremberg and Lahmeyer.

No. 23. Messrs. Carels

Freres

and Kolben.

No.

24. Messrs. V

an

den

Kerchove

and

the

Compagnie Indust

ri

ell

e_ d'Electricit

e. .

No.

25.

Me

ssrs.

Bollmckx

and the SoCiete Elec-

trique et Hydraulique.

No. 26.

No. 27. Messrs. A. Borsig and

Me

ssrs. Siemens

and

Halske.

No. 28. Messrs. Schuckert

and

Co.,

and

the

Societe

de

Nuremberg .

Th

e

in

sta.

llations in

the

building devoted to

for eio n

ex

hibits will,

when

complete, develop an

energy

of 21,000 horse-power. Besides those shown

on the plan and enumerated above, there is in

an

annexe,

a Russ

ian

not

intended to be

set

in

mot ion, and two ta

lian

ex

hibits

; of

th e

se

latter

one

is contributed by the cons

tructors, Franco

Tosi, ' of Legnano, and

by

the S ? c i ~ l e c -

tricit

e " o

nc

e

Schuckert and

Co.; t

h1

s w1ll give a

contin'uous c urrent of 500 volts. t is

nearly ready

(MAY I 1900.

to work as, too, is a second Ita.lian group, also

by

the Tos1 Company as regards the engine, but in this

case

the generator

is

furnished by another

I talian

firm, that of Bacini ;

it

will,

like

the former, give

a

500-volt continuous current. Near by

are

a few

English

exhibits,

n

ot

in tended to be worked

and

whi?h,

t h e r ~ f o r e do

n

ot

fo

rm part of the

power

stat1_on

wh1ch commences beyond

the stairway

eadm

g

t?

the. first f l ~ o r of the El e?t ricity Build

Ing. Th1s stairway,

It

may be

menti

o

ned,

is com

pleted.

First,

on the right-hand side, is the com

bined group (No

. 23,

Fig.

5), of Messrs. Carels

Fr

eres, of

Gand, and

of

the Kolben

Electri city Com

pany . This engine and dynamo will generate a 3000-

triphase current with a frequency of 50; the whole

in

s

tallati

on is ready,

and

is

only

awaitino- steam

from the boiler-house.

Next

(No. 24) is ~ n o t h e r

group

for

triphase current,

but of 2200 volts

and

50 peliods . The combined exhibitors are the Van

den Kerchove Company

as

regards the eno-ines

while the Compagnie

Internationale d'Elect;

icite:

of

Li

ege (formerly Messrs. Pieper and Co.), furnish

the dynamo.

This

installation

appears

complete,

except

the flywheel of the ge

nerator.

Belgium also

occupies the

adjacent

space (25), the exhibitors

being re

spect

ive

ly the

Bollinckx Company

and the

Societe

Electricite

et

Hydraulique

; the current is

triphase, of 2200 volts and 42. This exhibit is

practically ready. Beyond,

and

adjoining a

numbe

r

of machinery exhibits (Nos. 20

and 26),

that

appear out of place in this building, is the collective

installation of M

es3

rs. A. Borsig

and

Co.

and

of

Siemens and

Hal

ske, ready a.s soon

as

steam can

be furnished,

to generate

a

triphase current

of

2200 volts of 50 frequency.

Thi

s is a very re

markable insta

llati

on,

to

which we shall return

on a la t

er

occasion. Beside it stands the group

of

the

N

ur

em

burg Engine

Construction Company,

and of

the Schuckert

Company (28). In this group

a 5000-volt triphase current of 50 periods will be

generated,

as

well

as

a 500-volt continuous cur

rent.

This,

like

mo

st

of

the other

installat ions we

have

noticed

in

this

building, is wai

ting

for

stea

m.

On

the other side

of

the

central

passage we find

(No. 22) a

German

group, the engine being sup

plied

by

the

Au

gsbourg

Engine

Construction

Company, and the N

uremburg

En gine Construc

tion Company, the dynamo

by

the

Lahm

eyer

El

ectr

ical Company ; here the current will be

triphase

with a voltage of 5000

and

50 the

installation is

quite

complete. So is

the

adjoining

group

(No. 21)

contributed by

the

sa

me Augsbourg

Company and the H e

li

os Electrical Company.

With this an alternating current of 2200 volts and

50 frequen cy will

be generated

; it is in teresting

to note

that

steam had been furni

shed to

this

engine

for making its preliminary tests, which

were

extremely

successful. Of

English

exhibitors

we find (No. 19)

the

group of Messrs. Willans

and Robinson, whose engine we

illustrated and

desc

ribed re

cently (see page 552 te, and of

Messrs. Siemens and

llalske

; this will furnish

a 500-volt continuous

current. Then

comes

the

combination of Messrs. Galloway and Co.'s engine

with

Messrs. Mather and Platt's

dyn

amo to give a

continuous current of 250 volts ;

and,

finally, the

installati

on of Messrs.

Robey and

Co

.,

to

generate

a similar current. The

se

three form a melancholy

contrast to

the other

exhibits

in the building; the

first is far from complete,

the

dynamo

not

being

erected

; the second shows

little

else

than the

foundations,

and

the

third, though further

ad

vanced, will not be

able

for a considerable time to

contribute

it

s

proportion

of

current.

We have now briefly reviewed the installations

in

the

foreign power station,

on

which a large

part

of

the Exhibition

will

depend

for

its light and

energy ; others, however, remain

to

be noticed.

As said above, some of the space in the building has

been

occupied

with

machinery exhibits of differe nt

kinds. t was necessary, therefore,

to

find space

elsewhere for the

remaind

er of the engine

and

dynamo installations. In the annexe of the Electrical

Building,

situated between the

Salon d' Ho

nn

eur

and

the French boiler-house is a

Dutch

installation,

ex

hibited

by

Messrs .

Storck

Brothers

and

Co ,

for

the engines, and the Smit El

ect

rical Compauy

for the

generator,

which will give a 500-volt con

tinuous current

.

The eng

ine is almost erected,

but the dynamo is not

in

place. In t

he

annexe

on

the opposite s

ide

of the Salon d 'Honneur, near the

foreign boiler-house, is a group contributed

by

Messrs. Ladislas, Lang,

and

Co.,

and by

Messrs.

Ganz and Co., of Budapest;

this

is almost ready

for working, but

steam has

not been available f

or

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

5/31

M

AV I

I,

I 900 ]

ial s ;

the current

will be tripha.

se

, at

volts, with a fre

quency of

50. Close

by

is

a

oup by the Ringhofer Company and Siemens

Vienna, which will give a 500-

ontinuous

current. This

installa

tion

awaits

steam supply.

Finally there

is the completed

hibit of Messrs.

Er

ste,

Brunner, and

Co.,

and

Messrs. Ganz

and

Co., of Vienna ;

this

will

sh a triphase

current

of 2200 volts, with a

eq

uency of 42. Besides these

there are

o

ther

ower installations e

ntirely

misplaced, acoording

the official

ar

r

angement

.

Thus, in the

Chemical

there are three

Swiss

exhibits

considerable

imp

or

tance

; a

ll

of

th

ese

ar

e r

eady

furnish current.

The

first is the

exhibit

of MM.

er

Fr

eres

and

the Oerlikon Co

mpany

;

this

will

an

al ter

nating c

urrent

of 2200 vo

lt

s

an

d

. The second is

by

Messrs. E scher,

Wyss

,

and

, and the Oerlikon Company, for a

tripha

se

ent, also of 2200 volts and 50 ;

th

e t

hird

for a

lt continuous current comes

fr

om t

he

works

M.

Emil Mertz, of Bale,

and the Alioth El

ectrical

any.

It

will

be gathered from the foregoing brief

that

the

forei

gn

exhibits

are

(except those

om this country)

in

a more forward

state than

ose of France, bo

th

as

regard

t

he steam

boilers

nd the power

plant

;

it

is clear,

ind

ee

d, that for

time the Exhibition must chiefly depend on the

foreign installations for

curr

e

nt. t

is also notice

nble that there is an

entire

absence of American

exhibits; these we shall

probably

find

in

re

mote

in

ce

nnes.

A few words remain to be added

about

the

system of current distribution.

There

are two

switchboards placed on the

ground fl

oor of the

gallery

that

separates the

Electricity Building fr

om

the Chateau d

Ea

u,

and

which is

not

well

adapted

for

ex

hibits on account of imperfect lighting. They

are

eac

h 196 ft. long ; one is reserved for con

tinuous, and the

ot

h

er

for

alternati

ng,

currents.

For

the latter there are as

many

collectors as

there ar

e

different natures of

curren

t ; each

of

these co

llect

o

rs

is

coupled to its corresponding machine, and serves

a special system of mains. From

what

we have

said, and which will be more

evident

when we con

sider in detail

the

various installations,

the

elec

trical

ex

hibits

in

the 1900

Exhibition

will

far

surpass anything that has been seen before, and

will form a very complete illustration of the pheno

mena

l

pr

og

ress in el

ec t

rical

engineerin

g

durin

g

the last few years.

t

is to

be re

gre

tted,

though

this is the inevitable fate of e

xhibition

s,

th at

all

is so far behindhand. Time alo

ne

can remedy

this deficiency, and in this connection we are very

glad

to

learn

that

an official decree will

be

issued,

to

the effect that no more goods will

be

r eceived

after the 12th in

st., and th

at unfinis

hed

installations

will

be removed at

the

cost of the

tardy

exh

ibi

tors. t is too much to hope that this decree will

be rigidly enforced, but we

trust

that it may be

so

far

put

in to execution as to teach ex

hibitors

that

th

ey

cannot break

th

e

ir contra

c

ts with impunity,

and

that the

various Commi

ss

ions

are bound

to

see that the conditio

ns

of the co

ntract

s are

respected, The

Paris

Exhibition

authorities

have

doubtless much to answer for in their failu

re to

hav

e carried o

ut their undertakings in

time,

but

their responsibilit ies

are small compared

with

that of exhibitors and Commissions, French and

foreign, wh o appear wholly to disregard their obliga

tions in completing

the

various cou

rt

s for which

they are responsible.

MODERN FIELD ARTILLERY.

(Continued from page 577.)

TH

S

cHNEIDER C.ANET ~ r .

75-Millimetre

(2

.952-In.) Gun, Long T ype, on

Ca tiage 1rith Tr

ail

Spade ancl H ydra11lic Recoil

Cylinders

(Figs. 113 to 124, pages 610

and

611).

Th

e following are particulars of

the gun

:

Weight

of

gun

... ... 355 kilogs. ( 782

lb)

, carriage ... . .

635 , (1399 , )

, pr

ojec

tile ... 6.5 , ( 4

i , )

Mu

zzle

velocity ... .. .

600 m. (1640

ft

.)

Ene

rgy

of projectile ... 83 t.-m.

(276

foot tons).

In

a modified

type the principal

pa r

t iculars

were

:

\V

eight

of

gun .. .. .

348

kilogs. ( 769 lb.)

11 carriage .. . .. . 638 , (1406

11

, projectile ...

6.

5 , , )

Muzzle velocity ... ... 580 m. (

19

03' ft.)

Energy

of projectila ... 111.5 t. m. (371

ft.

.-tons).

In these models the following propert ies we

re

s

hown

to exist

in

a high deg ree

under test

:

N G I N R I N G

1.

Reduced

recoil, allowing

continued

fire .

2. R

ap id and

su

st ained

fire

n.t

comparatively

sho

r t

range, with

out re-tr

aining the

gun.

3. Great stability during recoil on ordinary

gro

und.

4.

Very

slight deviat ion

of

the

gun

.

5. Strong

a

nd ab

solu te

ly

safe

breech-

closing

device.

6. High ballist ic power compared with the weight

of the g un.

7. Co

mplete prote

ct ion of

parts against

grape

sh

ot and dU E t.

The gun is of forged and

hard

ened steel ; it is

33.3 calibres

in

len

gt

h, and is made

in

two

parts;

the t

ub

e

in

which

th

e

br e

ech-block is screwed, a

nd

t

he jacket,

which covers

the tube

for a length of

1.210 me t res (47.637 in. ).

The

force

of

reco

il

is

transmitted

to the hydraulic rec

oil

cylinder

s

by the

jacket, so that the

tu

be has not to withsta

nd any

efforts t hat would

tend

to affect the breech

mechanism.

The gun

is connected

to the

recoil

cylinders by m

eans

of dovetailed flanges, which

f

orm

a st rong

attachment, but

allow

the

sy

stem to

be taken

to

pieces rapidly. Th e gun has been

designed to

take

a

truncated

conical metallic cart

ridge ; it is,

there

fo

re,

not fitted

with any

mechanism for

ob turati

on.

The b r e e c h ~ b l o c k

can,

howeve

r,

e

asily

be replaced at

any time by one

of

ordinary type, with plastic obturator, so as to fire

a che

aper kind

of ammunition ; in t his case, how

ever, rapidity of firing would be reduced by one

half.

Tbe

carriage is

pr

ovid

ed with hydraulic

recoil

cylinders, a trail-spade, and wheel drags. The

gun

runs

out

au t

omatically; the trail-spade is

s

haped

so as to automatically

penetrate ground

of

average h

ardness

,

and preliminary

digging is

not

.

necess

ary. Th

e wheel

drag

s

are

used when

the

gun is hauled from one place to another,

and

also

when firing on very soft grvund. When the

surface is of average hardness, it is n

ot

ne cessary

to re

sort

to this

device.

Percu

ssion

being absent

owing

to the

a

ct

ion of

the

reco

il

cylinder,

the

carriage ri ses only slightly even when on ploughed

grv

und.

In this case, however, corr

ec t

ion in

t raining

after

each

round

is

hardly

necessary,

especially

when the fi

r

ing

does

not require minute

precis io

n,

as, for

instance, when

firing

against

a cavalry charge. The carriage is very simple

in

const ruction, and

re

qu ires

no

preparation for

fir

in

g ;

the

recoil

cylinders

are

filled

with in

congea

lable

liquid,

and

as

they are

perma

n

ently

t igh

t, it

is

not

necessary

to

inspect

th

em

when the gun is placed in battery.

The

recoil

cylinders

and

t heir rods are protected against

grape-s

hot and du

st by closed slides, which form a

protective

armour; the

whole of

th

e sys

tem

occu

pies

but little

room,

and is

easily

taken

to

pieces.

Expan

sion of the gun has no influence

on the working of the various parts, for the

cylinders

can extend freely

in

the

cradle,

and

the

gl

ands round

the rods

are

not liable

to

be

come h

ot. The

carriage is

built up

of

steel plates

;

it consists of two cheeks st ayed by hollowed-out

plates, which allow

fr

ee recoil.

t

is

joint

ed

on

t he axl e, the

trail end

being fitted with

the

pivot-bolt seat

and

the spade. The lever for

la t

eral

tr ainin

g,

and the gun

sponge,

are

hooked

on

the

carriage ;

the gun sponge

is

in two parts,

to

fit

more

easily

aga

i

nst

t

he tr a

il.

Th

e g

un is placed

under

t he axle, so as to reduce the rising of the

syst

em

under

fire

as

much

as

possib le.

t

clas

ps

the

recoil cylinders, the

latt

er travelling in slides fitted

to

the axle,

and the

whole

system

oscillates on

the

wheels to obtain the required elevatio

n.

The gu n,

th

erefore,

re

coils along

its

ax is, whateyer be

its

incline. The

re

coil cylinders being movable,

the

rods are fixP.d

and

are

join

ed

to

the

ends

of the

slid es ; each of

the

cy

linder

s is fitted

with an arm

that

serves

to

take up

t

he pressure of the running

out springs, the latter bearing

on

a rod placed in

fr

ont of

th

e sy3tem. The

length

of the

set

of

springs r

eq

uir

ed

for

obta

ining the recoil

travel

allows

the

provision of twin-recoil cylinders,

and

th

is is

an ad

vantage as r

egards

the division of e

ff

o

rt.

During

recoil,

the liquid in each cylinder

pass

es

fr

om

th

e fron t

to

the rear of the pisto

n,

th rough

ports,

the

opening

of

which

is

in

rel

at

ion with

the

speed at all

points

of

th

e travel ;

resi

st a

nc

e is,

therefore,

prac

t ically cons

tant.

The running-

out

springs bein

g compressed,

their action is add

ed

to

th

at of

th

e recoil

cylinders to run out the

gun

when

recoil has ceased. These

spri

ngs are sufficient to

run out the gun

under

the

gr

e

atest

firing angle.

The piston-rods, while entering

the

cylinde

rs

on

one

side,

are withdrawn on th

e

othe

r,

the volume

of liq uid, therefore, rema ins constant, and

this is

of

great

ad vantage in preventing leakage. Leather

buffers, combined with

the set

of springs,

dead

en

all

shoc

ks during

return; these shocks, however,

nre ve

ry

slig

ht,

for the recoil cylinde

rs act

as

brakes

in

b

ot

h

di r

ections.

As above stated,

th

e gun, recoil cylinders, s l i d ~ s

and

axle, oscillate together

on

the wheels

to

gtve

the

gun th

e requ ired elevation. All these parts

are, moreover, joined

to the

carriage

through

a

rack

,

th

e pinion of which is ke

yed on

t

he same

axle,

with a tangent screw-wheel provided with a hand

c

rank.

The

g

un n

er

placed on

the

righ

t-

hand

s

ide

k

ee

ps his eye on the sights while he works

the

crank, this being effe cted

in dependently

of t he

loading of the

gun

, which is

carried out on the

left

ha

nd

side.

In

m

ost

ca

ses these tw

o

ope

rat io

ns are

conducted simultaneously, it being only when the

gun is fired at

rang

es higher t

han

3000 me t res, t

hat

the breech

end

is raised for closing the breech

block.

The

g

un is trained by means of the trail

lever.

t would be impossible

to

give to such a powerful

gun, a lat eral action

ind

ependent of the carriage,

owing to

the

deviat ion that would arise were

the

gun to be

placed obliquely

to

the

tr a

il.

Experience

h

as proved

that

the

g

unner

at

the trail eau

rectify

lateral training while the

point

er is occupied in cor

rect ing the elevation of the gun.

On

most

ground

the spade is displac

ed

laterally

by

lifting t

he

tr ail ;

and this

causes no difficulty, t

he

wheels

being

alwa

ys

moveable

even when the

wheel-drags

are on.

The wheel-drags are not of much impo

rt

a.nce, and

are

not generally resorted to to check

recoil;

when

the

trail

is fairly held

by the

spade

in

suitable

ground,

their

action is unnecessary.

The gun an

d

mounting ar

e easily ta

ken apart by rem

ov

ing

two

keys that hold the

gun to

the slide-shoes

and

sliding

the gun forward.

The fore-limber contains no special arrangem

ent.

I t

carries

a

chest

which

contains

36 cartridges,

placed hori

zo

n

ta

lly

in

wooden co

mpartments, and

two boxes of tools

and

spare parts.

t

is so de

signed as in t urning

to

form an angle of 60 deg. ;

the

system can therefore

turn ha

lf round in

a

width

of

fr

om 7

to

8 metres.

(To

be

continued.)

LITERATURE

D ie A nkerwickltvn[Jn

und

A flkerkon3truktionender kich-

. st om D ynamo1rutschiflen.

By Professor E. AR NOLD

.

Berlin: J. Springe

r ;

and Munich : R. Oldenbourg.

Pages 376 octavo,

with

12 Plates and 418 i g u r

[Price

15s.]

ALTERNATING currents

have

so

mu

ch come

to

the

fr

o

nt,

and we possess

already

so

many

books

on

continuous

-c

ur r

e

n t

dynamos, that, a new volume on

the

l

atte

r may a

lm

ost appear un

ca

ll

ed-for.

Yet

there always remain problems

to

be cleared up,

and electricians to be trained,

and

the author had

ot

her good reasons for compiling

this

co

mbination

of a text-book

and

a hand-book.

Professor E.

Arnold

is

the

first

di r

ector

of the

electro-technical

institute

of the Technical High School of Karl

s

ru h

e. Ihie e]e

ctro

-technical in titute, we may

ment ion, was built

in

1896,

uud

e

l

his supervisio

n,

with

a gran t of 30,000l.

fr

om

th

e Ba

den

Ch

amber

of De

puties. In the

first e

diti

on

of this work of

1891,

the

a

uthor

simply laid down

som e

rules

for

armature

construction. The second edition of 1896,

now

out

of

print,

explained and

furth

er developed

these

rule

s.

In order

to

gi\Te

a full theory,

and

to

derive the multipolar types from tripolar

t

yp

es,

the

au

thor

ha

s

had, in

t

his

third

edition,

to

rewrit

e t

he

firs t chapters entirely. He

further

explains his

ser

ies-parallel connections, designed especia

lly

for

drum

armatur es, which, he feels

sur

e, on

th

e

ground

of his own experience

and

that of firms

who

hav

e

adopted it,

will

replace

t

he parallel

wind

ing. F or con

st r

uctive

re

asons, t he

armature

wind

ings of multi polar dynamos are generally made of

bars. Both

with

the parallel and

th

e series con

nections, it is difficult

to

adapt

the number

of

bars to the current

in tens

ity.

The

seri

es-parallel

connecti

on offe

rs

the

further advantage

that

the

numb

er

of

the

br

a

nch

cu

rr

e

n t

s

in

the

armatur

e

may

be an even

numb

e

r,

independent of the number of

poles, and that every current

branch

passes

through

all the fields. In

this

way the annoying

sparking

is avoided, which is caused by the

di

ss imilarities of

the several poles .

The armature

reactions

and energy relations

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

6/31

SCHNEIDER CANET FIELD GUN CARRIAGE

WITH TRAIL

SPADE AND HYDRAULIC RECOIL

BRAKE.

Fig .113 .

Fie 114.

'

/11

'

-0

c... ..

tl

I I I

. t 1

H ""

. .

00 C

'

t - iH

. "'

I 0

'

\

. .121 .

Eg 11b

\ I

UD.,I. ----JJ

v I J u I U I . J Uu

Fi g .117.

For Description,

see

Page

609.

\

I

I

+;

-

t t_ .-J

. . .

Jt

( )30 . )

-.-

.Fig.118

.

Fi[] .120.

Fi[j .116.

..

. ......

:

/ . I

j

I

I I

. I

.

.

. \ _.

......... .

\ .

-

\

. ........... '

........... .

........

.

,

. -

.

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

7/31

MA

v

I I 1

goo.

J

E N G I N E E

R

I N G.

rr

SCHNE

IDER-CANET

75-MILLIMETRE G1

J N,

CARRIAGE,

AND Lll\1BER

Fi1J 1Z4

_

durin

o

the short-circuit period

are

the most no te

worthy addition to

the

new edition.

Th ese mathe

ma tical deductio

ns

are

due

to the author and to

Dr. Mie, one of his colleagues. In h e i r conc

lu

sions they dift

er

from

Thorburne

R ~ I d

who

co

n

siders that

a

con

st a

n t-cu

rrent de n

s

i ty

under the

brushes is the most favcura.ble

condition

for com

mutation, a

nd

also from J oubert

as

to the energy

waste throuo-h self-induction. This section also

deals

t e m ~ t i c l l y

with

the

winding systems of

S.

G. Brown,

Sayer, and

Swinburne.

The work is divided into

two

parts-armature

windings and armature constructions. Broadly

speaking,

the

theory

is

contained in

the

first part,

which dea

ls with

ring, drum,

an

d disc

armatures,

and then proceeds to the consideration of the

arma

ture reactions. But the line of demarcation be

tween t

he

th

eoret

ical and

constructive

parts co

uld

rigorously have

been d1

awn

only in

a

completely

rewritten volume, and the arrangement and the

sequence observed are for t

ha

t reason not always

of

a kind to facilitate

the

student's task.

Th

e

want of

an

alphabetical index

cannot

be

overlooked

und

er

those circumstan ces.

The

table of conte

nts

is

however, very complete, an d the construct ive

data of twenty-four of t

he

examples dis

cussed at

length are condensed in a large table. The

twelve

plates and many of the text figures are photographic

reproduct ions of working drawings

on

which t he

sca

le

is

indicated.

As

t he

origina l

s

were

three or

four times the size, th

ese diagr

ams

will

be ap pre

ciated by designers and st

ud

ent s.

Th

e originals,

which represent a great variety of types, were sup

plied to the autho

rs by

the leading el

ectr

ical firms

of Germany and

Switzerland

; French machines

are also shown. Th ere

are

sev

eral armatures of

the Oerlikon Company, w

ith which Professor Ar n

o

ld

wa

s for some

tim

e connected. The

diagram

s,

as

well as

the

gen

er a

l get-up, are excellent; some of

the views might be clearer .

Both

in

th eoretical

and

practical

respect the

volume would

rank with

the

best

of its kind,

even

if

.

there were more

contemporary ri v

als

to conten

d

mth.

Lub1ication bricants. By LEONARD AnonBUTT

F.I.C., F.C.S., and R. Mou NTl ORD DEELEY, M.I.

M

ecb

. E., F.G.S. London, 1900: Charles Griffin

and

Co. Pages 451 large ootavo with 123

text

figures.

This treatise on the theory and practice of lubri

cation,

and on the natur

e, properties,

and

tes t

ing

For Description, see Page 609.)

..

F IG.

122.

I

\

I

of

lubricant

s, is the joint work of Mr. Archbu

tt,

chemist to

the Midland Railway

Company, an d of

Mr.

Deeley, in s

pector

of

motors and

boilers of the

locomot

ive

department of the same

company.

Both

in

compas

s

and in breadth

of

.

treatment

t

he.

wm:k

leaves

its predecessors far

behind. The

s

ubJect lB

wide

and

has its two distinct

sides with

which

only

the experienced chemist and the engineer can deal

appropriately. J oint authorships have their draw

backs, however.

W e read th at

the

re sponsibility

for the

mech

anical and the c

hemical

sections mu st

necessarily

rest mainly upon one or other of the

authors, that the purely ph ysical sections are,

to

a la r

ge

extent, of

joint

authors

hip, and

t

ha

t

each

section

has so

far as

possible been

made com

plete in i tself. The reader will be

prepared

to

find repetitions under these circumstances,

and

he does

meet

with them.

Mu ch

remains

still

to be elucidated regarding

the chemical

con

stitution and ph y

si

cal properties of lubricants.

But

we do

not look

forward

to

a chemi

ca

l

tr e

at i

se

,

and

the

ch

em

ical sect

ions

are

most

satisfactory.

The distinctive feature of the

work,

we take it, lies,

how

ever,

in the

mechanical side

of

the

problems,

and we

s

hould hav

e

liked

to

see that

si

de, perhaps,

still more

accentuat

ed.

The volume

opens with theoretical chapters

on

the friction of solids

and liquid fric

t

ion or

viscos

ity

- the

o r ,

,

is

peculiar- and plastic

friction,

deal

ing with visco

us

flow be

twee

n

horiz

ontal and be

tween vertical planes and

through capillary

tubes,

Poiseuille's

viscosity

formula., a

nd

Osborne

Rey

n old s' theory. Since the lubri

catio

n effect

does

not only

depend

upon the viscosity, 'e specially

when

t he

oil supply is

inefficient, t

he rate

of

fric

t ion

very

.

lo

w, or

the

load excessive,

as Veitch

Wilson, Thurston, and others recognised, but also

up

on s

omething else whi

ch prevents

rupture

of

the

liquid

film

and

actual contact

between the rubbing

sur faces, the

authors in t

erpose a chapter on

superficial tension ; this is very welcome, but it

is

not particularly well arranged. The something

just mentioned

is

t he oiliness or

gre

asines

s. In

t he

preface the

claim

is raised

that ' '

in th e instru c

tions

for

th

e

manipulation

of testing

machines, an

endeavour has

been made

to

stat

e

the

conditio

ns

un der

which

te sts may be made for oiliness or for

viscosity, much

that

has

been

written on the sub

ject being un so

und, owing

to

a

want

of knowledge

concerning

the

condit,ions under which

these

two

'

.

_

-

,

..

.

"

properties of

lubricants

are of active

value.,,

We

s

hould

be

g

lad to hav

e

that

cl

aim

fu r

t her

sub

stantiate

d. A

re

al definition of oiliness is

not

given. On page

397,

however, _we read

: ~ h e

property

which

prevents the

lubriCant

from be1ng

pressed out is

called

oiliness . Thus, although

sperm

oil

is less viscous

than

glycerine, it

will

be

found to be a better

lubricant. Th

e glycerine

feels

harsh

between the

fingers, whil

st sperm

oil feels

greasy. With high speeds, moderate loads,

and

good

lubrica t

ion

it is,

no doubt, the

deg

ree

of

fluidity which principally determines

the value of a

lubricant for any pa

rt i

c

ular

purpose

;

but when

the

speeds are slow or very high, the l

oads

great,

or

the lubrica

t ion

im per

fec t ,

oiliness plays the

most

important

part in th

e r eduction of frictional re

sistance.,

To ret

urn

to

our summary, Chapter

IV.,

headed

Theory

of Lubricants,

is

ba

se

d

mainly

on

the

se ries of classical

experiments which

Mr.

Beauchamp

Tower conducted

at

the

in

stance of

t

he Institu

tion of Mechanical Engineers, and the th eoretical

deductions which Profe

ssor

Osborne Reynolds

evolved

fr om

those

and oth er researches.

Pro

fessors Goodman and Thurston are also quoted, of

course; further,

Professors J enkin, Ewing, and

K

imball,

on

the apparent

sudden c

hange in

t he

coefficient of fri

ction, when

the surfaces

in contact

come to:rest. Refere

nces

to Mo

rin

and Hirn occur

in the first chapters.

Bu

t a volume of this cha.

racter s

hould not

alt

ogether have di

sre

ga

rded

the

theory

of friction by

General

Petrow, of

the Ru

s

sian

genie

.

His

experimental researches predated

those of the In stitution, the work was crowned by

the

Acad

e

my

of

St

. P et ersb urg,

and

his

con

.

clu

sions

ha v

e

in the

main been confirmed

by

subsequent

invest

igations.

Martens' work, con

ducted at Charlottenburg since 1883,

might

also

h

ave

been

noticed, although the

experiments

do

not appear

to

h

ave

been

summarised, as

wa

s

in

tended. The rise

in

the temperature of the liquid

film

was

to be determined

by the aid

of thermo

couples.

I t

is

a

pity that

th is

has not

been d

one,

and

that

no means seem to ha

ve

been found for

increasing the thickness of oil films ; J ahn s made

proposals

to

this

effect.

Why

the

authors now pass over to physical and

chemical

properties of lubrican ts, methods of de

te

r

mining them, an d the systematic

testing

by

physical a

nd chemical methods, to return

after

wards to mechanical testing-the very subject just

discussed- is no t quite apparent. Mr. Archbutt's

name is identifi

ed with sev

era

l

impro\ements and

appliances, and we need

hardly

say t

ha

t

these

three

sec tions are excellently written and arranged. One

point, apropos : After describing the

method

for

inquiring

into

the dangers

of

spontaneous

ignition

of

cotton

wa

ste,

&c.,

impregnated

with

oi

l,

and

tabulating

resul

ts , the authors

mention

that they

found

it nece

ssary to

fo

rce air

through

the

apparatus

in such tests. f

that is no

t do

ne,

h

ow

can

corn

parative res

ults be

p e t e d

Chapter

IX., Mechanical

Testing of Lubri

cants,, describes

Thur

sto n s

machine

fully,

and

briefly

those of Ingra.m and Stapfer, Ashcroft,

Stroudley, Tower (both machines, for journal

7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11

8/31

612

and

for

pivot friction);

further, the disc

and

collar

machines of McNaught, Woodbury, De prez and

N ~ t p o l i ,

and

Ba

il

ey .

The

advantages

of

mecha

nical testing are not pressed, though nothing cg,n be

so instructive as

tests

approaching working condi

tions

. If the machi nes are not

perfect

enough,

they must be improved; what would electricity be

without the marvellous

accuracy

of

electrica

l in

struments 1

The

authors proceed

next to the ' 'Design

and

Lubrication of Bearings,

giving

useful tables con

cerning

the

composition

of materia

ls for

be

ar ings,

and

poin

t

ing

out the un desi rability of employing

metals wh i

ch

may

seize

or

weld,

al

so

devoting

a

few

rather

aimless

pages to hardne

ss

tests. Sub-head

in gs of this section

are

:

Th

e hardening of be aring

surfaces,

lubric

atio

n of

bearings,

fit of

bearings,

h eating of the

oi

l film,

admissible

loa ds

on

b earings,

cylindrical s

urface

bea ri ngs, &c . , methods of apply

ing lubricants . The rea der will ag ree thJ).t the

scientific

design of bearings

is still

in its infancy

;

there is,

hence, hope for im

pr o

vement n

this

sec

tion.

The diag

rams

of

bea rings

and of lubric

a

to r

s

do not call for commendation ; t hat

ring

lubricators

have become

very

popular

would

hardly

be sur

mised from the brief n ot ice, a

nd th

ere

is

no example

of

roller bearings

and

very

little on

ball bearings .

The la

s t

chapter,

The Lubricati

on of Machinery,

sun1marises the whole s ubject for the benefit of

engineers in charge of machinery.

Among the good points of the work, we should

menti

on

the excellent, exhaustive alphabetical

index

which helps

us qui0kly

to

find

apparatus

de

scribe

d

n another

place ; t

he

use

of

the

sa

me

symbols,

explained in the table of ccmtents t hr ough

out the

b ook ; the many

(96) extensive

tables

of

all

kinds

; the absence of misprints ; and the general

care of t he publisher. Am ong

the weak points:

The

occasionally scanty

references

to forei

gn

literature,

and the f

act

that those foreign papers are quoted n

mo st

cases

by

their abst ract

s,

abstracts of

acknow

ledged

stand

in

g,

it is true, published by

the

Society

of

Chemical

Indu

st ry, t

he

Chemical Society,

&c

.

Abst ra ctor s do very

useful

work, and we n1ay

presume,

n1oreover, that the

au th ors have

st udied

the ori ginals of im portant papers. But we appear

to

drift

into accepting

everything on the

faith

of

an abstractor,

who

may or may not have been very

careful, and wh o is n ot always allowed sufficient

space to allude to all

im po

rtant

f

ea tures. But

these

remarks are not especially meant

for

t

he

authors of

the

volume before us,

a

book

w

hieh

we can conscientiously recommend to

engi

n eers,

chemists, and

manufacturers of lubri

ca

nts.

. -

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