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7/29/2019 English Grammar - Using Numbers, Making Lists
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/english-grammar-using-numbers-making-lists 1/5
The advice proffered here is meant primarily for standard academic prose. Business and
technical writing sometimes goes by a different set of standards, and writers of those kinds of
text should consult a manual dedicated to those standards. (The APA Publication Manual has an
extensive section devoted to the use of numbers in technical papers. The Chicago Manual of
Style [chapter 13] addresses just about every issue that might come up in a technical or
mathematical text.)
• Write out numbers that require no more than two
words, remembering that a hyphenated number
between twenty-one and ninety-nine counts as one word. Some
writing manuals will suggest that whole numbers from zero
through nine should be written as words, and numbers from ten
on up should be written as numerals, especially when the word
modifies a noun as in five students or two professors.
o Use numerals, however, when the number modifies a unit of measure,
time, proportion, etc.: 2 inches, 5-minute delay, 65 mph, 23 years old,page 23, 2 percent.
o Use numerals for decimals and fractions: 0.75, 3.45, 1/4 oz, 7/8 in.
(Notice that abbreviations are always written in the singular form
whether they would be expressed as plurals or not: 14 oz, 12 in. The
period can be omitted from such abbreviated measurements unless
confusion would result [after in., for example]).
o Use numerals for any number greater than nine: 237 lb, 32 players.
(But this may be determined by context and how exact the numbers
are. In business and technical writing, yes, all such numbers would be
written as numerals; in other kinds of text, you might see something
like six million victims, four thousand volunteers.
o Approximate figures — fractional or otherwise — may be written out
as words: one half the students, a quarter cup of sugar, a third of the
time, four times as often.
o Place a hyphen after a unit of measure when the unit modifies a noun:
10-foot pole, 6-inch rule, 3-year-old horse. (The unit of measure in
such expressions is, for some reason, always singular.)
o When many numbers are involved, use all numerals unless all thenumbers are whole numbers less than nine.
o When fractional or decimal expression are 1 or less, the word they
modify should be singular: 0.7 meter, 0.22 cubic foot, 0.78 kilometer.
Precede decimal fractions with a value less than one with a leading
zero before the decimal point.
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o Percentage expressions should be written out as words: Last semester,
78 percent of the first-year students passed English Composition. (as
opposed to 78%)
o Avoid using ordinals when writing dates: February 14, not 14th.
• There are twenty-six students in my wife's third-grade class.
• Juan is over 183 centimeters tall.
• Hartford has over ninety-three thousand citizens.
(Some people would argue that all such statistical information
should be expressed in numerals; when rounded off, however,
spelled-out words are appropriate.)
• Hartford has 97,500 citizens.
Consistency is important here!• Juan is about 183 centimeters tall, which means that he is just over 6 feet tall.
To avoid confusion by running numbers together, combine words and
numerals when one number follows another. Generally, write out the shorter
number.• My wife teaches 26 third-grade students.
• There were 10 four-foot boards on the trucks.
• The lab has 24 seventeen-inch monitors.
• We need six 50-watt bulbs for this apartment.
Avoid beginning a sentence with a number that is not written out.• Seventy-two inches equals approximately 1.83 meters.
An exception: you can begin a sentence with a date:
• 1997 was a very good year for owls.
Use figures instead of words for• Dates and years: December 18, 1997. Avoid using ordinals when writing dates:
Her birthday is on April 4th.
• Decimals, percentages, and fractions: 235.485, 55%, 14 1/4
• Scores: The Bulls won the final game by a score of 114 to 106.
• Addresses: 1032 Maple Avenue. Sometimes, though, an address is part of a
building's name, and then you'll want to spell it out: One Corporate Plaza. Unless
space is at a premium, write out numerical street names (of one hundred or less):
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1032 Fifth Avenue. For proper envelope addressing form (U.S. Post Office
recommendations), click HERE.
• Political and military units (for numbers of one hundred or less): Seventh
Precinct, Fourteenth Congressional District, Fifty-third Regiment, Third Batallion,
112d Artillery
• Finances: Tickets cost $35.50 apiece. The city spent $1.1 million for snow removal
last year. (Or use $1,100,000.) You can leave the comma out of figures in the
thousands: They spent $7500 on that car before junking it. Also, leave the comma
out of addresses and year-dates: In 1998, they moved to NE 12887 53rd Avenue.
• Ranges: Between 18 and 25 bald eagles have been counted near the Connecticut
River this spring.
• Time: 9:15 a.m. If you use the word o'clock, however, for rounded off times, spell
out the number in words: We left at seven o'clock. Use a.m. and p.m., not AM and
PM.
Numbered, Vertical ("Display"), and Bulleted Lists
Writing and reference manuals offer different advice for creating lists. It seems that as long
as you're consistent within your document, you can devise just about any means you want for
creating your lists, whether you want them as run-in lists (built into the flow of your text) or
as vertical lists (indented and stacked up). Technical writing may have its own requirements in
this regard, and you should consult a technical writing manual for specific rules. Use parentheses
around the numbers (no periods after the number, though) when using a run-in list:
I have three items to discuss: (1) the first item; (2) the second item; and (3) the third item.
Use semicolons to separate the items, whether they're expressed as fragments or full
sentences.
For a vertical list (sometimes called a display list), you may choose to capitalize the items
or not, and you may choose to put a comma after each item or not. (If you use commas, put a
period after the last item.)
We will now review the following three principles:
1. fairness in recruiting
2. academic eligibility
3. scholarly integrity
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Your choice to capitalize or not may depend on how elaborate your lists are and how many
of them you have in your text. If a vertical list contains complete sentences or lengthy and
complex items, you may prefer to end each element in the list with a semicolon, except for the
last element, which you will end with a period.
Most coaches conform to three basic principles in recruiting new players:
1. Look for players first who can fill those positions you will need the subsequent
year;
2. Look for players who are "court smart" as opposed to being merely athletic;
3. Look for players who are academically eligible and who have an academic purpose
in going to college.
Although the elements in the list above begin with capital letters, that is not absolutely
necessary. Notice that there is no "and" at the end of the next-to-last element (although some
reference manuals allow for or recommend its use). Although we have used numbers for this list,bullets would work equally well if numbering seems inappropriate or irrelevant. The list below is
based on a format suggested by the New York Public Library's Writer's Guide to Style and
Usage:
Most coaches conform to three basic principles in recruiting new players—
Look for players first who can fill those positions you will need the subsequent year
Look for players who are "court-smart" as opposed to being merely athletic
Look for players who are academically eligible and who have an academic purpose
in going to college
Note that this format does not include a period even at the end of the last
element. Most writers, however, want to use some kind of punctuation in
their listed items. When the introductory statement is a complete sentence,
you can end it with either a period or a colon. Use a colon if the sentence is
clearly anticipatory of the list, especially if it contains phrasing such as the
following or as follows. A colon is also appropriate if the list that follows will
be numbered or will establish a priority order. If the introductory statement is not a complete
statement, however, neither a period nor a colon would be appropriate since that would interrupt
the grammatical structure of the statement; use either no punctuation or try the dash techniquenoted above.
Listing Names in Alphabetical Order
Putting people's names in alphabetical order is done on a letter-by-letter basis, taking into
consideration all the letters before the comma that separates the last from the first name. Omit
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titles (such as Lady, Sir, Sister), degrees (M.D., Ph.D.), etc., that precede or follow names. A
suffix that is an essential part of the name — such as Jr., Sr., or a roman numeral — appears
after the given name, preceded by a comma. (Ford, Henry J., III or Pepin, Theophilus, Jr.)
Beethoven, Ludwig van (The van or von in Dutch or German names, if not
capitalized by family usage,appears after the first name; if capitalized, it appears before the last name and determines the alphabetical order.)
D'Annunzio, Gabriele
Deere-Brown, Juan (Ignore the hyphen.)
Deere-Brown, Juan-Poivre
Dante Alighieri (Some Italian names of the 15th century or before are alphabetized
by first name)
D'Arcy, Pierre
de Gaulle, Charles (With French names, the de goes before the last name when the
last name contains only one syllable. See de Maupassant, below.)
Descartes, René
Ford, Henry E., III
Garcia Lorca, Federico (Use full surnames for Spanish names.)
López y Quintana, María
MacDonald, George
Maupassant, Guy de
M'Cauley, Josephine
McCullers, Carson
Morris, Robert
Morris, William
Morrison, Toni
O'Keeffe, Georgia (Ignore the apostrophe.)
Pepin, R. E.
Pepin, Theophilus, Jr.
Pepino, D.
Rueda, Lope de (For Spanish names, de comes after the first name)
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de
San Marco, Josefina
St. Denis, Ruth
Von Braun, Werner (See Beethoven, above.)