English Loanwords in Thai and Optimality Theory

By

Apichai Rungruang, Ph.D.

English Section Faculty of Humanities Naresuan University Phisanulok, THAILAND

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rationale of the Study 3 1.3 Background on the Thai Language 5 1.4 Characteristics of Loans and Borrowing 10

1.4.1 Loanwords 10 1.4.2 Loanblends 10 1.4.3 Loanshifts 11

1.5 Methodology 11 1.6 Organization of the Study 1 12

Chapter Two: Literature Review and Background Information 16

2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Optimality Theory: an overview 17 2.3 History of the English language in Thailand 23 2.4 Previous Studies on English Loanwords 28

Chapter Three: Onset Cluster Simplification 52 3.1 Simplex Onsets 53 3.2 Complex Onsets 62 Chapter Four: Coda Cluster Simplification 79 4.1 Simplex Codas 79 4.2 Complex Codas 83

4.2.1 First group (illicit coda deletion) 88 4.2.2 Second group (less salient consonant deletion) 90 4.2.3 Third group (excess segment deletion) 92 4.2.4 Fourth group (stop segments either retained or replaced) 93 4.2.5 Fifth group (segments either replaced or deleted) 97

Chapter Five: Medial Consonants in Loanwords 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Gemination and Homorganic Sequences 110

5.2.1 Gemination 110 5.2.2 Homorganic Sequences 111 5.2.3 Analysis, Relevant Constraints, and Tableaux 114

Chapter Six: Laryngeal Features 121

6.1. Laryngeal Features 122 6.1.1 Aspiration and voicing 123

6.1.2 Glottalization 134 6.1.3. Glottalization and the Patterns of Nativization 136

Chapter Seven: Liquid Alternations 142 7.1 Lateral and Loanwords 143

7.1.1 Nasalization 144 7.1.2. Labialization 145 7.1.3. The loss of Laterality 147

7.2. R-sound and Loanwords 148 7.2.1 [r] deletion 149 7.2.2 Labialization 150

Chapter Eight: Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Studies 155

8.1. Conclusions and Further Research 155 8.2. Limitations of the Study 163

Appendix 166 References 169