English Morphology and Its Stuff

8/11/2019 English Morphology and Its Stuff

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Acknowledgment

Firstly, I would love to express my gratitude to the Lord who kept me right on His

path while wrapping up this final assignment of English Morphology. Also, it is my honour todediate this final assignment to my !eloved parents and sister.

It was literally a long "ourney !efore I ould eventually handle this very epi moment.

#hat "ourney might have !een outrageously grey without the presene of $r. %ohannes

Ananto &rayogo, M.&d, M.Ed whom enthused his students to arry off what should matter.

#hen I am deeply thankful for everything he told during the four'month leture. English

Morphology now looks more en"oya!le.

It should !e a good start for me to explore more a!out English Linguistis !eause I

am with no dou!t that the !iggest thing always emerges from a tiny thing whih we !rush

aside. #hus I will always appreiate anyone whose ritis on this paper are surely frank and

hopefully they are a!le to retify it so as to have it revised sometime.

#hank you.

#he author

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Motto

YOUR

WORD

IS

YOUR

BOND

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Seal of Approval

#his is to ertify that the English Morphology assignment of Helmi $ana (.A. has !een

approved !y the leturer of English Morphology.

Malang, May ), *+-

$r. %ohannes Ananto &rayogo, M.&d, M.Ed.,

I& /01+*1 /1)+ ++


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!a"le of #ontent$

Acknowledgement%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1

Motto%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2Seal of Approval%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

!a"le of #ontent$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&

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#omp,lat,on of !o-"e-pre$ented .aper$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1/

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S'mmar( of t)e *ect're$

English Linguistis em!raes

. &honology 2 #he study of phonologial relationships withinEnglish

*. 3emantis 2 #he !ranh of linguistis onerned with

meaning

4. 3yntax 2 #he study of the priniples and proesses !y

whih sentenes are onstruted in English

-. 3oiolinguistis 2 #he desriptive study of the effet of any and all

aspets of soiety, inluding ultural norms,

expetations, and ontext, on the way English is

used and the effets of its use on soiety.

0. &ragmatis 2 It studies the ways in whih ontext ontri!utes

to meaning

). &hilology 2 #he !ranh of English linguistis whih deals

with the struture, historial development, and

relationships of English

5. $iahroni Linguistis 2 6onerned with the way in whih English has

developed and evolved

1. 3ynhroni Linguistis 2 6onerned with English as it exists at one point

in time

/. and so on7

#o !egin with, there are nowadays at least 4*0,+++ English words whih are possi!le

to !e added sometime.

#here are five sorts of language genre2

. Fro8en

*. Formal 2 In ertain ases, it is used when one is in a seminar

4. 6onsultative 2 It an !e used when one is asking for other9s signature

-. 6asual 2 It is used in a daily onversation, suh as talking to a

friend

0. Intimate 2 6ontaining sweet words

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#he orpus of English knowledge

. Language 3kills2

:riting

;eading

3peaking

Listening

*. Language 6omponents

;&HEME is the smallest, yet meaningful unit of a language that

annot !e further divided.

:ords, however, an !e grouped into some ategories, alled either :>;$

6LA33E3 or part of speeh, as following2

. =er!s

*. ouns

4. Ad"etives

-. Adver!s

#here are two types of morpheme2

. Free morphemes are morphemes whih an our !y themselves as whole words,

suh as good, eat, and drink.

*. (ound morphemes are those whih must !e attahed to another, suh as 'ed, -ly,

anti-.

(ound morphemes are of two main types2

. $erivational morpheme 2 morpheme whih reates an entirely new word.

It annot stand alone and thus, hanges the part

of speeh, suh as the words loud and loud?y@.

(oth have different meanings.

*. Infletional morpheme 2 morpheme whih provides further information

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a!out an existing lexial item. It stands alone

and does not hange the part of speeh.

Infletional morphemes are2

's 2 to form plural for third person

's 2 for genitive

'ing 2 for progressive tense

'ed 2 for past tense

'en 2 for past partiiple

'er 2 for the use of omparative degree

'est 2 for the use of superlative degree

Most of the affixes are inluded in derivational morphemes. Affixation an !e su!'

ategorised as follows2

. &refix 2 &laed at the !eginning of a word

*. Infix 2 &ut in the middle of a word

4. 3uffix 2 &laed in the !ak of a word

-. 6onfix 2 &laed !oth at the !eginning and the !ak of a word

0. 3uprafix 2 >ne word, !ut inluded in different word lasses

!eause of different tone, intonation or stress

#here are some ad"etives ending in Blyand they are not a!solutely adver!s, suh as2

. Friendly

*. Lovely

4. Lovely

-. Lonely

0. 6ostly

). :eekly

5. Heavenly

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A ompound is a word formed !y the om!ination of two independent words.

6ompounding is om!ining more than one free morphemes to form a new word.

#here is a slight differene !etween ompound and phrase. 6ompounds whih have

words only have primary stress on its first word while words in phrase have theirindependent stress, suh as2

!lDk!ird !lDk !ird

a kind of a !ird any !irds whose olour is !lak

;edupliation is repetition of part of a !ase to reate a new meaning. In English,

redupliation ours less freuently. #here are is a small num!er of redupliative

words, suh as2

. :illy'nilly

*. Humpty'dumpty

4. &ing'&ong

-. 3ee'saw

0. 6hit'hat

). ;a88le'da88le

5. Lovey'dovey

1. :alkie'talkie

/. #eeny'weenie

+. and so on7

Meanwhile, oinage is the invention of a new word or phrase

Allomorph is mem!er of variants of the same morpheme, for instane2

ox oxen

child children

ero morpheme or also alled null morpheme is an Ginvisi!le9 affix. It an !e seen as

follows2

sheep sheep JKJ ;>># ?sheep@ &LC;AL to show that this is in plural form

Internal formation of a word an !e seen as follows2


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Activities 2 four morphemes

. At

*. Ative

4. Ativity In order

-. Ativities

(lend is a word that is made up of parts of two other words and om!ining their

meanings, for example motelfrom motorand hotel, brunchfrom breakfastand lunch,

et.

6lipped words are words shortened !y ommon use. Most of them are a shortened

a!!reviation of a word whih makes them easier to spell, for instane2

. 6a! 2 6a!riolet

*. (ike 2 (iyle

4. Fan 2 Fanati

-. =et 2 =eteran

0. (us 2 >mni!us

). Ad 2 Advertisement

5. 3pes 2 3petales

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#omp,lat,on of !o-"e-pre$ented .aper$

R4DU.*I#A!ION IN 4N5*IS6

(y 2 &han Lien Nen &hi, Ho 6hi Minh 6ity Cniversity of Eduation

&resenters 2 Andrei 6.A

$iky 3ena A.:

Definition

In morphology, redupliation is the repetition of a sylla!le, a morpheme or a word.

Three Kinds of Reduplication in English

;edupliative ompounds proper ?also alled exat redupliation@

ontains usual free forms, onomatopoei stems and pseudo'morphemes.

Usual free formssuh aspretty-pretty?affetedly pretty@,goody-goody?sentimentally

and affetedly good@, never-never?an ellipsis of a phrase never-never systemwhih

means a hire'purhase system in whih the onsumer may never !e a!le to !eome

the owner of the thing purhased@

Onomatopoeic repetitionexists !ut it is not very extensive, for example2 hush-

hush?seret@, murmur?to speak or say very uietly@,pooh-pooh?to express ontempt@.

Pseudo-morphemes whih do not our elsewhere, like in blah-blah?nonsense, idle

talk@. &eople often say blah, blah, blahwhen they do not want to repeat what

some!ody has said or written. 3ome nursery words, suh as2 quack-quack?duk@,Pops-Pops?father@, bye-bye, choo-choo?a train@, night-night, no-no,pee-pee,poo-

pooalso !elong to this type.

A!laut om!inations

twin forms onsisting of one !asi morpheme ?usually the seond@, sometimes a

pseudo'morpheme whih is repeated in the other onstituent with a different vowel. In

a!laut redupliations, the first vowel is almost always a high vowel and the

redupliated a!laut variant of the vowel is a low one ?:ikipedia@. #here are two

typial hanges2 J J B JOJ, suh as chit-chat?gossip@, dilly-dally?loiter@, knick-knack

?small artiles of ornament@, riff-raff?the mo!@,shilly-shally?hesitate@,zigzag?a line

or pattern that looks like a series of letters :9s@,pitter-patter?a uik light knoking

sound@7, and J J B J J, suh as ding-dong?said of the sound of the !ell@,ping-pong

?ta!le'tennis@,singsong?monotonous voie@, tiptop?first'rate@, criss-cross?to move or

exist in a pattern of lines rossing something or eah other@

;hyme om!inations

;hyme om!inations2 are twin forms onsisting of two elements ?most often two

pseudo'morphemes@ whih are "oined to rhyme. 3ome typial examples for this

su!group are2 razzle-dazzle?notiea!le ativity or very olorful appearane intended

to attrat attention@, lovey-dovey?darling@, harum-scarum?disorgani8ed@, helter-

skelter?in disordered haste@, hoity-toity?sno!!ish@, hurry-scurry?great hurry@, hurdy-gurdy?a small organ@, namby-pamby?weakly sentimental@, illy-nilly?ompulsorily@.

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Group Fullreduplication7t)e e8act

repet,t,on of a$o'nd or word

Partial reduplication7 red'pl,cat,on ofonl( a part of a word

Subgroup

Vowelalternation

Onsetalternation7

9h-#: ; 9#-w:1

Rhymingwords7

r)(me 'ack >'ack

- leav,ng-leav,ng

- c),t c)at

- cr,$$cro$$

- $ee $aw

- )and(dand(

- )'rl( "'rl(

- "ow wow

- teen(ween(

- "oog,ewoog,e

- love( dove(

4N5*IS6 BA#?-@ORMA!ION IN !64 2/t) AND !64 4AR*Y 21$t#4N!URI4S

by Nadda Stakov .leC

(ak'formation ?also alled !ak'derivation, retrograde derivation or deaffixation,

hereafter referred to as (F@ is desri!ed in numerous soures as, e.g. Pthe oining

of a new word !y taking an existing word and forming from it a morphologially

more elementary word. It is usually a matter of deleting an affixP ?Huddleston, &ullum,

*++4, )45@. #he soure words are often words !orrowed from another language, mainly

from Frenh or Latin.

1. English BF in the literature

- MarhandQs ?/)+, /)/@ !he "ategories and !ypes of Present-#ay $nglish

%ord-&ormation, !ased on a detailed analysis of the lexis in the first edition of the>E$ ?>xford English $itionary@, sees the proess as one of diahroni relevane

only and emphasi8es the importane of semanti relation !etween the soure and the

resulting item.

- &ennanen in his work "ontributions to the study of back-formation in $nglish,/)),sees the phenomenon from either the diahroni and synhroni points of view.

&ennanen defines P(ak'formation or retrograde derivation is a kind of inverted or

reverse derivation. ormally, derivation means the formation of new words from

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existing ones !y means of affixes ?prefixes, infixes, or suffixes@.(ak'formation

works in the opposite diretion, i.e. from what is, or looks like,or is taken for a

derived form, !akwards to the QrootQ, whih does not really existP ?/)), /@.

- &ennanen9s researh define six ategories aording to the part of speeh of the soureword and the resulting word.

#ype I. A ver! is !ak'formed from an agent noun ?nomen agentis@ or an instrument

noun.

#ype II. A ver! is !ak'formed from an ation noun ?nomen ationis@, usually

denoting the a!strat for the ver!.

#ype III. A ver! is !ak'formed from an ad"etival word whih is taken to !e

a derivative from the ver!, e.g. present or past partiiple.

#ype I=. A noun is !ak'formed from an ad"etive

#ype =. An ad"etive is !ak'formed from an a!strat su!stantive, adver!

or another ad"etive, whose !asi word it is taken to !e.

#ype =I. A PprimaryP su!stantive is !ak'formed from what is taken to !e its

derivative

2% BF in the !thand earl" 1stcentur"In this era, freuently there are two kind of relations !etween soure and result words

shown

a. Antonymy !. Hyponymy

flappableRunflappable patriate ' repatriate, pheresis' plasmapheresis

Furthermore, !ased on the present study onduted !y the author, she extend six

types into nine types

a. &refix !ak'formations . Ad"etive from agent noun

opsin ' rhodopsin paratrooper ( paratroop

sorption ' absorption ) adsorption do-gooder ( do-good

!. Infletional (Fs

gigaflop'gigaflops

bicep ' biceps

#. Results and ma$or findings

Here the rank of the most produtive proess of !ak formationT"pe %%, examples2 enculturate R enculturation, gentrify Rgentrification. #here are several

exeptions, e.g. bibliography, concordance or one-handness?those words are still noun@

T"pe %, examples2

comedeR comedian,deal R dealer

T"pe %%%, examples2 anonymizeR anonymized, silicone Rsiliconed

T"pe %&, examples2flash Rflashy

(esides those types a!ove, there is also another formation of whih undergoes an inrease,

that is (F of ompounds, e.g 2 ord-process R ordprocessing car*ack R car-*acking

drop-ship R drop-shipment

6omment2

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In our perspetive, (ak Formation ?(F@ proess is sort of uniue proess in extrating new

word with same meaning relationship, even though the part of speeh hanges. Cnlike

affixation, whih inserts additional morpheme, (F omit that affixation to reate new word.

#hrough this "ournal, we an omprehend more a!out (FSits ontri!ution as soure of new

words in English, its funtion and numerous voa!ulary items whih apparently are !ak

formed.

Red'pl,cat,on$

In redupliation, the !ase is a word ?or part of the word@ that is often opied. #he

redupliated element is alled the redupliant, and most often repeated only one as in you

are a sik'sik man or you9re really really sik.

Full Reduplication

Full redupliation involves the exat repetition of a sound or word. In English, full

redupliation is used to provide emphasis.

e.g2 Are you LEA=I


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!. lovey'dovey

#la$$,Ecat,on Of Morp)eme$

@ree And Bo'nd Morp)eme$

A morp)eme ,$ free ,f ,t ,$ a"le to appear a$ a word "( ,t$elf% It ,$ bound ,f,t can onl( appear a$ part of a largerF m'lt,-morp)em,c word% 4ver(morp)eme ,$ e,t)er free or "o'nd%@ree morp)eme$ are al$o referred a$ roots%

Bound morp)eme$ are al$o referred to a$ a=8e$F among w),c) t)ere arepreE8e$F ,nE8e$F and $'=8e$%2 a% prexes7 'n-)app(F re-wr,teF pre-v,ew

"% suxes7 wr,t-,ngF >',ck-l(F ne,g)"or-)oodc% inxes7 ver( rare ,n 4ngl,$) $peec)-o- meter

Bound morp)eme$ ma( "e derivational or inectional

Derivational MorphemesDerivational morp)eme$ create new word$% !)e( derive new word$from ot)er word$% e%g%F 'n)app( G 'n H )app(6app,ne$$ G)app( H ne$$prev,ewGpre H v,ew%

@'rt)er propert,e$ c)ange part of $peec) or t)e mean,ng of a word

a% part of $peec)7 us-able JGAF

trouble-some NGAFjudg-ment JN

"% mean,ng7 dis-!om"ortF e#-boy"riendc% "ot)7 use-less JA

are not re>',red "( $(nta8

are not ver( prod'ct,ve7 dis-likeF Kdis-hate

'$'all( occ'r "efore ,nLect,onal $'8e$7 work-er-s

can "e e,t)er $'=8e$ or preE8e$ in english

Inectional Morphemes

Inectional morp)eme$F on t)e ot)er )andF do not c)ange mean,ng$ orpart$ of $peec)F "'t ,n$tead $,mpl( make m,nor grammat,cal c)ange$nece$$ar( for agreement w,t) ot)er word$%e%g%F cat$ $ cat H $ cooler cool H er%

!)ere are onl( eight ,nLect,onal morp)eme$7 -$F -edF -,ngF - enF -$F-$F -erF -e$t

!)e( do not c)ange mean,ng or part of $peec)7!at - !ats - !at%s no'n$

!)e( are re>',red "( t)e $(nta8

!)e( are ver( prod'ct,ve

!)e( occ'r after der,vat,onal morp)eme$F '$'all( at t)e ver( end oft)e word in english

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!)e( can onl( "e $'=8e$ in english

pl'ral No'n -$ boys

possessive No'n -:$ boys

comparat,ve AdP -er older

superlative AdP -e$t oldest

present Jer" -$ walk$

past Jer" -ed walked

past participle Jer" -en driven

present participle Jer" -,ng driving

ontent and !unction MorphemesMorp)eme$ "o'nd or free can "e e,t)er content or functionmorp)eme$%

ontent morp)eme$ carr( $ome $emant,c contenta$ oppo$ed to perform,ng a grammat,cal f'nct,on% @or e8ample !ar&-able& -un%

!unction morp)eme$ act $olel( to prov,degrammat,cal ,nformat,on and $(ntact,c agreement% and& 'lural (s

)his arti!le e#'lains about mor'heme* +t e#'lains the material in asim'le way and easy to be understood by the reader* )his arti!legives more in"ormation about the !on!e't o" mor'heme and the!lassi,!ation o" mor'heme* ordula .e uthy not only e#'lainedabout the !on!e't but also give the e#am'le "rom "amiliar words*)he weakness is this arti!le is not well organi/ed in terms o"stru!ture* +t would be easier i" it is served using !hart or diagram*

!)e Borrowed Word$ ,n Qakarta .o$t New$paper7 A #a$e of 4ngl,$) Jar,et,e$

"bstract#

W)en '$,ng 4ngl,$) to de$cr,"e local-"a$ed concept$F event$F p)enomenaFlocal c'lt'ral pract,ce$ and trad,t,onF and local Lora and fa'naF ,t ,$common pract,ce to adopt local lang'age$% !)e adopted local lang'age$w,ll enr,c) t)e var,et,e$ of 4ngl,$)F for e8ampleF Mala($,an 4ngl,$) )a$lak$a to de$cr,"e a $p,c( cocon't noodle $o'p d,$) and Qapane$e 4ngl,$)

)a$ k,mono to de$cr,"e trad,t,onal Qapane$e clot)e$% It goe$ w,t)o't $a(,ngt)at Qakarta .o$tF one of t)e 4ngl,$) new$paper$ ,n Indone$,aF '$e$

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"orrowed word$ ,n ,nform,ng new$ $pec,Ecall( related to Indone$,anconte8t and c'lt're% !),$ paperF t)ereforeF d,$c'$$e$ t)e "orrowed word$'$ed ,n t)e aforement,oned new$paper from t)ree d,erent per$pect,ve$71 tran$lat,on $trateg( 2 "orrow,ng proce$$ and cro$$ l,ng',$t,cle8,cal,at,on% It ,$ e8pected t)at t)e per$,$tent '$e of Indone$,an word$ ,n

4ngl,$) te8t$ w,ll prod'ce Indone$,an 4ngl,$) var,et,e$%

?e( word$

7 "orrowed word$F Qakarta .o$tF tran$lat,on $trateg(F "orrow,ng proce$$Fcro$$ l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,onF c'lt'ral pract,ce$ and trad,t,onF Indone$,an4ngl,$)

$% Bac&ground

Nowada($F 4ngl,$) ,$ a glo"al conte8t% *a"eled a$ t)e ,nternat,onallang'ageF 4ngl,$) )a$ $pread to d,erent part$ of t)e world and ,t$

$peaker$ can "e fo'nd almo$t ever(w)ere ,ncl'd,ng ,n Indone$,a% Ingeneral Indone$,an conte8tF 4ngl,$) ,$ $poken a$ a fore,gn lang'age%6oweverF for certa,n area$ ,n t)e ",g c,t,e$ ,n QavaF 4ngl,$) )a$ "een l,ke a$econd lang'age% 4ngl,$) ,$ $poken "( ed'cated 'r"an m,ddle cla$$e8ce$$,vel( mo$tl( to en)ance pre$t,geF and people are e8po$ed toadvert,$ement$ conta,n,ng $ome or f'll 4ngl,$) word$ SneddonF 2//%Indone$,an med,a )ave overe8po$ed t)e,r reader$ w,t) man( 4ngl,$)word$ a$ a re$'ltF a great n'm"er of Indone$,an word$ are der,ved from4ngl,$)% A comparat,ve $t'd( of t)e med,a )a$ ,dent,Eed a ma$$,ve"orrow,ng ,n / (ear$ from 1300to 1330 more t)an 0// adPect,ve$ andmore t)an +// ver"$ are der,ved from 4ngl,$) ,n t)e 1330$pec,menF

compared to onl( 120 adPect,ve$ and 3 ver"$ ,n t)e 1300 $ample$SneddonF 2//%

!)e #enter for *ang'age Development Badan .engem"angan dan.em"erda(aan Ba)a$a )a$ ,ntrod'ced and promoted t)e Indone$,ane>',valent$ to avo,d e8ce$$,ve "orrow,ng$ )oweverF people $t,ll $eem to"e more comforta"le '$,ng t)e "orrowed word$% We can $t,ll )ear man($t'dent$ prefer to $a( we"$,teT ,n$tead of laman meng'nd')F and'ploadT ,n$tead of meng'ngga) S'warnoF 2/11% In t),$ paperF we

e8am,ne ,f $,m,lar p)enomena al$o take place w)enever 4ngl,$) med,areported c'lt'ral $pec,Ec new$% !)e paper a,m$ at End,ng and anal(,ngIndone$,an word$ '$ed "( 4ngl,$) med,a ,n Indone$,a% In t)e long r'nFper$,$tent '$e of Indone$,an word$ co'ld prod'ce Indone$,an 4ngl,$)var,et,e$% A$ for nowF t)ere are $ome Indone$,an "orrowed word$F w),c))ave "een fre>'entl( and conven,entl( '$ed ,n 4ngl,$)7 orang'tanF"am"ooF agarF amokFrattanF proa t(pe of "oatF and padd(%

'% Indonesian Borro(ed )ords in Media

In Qakarta .o$tF one of t)e 4ngl,$) new$paper$ ,n Indone$,aF "orrowedword$ $pec,Ecall( related to Indone$,an conte8t and c'lt're are commonl(

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'$ed to ,nform new$% !)ere are man( po$$,",l,t,e$ ,n t)e proce$$ of wr,t,ngart,cle$ ,n t)e paper related to t)e '$e of Indone$,an "orrowed word$% Ift)e wr,ter of t)e art,cle rel,e$ on read(-made new$ wr,tten ,n Indone$,anFt)ere ,$ a great po$$,",l,t( t)at t)e Indone$,an "orrowed word$ occ'r"eca'$e of fore,gn,at,on approac) adopted "( t)e wr,ter w)en tran$lat,ng

t)e Indone$,an te8t ,nto t)e 4ngl,$) te8t% !)e wr,ter doe$ t),$ "eca'$e t)eword$ are $o locall( $pec,Ec t)at t)e,r e>',valent ,n 4ngl,$) cannot "efo'ndF and forc,ng to '$e 4ngl,$) word$ reLect,ng $,m,lar conte8t$ orp)enomena w,ll m,$lead t)e reader$% !)ere ,$ al$o a po$$,",l,t( t)at t)ewr,terF "e,ng an Indone$,an m'lt,l,ng'al per$onF d,rectl( wr,te$ t)e art,cle,n 4ngl,$)F and w)en com,ng acro$$ t)e word$ feat'r,ng Indone$,anevent$F conte8t$ or p)enomena )e or $)e $,mpl( '$e$ Indone$,an word$'ncon$c,o'$l( ,n $p,te of '$,ng 4ngl,$) word$ )av,ng $emant,c e>',valent$"eca'$e of t)e,r )a",t of do,ng code $w,tc),ng ,n comm'n,cat,ng%

Regardle$$ t)e wr,t,ng proce$$ adopted ,n prod'c,ng t)e art,cleF t),$ paper

w,ll foc'$ on t)e $ample of Indone$,an "orrowed word$ and d,$c'$$ t)emw)et)er t)e( are ,nev,ta"le or w)et)er t)e( can "e e8pre$$ed ,n 4ngl,$)w,t)o't d,$tort,ng t)e,r ,ntended mean,ng% !)e former ca$e ,mpl,e$ t)att)e Indone$,an "orrowed word$ )ave a po$$,",l,t( to enr,c) t)e var,et,e$ of4ngl,$) voca"'lar( $,m,lar to t)e ca$e of t)e word lak$a from Mala( andt)e word k,mono from Qapane$e% !)e latter ca$eF )oweverF ,mpl,e$ t)at t)ewr,ter ,$ $'gge$ted to '$e 4ngl,$) w,t)o't m,8,ng ,t w,t) ot)er lang'age$ ,f,t ,$ not nece$$ar( "eca'$e t)e( are $'ppo$ed to comm'n,cate ,n 4ngl,$)%!),$ paper w,ll d,$c'$$ t)e "orrowed word$ fo'nd ,n Qakarta .o$t da,l(new$paper from t)ree per$pect,ve$7 1 tran$lat,on $trateg(2 "orrow,ng and cro$$ l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,on%

*% "nal+,ing the Indonesian Borro(ed )ords from -ranslation Strateg+.erspective

!)ere are two $trateg,e$ ,n tran$lat,ng te8tF dome$t,cat,on andfore,gn,at,on Jen't,F 133+% In t)e ca$e w)en t)e target lang'age !* ,$4ngl,$) and t)e $o'rce lang'age S* ,$ Indone$,anF t)e former refer$ to"r,ng,ng t)e S* te8t to "e completel( e8pre$$ed ,n t)e !*F w),le t)e latterrefer$ to keep,ng $ome part$ of t)e te8t e8pre$$ed ,n t)e S*% Indome$t,cat,onF t)e tran$lator 9leave$ t)e reader ,n peace: w),le ,nfore,gn,at,onF t)e tran$lator 9,$ $end,ng t)e reader a"roadF to face t)e S*env,ronment and c'lt're: Jen't,F 133+% If t)e wr,ter of an art,cle ,nQakarta .o$t '$e$ an Indone$,an art,cle a$ t)e $o'rce t)e( m,g)t ma,nta,n$ome of t)e Indone$,an word$ and t)'$ t)e( can "e $a,d to '$e afore,gn,at,on $trateg(% 6oweverF ,t ,ntere$t,ng to End o't w)et)er or nott)e dec,$,on taken ,$ appropr,ate% It ,$ nece$$ar( t)erefore to d,$c'$$ t),$p)enomenon ,n t)e d,$c'$$,on part of t),$ paper%

/% "nal+,ing the Indonesian Borro(ed )ords from Borro(ing .erspective

1


18/62

Borrow,ng ,$ t)e adopt,on of word$ "( t)e '$er$ of one lang'age fromd,erent lang'age$ and t),$ proce$$ )a$ "een pract,ced "( 4ngl,$) '$er$,n t)e ),$tor( of t)e development of 4ngl,$) voca"'lar(% 4ngl,$) $peaker$)ave "orrowed a great deal of word$ from almo$t all lang'age$ ,n t)eworld #'ran Adam$F 2//3% !),$ ca$e ,$ nat'ral "eca'$e 4ngl,$) )a$

"een $poken ,n man( d,erent reg,on$F w),c) ?ac)r' 13+F ,n ?,rkpatr,ckF2// call$ t)ree c,rcle$7 1 t)e ,nner c,rcle t)e trad,t,onal c'lt'ral andl,ng',$t,c "a$e$ of 4ngl,$) 2 t)e o'ter c,rcle t)e ,n$t,t't,onal,ed non-nat,ve var,et,e$ 4S* ,n t)e reg,on$ t)at )ave pa$$ed t)ro'g) e8tendedper,od$ of colon,at,on and t)e e8pand,ng c,rcle t)e reg,on$ w)eret)e performance var,et,e$ of t)e lang'age e$$ent,all( ,n t)e 4@* conte8t%In t)e pa$tF t)e development of "orrowed word$ ,n t)e o'ter c,rcle$ weremore prod'ct,ve t)an t)at ,n t)e e8pand,ng c,rcleF "'t d'e to t)e,ncrea$,ng $trengt) of t)e role of 4ngl,$) ,n man( of t)e e8pand,ng c,rcle$Ft)e growt) of "orrowed word$ ,n t)e reg,on$ cla$$,Eed a$ t)e e8pand,ngc,rcle ,$ fa$ter t)an t)at ,n t)e o'ter c,rcle% !)e Indone$,an "orrowedword$ fo'nd ,n Qakarta po$t are t)e e8ample$ of $'c) p)enomena%

Accord,ng to 5ro$Pean 132F "orrow,ng can "e cla$$,Eed ,nto t)ree7loanword$F loan "lend $and loan $),ft$% *oanword ,$ t)e t(pe of "orrow,ng,n w),c) all part$ are '$ed and adapted morp)olog,call( andp)onolog,call( to t)e "a$e lang'age p,aF $pag)ett,% !)e $econd oneFloan "lend a ,$ "orrow,ng ,n w),c) one part ,$ "orrowed from anot)erlang'age w),le t)e ot)er part ,$ t)e "a$e lang'age g'm"a'mT ,$ a"lend from 4ngl,$) g'mT and 5reek "a'mT mean,ng g'm treeTF w),leloan $),ft ,$ "orrow,ng "( tak,ng a word ,n t)e "a$e lang'age ande8tend,ng ,t$ mean,ng to prod'ce a new mean,ng t)e .ort'g'e$e)'mor'$eT w),c) prev,o'$l( meant capr,c,o'$T ,$ $),fted,nto)'moro'$T% Borrow,ng occ'r$ w)en an appropr,ate e>',valentcannot "e fo'nd% !)'$F ,n t)e ca$e of "orrow,ng ,n Qakarta .o$tF t),$ $t'd(w,ll anal(e w)et)er t)e e>',valent$ of t)o$e "orrowed word$ cannot "efo'nd ,n 4ngl,$)%

0% "nal+,ing the Indonesian Borro(ed )ords from ross 1inguistic1exicali,ation .erspective

?adar,$man 2/1/ 'nderl,ne$ t)at lang'age ,$ a c'lt're ent,t(F and t),$,dea refer$ to t)e t)o'g)t t)at people '$e lang'age ar",trar,l( tocomm'n,cate w,t) ot)er$ of t)e $ame c'lt're ,n da,l( act,v,t,e$ Sap,r andW)orfF 1321F ,n ?adar,$manF 2/1/% !)e word c'lt'reT '$ed )ere,nd,cate$ t)at lang'age ,$ not $,mpl( name g,v,ngF "'t a$ de Sa'$$'re1310F ,n ?adar,$manF 2/1/ a$$ert$ t)at ever( word ,$ an ar",trar( $,gncon$,$t,ng of $,gn,Eer form and $,gn,Eed mean,ng% Inve$t,gat,ngt)e "orrowed word$ ,n Qakarta .o$t can "e referred to cro$$ l,ng',$t,c$le8,cal,at,on "eca'$e t)e form of t)e word$ and t)e,r mean,ng e8,$t$,m'ltaneo'$l(% In t),$ conte8tF t)ere are t)ree k,nd$ of cro$$l,ng',$t,cle8,cal,at,on ?adar,$manF 2/1/% !)e Er$t ,$ e>'al le8,cal,at,on "'m,

Veart)Flang,t V$k(Ft)e $econd ,$ ,ne>'al le8,cal,at,on pad,F ga"a)"era$F na$,V r,ceF and t)e t),rd ,$ ,ncompat,"le e>',valent ,n w),c) t)e

1


19/62

$,gn ,n one lang'age )a$ no e>',valent ,n anot)er lang'age memed,Ft)'('l Vt)e "orrowed word$ from Indone$,an% !)ereforeF ,t ,$ ,ntere$t,ngto End o't t)e re$'lt on )ow t)e "orrowed word$ from Qakarta .o$t can "ecategor,ed ,n term$ of cro$$ l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,on%

2% Method

In t)e $t'd( t)e wr,ter$ ,nve$t,gate t)e e8,$tence of t)e Indone$,an"orrowed word$ fo'nd ,n Qakarta .o$tF and "( referr,ng to t)e conte8tF t)ed,$c'$$,on a,m$ at End,ng o't w)et)er t)e '$e of $'c) word$ are,nev,ta"le or are "etter e8pre$$ed ,n 4ngl,$)% !)e d,$c'$$,on ,$ cond'ctedw,t) reference to t)e feat're$ to cla$$,f( word$ and t)e t)ree d,erentper$pect,ve$7 tran$lat,on $trateg,e$F "orrow,ng and cro$$ l,ng',$t,cle8,cal,at,on%

3% Data

!)e data are randoml( taken from t)e Indone$,an "orrowed word$ fo'nd,n t)e Qakarta .o$t ,$$'ed ,n Qan'ar( 2/12% !)ere are 21 Indone$,an"orrowed word$ '$ed ,n t)e anal($,$F a$ $)own ,n !a"le 1

!a"le 1

Indone$,an Borrowed Word$

1% Salak % .4R.ANI 1+% Dangd't

2% Sengon 3% 6alal 10% D'r,an

% !e"ang "'t') 1/% Adek 1% Ram"'tan

&% D,)'k'm 11% Unt'ng 1% 5amelan

+% ?'e ranPang 12% Selamatan 13% Wa(ang

0% ?'e mangkok 1% In$(aallo) 2/% .e$antren

% Ap,ndo 1&% S)ar,a 21% Ra$k,n

4% Data "nal+sis and Discussion4%$% -he "nal+sis of the IndonesianBorro(ed )ords Based on !eatures

Referr,ng to t)e feat're$F t)e 21 Indone$,an "orrowed word$ can "ecla$$,Eed ,nto certa,n feat're$7 local-"a$ed concept$F event$F p)enomenaFlocal c'lt'ral pract,ce$ and trad,t,on and local Lora and fa'na% !a"le 2

!)e #la$$,Ecat,on of t)e Indone$,an Borrowed Word$ ,n term$ of @eat're$7

*ocal "a$edconcept

4vent$Fp)enomena

*ocal c'lt'ralpract,ce$ andtrad,t,on

*ocal Lora andfa'na

13


20/62

?'e keranPangF?'e mangkokFAp,ndoF.4R.ANIF AdekFRa$k,n

!e"ang"'t') 5amelanFWa(angF.e$antrenFS)ar,aFSelamatanF In$(a

Alla)

SalakF SengonFRam"'tanFD'r,an

!)e word$ cla$$,Eed 'nder t)e )ead,ng of local "a$ed concept$ ,n !a"le 2are t)o$e reLect,ng $pec,Ec Indone$,an concept$% !)e word$ cla$$,Eed'nder t)e )ead,ng of local event$ are t)o$e reLect,ng event$ )appen,ng ,nIndone$,a% !)e word$ cla$$,Eed 'nder t)e )ead,ng of localc'lt'ral pract,ce$ and trad,t,on are t)o$e reLect,ng t)e c'lt'ral pract,ce$,n Indone$,an of w),c) ,f t)e,r 4ngl,$) e>',valent$ are '$edF t)e reader w,ll"e m,$led $elamatan ,$ d,erent from part(T or pe$antren cannot "e

$,mpl( tran$lated ,nto I$lam,c "oard,ng )o'$eT% *ocal Lora and fa'na aret)o$e w),c) can onl( "e fo'nd ,n Indone$,aF not ,n 4ngl,$) $peak,ngco'ntr,e$% Among t)e 21word$ fo'ndF $ome of t)em are con$,dered,nev,ta"leF w),le ot)er$ are "etter e8pre$$ed ,n 4ngl,$)%

%2% !)e Re$'lt of Data Anal($,$ Ba$ed on !ran$lat,on Strateg( .er$pect,ve

!a"le

!)e re$'lt of Borrowed Word$ ,n !erm$ of !ran$lat,on Strateg( .er$pect,ve

no !)e word$ @ore,gn,at,on Dome$t,cat,on

1 Salak J -

2 Sengon J -

!e"angt'"') J -

& D,)'k'm J -

+ ?'e keranPang J -

0 ?'e mangkok J -

A.INDO J -

.4R.ANI J -

3 6alal J -

1/ Adek J -

11 Unt'ng J -

12 Selamatan J -

1 In$(aallo) J -

1& S)ar,a J -1+ dangd't J -

2/


21/62


22/62

%% !)e Re$'lt of Data Anal($,$ Ba$ed on Borrow,ng .roce$$ .er$pect,ve

U$,ng t)e t)ree t(pe$ of "orrow,ng proce$$F t)e re$'lt of t)e anal($,$ ,$pre$ented ,n t)e follow,ng ta"le%

!a"le +

!)e Re$'lt$ of t)e Anal($,$ of t)e Borrowed Word$ ,n !erm$ of Borrow,ng.roce$$ .er$pect,ve

no !)e "orrowedword$

*oan word *oan "lend *oan $),ft

1 Salak J - -

2 Sengon J - -

!e"ang"'t') - - J

& D,)'k'm - - -

+ ?'ekeranPang

J - -

0 ?'e mangk'k J - -

Ap,ndo J - -

.4R.ANI J - -

3 6alal J - -

1/ Adek J - -

11 Unt'ng - - -

12 Selamatan J - -

1 In$(a allo) J - -

1& S)ar,a J - -

1+ Dangd't J - -

10 D'r,an J - -

1 Ram"'tan J - -

1 5amelan J - -

13 Wa(ang J - -

2/ .e$antren J - -

21 Ra$k,n - - J

!)e $'mmar( of t)e proce$$ ,$ pre$ented ,n t)e follow,ng ta"le7

22


23/62

!a"le 0

*oan word$ *oan "lend$ *oan $),ft$ Non-loan word$

1 word$ / 2 word$ 2 word$

!)e appl,cat,on of t)e tree t(pe$ of "orrow,ng proce$$ ,nd,cate t)at amongt)e 21 "orrowed word$F 1 of t)em can "e categor,ed a$ loanword$F twoof t)em are not "orrowed word$ d,)'k'm and 'nt'ng "eca'$e t)e( m'$t"e e8pre$$ed ,n 4ngl,$)% Meanw),le t)ere are two word$ te"ang"'t') andra$k,n t)at can "e categor,ed ,nto loan $),ft% !e"ang"'t') rece,ve$ a newmean,ng7 logg,ng "eca'$e of an 'rgent need of mone(F a$ a re$'lt of t)ecom",nat,on "etween te"ang logg,ng and "'t') need% Meanw),leFra$k,nF w),c) ,$ l,terall( a $)ort of poor r,ceF )a$ al$o got a new mean,ngF,%e% r,ce for t)e poor%

%&% !)e Re$'lt$ of Data Anal($,$ Ba$ed on #ro$$ *,ng',$t,c *e8,cal,at,on .er$pect,ve

Appl(,ng t)e t)ree categor,e$ of cro$$ l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,onper$pect,ve$F ,t ,$ fo'nd o't t)at among t)e 21 "orrowed word$F 13 oft)em can "e categor,ed a$ ,ncompat,"le cro$$ l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,onFw),le two of t)em m'$t "e e8pre$$ed ,n 4ngl,$) a$ $)own ,n !a"le "elow7

!a"le

!)e Re$'lt$ of t)e Anal($,$ of t)e Borrowed Word$ ,n term$ of #ro$$-l,ng',$t,c *e8,cal,at,on

no !)e "orrowedword$

4>'alle8,cal,at,on

Ine>'alle8,cal,at,on

Incompat,"lele8,cal,at,on

1 Salak - - J

2 Sengon - - J

!e"ang"'t') - - J

& D,)'k'm - - -

+ ?'ekeranPang - - J

0 ?'e mangk'k J - J

Ap,ndo - - J

.4R.ANI - - J

3 6alal - - J

1/ Adek - - J

11 Unt'ng - - -12 Selamatan - - J

2


24/62

1 In$(a allo) - - J

1& S)ar,a - - J

1+ Dangd't - - J10 D'r,an - - J

1 Ram"'tan - - J

1 5amelan - - J

13 Wa(ang - - J

2/ .e$antren - - J

21 Ra$k,n - - J

!)e word$ cla$$,Eed 'nder t)e )ead,ng of ,ncompat,"le le8,cal,at,on 13word$ are t)eIndone$,an word$ t)at do not )ave e>',valent ,n 4ngl,$)%@orclar,t( $ee t)e ta"le "elow7

!a"le

4>'al le8,cal,at,on Ine>'al le8,cal,at,on #ompat,"lele8,cal,at,on

/ / 13 word$

!)e ,ncompat,"le le8,cal,at,on fo'nd ,n t)e $t'd( )appen$ "eca'$e ofd,erent rea$on$7

1% !)e word$ $)ow nat'ral local prod'ct$ from Indone$,a w),c) aregrown ,n Indone$,a

$alakF $engonF d'r,anF ram"'tan%

2% ?'e keranPang and k'e mangkok are locall( Indone$,an food prod'ctof w),c) t)e,r '$e reLect$ locall( made prod'ct$ from Indone$,a%

% !)e word$ $pec,Ecall( reLect local p)enomena onl( fo'nd ,nIndone$,an conte8t%a%!e"ang"'t') reLect$ a $pec,al term of t)e rea$on for c'tt,ng tree$"efore t)e appropr,atet,me re>',rementF ,%e% an 'rgent need formone(%

"% .4R.ANI and Ap,ndo are t)e a""rev,at,on$ of a$$oc,at,on$ ,nIndone$,a $ee append,8% In t)e "eg,nn,ng of t)e te8tF t)e word$ aree8pla,ned ,n 4ngl,$) ,n "racket$ F t)e Indone$,anArc)er(A$$oc,at,onT for .4R.ANI and t)e Indone$,an 4mplo(er$A$$oc,at,onT for Ap,ndo%

2&


25/62

6oweverF ,t ,$ more pract,cal to '$e t)e Indone$,an a""rev,at,on ,nt)e d,$c'$$,on t)at follow$%

c% 6alalF In$(a Alla) and pe$antren are word$ reLect,ng $pec,Ecall(I$lam,c pract,ce$F w),c) need to "e ma,nta,ned to g,ve an I$lam,c

feel,ng and n'ance% Among t)e t)ree word$ ment,onedF)alal )a$"een commonl( '$ed ,n 4ngl,$) $peak,ng co'ntr,e$F '$'all( ,nt)e p)ra$e

)alal meat%

d% Dangd't reLect$ $pec,Ec m'$,c ,n Indone$,a w),c) ,$ formerl(pop'lar e$pec,all( among t)e low and m,ddle cla$$ $oc,et(% !)eword doe$ not )ave e>',valent ,n 4ngl,$) "eca'$e ,t ,$ a name or anattr,"'te of a certa,n k,nd of m'$,c ,n Indone$,aF w),c) cannot "ec)anged%

e% Ra$k,n ,$ a $pec,Ec term referr,ng to one of t)e program$ ofIndone$,an government to )elp Indone$,an poor $oc,et(% Ma,nta,n,ngt)e Indone$,an term ra$k,n w,ll ),g)l,g)t t)e local,t( of t)ep)enomenon%

5% Implication to 1anguage -eachingAccord,ng to S,ngleton 2///F wr,t,ng re,nforce$ t),nk,ng and ,mag,n,ng%In t)e prod'ct,on of creat,ve wr,t,ngF for e8ample a $)ort $tor(F a wr,tert),nk$ and ,mag,ne$ a p)enomenon "efore e8pre$$,ng ,t ,n wr,t,ng%!)ereforeF ,n a co'r$e tra,n,ng $t'dent$ to wr,te creat,vel( creat,ve

wr,t,ng co'r$eF a teac)er )a$ to enco'rage $t'dent$ to g,ve clear,mag,nat,on of w)at t)e( want to e8pre$$ ,n t)e,r wr,t,ng% @or e8ampleF ,ft)e $t'dent$ wr,te a $)ort $tor( of w),c) t)e $ett,ng ,$ Indone$,a and,t$ p)enomena ,$ local conte8tF t)e( m'$t not )e$,tate to '$e Indone$,anterm ,f ,t$ e8act e>',valent cannot "e fo'nd ,n 4ngl,$)%

$6% onclusionIndone$,an "orrowed word$ repre$ent Indone$,an:$ e8,$tence ,n t)e world%Wr,t,ng w),c) emplo($ man( Indone$,an "orrowed word$ $,gn,Ecantl(

contr,"'te$ to t)e role of Indone$,an ,n enr,c),ng 4ngl,$) var,et,e$% !)e 21"orrowed word$ d,$c'$$ed and anal(ed ,n t)e $t'd( are among t)em an(ot)er "orrowed Indone$,an word$ '$ed e,t)er ,n Qakarta .o$tF or ot)ermed,a% !)e( are $,mpl( meant to ra,$e an awarene$$ of t)e e8,$tence of$'c) word$F w),c) g,ve a c)allenge for l,ng',$t,c re$earc)er$ to cond'ctf'rt)er ,nve$t,gat,on%

S'mmar(

2+


26/62

4ngl,$) ,$ a glo"al lang'age w),c) ever(one or even ever( co'ntr(w,ll '$e t),$ lang'age% In Indone$,a e$pec,all( 4a$t QavaF 4ngl,$) ,$ '$ed a$a $econd lang'age "eca'$e t)e( t),nk t)at '$,ng 4ngl,$) ,n da,l(conver$at,on and advert,$ement make$ t)e,r pre$t,ge ga,ned% A$ we knowt)at man( word$ ,n 4ngl,$) are not or,g,nall( com,ng from 4ngl,$) ,t$elfF

(et t)e( come from man( lang'age$% !)e '$e of 4ngl,$) a$ a $econdlang'age ,n man( co'ntr,e$ w),c) are not nat,ve appear$ man( k,nd$ ofvar,et,e$ word and one of w),c) ,$ t)e adopted local lang'age$% @or,n$tanceF laksa from Mala( mean$ $p,c( cocon't noodle $o'p d,$) andkimonomean$ t)e trad,t,onal clot)e$ from Qapan% !)e word$ t)at )ave"een ment,oned "efore )ave "een d,$c'$$ed "a$ed on t)ree d,erentper$pect,ve$7 1 tran$lat,on $trateg( 2 "orrow,ng proce$$ and cro$$l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,on% It ,$ e8pected t)at t)e per$,$tent '$e of Indone$,anword$ ,n 4ngl,$) te8t$ w,ll prod'ce Indone$,an 4ngl,$) var,et,e$%

Indone$,an med,a )ave overe8po$ed t)e,r reader$ w,t) man( 4ngl,$)

word$ a$ a re$'ltF a great n'm"er of Indone$,an word$ are der,ved from4ngl,$)% A comparat,ve $t'd( of t)e med,a )a$ ,dent,Eed a ma$$,ve"orrow,ng ,n / (ear$ from 1300to 1330 more t)an 0// adPect,ve$ andmore t)an +// ver"$ are der,ved from 4ngl,$) ,n t)e 1330$pec,menFcompared to onl( 120 adPect,ve$ and 3 ver"$ ,n t)e 1300 $ample$SneddonF 2//% !)e #enter for *ang'age Development Badan.engem"angan dan .em"erda(aan Ba)a$a )a$ ,ntrod'ced and promotedt)e Indone$,an e>',valent$ to avo,d e8ce$$,ve "orrow,ng$ )oweverFpeople $t,ll $eem to "e more comforta"le '$,ng t)e "orrowed word$% Wecan $t,ll )ear man( $t'dent$ prefer to $a( we"$,teT ,n$tead of lamanmeng'nd')F and 'ploadT ,n$tead of meng'ngga) S'warnoF 2/11% !),$paper a,m$ to End t)e word$ t)at )ave "een '$ed ,n 4ngl,$) med,a ,nIndone$,aF ,n ot)er word$ t)ere are certa,n Indone$,an word$ t)at )ave"een '$ed ,n 4ngl,$) $'c) a$ orang utanF bambooF'addyF etc% One of t)emed,a t)at '$e$ "orrow,ng word$ ,$ Qakarta .o$t and one of t)e wr,ter$ ,nQakarta .o$t '$e$ t)e or,g,nal word$ from Indone$,a for t)ere are noappropr,ate word$ to e8pre$$ t)o$e certa,n word$% If t)e wr,ter force$ totran$late ,nto 4ngl,$)F ,t w,ll m,$lead t)e reader$%

!)e Data collected from Qakarta .o$t

1% Salak % .4R.ANI 1+% Dangd't

2% Sengon 3% 6alal 10% D'r,an

% !e"ang "'t') 1/% Adek 1% Ram"'tan

&% D,)'k'm 11% Unt'ng 1% 5amelan

+% ?'e ranPang 12% Selamatan 13%Wa(ang

0% ?'e mangkong 1% In$(aallo) 2/% .e$antren

% Ap,ndo 1&% S)ar,a 21%Ra$k,n

20


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Anal(,ng t)e "orrow,ng word$ ,n Qakarta .o$t new$paper "a$ed on t)et)ree per$pect,ve$7

' !ran$lat,on Strateg( .er$pect,ve!)ere are two $trateg,e$ ,n tran$lat,ng te8tF dome$t,cat,on andfore,gn,at,on Jen't,F 133+% In dome$t,cat,onF t)e tran$lator

9leave$ t)e reader ,n peace: w),le ,n fore,gn,at,onF t)e tran$lator 9,$$end,ng t)e reader a"roadF to face t)e S* env,ronment and c'lt're:Jen't,F 133+

' Borrow,ng Word$ .er$pect,veBorrow,ng ,$ t)e adopt,on of word$ "( t)e '$er$ of one lang'agefrom d,erent lang'age$ and t),$ proce$$ )a$ "een pract,ced "(4ngl,$) '$er$ ,n t)e ),$tor( of t)e development of 4ngl,$)voca"'lar(% Accord,ng to 5ro$Pean 132F "orrow,ng can "ecla$$,Eed ,nto t)ree7 loanword$F loan "lend $and loan $),ft$%*oanword ,$ t)e t(pe of "orrow,ng ,n w),c) all part$ are '$ed andadapted morp)olog,call( and p)onolog,call( to t)e "a$e lang'agep,aF $pag)ett,% !)e $econd oneF loan "lend a ,$ "orrow,ng ,nw),c) one part ,$ "orrowed from anot)er lang'age w),le t)e ot)erpart ,$ t)e "a$e lang'age g'm"a'mT ,$ a "lend from 4ngl,$)g'mT and 5reek "a'mT mean,ng g'm treeTF w),le loan $),ft ,$"orrow,ng "( tak,ng a word ,n t)e "a$e lang'age and e8tend,ng ,t$mean,ng to prod'ce a new mean,ng t)e .ort'g'e$e )'mor'$eTw),c) prev,o'$l( meant capr,c,o'$T ,$ $),fted ,nto)'moro'$T%

' #ro$$ *,ng',$t,c *e8,cal,at,on .er$pect,veInve$t,gat,ng t)e "orrowed word$ ,n Qakarta .o$t can "e referred tocro$$ l,ng',$t,c$ le8,cal,at,on "eca'$e t)e form of t)e word$ and

t)e,r mean,ng e8,$t $,m'ltaneo'$l(% In t),$ conte8tF t)ere are t)reek,nd$ of cro$$l,ng',$t,c le8,cal,at,on ?adar,$manF 2/1/% !)e Er$t ,$e>'al le8,cal,at,on "'m, Veart)Flang,t V$k(Ft)e $econd ,$ ,ne>'alle8,cal,at,on pad,F ga"a) "era$F na$,V r,ceF and t)e t),rd ,$,ncompat,"le e>',valent ,n w),c) t)e $,gn ,n one lang'age )a$ noe>',valent ,n anot)er lang'age memed,F t)'('l Vt)e "orrowedword$ from Indone$,an%

#oncl'$,onIndone$,an "orrowed word$ repre$ent Indone$,an:$ e8,$tence ,n t)eworld% Wr,t,ng w),c) emplo($ man( Indone$,an "orrowed word$

$,gn,Ecantl( contr,"'te$ to t)e role of Indone$,an ,n enr,c),ng4ngl,$) var,et,e$% !)e 21 "orrowed word$ d,$c'$$ed and anal(ed ,nt)e $t'd( are among t)em an( ot)er "orrowed Indone$,an word$'$ed e,t)er ,n Qakarta .o$tF or ot)er med,a% !)e( are $,mpl( meantto ra,$e an awarene$$ of t)e e8,$tence of $'c) word$F w),c) g,ve ac)allenge for l,ng',$t,c re$earc)er$ to cond'ct f'rt)er ,nve$t,gat,on%

#ommentWe t),nk t)at t)e d,$c'$$,on of t),$ art,cle ,$ $($temat,call( "eca'$et)e wr,ter$ $erve t)e e8planat,on clearl( "a$ed on t)e t)eor(% SoF weknow )ow t)e word$ c)ange "a$ed on t)e ma,n per$pect,ve ,t$elf%

2


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Red'pl,cat,on ,n Qavane$e

' De(i O*ta+rianti ,.' hell"na Dinda /.

' Ririh 'e$aningt"as

%avanese, a mem!er of the Austronesian language family, is spoken in the entral and

eastern parts of %ava. It is estimated that a!out half the Indonesian population are speakers

of %avanese. %avanese has two levels, i.e. ngoko Glow9 and kromo+

Reduplication is the repetition of a word or phonologial material within a word for

semanti or grammatial purposes. 6ategori8e of redupliation aording to

&oed"osoedarmo, :edhawati, and Laginem ?/1@ morphonologial harateristis, that

is2. dilingga,

*. dipura,

4. diasana,

-. dilingga sara,

Reduplicated 'ords 'hich deri(e from a +ound root

In %avanese fully redupliated words derived from !ases whih are not used as independent

words are a!undant. (elow are the semanti ategories to whih many of those redupliated

words !elong. It should !e noted that there are a num!er of redupliations with vowel shift.

.1. maller si0ed animals

undur-undur Ginset whih moves !akward9.. Bod" parts and accessories

anthing-anthing Gdangling ear ring9

.#. Traditional foods

ondhe-ondhe G!all shaped stiky rie9

Descripti(e 'ord

#he amount of onomatopoeia !ased on redupliation is tremendous. Muh of it is ioni, i.e.

onomatopoeia desri!ing ertain movements as repetitive, irular, time taking, and dilatory.

..1. Description of mo(ement

klothak-klothek Gto keep thudding9

... Distri+ution 2o(er space3 time3 etc.4

klethir-klethirGto ?do@ a little !y little rather than all at one.9

2


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Plurali0ation

#he most ommon funtion of redupliation in %avanese is to indiate plurality.

Example2

bocah Ghild9 bocah-bocah Ghildren9

,d$ecti(als reduplicated in order to indicate pluralit" of their modifies

ong epang, cendhak-cendhak.

&eople %apan short

G%apanese people, their legs are short.9

%ntensification

Ad"etives and adver!s an !e intensified !y redupliation.

esuk Gmorning9 esuk-esuk Gearly in the morning9

,ttenuationIn several ad"etives redupliation funtions to attenuate, making the meaning !lurred or

weaker. #he suffix -an is sometimes added.

biru G!lue9 biru-biruan G!luish9

Repetiti(e

;edupliation of a ver! often means repetition or ontinuation of ation, suh as2

turu Gsleep9 turu-turu Gto keep falling asleep9

%ncompleteness

;edupliation of some ver!s refers to ontinuous, ateli, inomplete ats, or to states.

Example2 pikir Gthink9pikir-pikir Gtry to think9

imilarit" and imitation

Full ;edupliation of a ertain o!"et plus the suffix 'an yields a similar o!"et.

ong Gpeople9 ong-ongan Gdoll9

pecification

3ome redupliation proess yields different meaning from its !ase. (elow are a few examples

of them.

olah Gto prepare9 olah-olah Gto do the ooking9

Position-dependent functions

#he meaning of simple redupliation is sometimes ontext dependent. (eing plaed at the

head of sentene,

/oncession 1

#he sense of Galthough9 an !e expressed !y redupliating the ad"etive that follows the

modified noun.

ong ayu-ayu kok bodho+

G?It9s a shame.@ 3he is !eautiful, !ut stupid.9

/oncession

Many times when redupliation ours sentene'initially, it gives the sense of Geven if92

randha-randha gelem aton seneng karo aku.

GA divoree does not matter as long as sJhe likes me.9

Repro(e

Example illustrates a strutural pattern that expresses a seuene of ation that the speaker isnot happy a!out2


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teka-teka koe kok mangan+

Go sooner do you get here than the first thing you do is to start eating somethingUU9

Reduplication 'hich cause change of grammatical categor"

&er+al use

/hange of situation

aak G!ody9 aak-aak Gto !ath uikly only from the waist up9Pretending and pla"ing 5 Csually a suffix -an should !e added to the redupliation.

6egation 5 #o express omplete negation

6ominal use 5 ;edupliating whih the meaning is related to the original word

6ominal use

;edupliating some ad"etives or ver!s an yield nouns of whih the meaning is related to the

original word.

,d$ecti(e 6oun

ayu G!eautiful9 ayu-ayonayu-ayunan Gosmetis9

&er+ 6ounoleh Gto get9 oleh-oleh Gsouvenir9

emantic (ariation in dou+lets

3ometimes redupliation with vowel shift has a different onnotation than the orresponding

redupliation without vowel shift. 3emantially these forms tend to express negative feeling,

as in solding or omplaints ?&oed"osoedarmo et al. /1@, although they an !e o!"etive,

too, depending on the intonation.

lunga to go9 lunga-lungo Gto go out very often9

6omment2 &ersonally we thing that redupliation in %avanese language is not efsiient.

>therwise, in English, if we want to state the plural word we "ust add s in the end of the word

to make it have plural meaning.

.reE8e$ ,n 4ngl,$) Word @ormat,on

Introdution

An English word an !e divided into three parts2 a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. &re' means

Q!efore. A prefix, therefore, is what omes !efore the stem. 6onsider, as an example, the

prefix de' ?meaning QredueQ or QreverseQ@ in a word like demagneti8e ?meaning Qto deprive of

magnetismQ@. A suffix is what is attahed to the end of the stem. 6onsider, as an example, the

suffix 'er ?meaning Qsomeone whoQ@ in programmer ?Qa person who programmesQ@.

3uffixes hange the word from one part of speeh to another. For example, 'ly added to the

ad"etive uik gives the adver! uikly. &refixes, on the other hand, usually hange the

meaning of the word. For example, un' hanges a word to the negative. unmagneti8a!le

means Qnot apa!le of !eing magneti8edQ.

Let us now onsider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they hange the meanings

of English words.

English &refixes

. Meta'

A prefix appearing in loanwords from


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name of a su!"et and showing another su!"et that analy8es the original

one !ut at a more a!strat, higher level2 metaphilosophy.metalinguistics+

Meta' an !e prefixed to nouns and ad"etives. Meta' is not used with ver!s, that is we

annot say I metathink all the time.

*. Anti' and &ro'

(oth of these prefixes are plaed at the !eginning of a word to modify or hange themeaning. #he prefix anti' have the sense of !eing against or in opposition to some

person, thing, group, or ideology. For example, if you are anti'homework, that means

that you are opposed to shools giving homework assignments. #he prefix &ro' is the

opposit of prefix Anti', it used to form ad"etives that have the general sense

favoring or supporting something. For Example2 pro'hoie, pro'Amerian, pro'

ommunist.

In addition, if you put these prefixes twie in the !igining of the word, the meaning

will !e different, examples 2 anti'anti'government G!eing opposed to !eing anti'

government9, pro'pro'eduation G!eing in favor of !eing pro'eduation9.

4. 6ounter'

Has meaning with against or in opposition to is ounter', whih an !e prefixed tonouns and ver!s, as in ounterweight, ounterrevolution, ounterattak. 6ounter' and

Anti' are not the same, they ontrast in purpose. 6ounter' refers to an ation or event

in response to another ation or event, whereas anti' is typially used in order to

prevent some ation. For example the differene !etween ounterdemonstration and

antidemonstration.

-. &refix of uantity

As a prefix, miro' attahed to noun and the meaning is very small as found in

miro!us and miro!ology. Maro' the antonym of miro', meaning Glarge9 or

Gelongated9. #han the prefix super is also !elong to prefix of uantity !eause it has

meaning exessive, some examples are superintelligent, superset, superstruture.

0. #emporal prefixes

#here are three temporal prefixes that always followed with nouns and ad"etives and

an !e interpreted as referring to periods of time. #he first one is pre' G!efore9 e.g 2

prewar, preshool, and pre vitorian. In addition, pre' also an use as a ver! and the

meaning is to do somthing earlier, e.g 2 pre!oard or preregister. #he next prefix is

post' Gafter9 for examples postwar, post'


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B(7 Stefan !6% 5r,e$

I% DeEn,t,onBlend,ng ,$ t)e ,ntent,onal co,nage a new word "( f'$,ng part$ ofat lea$t two $o'rce word$% U$'all(F at lea$t t)e fore part of t)e 1$t

$o'rce word $w1 ,$ com",ned w,t) t)e ),nd part of t)e 2

nd

$o'rce word $w2 and t)ere ,$ p)onem,c or grap)em,c overlap oft)e $o'rce word$% A$ ,n fanta"'lo'$

II% #r,ter,a1% !)e two $o'rce word$ do not overlap ,n t)e re$'lt,ng "lend

48ample$7"reakfa$t 8 l'nc) V "r'nc)"roccol, 8 ca'l,Lower V "roccoLowercamera 8 recorder V camcordered'cat,on 8 enterta,nment V ed'ta,nment

$tagnat,on 8 ,nLat,on V $tagLat,on

2% Involve$ two overlapp,ng letter$48ample$7motor 8 )otel V motelfool 8 p),lo$op)er V foolo$op)era'$tere 8 $tern V a'$tern,nformat,on 8 commerc,al V ,nformec,al

% !)e Er$t or $econd $o'rce word$ are ent,rel( pre$ent ,n t)e"lendgas8 alco)ol V gaso)ol

III% Re$earc)er$: 6(pot)e$e$1% *e)rer

Tt)e more mater,al from t)e target word t)at ,$ pre$entF t)eea$,er t)e "lend ,$ to ,dent,f(T contrar( to t)e fact t)atman( "lend$ are rat)er $)ort and r'nn,ng t)e r,$k ofdamag,ng t)e recogn,a",l,t( of t)e $o'rce word$ e%g% "r'nc)F",tF and amp,ng

2% ?a'n,$to,deal "lend$ t)en wo'ld nat'rall( "e one$ w)ere t)e end,ngof t)e Er$t $o'rce word and t)e "eg,nn,ng of t)e $econd oneoverlapF re$'lt,ng ,n a wa( no delet,on at all% And t)e $)orter$o'rce word$ $)o'ld contr,"'te relat,vel( more mater,al to"lend$ t)en t)e longer one$%T ,t:$ pro"lemat,c "eca'$e t)e)(pot)e$,$ wa$ onl( "a$ed on 1/1 "lend$ and ,t d,dn:tcon$,der t)e d,erent wa($ to anal(e t)e amo'nt of mater,alcontr,"'ted%

IJ% Blend Str'ct're1% .la( w,t) t)e $,m,lar,t( of t)e $o'rce word$ to eac) ot)er


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a% .)onem,c and Ort)ograp),c S,m,lar,t(!o mea$'re t)e $,m,lar,t(F we '$e .i!e 1oe2!ientmea$'r,ng t)e $,m,lar,t( of two word$ "( d,v,d,ng t)en'm"er of ",gram$ of letter$ t)at two word$ $)are "( t)en'm"er of t)e,r ",gram$ range from 1 ,dent,t( to /

d,$$,m,lar,t(48ample7#)'nnel #)annel 8 !'nnel#)annel V c)F )aF anF nnF neF el

!)e two word$ $)are t)e 0'nderl,ned ",gram$ o't of 11!'nnel V t'F 'nF nnF neF el

"% .)onolog,cal S,m,lar,t(!)e $(lla",c lengt)$ or;and t)e $tre$$ pattern$

2% !)e S,m,lar,t( of t)e So'rce Word$ to t)e Blend$a% .)onem,c and Ort)ograp),c S,m,lar,t(- 6,g) val'e $,m,lar,t( of grap)eme$

48ample7#)'nnel grap)eme$0 of w),c) are contr,"'ted "( -letter of c)annel+ of w),c) are contr,"'ted "( +-letter of t'nnel

- *ower val'e $,m,lar,t( of grap)eme$48ample7Br'nc) 0 grap)eme$2 of w),c) are contr,"'ted "( t)e 3-letter of "reakfa$t

& of w),c) are contr,"'ted "( t)e +-letter of l'nc)"% .)onolog,cal S,m,lar,t(

!)e $(lla",c lengt)$ and t)e $tre$$ pattern$ of t)e $o'rceword$ of "lend$

!)e Anal($,$ of #l,pp,ng"( D,an Nov,ta and N,ken W,d,a$t't(

Introduction

#l,pp,ngF w),c) ,$ al$o known a$ tr'ncat,on or $)orten,ngF ,$ oneform of word format,on% !),$ $)ortened word can "e fo'nd ,n "ot) formaland ,nformal lang'ageF (et onl( $ome of t)em are re>',red ,n formalwr,t,ng% One e8ample ,$ 3urgerT t)at come$ from 4amburgermake$ ,t$wa( ,nto formal wr,t,ng nowada($% !)ere are al$o $ome cl,pped word$w),c) are more common t)an t)e or,g,n word$% 5emoF ,$ cl,pped form of5emorandumt)at man( people ma( not even know ,t$ or,g,n$ or even5oving 6i!turew),c) ,$ more famo'$ a$ 5ovie% Beca'$e of cl,pp,ngp)enomena ,t$elf )a$ alread( "ecome common t),ng ,n 4ngl,$)F ,n t),$paper we w,ll d,$c'$$ deeper w)et)er or not cl,pp,ng:$ $t'd( can "eformal,ed or "ecome word format,on dev,ce%


34/62

-heoretical bac&ground# )hat is clipping7

#l,pp,ng ,$ a proce$$ of word format,on "( $)orten,ng word w,t)o'tc)ang,ng t)e mean,ng or part of $peec)% !),$ word format,on ,$ not onl(re$tr,cted to a $,ngle e8,$t,ng word "'t can al$o appl( to a w)ole p)ra$eF

a$ e8ample ,$ mobF w),c) ,$ cl,pped from mobile vulgusor/ooF for/oologi!al garden%!)e cl,pped form$ are not onl( no'n$F "'t al$o adPect,ve$F ver"$F

adver"$F prepo$,t,on$F ,nterPect,on$ and conP'nct,on$ w),c) are morerarel( "e fo'nd% !)e ,ntere$t,ng ca$e ,$ w)en t)e adPect,val cl,pped form$are often converted ,nto no'n$F w),c) conErm$ t)e $'premac( of no'n$ a$cl,pped form$F bise#ualt'rn ,nto onl( biF and traditionalt)at "ecome$trad%

-he !ormation of lipping

1% Back-cl,pp,ng apocopat,on or apocope ,$ cl,pp,ng t)e Enal partF of

t)e end of t)e word%a% Binoc'lar$ ZZ B,no$"% Microp)one ZZ M,kec% .rofe$$,onal ZZ .rod% G+mna$,'m ZZ 5(me% "dvert,$ementZZ Ad

2% @ore-cl,pp,ng ap)ere$,$ ,$ cl,pp,ng of t)e ,n,t,al partF of t)e"eg,nn,ng of t)e word%a% AfroZZ @ro"% #ell'loidZZ *o,d

c% NecktieZZ !,ed% !elephoneZZ .)onee% Omn,busZZ B'$

% S(ncope ,$ cl,pp,ng "ot) t)e ,n,t,al and t)e Enal part$ of t)e word%a% .a8ama$ ZZ Qam"% 6ead-shrin&er ZZ S)r,nkc% Refrigerator ZZ @r,dged% Inuena ZZ @l'e% Advantage ZZ Jan

Once a cl,pped form )a$ "ecome le8,cal,edF ,t can adopt all t)e propert,e$

of t)e f'll form% @or ,n$tanceF g(m$F fr,dgeF and p)one !an be 'lurali/ed"(add,ng (s% W),le t)e $emant,c f'nct,on of cl,pp,ng ,n 4ngl,$) $omet,me$are opa>'e ,n $ome word$% @or e8ampleF van[[ caravan miss[[m,$tre$$ gi'sy[[ 4g(pt,an gin[[ 5eneva'ants[[ pantaloon$

'iano [[ p,anoforte !ello [[ v,oloncello and etc%

-he Semantic 9ole of lipping

Wonder,ng w)at t)e role of cl,pp,ng ,$F cl,pp,ng '$'all( prov,de$$(non(mo'$ word$ from t)e "a$e "'t t)e d,erent $t(le level not t)ed,erent mean,ng allow$ "ot) to e8,$t% #l,pp,ng w),c) appear$ a$ a m,8edform$ a""rev,ated from larger word$F )oweverF $)are a common f'nct,on%

A$ for e8ample ,$ 7abfor laboratory% Some cl,pp,ng$ End t)e wa( ,ntolarger $peaker comm'n,t,e$F a$ ad for advertisement* In add,t,onF t)e


35/62

tr'ncat,on ,$ al$o $,gnal of t)e fam,l,ar,t( of t)e $peaker w,t) t)e ent,t($;)e ,$ referr,ng to% !)'$F t)ere ,$ no $tr,ct $emant,c tendenc(F grammarFand even $(ntact,c $t'd )ave more to $a( ,n cl,pp,ng%

Is clipping a (ord:formation device7

Some l,ng',$t$ con$,der cl,pp,ng a$ a marg,nalT word-format,onproce$$F a$ ,t doe$ not generate lot$ of new word$% YetF we )ave to adm,tt)at ,n $ome ca$e$F t)e f'll form wo'ld "e a"normal or ,mpo$$,"le ,n t)e$ame po$,t,on7 g(m $)oe$ [[ XXg(mna$,'m $)oe$ porn $tar [[XXpornograp)( $tar

A$ far a$ ,$ knownF t)ere ,$ no wa( to pred,ct )ow m'c) of a wordw,ll "e cl,pped o ,n cl,pp,ngF nor even w),c) end of t)e word w,ll "ecl,pped o% Ne,t)er ,$ ,t po$$,"le to $a( t)at an( g,ven $(lla"le w,lldeEn,tel( "e reta,ned ,n cl,pp,ng% Some e8ample$ from 4ngl,$) are g,ven"elow7

",noc'lar$detect,ve$c,ence Ect,on

S,nce t)e part$ t)at are deleted ,n cl,pp,ng are not clearl( morp)$ ,nan( $en$eF ,t ,$ not nece$$ar,l( t)e ca$e t)at cl,pp,ng ,$ a part ofmorp)olog(F alt)o'g) ,t ,$ a wa( of form,ng new le8eme$%

!)e ma,n pro"lem ,$ t)at w)at ,$ dropped ,$ rarel( a morp)eme per$eF P'$t l,ke ,n ca$e$ of "ackformat,on$%

A p)enomenon can "e o"$erved for lab[[ la"orator(7

laboratory10/+F "',ld,ng $et apart for $c,ent,Ec e8per,ment$FT fromM%*% la"orator,'m a place for la"or or workFT from *% la"orat'$Fpp% of la"orare to workT $ee la"or% S)ortened form la" Er$tatte$ted 13+%

)ttp7;;et(monl,ne%com

In compo'nded $tr'ct're$ $'c) a$ N2N1F N1,$ t)e )ead-wordF ,%e% t)e ma,nwordF t)e word w,t) t)e ma,n $emant,c load ,n t)e compo'ndF andt)erefore t)e word w),c) need$ to "e keptF a$ e8empl,Eed "( t)ee8ample$ prov,ded "( !o'rn,er7

ca$e [[ $',tca$e"'$ [[ omn,"'$plane [[ aeroplaneroac) [[ cockroac)F etc%

YetF t),$ r'le ,$ not alwa($ val,dF a$ $)own "( t)e follow,ng e8ample7t)e "a$e le8eme !hemothera'y,$ often cl,pped ,nto !hemo% !),$ word ,$known a$ a neo:classical compoundcompo$ed of a pseudo:lexemec)emoF from 5reek and of a head:(ordt)erap(% YetF ,t ,$ t)e )ead-word t)erap( t)at ,$ dropped%

If $ome l,ng',$t$ rePect cl,pp,ng a$ part of morp)olog(F t)erefore

rePect,ng ,t$ role a$ a word format,on dev,ceF ot)er$ deem t)at ,t$ $t'd( ,$clo$el( l,nked to "ot) morp)olog( and p)onolog(%
http://etymonline.com/http://etymonline.com/


36/62

onse;uences and phonological reali,ations of clipping

!)e creat,on of cl,pp,ng$ ,$ not t)at ar",trar( "'t ,$ con$tra,ned "(p)onolog,cal re$tr,ct,on$ )av,ng to do w,t) $,e and $(lla"le $tr'ct're

$(lla",c con$t,t'ent$%

A$ t)e cl,pped form ,$ morp)olog,call( $)orter t)an t)e "a$ele8emeF ,t ,$ ver( often red'ced to a monos+llabicor a dis+llabicwordFa$ noted "( Stockwell M,nkova \2//7 1/] w)o wr,te t)at t),$ creat,on"( $)orten,ngT often re$'lt$ ,n a mono$(lla",c word7

>', [[ ,n>',$,t,vep)one [[ telep)oneL' [[ ,nL'enaF etc%

!)e onl( t)ree- and fo'r-$(lla"le form$ fo'nd are cl,pp,ng$ from

compo'nd$7ag,tprop [[ ag,tat,onal propagandad,g, ca"e$ [[ d,g,tal ca"leF etc%Fw),c) e8pla,n$ t)e longerT cl,pped form$%

A >',ck $'rve( $)ow$ t)at o't of t)e ++ cl,pped form$F 1 are neo-cla$$,cal compo'nd$ made 'p of 5reek-or,g,n >'a$, le8eme$7 ",o [[ ",oH log( )omo [[ )omo H $e8'al c)emo [[ c)emo H t)erap( ,ntro[[ ,ntro H d'ct,onF etc% !)e tendenc( ,$ t)erefore to cl,p t)e "a$ele8eme and to keep t)e Er$t part of t)e compo'nd end,ng ,n [oZ%

,nformat,on ZZ ,nfoc'r,o$,t( ZZ c'r,o"rot)er ZZ "rocondom,n,'m ZZ condo

And t),$ tendenc( al$o e8pla,n$ t)e emergence of t),$ [-oZ $'=8Tw)ere ,t wa$ not e8pected7

com",nat,on ZZ com", or com"ole$",an ZZ le$"o certa,nl( al$o "( analog( w,t) )omoF )etero

6ere are $ome not,cea"le tendenc,e$ ,n cl,pp,ng7

Stre$$ $),ftA$ cl,pp,ng con$,$t$ ,n delet,ng a part of a wordF c)ange$ ,n $tre$$pattern$ $'c) a$ $tre$$ $),ft$ are "o'nd to occ'r t)e Er$t $tre$$c)ange ,$ t)e lo$$ of $econdar( $tre$$ w)en t)ere ,$ one ,n t)e f'llform7

appl,cat,on ZZ appcomm'n,cat,on ZZ com

.)onem,c c)ange w)at Ba$$ac \2//&7 11] call$ reconEg'rat,onp)onolog,>'eTF w),c) can take on t)ree form$7

oJowel c)ange

amm'n,t,on ZZ ammoo#on$onant c)ange


37/62

",c(cle ZZ ",keo#on$onant and vowel c)ange$

)'$"and ZZ )'""(

#)ange ,n $pell,ng

A$ Ba'er \133&7 &] wr,te$F cl,pp,ng can al$o lead to c)ange$ ,n$pell,ngF w,t)o't an( c)ange ,n t)e pron'nc,at,on#oca-#ola coca,ne ZZ coketran>',l,er ZZ trank$)ow"'$,ne$$ ZZ $)ow", K$)ow"'$7 wo'ld "e prono'nced l,ke"'$deta,l$ ZZ deet$del,c,o'$ ZZ del,$)$ergeant ZZ $arge

Add,t,on of a $'=8T

A$ ment,oned a"oveF ,n a $,gn,Ecant n'm"er of ca$e$F cl,pp,ng ,$accompan,ed "( $'=8at,on or p$e'do-$'=8at,onF generall( w,t) t)eadd,t,on of t)e [


38/62

English

Inectional :9epetition

ExpressiveC gurative speech?nock


39/62

a% )and( dand("% )'rl( "'rl(c% "ow wowd% teen( weene(

A$ for r)(me$ w,t) d,m,n't,ve $'=8e$F t)e 4ngl,$) word$ tend to lack

,ndependent mean,ng$ "'t take on a new mean,ng w)en com",ned e%g%wishy-washy& hoity-toity% !)e$e word$ are often fo'nd ,n n'r$er( r)(me$and c),ldren:$ $tor( "ook$%!a"le &% .art,al Red'pl,cat,on$ < R)(m,ng Word$

4ngl,$)rhyme diminutive suxa% "oog,e woog,e"% love( dove(

Echoic expression4c)o,$m ,$ a d,$t,nct,ve form of e8pre$$,on w),c) ,ncl'de$ repet,t,on ofword$ for ae$t)et,c or e8pre$$,ve eect% 4c)o,$m ,ncl'de$ pr,mar(onomatopoe,a and $econdar( onomatopoe,a%

!a"le +% Im,tat,on Of Nat'ral So'nd$4ngl,$)c)'g c)'g locomot,ved,ng dong door"ellgo""le go""le

!a"le 0% Nat'ral #orre$pondence Between So'nd And Sen$e4ngl,$))ead over )eel$k,t and ka"oodlek,t) and k,nfa,r and $>'are

9EDA.1I"-I?@ "- -E S@-"-I"1 1EE1!)e f'nct,on$ of red'pl,cat,on can "e con$,dered to "e "ot) r)etor,cal a$well a$ co)e$,ve%

!a"le % #ategor,e$ Of Red'pl,cat,on4ngl,$)


40/62

Exact cop+a% tartar"% dodoc% oldF oldd% )otF )otF )ot

9eiteratione% ,t$( ",t$(f% n,tw,t9eferring Expressiong% )ere and t)ere)% t),$ and t)atparallelism,% look and lookP% draw and draw

?@1ASI?@!)e '$e of red'pl,cat,on for e8pre$$,ve and ae$t)et,c eect ,n 4ngl,$) ,$more e8ten$,ve t)an prev,o'$l( t)o'g)t po$$,"le and new $t'd,e$ arecon$tantl( com,ng 'p w,t) ,n$tance$ t)at $)ow ,t$ '$age to "e m'c) morew,de$pread t)an or,g,nall( "el,eved%

#o !egin with, the genitives, aording to 6am!ridge Advaned Learner9s $itionary,

are the form of a noun, pronoun, et. in the grammar of some languages, whih shows that

the noun, pronoun, et. has or owns something. :hen talking a!out genitives, it is inevita!le

to leave the apostrophe !ehind !eause it funtions to show the differene !etween the

genitive sentenes and non'genitive sentene.

!)e Apo$trop)e"( .'rd'e OW*

#he apostrophe has three uses2

#o form possessives of nouns

#o show the omission of letters

#o indiate ertain plurals of lowerase letters

#o see if you need to make a possessive, turn the phrase around and make it an Pof the...P

phrase. For example2

the !oyQs hat the hat of the !oy

three daysQ "ourney "ourney of three days

If the noun after PofP is a !uilding, an o!"et, or a piee of furniture, then noapostrophe is

neededU

room of the hotel hotel room

door of the ar ar door

leg of the ta!le ta!le leg


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Apostrophes are also used in ontrations. #he apostrophe shows this omission. 6ontrations

are ommon in spea*ing and in informal 'riting. Here are some examples2

don7t 8 do not

could7(e8 could ha(e 26OT 9could of9:4

7;! 8 1?s 8 three of the =acintosh model >?

#here are three


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English. #he $omesti ames 6ommittee, iting her P%immyQs &eakP proposal in a letter,

added PWsiXP after eah P%immyQs.P

3aid Ms. :ood, P#heyQre their QWsisXQ not ours.P

For puntuation stiklers, this offiial apostrophe aversion is a sad omment on a useful markin serious trou!le. Apostrophes arenQt welome on the :e! ?M$onaldQs is mdonalds.om@.

(anks and druggists ignore them ?(arlays, :algreens@. And they sow signage haos

?EmployeeQs >nly Happy (osses $ay (lueQs (and@.

P#his adds to illiteray,P says &ersis


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#he ommittee gets no flak from A.%. 3artin, who wants a streth of Florida oastline named

P=eterans Island.P PItQs the way to do it on the :e!,P he says. or did Mar Maria o!"et

when denied an apostrophe for P&atriotQs &eak,P a nu!!le he owns in Maine. PIt was a

referene to a lot of people,P Mr. Maria says, adding, PIQve lost trak of grammar, I guess.P

In #hurman, the apostrophe is showing more gumption. &eople here long identified a peak

with the old settler, %ames 6ameron, and spelled its name with an apostrophe. Net it never got

onto a map.

In *++, 3usan %ennings, )*, a shoolteaher and 6ameron desendant, applied to have a

mountain she an see from her porh named P%immyQs &eak.P #he names ommittee nixed the

apostrophe. Ms. %ennings didnQt argue.

PNou donQt pronoune apostrophes,P she said, looking aross the Hudson ;iver at the

mountain one day. P3o it makes perfet sense.P

(ut when the name hit the news, Lillie 6ameron was shoked. 3he is 1* years old and a

6ameron lan mem!er. 3he says the government not only forgot the apostropheSit named

the wrong mountain.

Cpstairs in the #own Hall with Ms. :ood, #hurmanQs supervisor, Ms. 6ameron opened a

handwritten !ook, dated /+). #he title page read2 P;oster of the %amesQ &eak Mountain

6lu!.P #he next page was headed, P%immieQs &eak Mountain 6lu! ;esolutions.P A map

indiated that the peak referred to is one mountain to the south.

In Marh, after Ms. 6ameronQs formal protest, the names ommittee voted to onsider

deleting P%immys &eakP from its latest digital maps. As a puntuation'neutral su!stitute, it has

in mind a name no!ody here seems to reogni8e2 :illard Mountain.

#he peak that the mountain lu! alled %immieQs ?or %amesQ@ somehow has another offiial

name2 (ald Mountain. ;est assured that the $omesti ames 6ommittee has no intention of

hanging it now.

PIQd still like it alled %immyQs,P said Ms. 6ameron, agreeing with Ms. :ood on spelling it

that way. PIQd like it on the map.P

P(ut as long as itQs not on the map,P Ms. :ood told her, Phere in #hurman we an still all it%immyQs &eakSwith the apostrophe.P

!64 #OMM4N!

#his feature does give the readers a new way of thinking in interpreting the misused

apostrophe. :hile many people nowadays find that the term of apostrophe always refers to

the genitive, the reent fat shows it is possi!ly different in some ways. Likewise, this feature

provides the distintiveness as well as variant manners towards the usage of apostrophe in

daily life. However, some people pro!a!ly onsider the issue overly ontroversial while

others raise their voie against the apostrophe a!use. #he opposition who omes up with thisnewly'invented idea suppose it to evolve due to the fast hanging of human9s life.


44/62

Reference$

ewman, (. ?*+4, May 0@. #here9s a Zuestion Mark Hanging >ver the Apostrophe9s

Future. !he %all /treet *ournal, ;etrieved fromhttp2JJonline.ws".omJnewsJartilesJ3(+++-*-*51154*-*--4+-051-5*0*/5--01

4+1

>:L, &. ?*+4, Fe!ruary **@. #he Apostrophe. 0nline %riting 1ab Purdue 2niversity,

;etrieved from https2JJowl.english.purdue.eduJowlJresoureJ)*J+J

!)e Role of Morp)olog( ,n t)e .roce$$ of*ang'age Ac>',$,t,on and *earn,ng

SUMMARY%

1% Introd'ct,ona% *ang'age ,$ not $tat,cF completeF "'t a d(nam,c and

develop,ng p)enomenon%"% Important 5oal 7 !)e determ,nat,on of t)e rank of morp)olog(

,n t)e grammar of a part,c'lar lang'age and ,n 'n,ver$algrammar%c% Word format,on $tarted to attract t)e attent,on of l,ng',$t%d% Morp)olog( ,$ con$,dered an a'tonomo'$ componente% 6ave a formal c)aracter,$t,c$ and pr,nc,ple$ of t)e,r ownf% *,ng',$tF p$(c)olog,$t and teac)er$ are ,ntere$ted ,n

morp)olog(g% Beca'$e t)e( e8pect ,t to "e a good mean$ to End o't more

a"o't t)e $trateg,e$ '$e ,n order to ,ncrea$e t)e,r le8,calcapac,t(

)% Word$ are e8pre$$,ng t)e $peaker:$ t)o'g)t$

2% .rod'ct,v,t(a% It ,$ o"v,o'$F t)enF t)at morp)olog( m'$t acco'nt for t)e

morp)olog,cal competence of t)e $peaker$% It m'$t "e am,rror of t)e ,nt',t,on$ t)e( )ave on t)e format,onF,nterpretat,on and recogn,t,on of t)e le8,cal 'n,t$ of t)e,rlang'age% It e8pla,n$ w)( a nat,ve 4ngl,$) $peaker know$ t)atuns'eakable ,$ a word of ),$ lang'age "'t ables'eakun ,$ not

"% Morp)olog( m'$t determ,ne t)e "o'ndar,e$ of morp)olog,calreg'lar,t( ,n a lang'age ,n order to do t)at ,t m'$t make ad,$t,nct,on "etween po$$,"le and non po$$,"le con$tr'ct,on$%

c% t)e prod'ct,v,t( of word format,on r'le$ ,$ one of t)e mo$tcontrover$,al top,c$ ,n morp)olog(% !)e( do not >'e$t,on t)eprod'ct,v,t( of $ome r'le$ "'t word format,on ,n general $ee


45/62

#)om$k( `Remark$ 1&-21+% In l,ng',$t,c$ we $a( t)at aproce$$ ,$ prod'ct,ve w)en ,t ,$ '$ed $(nc)ron,call( to make'p new l,ng',$t,c 'n,t$F and not prod'ct,ve w)en ,t doe$ notperm,t t)at%

d% !)e rec'r$,ve proce$$ carr,ed o't to ,t$ l,m,t$ ma( prod'ce

grammat,cal $tr'ct're$ "'t t)e( are 'naccepta"le% !)e nat,ve$peakerF on t)e ot)er )andF w,ll never formword$ l,ke t)o$e$pontaneo'$l(F "eca'$e ,nt',t,vel( )e know$ t)e l,m,t$ w),c)con$tra,n t)e,r accepta",l,t(%

e% Word format,on r'le$ allow t)e com",nat,onF ,n a E8ed orderFof word$ and a=8e$and a=8e$ and word$ to form new der,ved and compo'nd

le8,cal 'n,t$%1% preE8 - w - Der,ved word7 ina!!urate& reo'en2% w - $'b8 - Der,ved word7 industrial& wordless% w - w -K #ompo'nd word7 heada!he& apple tree

t)e t)ree r'le$ are not ver( '$ef'l% !)e,r generat,vecapac,t( ,$ too e8ten$,veF and man( of t)e generatedword$ are 'naccepta"le to nat,ve $peaker$F t)ereforeFa $er,e$ of cond,t,on$ and con$tra,nt$ are nece$$ar(w),c) re$tr,ct t)e,r generat,ng capac,t(% It $eem$Ft)enF t)at for a morp)olog,cal r'le to "e '$ef'l ,t m'$tconta,n t)e follow,ng ,nformat,onF for e8ample7w8 a=88 - w8fa fp f(w),c) can "e parap)ra$ed ,n t)e follow,ng wa(7 a r'le

of word format,on w),c) add$ an a=8 of t)e categor( w,t) t)e $(ntact,c-$emant,c feat're$ p to a word orroot W of categor( w,t) t)e $(ntact,c-$emant,cfeat're$ a generate$ a new le8,cal 'n,t W of categor( w,t) t)e $(ntact,c-$emant,c feat're$y*

f% !)e mo$t prod'ct,ve 4ngl,$) dever"al compo'nd$ are t)o$eprod'ced on a der,ved word a$ t)e determ,nat'm and apr,m,t,ve one a$ t)e determ,nant t)e determ,nat'm ,$ alwa($t)e t)eme or pat,ent of t)e determ,nantF w),c) ,$ dever"alt)e,r $emant,c content ,$ t)at of act,v,t( or a Po"7bookkee'ing& brainwashing& bull,ghdng& dressmaking or t)at

of an agent or a per$on w)o pract,$e$ t)at Po" or act,v,t(7bookee'er& brainhunter& bookseller& goalkee'er*

g% In 4ngl,$) t)e $'=8 -ery ,$ added to $ome ame$ of good$ to,ndcate t)e $)op$w)ere t)e( are $old% It ,$ added tojewels to formjewelery a$)op of Pewel$F to s'i!es to form s'i!ery& a $p,ce$ $)opF etc%Fand follow,ng t),$ pattern t)e $peaker ma( form=milkery& am,lk $)opF "'t t),$ ,$ "locked "( dairy a long e8,$t,ng word ,nt)elang'age% Among t)e agent ame$ w),c) ,ndcate t)eper$on$ w)o do a Po" or aprofe$$,on t)ere e8,$t ,n 4ngl,$)

'lay - 'layer& dan!e - dan!er& ski - skier& andfollow,ng t)e


46/62

$ame pattern t)e $peaker ma( form steal - =stealer& "'t t),$ ,$"locked "(thie"*

% Morp)olog( and t)e *earn,ng of Added *ang'agea% !o learn an added lang'age mean$ to ac>',re $ome

knowledge of t)e lang'age $($tem F and one of t)e lang'age$($tem ,$ morp)olog,cal r'le$ w),c) allow$ t)e learner toe8pre$$ ),m$elf w,t) t)e greate$t L'enc( po$$,"le%

"% Somet),ng ver( ,mportant for t)e added lang'age teac)er ,$t)e contr,"'t,on of t)e learner$ nat,ve lang'age to t)elearn,ng of t)e added lang'age

c% In t)e added lang'age learn,ngF t)e morp)olog,cal $tr'ct're$of t)e Er$t lang'age ,nL'ence t)e nat,ve$ ,n learn,ng of t)etarget lang'age %

!),$ art,cle e8pla,ned )ow t)e role of morp)olog( ,n t)e pract,cal wa( oflearn,ng and ac>',$,t,on% It e8pla,n ,n ver( deta,l matter and >',te$tra,g)tforward anal($,$% A ver( great of "a$,c concept al$o prov,ded ,nt),$ art,cle% 6oweverF $t,ll t)ere ,$ a po,nt of weakne$$% !),$ art,cleprov,ded a Span,$) lang'age a$ an o"Pect of anal($,$F we t),nk ,t ,$ noteno'g) P'$t p't one o"Pect regard,ng t)e 4ngl,$) ,t$elf come$ from $everallang'age$%

Semant,c #)ange ,n Word @ormat,on

Meaning ould hange as well as from hanging. In Morphology, words have a

network of relationships with their meanings. #he alteration of words, furthermore, ours

due to the freuently used words and the intention of the speakers whih is not the same eah

time. #here are distintive types of the hange. #he most neutral way of hange without

defining the type of the hange is semanti shift.

emantic Differentiation

#he original meaning in semanti shift is not availa!le anymore or only used in

opaue ompounds. Meanwhile, semanti differentiation refers to the proess of whih two

meanings arise from one single original word. In English, there is a onsidera!le flutuation

!etween past and past partiiple ontext ending the last onsonant for the weak ver!s2 either a

voied J'dJ or a voieless J'tJ.

Process

He spoiled his daughters

#he tim!er !urned for hours

Result

A spoilt !rat

(urnt tim!er


47/62

Pol"semous 'ords2 #hese are words whih have a !asi and related figurative meaning. It

ours in a phrase of whih the metaphor use is lear. Moreover, as the time goes !y, the

seondary use a word might replae the primary use of the word.

Et"molog" and the le)icon2 #he development of different meanings for words

automatially raises uestion of whether there is an original meaning.

Coss of le)ical transparenc"2 If in the ourse of its development a word or part of aword !eomes opaue to a later generation then its meaning may !e re'interpreted in an

inorret way.

=eans for the E)tending ord toc*

#his partiular topi aims to gain words for the new phenomena, onepts, et. in the

soiety

Utili0ation of nati(e resources2 this primarily refers to the twin proesses of onepts

and derivation.

Coan translation3 calues2 there were ommon in >ld English !ut have !een

reessive.

Borro'ing 'ords from a further language2 this is a very ommon proess whih is

attested for all periods of the history of English or any other language for that matter.

#here are two !asis reasons for !orrowing words, whih are the neessity for a

foreign word, to fill a gap to speak and the relative prestige ?soial standing@ of the

speakers using the donor language.

T"pes of emantic /hange in ord Formation

#here are many method used in word formation. In addition to new words !eing formed,

words an hange their meaning. #he simplest type of semanti hange in words formation isshift. Alliterations in meaning an !e lassified in several types.


48/62

. 3emanti Expansion ?Inrease the range of meaning overtime@

*. 3emanti ;estrition ?#his is the opposite to semanti expansion, derease the range

of meaning over time@

4. 3emanti $eterioration ?$isapproval in the meaning of word, in other words the

meaning will !eome worse@

-. 3emanti Amelioration ?An improvement in the meaning of word@0. 3hift in Markedness ?#he marked element !eomes unmarked and vie versa@

). ;ise of Metaphorial Csage ?A very ommon semanti development is for literal

expressions to auire figurative usages@

5. ;eanalysis ?#he Latin morpheme min-Glittle9 is seen in minorand minus!ut the

words minimumand miniatureled to the analysis of mini-as the morpheme meaning

Gsmall9 whih has !eome general in English ?and


49/62

2% !(pe$ .ennanen:$ Re$earc) 6e d,$t,ng',$)e$ $,8 categor,e$ accord,ng to t)e part of $peec) of

t)e $o'rce word and t)e re$'lt,ng word% !)e cla$$,Ecat,on ,$ ver( clearand )a$ "ecome t)e met)odolog,cal "a$,$ of t)e pre$ent $t'd( forpre$ent,ng t)e anal($,$ of t)e 2/t) cent'r( mater,al%

a% A ver" ,$ "ack-formed from w)at ,$ "el,eved to "e or reall( ,$an agent no'n nomen agent,$ or an ,n$tr'ment no'n%

bab+:sit [ "a"(-$,tterF 13&hot:dog [ )ot-doggerF 130F $'rEng $langbu= F "'erF 1302

"% A ver" ,$ "ack-formed from a real or $'ppo$ed act,on no'nnomen act,on,$F '$'all( denot,ng t)e a"$tract for t)e ver"

destruct [ de$tr'ct,onF 13+F c),eL( USaccess [ acce$$,onF 1302hitch-hi&e [ ),tc)-),k,ngF 132

c% A ver" ,$ "ack-formed from an adPect,val word w),c) ,$ takento "e a der,vat,ve from t)e ver"F e%g% pre$ent or pa$tpart,c,ple%

norm [ normedF 13+3F mat)emat,c$computeri,e [ comp'ter,edF 130/tax:pa+ [ ta8-pa,dF 131

d% A $'"$tant,ve ,$ "ack-formed from an adPect,ve taken to "e ader,vat,ve from ,t%

ash [ La$)(F 133

paramedic [ paramed,calF 13/spi&e [ $p,k(F 13/2e% An adPect,ve ,$ "ack-formed from an a"$tract $'"$tant,veF

adver" or anot)er adPect,veF w)o$e "a$,c word ,t ,$ taken to"e%

logistic [ log,$t,c$F 13&aerobatic [ aero"at,c$F 131biodiverse [ ",od,ver$,t(F 2/11

f% A pr,mar(T $'"$tant,ve ,$ "ack-formed from w)at ,$ taken to"e ,t$ der,vat,ve%

aerobat [ aero"at,c$F 1323

morph [ morp)emeF 13&trun& [ tr'nk,ngF 130

% B@ ,n t)e 2/t)and earl( 21$tcent'r,e$!)e re$earc) pre$ented )ere ,$ meant a$ a cont,n'at,on of.ennanen:$ cla$$,cal work ,t$ ma,n o"Pect,ve ,$ to complete w)at ),$$t'd( co'ld not7 t)e anal($,$ of mater,al from t)e per,od part,all(covered "( ),m from t)e "eg,nn,ng of t)e 2/ t)cent'r( to t)e earl(130/$F and e$pec,all( t)e per,od 'nt,l toda(% It lead$ ,nto add,t,onal t(pe$%

a% .reE8 "ack-format,on

sorb [ a"$or" ad$or"F 13/3F p)($,cal c)em,$tr(plore [ e8ploreF 133


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"% InLect,onal "ack-format,onbicep [ ",cep$F 133megaop [ megaLop$F 130F comp't,

c% AdPect,ve from agent no'ncarburetted [ car"'rettorF 132F c)em,$tr(

do:good [ do-gooderF 130+'ent $'=8 $'"tracted ,n t)eproce$$ of B@ t)e re$'lt,ng B@$ are $t(l,$t,call( d,ver$eF w,t)'nmarked ,tem$ preva,l,ng t)ere ,$ a con$,dera"le port,on oftec)n,cal term$ and learned word$ t)ere ,$ a $l,g)t >'ant,tat,ve,ncrea$e ,n reg,onall( marked word$ < t)e$e are ma,nl(Amer,can,$m$ preE8 B@$F w),c) generall( repre$ent a m,nor cla$$Fcont,n'e to "e formed t)e t(pe de$cr,"ed a$ ,nLect,onal B@$appear$ to "e ,n cont,n',ng decl,ne adPect,ve$ formed from agentno'n$ are a new t(pe t)at m,g)t cont,n'e ,n occ'rrence%

!o concl'de t)e pre$ent re$earc)F ,t )a$ conErmed t)at B@ can "econ$,dered an anal($a"le and prod'ct,ve word-format,on proce$$F w),c))a$ an ,nd,$p'ta"le potent,al for generat,ng new word$ ,n t)e f't're%

A Morp)olog,cal Anal($,$ of 4ngl,$) #ompo'nd Word$

%ntroduction

In English, words, partiularly ad"etives and nouns, are om!ined into ompound

strutures in a variety of ways. And one they are formed, they sometimes metamorphose

over time. A ompound word is !uilt of two ?or more@ independent words, and has ?at least in

their original form@ a meaning that involves those of their omponents union of two or more

words to onvey a unit idea.


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A hyphenated ompoundalso alled a unit modifier is simply a om!ination of

words "oined !y a hyphen or hyphens. #he hyphen is a mark of puntuation that

not only unites !ut separates the omponent words thus, it aids understanding

and reada!ility and ensures orret pronuniation. :ords are hyphenated

mainly to express the idea of a unit and to avoid am!iguity.

Example 2

quick-acting baking poder 34t acts quick3ly55

fast-falling sno 34t falls fast5

snappy-looking suit 34t looks snappy5

light-stepping horse 34t steps lightly5

odd-seeming sentence 34t seems odd5

. ,n open compound5

An open ompound is a om!ination of words so losely assoiated that they

onvey the idea of a single onept !ut are spelled as unonneted words.

Examples2

lan tennis

canyon head

player piano

#. , solid 2closed4 compound5

A solid ?losed@ ompound om!ines two or more short words into one andappear as one.

Examples2

6reakdon

7ouseife

Playground

Basic Rules of /ompound ords


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1. ord pairs can form different meanings 'hen 'ritten as solid compound.

anyay?regardless@

any ay?in any manner or way@

blue bird ?any !ird olored !lue@

bluebird?a !ird of the genus /ilalia@

high light ?an elevated light@

highlight?as a noun means the most outstanding part@

highlight?as a verb means to give special emphasis or bring attention to@

under ay?asan adverb means in motion, in process@

underay?as an ad*ective means occurring, performed, or used hile

traveling or in motion@

. ome 'ord that are 'ritten as solid or h"phenated compound 'ords ma" not gi(e the

same meaning if the" are not connected.

areaide freshater policymaker

bottomfishing icebreaking shoreline

donhole onshore

#. /ertain compound 'ords are 'ritten separatel"3 +ut 'ritten using h"phen 'hen used

as ad$ecti(e +efore noun.

deep sea ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++deep-sea animals

deep ater +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++deep-ater technology

food eb+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++food-eb dependencies

dark green++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++dark-green cars

?. hen "ou are a+out to ma*e a compound 'ord consists of (er+ and prepositions or

ad(er+3 'rite them as t'o 'ords. Ao'e(er 'hen "ou used them as ad$ecti(es and

nouns3 'rite them as one 'ord 'ithout h"phen.

verb noun or adjective

break up +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++breakup

build up+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++buildup

run off +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++runoff

shut don+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++shutdon

shut in +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++shut-in

Prefi)3 uffi) and /om+ining Forms

. Csually ompound words that onsists prefix and suffix or om!ining forms are

printed solid ?without spae or hyphen@. However, hyphen an !e used to avoid

dou!ling vowels and tripling onsonants. A hyphen is also used to "oin a prefix or

om!ining form to a apitali8ed word.

cooperation preexisting pre-8eogene

postlease presale prelease

hull-less shell-like un-Americanmicro-organism ultra-atomic


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recreation 3leisure5, re-creation 3create again5

recover 3return to normal5, re-cover 3cover again5

*. A prefix that stands alone !ut as a representative of a ompound word must !e

written using hyphen.

over' and underusedmicro' and maroeonomis

#he pre' and postsale ativities were doumented.

#he pre' and postlease sale reports were ompleted

Unit =odifiers

6ompound modifiers are seuenes of modifiers of a noun that funtion as a single unit. It

onsists of two or more words ?ad"etives, adver!s, gerunds, or nouns@ of whih the left'hand

word modifies the right'hand one.

1. Use the h"phen to $oin t'o or more 'ords in a unit modifier +efore a noun.

large-scale pro*ect ++++++++++++++++++++++++++the pro*ect is large scale

bluish-green sea++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++the sea as bluish green

9-inch-diameter pipe +++++++++++++++++++++++a pipe 9 inches in diameter

. hen the meaning is clear or 'hen a compound is 'ell esta+lished or 'idel" *no'n3

'e can omit the h"phen.

bohead hale study natural gas company

grey hale migration oil and gas lease sale activities

high school student royalty bidding system

land use program :iocene age strata

#. Do not use h"phens 'ith unit modifiers 'hen the first element is a comparati(e or

superlati(e.

better drained soil larger sized grains

higher level decision loer income group

6umerical /ompound

A unit modifier ontaining a numeral or spelled'out num!er is usually hyphenated.

;-minute test

;-to-= slope

=?


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4-beam -ray

2-boat !-square

/ompass Direction

6ompass diretion that onsists two points are written as a solid ompound words.

northeastsouthestetc

/O==E6T5

#his artile overs what is the meaning of ompound, the examples of ompound

words, also rules and types of ompound words. Hene, !y reading this artile we an

understand what a ompound word is and how to write it or how to distinguish them.

However we still find a lak that is the writer didn9t provide the history of the ompound

word, how it is formed in the early era and how it is developed until now. Also the writer

didn9t provide lear reasons toward eah rules of writing ompound words.

4ngl,$) Morp)olog(-$7 !)e late$t $lang $'=8

@asah ahraH utari @urha+ati

Documents

English Morphology and Its Stuff