Enhanced production of xylanase enzyme by ......Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of xylanase by selected fungal isolates. Based on the results of Table (1),

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227

Enhanced production of xylanase enzyme by

Fusariummoniliforme using submerged fermentation

Th. H. Shaltout2 , Z. H. Kheiralla

1, N. Sh. El-Gendy

2, H. A.

Ahmed1, and M. M. D. Hussein

3

1Botany Department,Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ai

Shams University. 2Petroleum Biotechnology lab, Department of Processes Design &

Development,Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo,

Egypt. 3

Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National

Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract:

Hemicellulose degrading enzymes play an important role in bioconversion of

agro and agro-industrial wastes. In this study, production of hemicellulase by

six fungal isolates was determined under submerged culture using corn cobs

xylan as a carbon source and enzyme inducer at different incubation periods.

The results indicated that Alternariatenuisshowed the lowest enzyme

productivity (156.95 ± 2.07U/l)while the highest enzyme production

(2,594.44 ± 62.25U/l) was found by Fusariummoniliforme. One-factor-at-a-

time (OFAT) revealed maximum enzyme productivity of 10,950.11 ± 98.45

U/l at; corn cobs xylan (6g/l), yeast extract (4g/l), inorganic salts (MgSO4,

KH2PO4, CaCl2, FeSO4, and MnSO4), initial pH (5), initial inoculum size

(4%), 150 rpm and temperature (30℃ ).

Key words:Xylanase;Fusariummoniliforme;submerged fermentation;corn

cob xylan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]


228

1. Introduction:

Enzymes are used to produce a wide range of biotechnologicalproducts

utilized by the food, chemical, and allied industries andhave been already

recognized as valuable catalysts for productionof fine chemicals and

pharmaceuticals and several organic transformations[1].Hemicellulose is a

branched hetero-polymer consisting of pentose (d-xylose and d-arabinose)

and hexose (d-mannose, d-glucoseand d-galactose) sugars where xylose is

most abundant. Hemicellulose is the one of the most abundant second

renewable biomassin nature after cellulose, which accounts for 25–35% of

lignocellulosic biomass [2]. The most abundant hemicellulose in natureis

xylan which contains mainly -d-xylopyranosyl residues linkedby β-1, 4-

glycosidic bonds [3, 4].

In plants, an overlying layer ofxylan and cellulose forms through hydrogen

bonding which is further covalently linked with lignin leads to formation of

an outsidesheath for the protection of the plant. Xylan accounts for 30–35%

of total dry weight, however, the exact amount of the xylandifferefrom plants

to plants which display a large variation in composition during extraction

from different sources [4, 5].

Hemicelluloses degradation needs the hemicellulytic enzymes. These

enzymes have wide range of applications such as utilization of lignocellulosic

substances to cellulosic bioethanol, clarification of juice and animal feed, in

paper industry, etc. [2]. These enzymes are produced by a large number of

microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi, but fungi have a

great interest because they excrete their enzymes extracellularly[6].

Xylan, with its β-1, 4-linked polyxylose backbone branched with other

pentoses, hexoses and uronic acids, is the main component of hemicellulose.

[7,8]. Among the xylanolytic enzymes, endo-1, 4-β-xylanases (play important

roles during hydrolysis of xylan, as they can cleave β-1, 4-linked xylose

backbone of xylan[2].Filamentous fungi are particularlyremarkable producers

of xylanases from an industrial point of view, owing to the fact that they

secrete xylan-degrading enzymes into the medium, thus avoiding cell

disruption. Furthermore, the xylanase levels obtained from fungal cultures

are typically much higher than those obtained from yeast or bacteria. In

addition, fungi typically produce several auxiliary enzymes that are necessary


229

for debranching of the substituted xylans[9].Mostly the production of

xylanases has been studied in submerged liquid culture but there are few

reports concerning the xylanase production in solid state fermentation using

lignocellulosic wastes. Submerged fermentation process is mostly preferable

because of more nutrients availability, sufficient oxygen supply and less

timerequired for the fermentation than other fermentation techniques.

The present work aims to optimizexylanaseproductivity byF.moniliforme

using submerged fermentation.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Fungal strains:

The hemicellulolytic activities of six fungal isolates were investigated

throughtout the present work.Alternariatenuis, F. moiliforme, F. oxysporum

were isolated from old deteriorated valuable manuscript(Al Sultan Malak,

library No.1405)present in the Stores of General Egyptian Book

Organization(G.E.B.O).Cairo, Egypt .Mucormucedo ,RhizoctoniaSolani,

Rhizopusoryzawere isolated from rhizosphere of local tomato plant . Isolation

and identification of these fungi were achieved by Dr.A.F.Sahab, Plant

protection Lab, Plant Pathology department, National Research Centre. The

fungal strains were grown on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA).Slants

were incubated at 30℃ for 7 days and stored in a refrigerator at 4℃ .

2.2. Inoculum preparation:

This was done by adding 10ml normal saline (0.9gNaCl/100ml) to each 7

days old cultureand scratched with sterile needle.This spore suspension was

used as inoculums. The tube was shacked to make homogenous.

2.3. Fermentation technique:

Cultivation was carried out in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing

25 ml of the fermentation medium[10]. , it containedKH2PO4(1.5g/l)

MgSo4.7H2O(1.0g/l),CaCl2(0.2g/l),FeSO4.7H2O(0.4g/l), MnSO4.5H2O

(0.3g/l), yeastextract (2g/l). The pH was adjusted by adding 1N NaOH.

Carbon source was corn cobs xylan and sterilized for 15 min at 121℃ (1.5

atm). The flasks were then inoculated with 1ml of fungal conidial suspension


230

under aseptic condition and incubated at 30℃ on a rotary shaker at 150rpm

for several days. After incubation for different periods the culture broth from

each flask was centrifuged in cooling centrifuge at 4000rpm for 10 minutes.

The clear culture filtrate was taken in which the protein content and enzyme

assays were determined. All experiments were run parallel in duplicate.

2.4.EstimationEnzymeactivity:

The diluted culture filtrate or enzyme solution (0.2ml) was added to 0.8ml of

hemicellulosic suspension (2.5%) in 0.05 M citrate buffer (PH 4.8). The

reaction mixture was then incubated at 50℃ for 30 min .The released

reducing sugars were determined as xylose by Nelson,s reagent according to

[11]. . Enzyme activities were determined in culture filtrate by measuring the

released sugars from substrates. One unit of enzyme activities was defined as

the amount of enzymes required to release 1µ mol of xylose per min under

the assay conditions.

2.5. Determination of soluble protein:

Soluble protein content of the studied sample was determined by the

method of [12].

2.6. Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of

xylanaseby selected fungal isolates:

Various nutritional conditions like different concentration of carbon source

(2-10 g/l), different nitrogen sources (yeast extract ,backer’s yeast, soybean

milk, corn steep liquor, urea, NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4,NH4Cl ), different

concentration of yeast extract (1- 6 g/l), different inorganic salts(

MgSO4,KH2PO4,CaCl2,FeSO4,MnSO4)and some culture condition Such as

intial pH (4.5-7 ) ,Inoculum size (2-10), different r.p.m. (0,150,180), different

temperature (25,30,37) and some additives with different concentrations

such as(Tween80(1-3ml/l), wheat bran(1-5g/l) and glucose(1-5g/l)).

2.7.Statistical analysis:

The differences in enzymes activities variables among the treatment

effects were tested using F-test. In addition, After testing the data for

normality, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the

significance of variations of enzymes activities among the


231

different treatment effects by using Duncan’s multiple range tests at P <

0.05 according to SPSS software [13]..

3. Results

3.1. Screening of some fungal isolates for theirxylanaseactivity:

Table, 1 showed the results of the wide range of differences were observed in

the hemicellulytic activities of the investigated fungal isolates. The highest

hemicellulase activities 2594.44± 62.25 U/l recorded in the culture filtrate of

F. moniliformeisolated from old deteriorated valuable manuscript.

Noteworthy, is that most of the studied fungal isolates showed their higher

hemicellulytic activities (Table 1) after 7 days (other than 14 days) of

incubation.

3.2. Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of

xylanase by selected fungal isolates.

Based on the results of Table (1), the highest values were showed by each of

F.moniliforme. Consequently, this isolate was selected to undertake the next

parts of the present work.

Table (1): Table (1) xylanase activity of the tested fungi.

Fungal strain

incubation

Period

(day)

Final

PH

Dry weight of

cells and

residual

hemicelluloses

(g/l)

Protein

Content

Of

c.f.

(µg/l)

Hemicellulase

activitiy

(U/l )

Rhizopusoryzae

7 7.5 2.56 38.02 296.10 ± 2.51 d

14 7.5 1.78 66.54 555.56 ± 1.53 c

Rhizoctonia

Solani

7 7 2.56 67.93 222.23 ± 2.51 e

14 7.5 2.37 118.88 60.00 ± 1.53 g

Fusarium

moiliforme

7 7 3.44 90.10 2594.44 ± 62.25

a

14 7 2.82 56.55 1766.67 ± 32.64

b

Alternariatenuis 7 6.5 2.192 106.60 174.44 ± 3.11 f

14 7 2.22 83.52 156.95 ± 2.07 f

Fusariumoxysporum 7 7 2.72 131.95 187.26± 0.38 f

14 7 2.82 56.55 223.65± 0.34 ef

Mucormucedo 7 7 2.30 67.61 2268.93± 20.07a

14 7 1.55 134.85 1032.58±37.67b


232

The mean values of the enzyme activities ± SD are presented. The

different letters show significant difference (P < 0.05).

3.2.1. Effect of differentcarbon sources concentrations on hemicellulase

production:

The results of Figure 1 revealed that the highest hemicellulase values

5618.5U/l were showed by F.moniliforme by using corn cobs xylan 6g/l.

The statistical results showed thatthe concentrations 4 and10g/l were non-

significant effect on xylanase activity by F.moniliforme. Total soluble

protein was estimated with enzyme activity. According to the data

represented in fig (1), enzyme activity affected on the total protein produced,

parallel.

Fig. 1: Effect of different concentration of carbon source on

hemicellulase of Fusariummoniliforme. The mean values of the enzyme

activities ± SD are presented. The different letters show significant

difference (P < 0.05).

dc

a

bb

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2 4 6 8 10p

rote

in c

on

ien

t m

g/l

He

mic

ellu

lase

act

ivit

y U

/l

Hemicellulose concentration g/l


233

3.2.2Effect of different nitrogen:

The result of fig.2 showed that the yeast extract (control N source) was

selected as the most suitable N source to be used in the next parts of the

present work. The statistical results showed that corn steep liquor and

NaNo3had non-significant effect xylanase activity by Fusariummonilifrome.

The nature of nitrogen source has considerable effect on enzyme activity and

total protein content. By using organic nitrogen sources, there was semi

stability with fewer differences in enzymes activities. There were higher

differences in total protein with using inorganic nitrogen ranged from (63.21

mg/l by using ammoniumchloride) to (81.60mg/l by using sodium nitrate).

Fig. 2: Effect of different nitrogen sources on hemicellulase activity of

Fusariummoniliforme. The mean values of the enzyme activities ± SD are

presented. The different letters show significant difference (P < 0.05).

h

ab

d c ge

fc

020406080100120140

01000200030004000500060007000

pro

tein

co

nte

nt

mg/

l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ityu

/l

Nitrogen sources

hemicellulase activity protein content


234

3.2.3. Effect of different yeast extract concentrations:

The results of Fig.3 indicated that on using 4g/L yeast extract,

F.moniliformeexhibited their highest hemicellulase activity 8074.04U/l,

respectively. Thus, yeast extract (at 4g/l) was chosen to be used (as N source)

in the next experiments during this study.

The statistical results showed that allThe concentrations 1 and2g/l yeast

extract were non-significant effect on xylanase activity by F.moniliforme.

Soluble protein increased with increasing of yeast extract concentration. The

total protein content affected parallel with enzyme activity.

Fig.3: Effect of different yeast extract concentrations on hemicellulase

activity of Fusariummoniliforme. The mean values of the enzyme



ee

d a b c

0

50

100

150

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1 2 3 4 5 6

pro

tein

co

nte

nt

mg/

l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

yeast extract concentration g/l

enzyme activity protein content


235

3.2.4. Effect of inorganic salts:

The results of Fig.4 revealed that F.moniliforme was needed for all of the

tested inorganic salts to exhibit its own higher activity. The statistical results

showed that all Elimination of MgSo4andCaCl2 had non-significant effect on

xylanase activity by F.moniliforme. The total protein content affected parallel

with enzyme activity.

Fig.4: Effect of inorganic salts used in studied media on hemicellulase

activity of Fusariummoniliforme. The mean values of the enzyme



a c

e

c bd

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Control MgSO4 KH2PO4 CaCl2 FeSO4 MnSO4

pro

tein

co

nte

nt

mg/

l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

omitted salts



227

3.2.5. Effect of initial pH-values:

The results of Fig. 5indicated thatF.moniliformeled to production of the

highest hemicellulase activities were 10950.11U/l. Based on these data the

initial pH-value was adjusted at pH5 for growing the selected fungal isolates

in the next experiments.

The statistical results showed that pH (4.5and 6) had non-significant effect on

xylanase activity byand F. moniliforme .The total protein content affected

parallel with enzyme activity.

Fig.5: Effect of initial pH on hemicellulase activity of



c

a

b cd

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

4.5 5 5.5 6 7p

rote

in c

on

ten

t m

g/l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

intial pH



228

3.2.6. Effect of inoculums size:

The results of Fig.6 revealed that the control inoculum size (4%) was

found optimal for production of highest hemicellulase activities10950.11U/l

of F. moniliforme. Thus, the inoculum size 4% was applied to grow the

selected fungal isolates in the next experiments.

According to statistical results.inoculum sizes 2 and 10 % had non-significant

effect on xylanase activity on xylanase activity by F. moniliforme. The total

protein content affected parallel with enzyme activity.

Fig. 6: Effect of different inoculum size on hemicellulases activity by



da b c

d

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2 4 6 8 10p

rote

in c

on

ten

t m

g/l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

inoculum size %



229

3.2.7. Effect of aeration rate:

The data of Fig. 6 indicated that shaking at 150 r.p.m. (control

condition) afforded the optimal aeration rate for secretion of hemicellulase

enzymes by the chosen fungal isolates. According to statistical results, all

trials had significant effect on enzymes activities. The total protein content

affected parallel with enzyme activity.

Fig. 7: Effect of different (r. p.m) on hemicellulases activity by



3.2.8. Effect of Incubation Temperature:

The data recorded in Fig. 8 showed that the control temperature, i.e., 30°C,

was found the optimal one .Hence, the incubation of selected fungal isolates

was carried out (in the next experiments) at 30°C.According to statistical

results, all trials had significant effect on enzymes activities. The total protein

content affected parallel with enzyme activity

Fig. 8: Effect of different temperature on hemicellulase

activitybyFusariummoniliforme. The mean values of the enzyme activities ± SD

are presented.

The different letters show significant difference (P < 0.05).

c

a b

0

5000

10000

15000

0 150 180

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

r.p.m.

ba

c

0

5000

10000

15000

25 30 37

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

temprature°C


230

3.2.9. Effect some additives:

The data of Fig.9 revealed that the supplementation with any of the

aforementioned additives did not enhance the hemicellulase activities of

F.moniliforme. Thus, no additives were used in the next experiment.

Statistical results showed that Wheat bran (5g/l) and glucose (3ml) had

non-significant effect xylanase and Wheat bran (1g/l) and glucose (1g/l) had

non-significant effect xylanase activity by F.moniliforme. The nature of

additives affected on total protein content. Tween 80 (1,2 ml/l) has semi

stability in protein content ,but (3ml/l) has increased the total protein with

less increase in CMCase activity and less decrease in FPaseactivity.there was

higher differences in protein content by using wheat bran as additives

ranged from (84.50 to107.52 mg/l). By using glucose protein content ranged

from ( 80.77 to 89.55).

Fig.9: Effect of some supplements addition with different concentrations

on hemicellulase activityby Fusariummoniliforme. The mean values of

the enzyme activities ± SD are presented. The different letters show

significant difference (P < 0.05).

5. Disscusion

Recently, xylanase has become an essential option for environmental

friendly industrial biotechnological applications [14.15]. The xylanase

enzyme can be produced by a number of microorganisms, however,

a d cb

e f he g h

0

50

100

150

200

02000400060008000

100001200014000

pro

tein

co

nte

nt

mg/

l

en

zym

e a

ctiv

ity

u/l

supplments g-ml/l



231

filamentous fungi are considered as more potent producers of xylanases[16,

17]. Six fungal isolates were selected for the xylanase production based on

their ability to hydrolyze xylan in the medium. The maximum enzyme

production was observed in Fusariummoniliforme(2594.44 ± 62.25U/l).

The optimization of medium composition is done to maintain a balance

between the various medium components in production media which is done

for commercial practice. Optimization helps minimizing the amount of

unutilised components at the end of fermentation. Research efforts have been

paying attention mainly towards evaluating the effect of various carbon,

nitrogenous nutrients, metal ion, phosphate and salt as cost-effective

substrates on the yield of enzymes [18].xylanases are produced worldwide

through SmF which allows better control environment during aerobic

fermentation process. It has been found that SmF is normally preferred when

the preparations require more purified enzymes [19]

The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on secondary metabolism is

trained by several factors including the type of metabolic pathway, the

producing organism, the type and concentration of the sources and whether

cultures are stationary or submerged. In SmF, purified xylan is frequently

used in bioprocesses for xylanase production. Most microorganisms can

utilize both inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen which are required to

produce amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins and other cell wall components.

Recently, [20] isolatedA. niger from garden soil and investigated the effect of

different parameters for maximum xylanase production in shake flask. It has

been observed that maximum xylanase production was found in presence of

xylan as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source, these resulte

agreed with the result in the present work.

Fungi require a unique combination of several unusual nutrient conditions,

that is, hydrogen ions, dissolved oxygen certain trace metals, or phosphate for

sufficient growth or xylanase production. Fe2+

, Mg2+,

Mn2 have positive

effect on xylanaseactiviry[21].

The cultivation pH exerts a major influence on the overall fermentation

efficiency. This is largely because the pH of the medium changes in response

to the metabolic activities taking place. For example, the secretion of organic

acids such as citric, acetic, and lactic acids will cause the pH to decrease,


232

while the uptake of organic acids present in some nutrient media can lead to

an increase in pH. Enzymatic activity is usually strongly influenced by pH,

because the active sites of enzymes often depend on the presence of ionic

species to maintain conformations that enable efficient binding to the

substrate. [22]reported that Optimum pH of xylanase production by fungi

ranged from 4.5 to6 which agree with the result in the present work.

Highest enzyme activity appeared by inoculum size 4% and decreased by

higher inoculum sizes .These results indicated that Increased level of

inoculum mostlyreduced xylanase production in industrial fermentation

process [23]. This may be due to the depletion ofnutrients from the

fermentation medium which resulteddecline in enzyme synthesis.

The function of aeration is to maintain aerobic conditions, remove the

carbon dioxide generated, and regulate the temperature and moisture level of

the substrate.In aerobic SmF cultivations, the oxygen supply is often the

limiting factor for growth, due to low solubility of oxygen in water. In the

present work 150 r.p.m. was the optimum aeration rate.[22]

Incubation temperature is also a critical factor in the growth of

fungus. Different experiments were performed on variousincubation

temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 oC. Results ofthe study indicated that

maximum enzyme production wasnoted at 30o C. this results agree with the

result of the present work. The incubation temperature was further increased

decrease in enzyme production was also observed. Due to increasing the

enzyme activity, some supplements were added to the optimized

medium.Unfortunately, all supplemented tested have negative effect on

enzyme activity. This result disagreed with [23]

Conculsion:

The fungal strainF.moniliformeexpresses good xylanaseactivity, using the

agro-industrial wastes; corn cobs xylan, as an individual carbon source and

inducer(2,594.44 ± 62.25U/l). Upon optimization the enzyme productivity

was approximately increased by four times, recording maximum enzyme

productivity10,950.11 ± 98.45 U/l, under optimum operating conditions of;

corn cobs xylan (6g/l), yeast extract (4g/l), inorganic salts (MgSO4, KHPO4,

CaCl2, FeSO4, and MnSO4), initial pH (5), initial inoculum size (4%), 150

https://www.google.com.eg/search?dcr=0&q=Unfortunately&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNjP6w88TWAhXM7hoKHdllAGEQvwUIJigA


233

rpm and temperature (30℃ ). Thus, optimization of process parameters is a

prerequisite to enhance the enzyme yield and activity, which is very helpful

in large-scale production.

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الملخص باللغة العربية

دراسه النشاط االنسيمي لبعض السالالت الفطريه

زينب خيرهللا, ثناء شلتوت 1

, نورالجنذى2

, هاله عبذ المنعم1

, 2

,

محمذ مجذ الذين درويش3

1 .يصش- انقبش–جبيع عي شظ - كهي انببت–قغى انببت

2 .يصش-انقبش- يعذ بذخ انبحشل- قغى جطيش انعهيبت- يعم انبيحكنج

3انشكض - شعب انصبعبت انصيذني انذائي- قغى كييبء انحجبت انطبيعي انيكشبي

يصش- انجيض- انقي نهبذخ

جى دساعة قذس عح . يذف انعم انبذح ان دساع انشبط االضي نبعض انفطشيبت

ادذ االضيبت ان ف يجع xylanase انضياليض ,فطشيبت عه احبج اضيبت

اجضخ ي خالل انذساع ا .hemicellulaseاضيبت اني عهيالص

انعضل ي انهفبت انقذي االعه احبجي الضيى Fusariummoniliformeفطش

انضياليض خالل فحش عبع ايبو ي انحذضي رنك ببعحخذاو انضيال انغحخهص ي اكاص

دذ شبط 2594.44ببحبجي جقذس ة corn cobs xylanانزس كصذس كشب

: اال. اعحخذو انفطش العحببط افضم انظشف انالئ نحذغي احبجي االضيى . نحش /اضيي

نحش /جشاو6كبث انحيج ا جشكيض corn cobs xylanجى دساع جبثيش جشكيضات يخحهف ي

جث دساع :ثبيب.نحش/ دذ شبط اضيي5618.5 افضم جشكيض العه احبجي الضيى ة

ادغ يصذس yeast extractيصذاس يخحهف ي انيحشجي كب يغحخهص انخيش

جى دساع جشكيضات :ثبنثب.يحشجي اعحخذي انفطش الظبس اعه احبجي الضيى انغياليض

نحش انحشكيض انفضم نهفطش الظبس اعه / جشاو 4يخحهف ي يغحخهص انخيش كب

جى دساع جبثيش االيالح :سابعب.نحش/ دذ شبط اضيي8074.04شبط اضي صم ان

جى :خبيغب. غيش عضي كبث انحيج ا انفطش يذحبج جيع االيالح انح جث دساعحب

االفضم 5دساع جبثيش يجع يخحهف ي االط انيذسجي كب االط انيذسجي

جث دساع ادجبو يخحهف : عبدعب.نحش/دذ شبط اضيي10950.11ببحبجي صهث ان

جى دساع جبثيش عذد : عببعب.نحش االعه ف انشبط االضي/ جشاو 4نهذق انفطشي كب

جث : ثبيب. نف نكم دقيق االعه احبجي150انهفبت نكم دقيق عه احبجي االضيى كب

دسج 30دساع دسجبت جذضي يخحهف كبث اعه احبجي نالضيى عذ دسج دشاس

جى دساع جبثيش بعض اناد انضبف نى يك ال يب جبثيش ايجبب ف صيبد :جبععب.يئي

.احبجي االضيى

:انكهبت انذان

Fusariummoniliformeفطش-صيال- اضيى انضياليض

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Enhanced production of xylanase enzyme by ......Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of xylanase by selected fungal isolates. Based on the results of Table (1),