1550-1789CHAPTER 22

Enlightenment and

Revolution

Vocabulary I

Geocentric Theory: Earth centered view of solar system (Aristotle)

Scientific Revolution: New was of thinking about the natural world. Use science to answer questions (lightening)

Scientific Method: Logical, step-by-step method of science. Foundation for all of modern research.

Heliocentric Theory: Sun centered view of solar system (Copernicus)

Galileo Galilei: Italian Astronomer. Findings went against the church.

Isaac Newton: English, Law of Gravity, Laws of Motion

Vocabulary II

Enlightenment: New intelligence movement that stressed reasons and thought to solve problems (figure it out)

Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes’ agreement with people and government. Consent to rule, rule for the people.

John Locke: Natural Rights; Everyone is born Free and Equal. (life, liberty and property). Overthrow gov. if these are not provided.

Voltaire: French, tolerance, reasons, religious freedom, speech, “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

Vocabulary IIIMontesquieu: French, separation of powers,

“Power.. Should check power.”Rousseau: French, Individual freedom, “Man is

born free….and everywhere he is in chains.”Mary Wollstonecraft: Women’s Rights, educated

and useful (medicine/politics) Salon: Social gatherings for “thinkers”Enlightened Despot: Absolute ruler who accepted

the Enlightenment ideasCatherine The Great: Russia, reformed Russia

using the ideas from the Enlightenment era.

CHAPTER 22:1

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution

The Roots of Modern Science New Way of Thinking

Scientific Revolution Careful observation and questioning of accepted beliefs

Discovery of new lands during exploration and printing press helped to spread new ideas

The use of “science” to explain the unknown or the supernatural Scientifically explanation for everything in the Universe

The Heliocentric TheoryNicolaus Copernicus –

First to propose idea that sun was the center of the universe (1543)

Johannes Kepler - Demonstrated using math that planets revolve elliptically around the sun

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

Galileo's Discoveries

Discovered the law of universal acceleration

Starry Messenger The Dialogue Concerning the

Two Chief World Systems Built Europe’s first telescope,

advocated that the sun was the center of the universe

Conflict With the Church Church leaders were afraid new

theories might cause others to question church

Forced Galileo to confess he thought Copernicus’ theory was wrong!

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method Using logic, reason,

and experiments to reach conclusions

Rene Descartes Everything should be

doubted until proven by reason

Sir Isaac Newton Explained the laws of

gravity

Rene Descartes“I think…therefore I am” Sir Isaac Newton

The First True Research Scientists

Newton Explains the Law of GravityAll physical objects were

affected equally by the same forces

“For every action… there is an equal or greater reaction”

The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy

Universe was a giant “clock” and was expressed mathematically

The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body

New technology such as the microscope allowed humans to see bacteria for the first time

Zacharias Janssen and Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discover bacteria

Evangelista Torricelli (Italian) Invented the Barometer

Gabriel Fahrenheit (German) Thermometer “32”

Anders Celsius (Swede) Celsius based on “0”

The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body

Andreas Vesalius (Dutch) On the Structure of the Human Body Detailed map of the body (organs/functions)

Edward Jenner (English) Created world’s first vaccine Helped to eliminate smallpox

Robert Boyle (English) The Skeptical Chemist Boyle’s Law: Matter was made up of smaller primary

particles that joined together in different ways Volume, Temperature and Pressure of gas

Main Ideas

1. Before the 1500’s who was the “final” authority with most unexplained events?

2. Why did this institution resist change?

CHAPTER 22 :2

The Enlightenment In Europe

Thomas Hobbes John Locke

The Enlightenment In Europe: England

Two Views On Government: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

Book: The Leviathan

Humans are natural selfish and wickedGovernments needed to maintain order…

The Social Contract Escape bleak life by having a strong ruler In exchange for Law/Order

Absolute Rulers, Absolute Monarchy

John Locke

People could learn from experience/improve Self-Government All people are born free and equalNatural Rights

Life, Liberty and Property Government must protect these rights Overthrow it!! Power of government comes from the CONSENT of

peopleBook: Two Treatises of Government

Enlightenment Thinkers

Voltaire 70 Books

Attacked abuses of the government and church

Advocated tolerance, reason, religious freedom and freedom of speech

“The pen is mightier than the sword”

Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Believed that “power

must check power” to prevent tyranny

Thought up the theory of Checks and Balances

Book: On the Spirit of Laws

Rousseau: Champion of Freedom “Man is born free… but

everywhere he is in chains”

Book: The Social Contract “The only legitimate

government was one freely formed by the people

Thought Direct Democracy the best form of government

Enlightenment Thinkers

Cesare Bonesanna Beccaria Mary Wollstonecraft

ItalianLaws existed to

preserve social order, not to avenge crimes

Abuses torturing of

witnesses/suspects Speedy trial Punishments fits the crime

Limited rights for women

A Vindication of the Rights of Women Education to become

useful Women were important

to society

Enlightenment Thinkers'

Major Ideas of the EnlightenmentIdeas Thinker Impact

Natural Rights(Life, Liberty,

Property)

John Locke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence

Separation of Powers

Montesquieu France, U.S., Latin America nations use in new governments

Freedom of thought and expression

Voltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Dec. of Rights and Citizen, European monarchs reduce censorship

Abolishment of Torture

Beccaria U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed/reduced in Europe/Americas

Religious Freedom

Voltaire Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, European Monarchs reduce persecution

Women’s Equality Wollstonecraft Women’s rights groups from in Europe and North America

The Legacy of the Enlightenment

1. Belief in Progress1. Human reason could solve social and medical problems2. Perfect society was possible

2. A More Secular Outlook1. People began to question the beliefs and teachings of

the church2. Promoted religious tolerance

3. Importance of the Individual1. People began to look inward for guidance instead of to

the Church or monarchs4. Causes Revolutions

1. American, French, South American, Etc.

CHAPTER 22:3

The Enlightenment Spreads

FrederickThe Great

Joseph II Catherine The Great

The Enlightenment Spreads

1700s Paris, France is the cultural/intellectual capital Enlightenment Ideas

are discussedSalons

Social gatherings/spreading of Enlightenment ideals

First Encyclopedias are developed Thirst for knowledge

The Enlightenment Spreads

Changes in MusicLighter more elegant

musicBirth of “Classical”

Music Vienna, Austria

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ludwig van Beethoven

Mozart Beethoven

Enlightened Musicians

Enlightened Monarchs

Enlighten Despots

Supported “new” enlightenment ideas

Didn’t want to loose any power!!

Stronger Countries/Rule More Effectively

Fredrick The Great of Prussia Catherine The Great of

Russia

Enlightened Despots

Fredrick The Great of Prussia

Catherine The Great of Russia

Promoted religious tolerance and abolished torture

The job of a ruler was to serve the state and the people “The First Servant of

The State…”

Limited the rights of Serfs to maintain power

Put in limited reforms for religious toleration

Expanded Russia west into Poland and south to the Black Sea

Enlightened Despots