Environmental and Planning Guidelines for · v Environmental and Planning Guidelines for Tourism Development on the North West Cape EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The west coast of the North West

E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d P l a n n i n g G u i d e l i n e s f o r T o u r i s m D e v e l o p m e n t o n t h e N o r t h W e s t C a p e

Environmental and PlanningGuidelines for Tourism Development

on the North West Cape

Environmental and PlanningGuidelines for Tourism Development

on the North West Cape

MAY 1999

Prepared for Gascoyne Coast Planning Coordinating Committeeof the Western Australian Planning Commission

byDepartment of Environmental Protection

andMinistry for Planning

W E S T E R N A U S T R A L I A

Ministry for Planning

Department ofEnvironmental Protection

WESTERN AUSTRALIANPLANNING COMMISSION

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© State of Western Australia

Published by the

Western Australian Planning Commission

Albert Facey House

469 Wellington Street

Perth, Western Australia 6000

Published May 1999

ISBN 0 7309 9084 2

Internet: http://www.wa.gov.au/planning

E-mail: [email protected]

Fax: (08) 9264 7566

Phone: (08) 9264 7777

TTY: (08) 9264 7535

Infoline 1800 626 477

Copies of this document are available in alternative formats on

application to the Disabilities Service Coordinator

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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V

BACKGROUND 1Select Committee on Cape Range National Park & Ningaloo Marine Park 1Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy 1EPA Cape Range Position Statement 1Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan 2

PURPOSE 3APPLICATION 3

PRELIMINARY 3

GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3

Sustainability 3Interdependence 3Limits of Acceptable Change 3Precautionary Principle 3Cumulative Impacts 3High Conservation Areas 4Wilderness Values 4

ISSUES FOR PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENTS 41. LOCATION 42. DEVELOPMENT SCALE 63. WILDERNESS PROTECTION 74. FORESHORE SETBACK 95. MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE 116. WATER AVAILABILITY 127. CYCLONES, FLOODING AND DRAINAGE 148. SEWAGE TREATMENT 149. WASTE DISPOSAL 1610. ACCESS 1611. ENERGY GENERATION 1812. CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT 19

APPROVALS PROCESS 2113. ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL PROCESS 2214. PLANNING APPROVAL PROCESS 2315. CALM APPROVAL PROCESS 24

SUMMARY MATRIX 25

REFERENCES 32

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The west coast of the North West Cape is afragile coastal environment of nationalsignificance, and its attraction lies in itswilderness, beauty and relative isolation.The development of major touristaccommodation could detract from itswilderness appeal.

It is not preferred for large-scaledevelopment given its wilderness values,and the lack of water resources, powergeneration capacities, wastewater treatmentand disposal facilities and accessdifficulties. While new development shouldtake place in Exmouth or close to existinginfrastructure, a demand for wildernessaccommodation from ecotourists andbackpackers is acknowledged.

Accordingly the “Environmental andPlanning Guidelines for TourismDevelopment on the North West Cape”recommend low-impact/small-scale tourismdevelopment on the west coast. Theseincorporate standards for essentialinfrastructure and type of development,and are designed to protect the integrity ofCape Range and Ningaloo Marine Park. Theguidelines identify both environmental andplanning constraints and opportunities.Proposals for tourism development will beevaluated in accordance with theguidelines.

There are opportunities in the Cape RangeNational Park for low-impact tourism andfor scientific research facilities based onimproving knowledge and appreciation ofthe ecology and natural resources.Management of these areas would be theresponsibility of CALM, which currentlyprovides a significant amount ofinformation about the local environment atthe Milyering Visitor Centre.

To ensure that the level of development canbe monitored over a period of time and that

it is environmentally sound andsustainable, in the short to medium termonly two of the following sites may bedeveloped:

• adjacent Ningaloo Homestead• Lefroy Bay• Winderbandi Point• Milyering; and• A site to be selected north of Cape

Range National Park

Proponents of development on any ofthese sites should use these guidelines toidentify the environmental constraints andpossible management requirements forany proposal prior to submitting a formalapplication. However, it is likely that anydevelopment on the Cape’s west coastwould require some form ofEnvironmental Protection Authorityassessment, given the sensitivity of thearea and the high public interest in itsprotection. The level of developmentshould be monitored to ascertain itsimpact on the environment.

This document contains policies andguidelines for proposed tourismdevelopment under the followingheadings:

• Location• Development Scale• Wilderness Protection• Foreshore Setback• Marine Infrastructure• Water Availability• Cyclones, Flooding and Drainage• Sewage Treatment• Waste Disposal• Access• Energy Generation• Construction and Management

Details of the approvals process are alsooutlined.

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features or the ambience of the surrounding topography.

Recommendation 2:There be no shore based resort development on the western side of Cape Range, on coastal land abutting Ningaloo Marine Park.

Recommendation 3:

The Minister for the Environment establisha Strategy Group to develop environmentally acceptable guidelines for accommodation facilities, depicting essential infrastructure, form and headworks which, as a bottom line, protectthe integrity of Cape Range and Ningaloo Marine Park.

In 1996 the Western AustralianGovernment released a response to theSelect Committee’s report. In summarythis response supported the intent andprinciple of the recommendationsidentified above. The response alsoconsidered that the Gascoyne CoastPlanning Coordinating Committee providesan appropriate mechanism to develop andformalise these guidelines, in the contextof the Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy(1996) and Exmouth-Learmonth (NorthWest Cape) Structure Plan (1998), ratherthan forming a separate ‘Strategy Group’.

Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy

In March 1996 the Government of WesternAustralia released the Gascoyne CoastRegional Strategy. The Gascoyne CoastRegional Strategy made the followingrecommendation:“Ensure tourism developments comply withstrict environmental criteria designed toprotect the terrestrial and marineenvironments and other developmentconditions outlined in Section 3.3.4 of thisreport”.

EPA Cape Range Position Statement

In March 1998 the EnvironmentalProtection Authority (EPA) released a

BACKGROUNDMuch has been written about the uniqueconservation values of the Cape Rangeregion and the acceptability or otherwise oftourism development. Considerablediscussion and debate has occurredregarding the location, scale and design offuture tourism developments. The SelectCommittee on Cape Range National Parkand Ningaloo Marine Park, WesternAustralian Government’s response to theSelect Committee’s report, Gascoyne CoastRegional Strategy (1996) , Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan(1998) and EPA Cape Range PositionStatement all cite and/or recommend theneed to prepare these guidelines. Moreimportantly they provide the backgroundreference and principles on which theseguidelines have been formulated and inthemselves provide a number of policystatements. The publication CoastalTourism: A Manual for Sustainable Tourism(Environment Australia, 1997) providesproponents with a good source ofadditional information.

Select Committee on Cape Range NationalPark & Ningaloo Marine Park

In 1995 the Select Committee on CapeRange National Park and Ningaloo MarinePark released its first report. The reportchose to draw together aspects relating totourism because it was considered an“issue bearing particular significance”. Indelivering its findings, the Committee“endeavoured to make recommendationsthat will provide for sustainable use anddevelopment of these parks”. In total theCommittee made 24 recommendations.The first three recommendations aredirectly relevant to these guidelines:

Recommendation 1:

Any accommodation facilities in Cape Range National Park must be consistent with conservation management strategies for the terrestrial and marine environment, so that construction and operation activities do not impact adversely upon significant environmental

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• To ensure the conservation and preservation of land with environmental value.

• To ensure the protection of groundwater as part of the human and subterranean environment.

• To retain the wilderness value of the fragile environment of the west coast which is of national significance.

With respect to tourism development the objective is:

• Encourage major tourist development such as hotels, motels, resorts, to locate within the Exmouth townsite at a scale and design in accordance with the (yet to be prepared) townscape and landscape plans for Exmouth.

The Structure Plan makes specificreferences to the style, number andlocation of tourism developmentsappropriate for the west side of Cape range,that is:

• Support a limited amount of development, preferably in the form of wilderness lodge style accommodation (ie. low-impact accommodation) in order to retain the wilderness values of the west coast. Other forms of tourism development will be considered only where it is demonstrated that it will protect the wilderness values and environmental sensitivities of the west coast.

• Limit the development of tourism accommodation in the short to medium term to two of the following general locations: Milyering, Lefroy Bay, Winderabandi, Ningaloo, in addition to asite north of Yardie Creek offered to the preferred developer of the resort at the Exmouth Marina in accordance with Cabinet’s decision.

Preliminary Position Statement on the CapeRange Province. This Position Statementprovides a number of principles for theprotection of the Cape Range Province.Like the Select Committee’s report,Government Response and the GascoyneCoast Regional Strategy, the EPA’sStatement provides a consistent vision forthe region, for example:

“The Cape Range Province should bemanaged according to sound ecologicallysustainable development and biodiversityprotection principles [...].” (Principle 1)

“From the environmental perspective, thereshould be no major development permittedon the west side of Cape Range [...] PlanningUnits 2 and 3 in the Exmouth-LearmonthStructure Plan North West Cape [...].Residential development should be confinedto the existing townsite. [...] Although itmay be appropriate to establish some lowkey, high quality ecolodge[/]wildernesslodge/camping tourism areas on the westcoast.” (Principle 10)

“All development proposals should takeaccount of the above principles, and, ifpursued, should be subject to environmentalimpact assessment. This should include,inter alia, consideration of alternative sitesfor the development outside the Cape RangeProvince, detailed consideration of on-siteand off-site impacts of the development, aswell as the cumulative effect of all proposeddevelopments in the area on environmentalvalues and ecological processes.” (Principle 11)

Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape)Structure Plan

In April 1998 the Western AustralianPlanning Commission released theExmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape)Structure Plan (1998). The Structure Plancontained a number of relevant ‘majorobjectives’. These include:


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PURPOSEThe purpose of these Guidelines is to :

1). provide state agencies, local government, community and proponents with clear guidance regarding tourism development;

2). delineate ‘limits of acceptable change’ which will ensure the wilderness experience remains available; and

3). preserve, enhance and protect the environment.

APPLICATIONThese Guidelines are primarily intended toaddress small-scale/low-impact tourismdevelopments (ie wilderness or ecolodges)on the North West Cape from the ExmouthGulf to Coral Bay excluding developmentswithin the designated town sites ofExmouth and Coral Bay/Mauds Landing.

PRELIMINARYThe North West Cape is a fragile naturalarea and is the home of unique marine andterrestrial species which could beirretrievably damaged by insensitive or ad-hoc development. This fragile natural area,its flora and fauna, ruggedness and senseof wilderness are also the bases of agrowing, economically important naturebased tourism industry and the area isdesignated as a zone of opportunity in theState’s Nature Based Tourism Strategy. Thesustainability of the tourism industry andthe natural area on which it depends willinvolve careful planning, management andsympathetic development.Pressure for substantial developments hasintensified in recent years due to thegrowth in tourism. The coast is alreadysubject to a variety of developmentsincluding roads, camping sites (formal andinformal), toilets, car parks, boat ramps,moorings, interpretation centres,

observation structures, accommodation,signs, shelters, paths, picnic areas and thelike.

GUIDING PRINCIPLESEcologically Sustainable Development

Is the using, conserving and enhancing thecommunity’s resources so that ecologicalprocesses, on which life depends, aremaintained and the total quality of life ,now and in the future, can be increased.

Interdependence

Ecological processes include both physicaland biological systems, which are stronglyinterconnected. Impacting or managingone part of the environment may impacton other parts.

Limits of Acceptable Change

The limits of acceptable change are definedas the degree of change a system canaccommodate or buffer while stillsustaining or returning to its desiredcharacteristics. The limits may be definedby environmental, social or economicconcerns. What is acceptable orappropriate is determined by consultationwith governments and communities, aswell as by legislation and regulations. Thelimits of acceptable change establish themaximum level of ‘alteration’ for aresource that society is prepared to accept.

Precautionary Principle

Where there are threats of serious orirreversible environmental damage, lack offull scientific certainty should not be usedas a reason to postpone measures toprevent environmental degradation. Theprecautionary principle should be used asa tool to underpin decision-making.

Cumulative Impacts

The demand for and subsequent provisionof tourism or recreational development

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along the coast may result in cumulativeimpacts as each new development proposalis added to existing development. The ad-hoc establishment of developments alongthe coast has the potential to erode thewilderness and environmental values of thearea over time and may also affect theeconomic viability of the individualdevelopment projects.

High Conservation Areas

The Ningaloo Marine Park, Cape RangeNational Park and surrounds are uniqueand irreplaceable natural assets withoutstanding scenic, recreational andscientific value. The area has beenidentified as a possible World Heritagearea.

Wilderness Values

Wilderness is a dynamic concept, ratherthan a static one; it varies from place toplace, through time as society’s valueschange, and from person to person,therefore is useful to describe wilderness interms of relative values, rather thanproviding a definition.

These Guidelines attempt to addressspecific issues which may impact onwilderness values, for example; emission ofnoise (e.g. power generation, vehicles andboats), light, smoke or dust, waste disposal(e.g. refuse disposal site, evaporation pondsand pipe outfalls), visual impact (e.g.buildings and roads) or odour (e.g. sewagetreatment).

ISSUES FOR PROPOSEDTOURISM DEVELOPMENTS1. LOCATION

While the Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy(1996) and the Exmouth-Learmonth (NorthWest Cape) Structure Plan (1998) identifieda number of potential sites on the NorthWest Cape for small-scale/low- impacttourism development in the short tomedium-term only two sites should bedeveloped from those identified: (1)adjacent Ningaloo Homestead; (2) LefroyBay; (3) Winderbandi Point; (4) Milyering;and (5) a site to be selected north of CapeRange National Park. Other potential sitesfor day visitation facilities rather thantourism development sites include JurabiPoint, Mesa and Turquoise Bay. Other siteswith considerable day visitation potentialinclude Yardie Creek and Mandu ManduGorge. (See Figure 1)

The Department of EnvironmentalProtection (DEP) has undertaken a desktopand preliminary field investigation of thesesites and while there are significantconstraints at each site, these are not soserious as to prevent some form ofdevelopment.

Camping activity is spread throughoutmuch of the west coast. Outside of theCape Range National Park much of it isoccurring in an ad-hoc and unmanagedway, with a detrimental effect on theenvironment resulting from uncontrolledaccess, rubbish dumping, increased firerisk and weed invasion. These campsitesneed to be rationalised and those identifiedfor retention adequately managed throughan integrated management processinvolving CALM and pastoral leaseholders.


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Policies

1. Proposed tourism developments should be located consistent with the Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy (1996), Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan (1998) and Cape Range National Park Management Plan (1987).

2. Until more baseline environmental information is available and within an appropriate planning context only two of the following general locations should be developed for small- scale and low-impact tourism developments; Milyering, Lefroy Bay, Winderabandi, Ningaloo and a site north of Cape Range National Park.

3. Camping on the North West Cape should be restricted to designated and managed camp sites.

Guideline

1. Proposed tourism developments should be located to ensure:

a). an appropriate distance from areas of cultural significance or heritage value is maintained;

b). stable ground conditions exist for access, building construction and visitor and management use patterns;

c). soil types are suitable for and capable of development;

d). buildings & infrastructure are located to ensure they are not subject to inundation and/or storm surge;

e). insect breeding sites such as those of mosquitoes and biting midges are avoided;

f). risks and hazards to visitors are minimised;

g). locations of declared rare or priority flora and fauna species are avoided or protected, and disturbance to important breeding or feeding areas is minimised; and

h). where possible the potential for further expansion or upgrading can be accommodated without significant impact on the environment.

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Policies

4. Subject to environmental and planning approval resort style development proposals should be confined to Exmouth, Carnarvon and the gazetted townsite at Mauds Landing/Coral Bay.

5. Proposed tourism developments outside these town sites should be small-scale, low-impact and high quality wilderness or ecolodge developments.

2. DEVELOPMENT SCALE

It is considered that major touristaccommodation should not be developedon the west coast of North West Cape. Thewest coast is a fragile coastal environmentand its attraction is its wilderness valuesand scenic beauty. The development ofmajor tourism accommodation woulddetract from its wilderness appeal. Thetype of development envisaged for the westcoast is generally a small-scale and low-impact accommodation, such as wildernessor ecolodge style which;

“is development that has regard to long-range environmental and natural resourceconservation and symbioses with humancommunities. In providing facilities andactivities for visitors, special care must betaken not to destroy the very resources orqualities they came to experience. In theideal situation, if development is necessaryit would be constructed of naturalsustainable materials, generate its ownenergy from renewable resources such assolar or wind, and manage its own waste.It should not physically alter or have avisual impact on the existing naturalenvironment” (The Ecotourism Society,1995).

There is a demand for wildernessaccommodation and small-scale and low-impact tourism facilities which should bemet, although all the standards envisagedby the Ecotourism Society may not alwaysbe achievable. From a planningperspective, it is more appropriate thatmajor (large-scale or high-impact) touristdevelopment occur within the Exmouthtownsite or at Coral Bay/Mauds Landingwhich:

• are physically capable and suitable for development;

• do not abut a sensitive marine environment; and

• have the available infrastructure ie. roads, air transport, communications, boat harbour, community facilities, water, sewerage and power.

Given the development on the east coast ofthe Cape incorporating the Exmouth boatharbour and associated marina residentialdevelopment, it is appropriate that furtherdevelopment be focused on that area. It isalso appropriate that the west coast beretained largely in its natural state and itsfeatures preserved to cater predominantlyfor day use visitation and suitable small-scale and low-impact environmentallysensitive tourism accommodationdevelopment.


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3. WILDERNESS PROTECTION

The wilderness values of the region areoutstanding. Despite historic pastoralgrazing the landform and vegetationreinforce the unspoilt, natural and remotevalues of the area and its incredible naturalbeauty. The landform is dominated byCape Range. The Range is flanked byhighly eroded limestone terraces, drainagelines and gorges adjacent to red alluvialfans and flats, followed by a relativelynarrow strip of aeolian white dunesadjacent to the beach. Vegetation isrelatively uniform and low lying, rangingbetween 0.5 and 1.5 metres, apart fromisolated stands of taller trees.

The nature of the landform and vegetationcontributes to a visual landscape which ishighly sensitive to changes. Already minor

tracks, small telecommunication towers onthe Cape Range and gravel pits are highlyvisible when viewed from Yardie CreekRoad.

While the Milyering Visitors Centre, whichis only one storey, is designed, constructedand landscaped sympathetically it is highlyvisible from a considerable distance. Evenessential standard roads signs indicatingspeed, direction and hazards havelandscape impact. Notwithstanding this,most of the major and minor sites (eg. lowlying areas or dune swales) provide someopportunity to minimise the visual impactof development.

Policies

6. To retain the wilderness values of the west coast only a limited amount of development should be supported, in the form of small-scale/low-impact wilderness/ecolodge style accommodation. This should located consistent with Section 1 (location).

7. Proposed tourism developments should demonstrate an understanding of and be sympathetic with the landform, visual context and resources, views and general landscape values of a particular site and how it is likely to impact on the perception of the areas wilderness values.

Guidelines

2. Building structures should preferably not exceed 1 storey or 5 metres. Buildings up to 2 storeys or 8 metres may be considered, in certain areas, provided the proponent demonstrates that the impact would not be significantly greater than an equivalent single storey building.

3. Proponents should prepare a visual resource management plan, which should address:

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a). the existing landform, vegetation, prominent features and viewsheds (to and from the proposed site);

b). contour information at a minimum of one metre intervals; and

c). how the development proposal will impact on wilderness landscape values using physical or computer generated three dimensional models.

4. The proposed tourism development should be designed, constructed and operated to ensure:

a). only locally indigenous vegetation is propagated for screening, windbreaks, rehabilitation and landscaping;

b). weeds are monitored and eradicated where appropriate;

c). minimal change is made to landform (cut and fill) and topography to accommodate buildings and infrastructure;

d). disturbance or loss of natural vegetation is minimised or avoided;

e). local sources of gravel, stone and earth are used, subject to environmental approval;

f). architectural style, landscape design and construction materials reflect local elements (eg. landform);

g). Impacts on visually prominent areas such as headlands, cliffs and ridges are avoided;

h). materials with muted or recessive colours and low reflective qualities that closely complement the setting are used;

i). noise pollution is minimised;

j). lighting which may impact on nocturnal animals is minimised;

k). services including electricity lines are located below ground (where practical) provided the environmental impact is less than that of above ground infrastructure; and

l). isolated structures, such as car parks, toilet blocks, towers and storage areas blend into the natural setting with appropriate selection of materials and with locally endemic vegetation.


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4. FORESHORE SETBACK

The North West Cape has diverse landforms and natural systems and the coastalzone differs from place to place. Due tothis diversity, set backs for developmentwithin the coastal zone should be definedfollowing consideration of the naturalprocesses in specific areas. For example,some areas have extensive mobile duneswhile others have rocky foreshores. Someareas have drainage systems which affectmangroves and others have coastal plainswhich are subject to tidal or runoffinundation. Some areas are importantnatural fauna habitats while others havehigh recreational values.

The coastal zone is dynamic and changesover time. The coast is subject to erosionor accretion due to natural processesand/or as a result of human and animal

activity. For example, dunes can be mobileas a result of natural processes or canbecome mobile as a result of vegetationremoval. Therefore, on one hand,developments could be affected by dunemobility while on the other, they couldaffect vegetation and cause dune mobility.

The major and minor tourism sitesidentified in the Gascoyne Coast RegionalStrategy (1996) are significantly differentand without considering a specificdevelopment proposal it is problematic andsimplistic to provide a prescriptiveguideline regarding development setback.For example, locating buildings off theforedunes and on the rangeland terraces(hard limestone) may provide anappropriate setback, but may impactadversely on landscape values and/orsubterranean fauna.

Policies

8. Development should be set back from the coast based on natural process constraints.

9. Development should provide for appropriately managed public access to the foreshore.

Guidelines

5. An appropriate setback between the development and the line of permanent vegetation should:

a). incorporate the primary and secondary dunes (where they exist);

b). address the stability (accretion/erosion) of the dune and beach system (beach sand cycle);

c). address inundation (eg. on alluvial flood plains and drainage lines), including from extreme natural events (eg. cyclone, storm surge or tsunami) and long term changes in sea level;

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d). protect dunes, beaches and near shore waters which provide breeding, nesting or feeding areas for significant fauna; and

e). set back development from visually prominent sites such as headlands, cliffs, beaches and other locations which are a focus of attention or in major viewsheds from other important locations.

6. The land within the foreshore setback should be maintained and managed to conserve terrestrial, intertidal and near shore natural (physical and biological), landscape and cultural features through the preparation and implementation of a foreshore management plan, which should ensure:

a). signage, bollards, rubbish bins and small structures (water tanks or toilet blocks) within the foreshore reserve have a very low visual impact and are of a form (colour, materials and size) consistent with the amenity and character of the area;

b). foreshore access roads and carparks are sensitive to environmental constraints, minimising cut and fill and vegetation removal, and following natural contours;

c). pedestrian access is the principal form of access through the foreshore reserve (where one exists) and paths direct people away from environmentally sensitive areas;

d). four wheel drive, off road vehicles and motor bikes are not be permitted on the beach or within the foreshore reserve, except for approved boat launching facilities; and

e). stabilisation, rehabilitation, revegetation and landscaping of the foreshore setback is undertaken using locally endemic plant species.


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5. MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE

Direct marine impacts mainly arise due towater-based activities (eg. boating) andgenerally have a localised impact, such asdamage caused by anchor chains, thedepletion of fish stocks through overfishingand the removal of corals and shells.Indirect marine impacts (eg. increasedturbidity, habitat disturbance and bilgedischarge) are usually more difficult tocontrol where large numbers ofrecreational boat enthusiasts have access tocoral reefs. There is also an increased riskof contamination due to fuel spills andinappropriate rubbish disposal.

Marinas, canals and jetties have thepotential to cause significantenvironmental impact, at the time ofconstruction and on an ongoing basis. Thisinfrastructure is not considered to beconsistent with the wilderness values ofthe area and the intent of low keywilderness/ecolodge developments.Demand exists to provide boat launchingfacilities for recreational fishing or divingactivities, but management plans shouldensure uncontrolled access by vehicles andthe accumulation of boats on the beachdoes not occur.

Policies

10. Marina and canal developments will be considered only in the designated town sites of Exmouth and Coral Bay/Mauds Landing.

11. Marine structures (ie small jetties) will be considered only if they are consistent with the Ningaloo Marine Park Management Plan (1989).

12. Boat launching facilities may be allowed provided they are consistent with the Ningaloo Marine Park Management Plan (1989) and a strategic facilities plan and assessed by the EPA.

13. Dredging of sand or removal of coral to provide boating passage (eg. blasting) will not be permitted.

to very saline, varies in temperature from10%C to 100%C and is corrosive. Itrequires substantial treatment usuallyinvolving desalination, cooling, softeningand removal of iron to attain potable waterquality.

Water availability also constitutes asignificant environmental constraint.Pumping of fresh or brackish water whichoverlies saline water can cause saltwaterintrusion to the surface. Recharge of theshallow aquifer may occur only afterintense or long rainfall and in some yearsthis may not occur at all. Subterraneanfauna, particularly stygofauna, may also beimpacted by changes in groundwater levels,quality and salinity due to groundwaterextraction. Waste water from thedesalinisation and/or treatment of salinegroundwater, corrosive artesiangroundwater or sea water may be highlysaline, alkaline, acidic or contain heavymetals and minerals, and therefore causeimpacts to the environment if dischargedto it. Evaporation or infiltration ponds andocean outfall pipes, if visible, are likely toimpact on wilderness values.

Clearly the issue of water availability needsto be considered in the context of thewater required by a specific developmentproposal, the available water resources,proposed effluent treatment and recyclingand specific site circumstances.

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6. WATER AVAILABILITY

Water availability has been recognised asone of the most significant constraints tothe development of the region. Theclimate of the North West Cape rangesfrom hot, arid conditions at the tip of CapeRange in the north to warm semi-aridconditions around Carnarvon in the south.During January and February each year themaximum daily temperature regularlyreaches 45%C.

Rainfall in the region averages 300millimetres annually with peak falls in bothsummer and winter. The sources of raininclude tropical cyclones, the incursion ofwarm moist air from the Kimberley Regionand mid-latitude depressions.

Groundwater occurs either as superficial orconfined groundwater. Supplies of freshunconfined groundwater are generallyrestricted to the vicinity of the major riversor in elevated areas such as the CapeRange. In the case of the Cape Range, freshor brackish groundwater usually overliesvery saline groundwater. Confined orartesian groundwater is under pressure andrises when intercepted by a bore or maynaturally flow to the surface via springs.

Artesian groundwater occurs throughoutmost of the region and may be as much as900 metres below the surface in coastalareas such as Coral Bay where alternativesources of groundwater are not generallyavailable. Artesian groundwater is brackish


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Policies

14. The disposal of waste water from desalinisation or the treatment of artesian water to the marine environment may be considered provided the site selection for infrastructure minimises impact on the environment and there is no suitable alternative or complementary water source. Disposal to the terrestrial environment may be considered, provided surface and ground water quality and quantity are maintained such that existing and potential uses, including ecosystem functioning are protected.

15. The scale of development and future expansion should be cognisant of the availability and sustainability of safe and reliable water sources.

16. Extraction of shallow unconfined groundwater must be sustainable, without impacting on dependent ecosystems or physical processes.

17. Development proponents should endeavour to obtain water from a variety of sustainable sources, with collection of rainwater being a priority.

18. Development proponents should locate visible water supply and storage facilities sensitively within the landscape.

Guideline

7. Water conservation strategies (eg. composting toilets, grey water and stormwater re-use and low flow shower roses) should be incorporated in development proposals.

7. CYCLONES, FLOODING AND DRAINAGE

The North West Cape is subject to frequentcyclones which cause strong winds, stormsurge, and tsunamis leading to inundationof the coastal zone. More frequently,flooding of the coastal plain occurs as aresult of the combination of rain, high tidesand low lying land. If sea levels rise, as

predicted (IPCC 1996), the coastal zonemay be subject to additional and increasinginundation. Therefore, development siteswill require careful selection to avoidadverse impacts from cyclones andflooding. Decision making authoritiesmust carefully assess and respond todevelopment proposals to avoid liability forloss or damage to developments.

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8. SEWAGE TREATMENT

Sewage treatment presents a considerableenvironmental constraint to development.Conventional septic systems involve theleaching of nutrients and other pollutantswhich may impact on subterranean fauna,ground and marine water quality and coralecosystems. Unlike fresh water wetlands

Policies

19. Land forms and topography should not be substantially altered to deal with potential flooding.

20. Developments should not be located in areas subject to inundation.

21. Developments should be constructed to withstand the effects of cyclones.

Guideline

8. Development proposals should:

a). consider innovative pavement solutions as an alternative to bitumen and concrete to decrease the amount of stormwater run-off;

b). ensure buildings and infrastructure are located based on criteria derived from historical flooding data or best estimates;

c). be constructed to withstand the effects of cyclones; and

d). incorporate water sensitive design principles and features into overall design of buildings, hard surfaces, landscaped areas and stormwater drainage.

the marine environment is sensitive tonitrogen rather than phosphorus. Inaddition, coral reef systems are very low innutrients and small increases can result ina significant ecosystem response (Grigg andDollar, 1993). Alternative treatment units(eg. Ecomax or Biocycle) for secondary andpost secondary treatment still produce


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effluent containing nutrients, metals andsludge which require disposal. Evaporativeor digestion ponds may produce odour, behighly visible and represent a risk to theenvironment if containment mechanisms

(eg. plastic or clay lining) fail. Tertiarytreatment of sewage is likely to beuneconomic, given the anticipated scale ofdevelopment and current technology(Baker, pers com).

Policies

22. Appropriate management and monitoring should be established to ensure criteria are met and there are contingency plans for cases of infrastructure failure or where criteria is exceeded.

23. Sewage treatment infrastructure should produce negligible odour and be appropriately separated from tourist accommodation.

Guidelines

9. Best practice enclosed treatment plants will be considered for approval where:

a). an integrated and sustainable approach is adopted to minimise water use and maximise recycling;

b). treated sewage will contain a maximum of 2.5g/m3 total nitrogen, 1g/m3

total phosphorus, 5g/m3 biological oxygen demand, 5g/m3 suspended solids and 100 thermotolerant coliforms; and

c). treated sewage will be disposed via trickle irrigation to natural vegetation (not within 100 metres of beaches or wetlands) rather than disposal to the marine environment, groundwater via injection or evaporation ponds.

10. Screened solids and sludge should be transported to an appropriate licensed landfill.

11. Organic fertilisers may be used when derived from the development proposal itself (eg. toilet compost) rather than inorganic fertiliser, subject to Health Department requirements.

12. Sewerage treatment and disposal systems should incorporate fauna exclusion strategies or make provision for fauna management.

9. WASTE DISPOSAL

Landfill sites in remote areas are normallyunlined, uncovered and infrequentlymaintained (Mantle, pers com). This mayresult in odour, pollutants leaching into

groundwater and rubbish dispersal fromstrong onshore winds. The location of alandfill site adjacent to tourismdevelopment has the potential to impactwilderness value and tourism amenity.

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10. ACCESS

Apart from the 45 kilometres of coastlinewithin the Cape Range National Park fromVlamingh Head to Yardie Creek, theremaining 320 kilometres along the westcoast has limited management. Most ofthis area is contained within leases and isfrequently accessed by visitors travelling infour wheel drive vehicles and caravansseeking a coastal holiday experience,adventure and/or solitude. Theestablishment of indiscriminate tracks tothe coast leading to squatter shacks,accommodation at pastoral stations andfishing, diving and camping spots, iscausing loss of vegetation and subsequentdune destabilisation. This is compoundedby inappropriate rubbish disposal,increased fire risk from camp fires anddegradation to native vegetation fromfirewood collection.

Policy

24. Organic and green waste should be collected, composted and appropriately stored for use as mulch, soil improver or fertiliser. Organic waste not used for this purpose and all inorganic waste should be transported to a licensed landfill facility.

Guideline

13. Development proposals should prepare and implement a waste management program which minimises waste production and maximises use, reuse and recycling.

The provision of a formed road from CoralBay towards Yardie Creek and linking toLearmonth would provide the opportunityfor traffic to avoid traversing the NationalPark, thus reducing the number of roadkills of native animals. The proposedtourism development sites should be sitedwell away from the coast with spur roadsfrom the main north-south coastal roadproviding access to appropriatedestinations. This strategy has been highlysuccessful in Cape Range National Park byminimising indiscreet and uncontrolledbeach access, usually by 4WD vehicles.The spur roads would also need to beformed to remove the necessity for vehicleoperators to create new tracks whenexisting ones become boggy.

Providing access to a particular tourism sitemay have significant environmental


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implications beyond its direct constructionimpacts. It would not be responsible tosubject the coastal zone to increased useprior to development of supportinginfrastructure. Furthermore, the quality ofrecreational experiences offered to thepublic may be substandard. It is imperativethat development be coordinated so thatwhen access to the Park accommodates alarger user group, services, environmentalprotection measures and tourisminfrastructure are available to ensure theirexperience is catered for and managed.Yardie Creek is one of the main features ofthe Cape Range National Park, for its

wildlife conservation, aesthetic, cultural(Aboriginal) and nature based tourismvalues. The issue of a crossing for YardieCreek has been discussed for some time.The provision of the Learmonth/YardieCreek/Coral Bay road linkage would reducethe pressure for a permanent bridge, whichwould significantly detract from theamenity of the area and the current visitorexperience of the naturalness, quietnessand solitude of Yardie Creek. On balancethe construction of a flexible sacrificialcrossing near the mouth of the Creekwould be more aesthetically andenvironmentally acceptable.

Policies

25. Access to and from tourism developments on the western side of Cape Range should be via a formed road from Vlamingh Head to Coral Bay.

26. The planning and construction of access roads, supporting management (eg. carparks, signage, track closures, spur roads and rubbish collection) and proposed tourism developments should be integrated and coordinated.

27. The crossing at Yardie Creek should be via a flexible structure at the Creek mouth that can function as a sacrificial crossing, rather than a large all weather crossing.

28. The construction of a crossing of Yardie Creek and any roads south of Yardie Creek should be referred to the EPA for environmental impact assessment.

29. Development proposals should emphasise and prioritise walking and hiking experiences, rather than vehicle tours.

Guidelines

14. Roads, tracks and paths should be aligned and constructed to minimise disruption of native fauna movement patterns.

15. In fragile environments boardwalks and fenced walkways should be provided.

Policies

30. Proposed low-impact tourism developments should employ alternative/renewableenergy sources where possible.

31. The commercial sale of fuel should occur in Exmouth, Carnarvon, Coral Bay/MaudsLanding and Minilya Roadhouse.

32. Diesel or gas powered generators should only be used in emergency situations.

Guideline

16. Proponents should ensure that development proposals:

a). have the capacity to generate their own power;

b). use northern solar orientation for passive heating and cooling;

c). minimise solid enclosure and thermal mass;

d). maximise roof ventilation;

e). use elongated or segmented floor plans to minimise internal heat gain and maximise exposure for ventilation;

f). separate rooms and functions with covered breezeways to maximise wall shading and induce ventilation;

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11. ENERGY GENERATION

Proposed tourism developments willrequire energy for water heating, airconditioning, refrigeration, lighting, generalelectrical appliances, vehicles and waterpumps. The Office of Energy has providedthe Gascoyne Coast Planning CoordinatingCommittee with information whichsuggests that viable alternative energysources are available (eg. passive solar,

solar, wind, gas, geo-thermal). Noiseproduced by conventional powergenerators may impact on wildernessvalues. The Western Australian TourismCommission is investigating the viability ofalternative sources of power generation forheating, airconditioning and powergeneration for low-impact touristdevelopment at specified locations alongthe west coast.


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g). isolate heat generating functions such as kitchens and laundries from living areas;

h). control exposure to wind through building orientation and configuration, number and position of wall and roof openings and relationship to gradient and vegetation;

i). provide shaded outdoor living areas such as porches and decks;

j). use suitable micro-climates for warm winter sites and cool summer sites;

k). incorporate features to minimise energy use; and

l). avoid the use of energy-intensive, environmentally damaging, waste-producing and/or hazardous materials.

12. CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

The following factors should beincorporated in the planning andimplementation phases of the proposed

development, through an environmentalmanagement system (ISO 14000 series,1997) to minimise impacts and achieve amore sustainable development.

Guidelines

17. Construction practices should ensure minimal site disruption.

18. Proponents should develop on-site guidelines or controls for contractors, specifying appropriate construction practices.

19. Proponents should provide briefing or training sessions for all contractors and their employees, specifying the desired practices and the consequences of non-compliance.

20. Contractors should provide a performance bond or deposit which can be used to repair any environmental damage inconsistent with an environmental management plan.

21. Environmental objectives and criteria should be documented.

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22. Monitoring and evaluation systems should be prepared and implemented.

23. Regular environmental audits should be undertaken.

24. Staff training and environmental education programs should be established.

25. Interaction between tourists and physical and/or cultural environments should be documented and managed (eg. visitor information and education facilities).

26. Minimal use and disposal of chemical cleaning products should be encouraged. Where disposal is unavoidable, low-impact products should be sought.

27. Construction and decoration materials should not produce or release harmful chemicals during or after manufacture.

28. Proponents should prepare and adopt a product purchasing policy which maximises use, reuse and recycling.

29. Proponents should provide education for visitors on wildlife, cultural resources, historic and natural features.


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APPROVALS PROCESSAny proposed tourism development will berequired to seek approval from three keyagencies in most cases:

• environmental approval under the Environmental Protection Act (1986)following assessment by the EPA as required;

• planning approval under the Town Planning and Development Act (1928)from local government and in some cases the Western Australian Planning Commission; and

• for sites on CALM estate including Ningaloo Marine Park approval from the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority (NPNCA) and/or Marine Parks and Reserves Authority (MPRA) through CALM under the Conservation and Land Management Act (1985).

Tourism developments on pastoral leasesare managed by DOLA and the Pastoral

Board. Low key accommodation (use ofshearers quarters) or camping sites may beincorporated as a sub-lease to an existingpastoral lease, where approval is soughtfrom the Pastoral Board. More significantdevelopment proposals requiring access,specific tourism buildings and facilitiesmay be accommodated by a separate lease.In this case a medium term (10-20 years)lease is issued by DOLA and may be subjectto public offer. Irrespective of the type oflease, DOLA refers applications to variousgovernment agencies for comment.The tenure, vesting and zoning of land,variations in planning schemes andmanagement plans and the type ofdevelopment proposal will determine thedevelopment approval required. Despitevariations it is important that tourismdevelopments are considered in acoordinated, orderly and consistent waythereby ensuring the objectives andintended outcomes of these Guidelines, theGascoyne Coast Regional Strategy (1996) andthe Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape)Structure Plan (1998) are achieved.

Guidelines

30. Prior to lodging an application for development proponents should liaise with the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Department of Environmental Protection, Ministry for Planning and local government.

multiple developments at a particular siteand along the coast generally There is awell recognised need for more informationcollected and stored in a form (eg.geographic information system) whichassists sound environmental and planningdecisions.

All development proposals should bereferred under Part IV of the EnvironmentalProtection Act (1986) to the EnvironmentalProtection Authority.

Policy

33. All development proposals should be referred to the EPA and be subject toenvironmental impact assessment.

Guideline

31. Proponents should preferably provide a high level of information to the EPA ‘upfront’or as part of the assessment, at the time of referral. The remainder should be providedas part of any environmental review document, should a formal assessment by the EPAbe required. This information should include:

a). a detailed description of the development proposal including site and landscape appraisal, ultimate development scenario, project design, access arrangements, construction, management and operation (see separate guidelines);

b). a detailed description of the existing, physical, biological, landscape and cultural environment, which should go beyond desktop studies to include detailed field investigations of flora, fauna (terrestrial, marine and subterranean, declared rare and priority species, biodiversity, geology and geomorphology, hydrology, ecological processes and systems, landscape, drainage, flooding and Aboriginal cultural heritage significance;

c). an assessment of construction, visual, indirect, ongoing, off-site and cumulative impacts of the development proposal, and its supporting infrastructure;

d). an assessment of alternatives and justification of the development proposal selected;

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13. ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL PROCESS

Any environmental assessment will bedependent on provision of adequate data toallow a decision to be made. A key issuefor assessment will be the potentialcumulative impact that the developmentwill have on the environment.

Cumulative impact assessment needs toconsider the total impact from both


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e). information which demonstrates, with a high degree of scientific confidence, that anticipated environmental impacts can be managed;

f). a commitment to and description of an environmental management system whichintegrates the construction and operation of the development proposal withenvironmental management criteria and objectives, and demonstrates progressiveimprovement; and

g). a monitoring program and contingency plans in case environmental criteria orobjectives are not met.

14. PLANNING APPROVAL PROCESS

At a State and regional level the StatePlanning Strategy (1997), Gascoyne CoastRegional Strategy (1996) and the Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan(1998) provide the basis for futureplanning. Statutory planning control at alocal level is achieved through localgovernment town planning schemes (TPS),and subdivision and development controls.The Shire of Carnarvon has a TPS which

covers the entire district. Under this TPSalmost all coastal land is zoned Rural. Inthe Shire of Exmouth coastal land withinthe National Park is zoned as Recreationand Open Space, Commonwealth facilitiesas Public Purposes and land bounded byJurabi Point, North West Cape and CharlesKnife Road as Resource Management.Tourism development is a permitted use onland zoned Rural, under the Shire ofCarnarvon TPS, while the Shire of Exmouthhas a separate Tourism zone.

Policies

34. Development of tourism sites should proceed in accordance with the relevant planning approval processes consistent with the State Planning Strategy (1997), Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy (1996), Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan (1998) and relevant Town Planning Scheme.

35. Where a tourism site is likely to accommodate a number of development proposals or where expansion is likely, a structure plan should be prepared to provide for integrated and logical development.

by CALM and approved by the both theNPNCA and Minister for the Environment.All development proposals within CALMmanaged areas should be in accordancewith a CALM management plan and mostdevelopments will require approval fromthe NPNCA and the Minister for theEnvironment.

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15. NATURE CONSERVATION APPROVAL PROCESS

The majority of the North West Cape isCrown land vested (or jointly vested) in theNPNCA or leased for pastoral purposes.Developments on Crown land vested in theNPNCA are managed by CALM and subjectto the relevant management plan prepared

Policy

36. All development proposals within CALM managed areas should be in accordance with the approved CALM management plan for that area.


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LOCATION

1. Proposed tourism developments should be located consistent with the Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy, Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan and Cape Range National Park Management Plan.

2. Until more baseline environmental information is available and within an appropriate planning context only two of the following general locations should be developed for small-scale and low-impact tourism developments; Milyering, Lefroy Bay, Winderabandi, Ningaloo and a site north of Cape Range National Park.

3. Camping on the North West Cape should be restricted to designated andmanaged camp sites.

SUMMARY MATRIXISSUES FOR PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENTS

DEVELOPMENT SCALE

4. Subject to environmental and planning approval resort style development proposals should be confined to Exmouth, Carnarvon and the gazetted townsite at Mauds Landing/Coral Bay.

5. Proposed tourism developments outside these town sites should be small- scale, low-impact and high quality wilderness or ecolodge developments.

POLICIES GUIDELINES

36. Proposed tourism developments should be located to ensure:

a). an appropriate distance from areas of cultural significance or heritage value is maintained;

b). stable ground conditions exist for access, building construction and visitor and management use patterns;

c). soil types are suitable for and capable of development;

d). buildings & infrastructure are located to ensure they are not subject to inundation and/or storm surge;

e). insect breeding sites such as those of mosquitoes and biting midgesare avoided;

f). risks and hazards to visitors are minimised;

g). locations of declared rare or priority flora and fauna species are avoided or protected, and disturbance to important breeding or feeding areas is minimised; and

h). where possible the potential for further expansion or upgrading can be accommodated without significant impact on the environment.

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37. Building structures should preferably not exceed 1 storey or 5 metres. Buildings up to 2 storeys or 8 metres may be considered, in certain areas, provided the proponent demonstrates that the impact would not besignificantly greater than an equivalent single storey building.

38. Proponents should prepare a visual resource management plan, which should address:

a). the existing landform, vegetation, prominent features and viewsheds (to and from the proposed site);

b). contour information at a minimum of one metre intervals; and

c). how the development proposal will impact on wilderness landscapevalues using physical or computer generated three dimensional models.

4. The proposed tourism development should be designed, constructed and operated to ensure:

a). only locally indigenous vegetation is propagated for screening, windbreaks, rehabilitation and landscaping;

b). weeds are monitored and eradicated where appropriate;

c). minimal change is made to landform (cut and fill) and topography to accommodate buildings and infrastructure;

d). disturbance or loss of natural vegetation is minimised or avoided;

e). local sources of gravel, stone and earth are used, subject to environmental approval;

f). architectural style, landscape design and construction materials reflect local elements (eg. landform);

g). Impacts on visually prominent areas such as headlands, cliffs and ridges are avoided;

h). materials with muted or recessive colours and low reflective qualities that closely complement the setting are used;

i). noise pollution is minimised;

j). lighting which may impact on nocturnal animals is minimised;

k). services including electricity lines are located below ground (wherepractical) provided the environmental impact is less than that of above ground infrastructure; and

l). isolated structures, such as car parks, toilet blocks, towers and storage areas blend into the natural setting with appropriate selection of materials and with locally endemic vegetation.

WILDERNESS PROTECTION

6. To retain the wilderness values of the west coast only a limited amount of development should be supported, in the form of small-scale/low-impact wilderness/ecolodge style accommodation. This should located consistent with Section 1 (location).

7. Proposed tourism developments should demonstrate an understanding of and be sympathetic with the landform, visual context and resources, views and general landscape values of a particular site and how it is likely to impact on the perception of the areas wilderness values.

POLICIES GUIDELINES


27

MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE

10. Marina and canal developments will be considered only in the designated town sites of Exmouth and Coral Bay/Mauds Landing.

11. Marine structures (ie small jetties) will be considered only if they are consistent with the Ningaloo Marine Park Management Plan.

12. Boat launching facilities may be allowed provided they are consistentwith the Ningaloo Marine Park Management Plan and a strategicfacilities plan and assessed by the EPA.

13. Dredging of sand or removal of coral to provide boating passage (eg. blasting) will not be permitted.

5. An appropriate setback between the development and the line of permanent vegetation should:

a). incorporate the primary and secondary dunes (where they exist);

b). address the stability (accretion/erosion) of the dune and beach system (beach sand cycle);

c). address inundation (eg. on alluvial flood plains and drainage lines), including from extreme natural events (eg. cyclone, storm surge or tsunami) and long term changes in sea level;

d). protect dunes, beaches and near shore waters which provide breeding, nesting or feeding areas for significant fauna; and

e). set back development from visually prominent sites such as headlands, cliffs, beaches and other locations which are a focus ofattention or in major viewsheds from other important locations.

6. The land within the foreshore setback should be maintained and managed to conserve terrestrial, intertidal and near shore natural (physical and biological), landscape and cultural features through the preparation and implementation of a foreshore management plan, which should ensure:

a). signage, bollards, rubbish bins and small structures (water tanks or toilet blocks) within the foreshore reserve have a very low visualimpact and are of a form (colour, materials and size) consistent with the amenity and character of the area;

b). foreshore access roads and carparks are sensitive to environmental constraints, minimising cut and fill and vegetation removal, and following natural contours;

c). pedestrian access is the principal form of access through the foreshore reserve (where one exists) and paths direct people away from environmentally sensitive areas;

d). four wheel drive, off road vehicles and motor bikes are not to be permitted on the beach or within the foreshore reserve, except for approved boat launching facilities; and

e). stabilisation, rehabilitation, revegetation and landscaping of the foreshore setback is undertaken using locally endemic plant species.

FORESHORE SETBACK

8. Development should be set back from the coast based onnatural process constraints.

9. Development should provide for appropriately managed public access to the foreshore.

POLICIES GUIDELINES

28

9. Best practice enclosed treatment plants will be considered for approval where:

a). an integrated and sustainable approach is adopted to minimise water use and maximise recycling;

b). treated sewage will contain a maximum of 2.5g/m3

total nitrogen, 1g/m3 total phosphorus, 5g/m3

biological oxygen demand, 5g/m3 suspended solids and 100 thermotolerant coliforms; and

c). treated sewage will be disposed via trickle irrigation to natural vegetation (not within 100 metres of beaches or wetlands) rather than disposal to the marine environment, groundwater via injection or evaporation ponds.

10. Screened solids and sludge should be transported to an appropriate licensed landfill.

11. Organic fertilisers may be used when derived from the development proposal itself (eg. toilet compost) rather than inorganic fertiliser, subject to Health Department requirements.

12. Sewerage treatment and disposal systems should incorporate fauna exclusion strategies or make provision for fauna management.

CYCLONES, FLOODING AND DRAINAGE

19. Land forms and topography should not be substantially altered to deal with potential flooding.

20. Developments should not be located in areas subject to inundation.

21. Developments should be constructed to withstand the effects ofcyclones.

SEWAGE TREATMENT

22. Appropriate management and monitoring should be established to ensure criteria are met and there are contingency plans for cases of infrastructure failure or where criteria is exceeded.

23. Sewage treatment infrastructure should produce negligible odour and be appropriately separated from tourist accommodation.

8. Development proposals should:

a). consider innovative pavement solutions as an alternative to bitumen and concrete to decrease the amount of stormwater run-off;

b). ensure buildings and infrastructure are located based on criteria derived from historical flooding data or best estimates; and

c). be constructed to withstand the effects of cyclones; and

d). incorporate water sensitive design principles and features into overall design of buildings, hard surfaces, landscaped areas and stormwater drainage.

WATER AVAILABILITY

14. The disposal of waste water from desalinisation or the treatment of artesian water to the marine environment may be considered provided the site selection for infrastructure minimises impact on the environment and there is no suitable alternative or complementary water source. Disposal to the terrestrial environment may be considered, provided surface and ground water quality and quantity are maintained such that existing and potential uses, including ecosystem functioning are protected.

15. The scale of development and future expansion should be cognisant of the availability and sustainability of safe and reliable water sources.

16. Extraction of shallow unconfined groundwater must be sustainable, without impacting on dependent ecosystems or physical processes.

17. Development proponents should endeavour to obtain water from a variety of sustainable sources, with collection of rainwater being a priority.

18. Development proponents should locate visible water supply and storage facilities sensitively within the landscape.

7. Water conservation strategies (eg. composting toilets, grey water and stormwater re-use and low flow shower roses) should be incorporated in development proposals.

POLICIES GUIDELINES


29

13. Development proposals should prepare and implement a waste management program which minimises waste production and maximises use, reuse and recycling.

ACCESS

25. Access to and from tourism developments on the western side of Cape Range should be via a formed road from Vlamingh Head to Coral Bay.

26. The planning and construction of access roads, supporting management (eg. carparks, signage, track closures, spur roads and rubbish collection) and proposed tourism developments should be integrated and coordinated.

27. The crossing at Yardie Creek should be via a flexible structure at the Creek mouth that can function as a sacrificial crossing, rather than a large all weather crossing.

28. The construction of a crossing of Yardie Creek and any roads south of Yardie Creek should be referred to the EPA for environmental impact assessment.

29. Development proposals should emphasise and prioritise walking and hiking experiences, rather than vehicle tours.

14. Roads, tracks and paths should be aligned and constructed to minimise disruption of native fauna movement patterns.

15. In fragile environments boardwalks and fenced walkways should beprovided.

WASTE DISPOSAL

24. Organic and green waste should be collected, composted and appropriately stored for use as mulch, soil improver or fertiliser. Organic waste not used for this purpose and all inorganic waste should be transported to a licensed landfill facility.

16. Proponents should ensure that development proposals:

a). have the capacity to generate their own power;

b). use northern solar orientation for passive heating and cooling;

c). minimise solid enclosure and thermal mass;

d). maximise roof ventilation;

e). use elongated or segmented floor plans to minimise internal heat gain and maximise exposure for ventilation;

f). separate rooms and functions with covered breezeways to maximise wall shading and induce ventilation;

g). isolate heat generating functions such as kitchens and laundries from living areas;

h). control exposure to wind through building orientation and configuration, number and position of wall and roof openings and relationship to gradient and vegetation;

i). provide shaded outdoor living areas such as porches and decks;

j). use suitable micro-climates for warm winter sites and cool summer sites;

k). incorporate features to minimise energy use; and

l). avoid the use of energy-intensive, environmentally damaging, waste- producing and/or hazardous materials.

ENERGY GENERATION

30. Proposed low-impact tourism developments should employ alternative/renewable energy sources where possible.

31. The commercial sale of fuel should occur in Exmouth, Carnarvon, Coral Bay/Mauds Landing and Minilya Roadhouse.

32. Diesel or gas powered generators should only be used in emergency situations.

POLICIES GUIDELINES

30

17. Construction practices should ensure minimal site disruption.

18. Proponents should develop on-site guidelines or controls for contractors, specifying appropriate construction practices.

19. Proponents should provide briefing or training sessions for all contractors and their employees, specifying the desired practices and the consequences of non-compliance.

20. Contractors should provide a performance bond or deposit which can be used to repair any environmental damage inconsistent with an environmental management plan.

21. Environmental objectives and criteria should be documented.

22. Monitoring and evaluation systems should be prepared and implemented.

23. Regular environmental audits should be undertaken.

24. Staff training and environmental education programs should be established.

25. Interaction between tourists and physical and/or cultural environments should be documented and managed (eg. visitor information and education facilities).

26. Minimal use and disposal of chemical cleaning products should be encouraged. Where disposal is unavoidable, low-impact products should be sought.

27. Construction and decoration materials should not produce or release harmful chemicals during or after manufacture.

28. Proponents should prepare and adopt a product purchasing policy which maximises use, reuse and recycling.

29. Proponents should provide education for visitors on wildlife, cultural resources, historic and natural features.

CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

POLICIES GUIDELINES


31

APPROVALS PROCESS

30. Prior to lodging an application for development proponents should liaise with the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Department of Environmental Protection, Ministry for Planning and local government.

31. Proponents should preferably provide a high level of information to the EPA ‘upfront’ or as part of the assessment, at the time of referral. The remainder should be provided as part of any environmental review document, should a formal assessment by the EPA be required. This information should include:

a). a detailed description of the development proposal including site and landscape appraisal, ultimate development scenario, project design, access arrangements, construction, management and operation (see separate guidelines);

b). a detailed description of the existing, physical, biological, landscape and cultural environment, which should go beyond desktop studies to include detailed field investigations of flora, fauna (terrestrial, marine and subterranean, declared rare and priority species, biodiversity, geology and geomorphology, hydrology, ecological processes and systems, landscape, drainage, flooding and Aboriginal cultural heritage significance;

c). an assessment of construction, visual, indirect, ongoing, off-site and cumulative impacts of the development proposal, and its supporting infrastructure;

d). an assessment of alternatives and justification of the development proposal selected;

e). information which demonstrates, with a high degree of scientific confidence, that anticipated environmental impacts can be managed;

f). a commitment to and description of an environmental management system which integrates the construction and operation of the development proposal with environmental management criteria and objectives, and demonstrates progressive improvement; and

g). a monitoring program and contingency plans in case environmental criteria or objectives are not met.

ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL PROCESS

32. All development proposals should be referred to the EPA and be subject to environmental impact assessment.

PLANNING APPROVAL PROCESS

33. Development of tourism sites should proceed in accordance with the relevant planning approval processes consistent with the State Planning Strategy, Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy,Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape) Structure Plan and relevant Town Planning Scheme.

34. Where a tourism site is likely to accommodate a number of development proposals or where expansion is likely, a structure plan should be prepared to provide for integrated andlogical development.

NATURE CONSERVATION APPROVAL PROCESS

35. All development proposals within CALM managed areas shouldbe in accordance with the approved CALM management plan forthat area.

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REFERENCES

Australian Tourism Industry Association, 1990. Environmental Guidelines for TouristDevelopments.

Brian J O’Brien & Associates Pty. Ltd, 1989. The Eco Ethics of Tourism Development.Western Australian Tourism Commission and Environmental Protection Authority,

Council of Australian Governments, 1992. National Strategy for Ecologically SustainableDevelopment. Australian Government Publishing Service.

Craik W, 1993. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as a Model of Ecologically SustainableDevelopment. Presented at EIA National Conference.

Department of the Environment Sport and Territories, 1997. Coastal Tourism: A Manual forSustainable Tourism.

Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1987. Cape Range National ParkManagement Plan 1987-1997, Western Australia.

Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1989. Ningaloo Marine ParkManagement Plan 1989-1999, Western Australia.

Department of Planning and Urban Development, 1992a. Exmouth Coastal Strategy.

Deville A and Harding R, 1997. Applying the Precautionary Principle. The Federation Press,pp.79.

The Ecotourism Society, 1995. Ecolodge Sourcebook for Planners and Developers.

Environmental Protection Authority, 1998. Environmental Protection of the Cape RangeProvince. Preliminary Position Statement No.1.

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 1994. A 25 Year Strategic Plan for the GreatBarrier Reef World Heritage Area, GBRMPA.

Grigg R W and Dollar S M, 1993. Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbance on Coral Reefs.Coral Reef Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam pp439-452.

Hamilton-Smith E, Kiernan K, and Spate A, 1998. Karst Management Considerations for theCape Range Karst Province of Western Australia. A report prepared for the Department ofEnvironmental Protection.

Harris R, and Leiper N, 1995. Sustainable Tourism An Australian Perspective. Butterworth-Heinemann: Australia.


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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1996. The IPPCC Scientific Assessment.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

International Coral Reef Initiative. State of the Reefs - ICRI’s Major Concern.

Standards Australia, 1997, ISO 14000 Series.

Jones Lang Wootton, 1993. North West Tourism Development Study.

Keighery G, and Gibson N, 1993. Biogeography and Composition of the Flora of the CapeRange Peninsula, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum,Supplement 45: 51-58.

Kendrick P, 1993. Biography of Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Cape Range Peninsula,Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 45: 193-206.

Knott B, 1993. Stygofauna from Cape Range Peninsula, Western Australia: Tethyan Relics.Records of the Western Australia Museum, Supplement 45: 49-54.

Legislative Council of WA, 1995. First report of the Legislative Council Select CommitteeCape Range National Park and Ningaloo Marine Park.

Nature Based Tourism Advisory Committee, 1997. Nature Based Tourism Strategy forWestern Australia. Published by the Western Australian Tourism Commission.

Vanderzee M, 1996. Managing for Ecologically Sustainable Tourism Use of the Great BarrierReef World Heritage Area. Paper presented at the 1996 World Congress on Coastal andMarine Tourism, Honolulu, Hawaii 19-22 June 1996.

Western Australian Government, 1997. Response by the Western Australian Government tothe first report of the Legislative Council Select Committee on Cape Range National Park andNingaloo Marine Park. Minister for the Environment, Hansard 15,16 and 17.

Western Australian Planning Commission, 1996. Gascoyne Coast Regional Strategy.

Western Australian Planning Commission, 1998. Exmouth-Learmonth (North West Cape)Structure Plan.

Western Australian Tourism Commission and Environmental Protection Authority. 1989bThe Eco Ethics of Tourism Development.

Wilkinson C R, 1992. Coral reefs of the world are facing widespread devastation, can weprevent this through sustainable management practises? Proceedings of the 7thInternational Symposium, Guam.

Documents

Environmental and Planning Guidelines for · v Environmental and Planning Guidelines for Tourism Development on the North West Cape EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The west coast of the North West