Environmental Assessment for Tamil

Nadu Rural Transformation

ProjectReport

SFG3416

Rural Development & Panchayat Raj DepartmentGovernment of Tamil Nadu

Volume 1Environmental Assessment

(EA)

2

Abbreviations and AcronymsACU Adult Cattle UnitAHVS Animal Husbandry and Veterinary ServicesCAA Coastal Aquaculture AuthorityCBO Community Based OrganizationCEE Centre for Environment EducationCLG Common Livelihood GroupCP Community ProfessionalCSR Corporate Social ResponsibilityCRZ Coastal Regulation ZoneDDS District Diagnostic StudyDIC District Industries CentreDPSIR Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-ResponseEA Environmental AppraisalEIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environment Management Plan EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EG Environmental GuidelinesESMF Environmental and Social Management FrameworkESI Environmental Sustainability IndexFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFFDA Fish Farmers Development Agency FSI Forest Survey of India FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India HTL High Tide LineICT Information and Communication TechnologyIFMR Institute for Financial Management and Research INM Integrated Nutrient ManagementLTL Low Tide LineMCM Million Cubic MetersMFP Minor Forest Produces

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MSME Micro, Small and Medium EnterprisesMT Metric TonnesNBR Niligiri Biosphere ReserveNTFP Non Timber Forest Produce NP National ParksOP Operational PolicyPCB Pollution Control BoardPDO Project Development ObjectivePGP Participatory Growth PlanPWD Public Works DepartmentSHG Self Help GroupSSFE Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises TNEPRP TamilNadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction

ProgrammeTNRTM Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation MarketplaceTNRTP Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation ProjectTOF Trees Outside Forests TMC Thousand Million CubicSRI System of Rice Intensification VCA Value Chain AnalysisWHO World Health Organisation WLS Wild Life Sanctuary

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Contents:Chapter 1 1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP)

101.1. Background of the project

101.2. Project Components

111.2.1. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion 111.2.2. Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations: 111.2.3. Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities

121.2.4. Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation

Support Systems 121.3 Environmental Assessment

131.3.1. Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP

131.3.2 Methodology for EA and ESMF

141.4. Overview of the EA Report

15Chapter 2 2.1 Geography of Tamil Nadu

162.2 Agriculture

182.2.1. Agro-climatic Zone Profile

192.3. Current Trends in Agriculture

212.4. Current challenges for the Agriculture sector

232.5. Animal Husbandry and Dairying

252.6 Fisheries

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2.7. Forest 312.7.1 Forest covers

312.7.2. Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu

322.7.3 Protected Areas 332.7.4 Challenges in Forestry sector

352.8. Water Resources

372.9 Industrial Profile

402.10 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu 41

Chapter 3Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMF

44

Chapter 4 Identifcation of key risks and mitigation measures

634.1 Environmental Guidelines for Agriculture Value Chains

634.2 Environmental Guidelines for Livestock Value Chains

664.3 Environmental Guidelines for Enterprises

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List of Tables:

1. Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTP13

2. Table 2.1 Key features of the state17

3. Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered19

4. Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade21

5. Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during 2010-11 22

6. Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012) 26

7. Table 2.6 Dairy Development 2013-14 (Nos)26

8. Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in Tamil Nadu (2010) 28

9. Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics- 2013-1430

10. Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries Sector30

11. Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu32

12. Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil Nadu34

13. Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m) 36

14. Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m) 37

15. Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP Blocks39

16. Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteria40

17. Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) - TNRTP districts 41

18. Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts42

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19. Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP45

20. Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental issues and best Practices in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc 63

21. Table 4.2 Potential Environmental / Social issues in the Paddy value chain 64

22. Table 4.3 PotentialEnvironmental / Social issues in Pepper 66

23. Table 4.4 Potential Environmental / Soical issues in the Dairy value chain 66

24. Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social issues68

25. Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental / Social issues 68

26. Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm Enterprises69

27. Table 4.8 Potential Environmental / Social issues in farm based food product preparation

7028. Table 4.9 Potential Environmental / Social issues in food product

preparation 7129. Table 4.10 Potential Environmental / Social issues in oil extraction

7230. Table 4.11 Potential Environmental / Social issues forest based

enterprises 7231. Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in nonfarm based

enterprises 7332. Table 4.13 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Garment

Stitching process 7433. Table 4.14 Potential Environmental / Social issues for Handlooms,

handicrafts, basket making, paper plates and paper

7534. Table 4.15 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Granite

Quarry 75

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List of Figures

1. Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu – District Map162. Fig 2.2 Trends of net sown area and area under irrigation in 2001-

02 to 2010-11 183. Fig 2.3 Agro Climatic Zones of TN194. Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps205. Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu216. Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil

Nadu 227. Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population248. Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu

279. Fig 2.9 Forest Cover

3110. Fig 2.10 Tamil Nadu River Basin Map

3711. Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater

3812. Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu

4113. Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components

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List of Annexures

Annexure 1

List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Blocks

Annexure 2

List of activities field visited

Annexure 3

Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic groundwater resources

Annexure 4

District Fact Sheet

Annexure District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities

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5Annexure 6

Regulatory Requirements List

Annexure 7

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – Listed species

Annexure 8

Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Consent to Establish

Annexure 9

List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions

Annexure 10

Food colors, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units

Annexure 11

List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993

Annexure 12

List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act

Annexure 13

List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is not permitted

Annexure 14

The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard

Annexure 15

Summary of stakeholder consultation workshop

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Executive Summary

Introduction

The Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP), supported by the World Bank, aims at supporting project outcomes with Tamil Nadu state’s Vision 2030 and leverage opportunities for rural transformation. The project’s focus will contribute to the following seven areas of strategic engagement, namely: i) Enterprise Promotion; ii) Creating Job Opportunities; iii) Value Chain Based Approach; iv) Convergence with existing skills training programs; v) Public-Private Partnerships; vi) Leveraging the strength of existing Community Based Organizations, and vii) Investment driven by market opportunities and by community-centric investment plans.

The Project Development Objective is to “promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu”.

TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu (Annexure 1).

The project has the 4 following components and sub-components:

Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise PromotionSub-Components: 1.1) Inclusive Strategic Analytics and Planning 1.2) Business Development Support Services 1.3) Enterprise Promotion and Value Chain strengthening

Component 2: Business Plans Financing and InnovationsSub-Components: 2.1) Facilitating Business Plan Financing; 2.2) Innovation Promotion

Component 3: Skills and Job OpportunitiesSub-Components: 3.1) Pre and Post training Services to Enhance Employment outcomes 3.2) Community- based training and skilling provision 3.3) Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains

Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support Systems

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Environment Assessment StudyAs per the requirement of the World Bank an Environmental Assessment (EA) study of the project was undertaken by the Rural Development and Panchayathi Raj Deraprtment with the support of Centre for Environment Education (CEE). The objective of the study was to understand environmental implications of project activities, and to define remedial measures to mitigate any negative impacts, and to understand the compliance requirements with the national and state legal and regulatory framework and the World Bank Operational Policies. The environment assessment study identified the following key potential environmental issues related to the project interventions.

Possible over-exploitation of resources such as soil, water, ground water, forest products etc.

Agriculture/Horticulture value chains:o Introducing high yielding varieties which could result in loss of

indigenous varietieso Increased fertilisation without soil testing, over use of

pesticides can have negative impact on soil, water and biodiversity

Livestock value chains:o Promotion of high yielding breeds/species without fodder/feed

management plans may result in stress on natural resources and failure of the activity

o Absence of manure/litter management results in contamination of surrounding environment

Enterprises: o Possible demand for high use of resources – water, soil,

forests, energy etc.o Use of chemical ingredients/alternatives, disposal of wastes

etc. when not aligned with the required standards may result in health hazards to the workers, neighboring communities and consumers.

o Setting up mills, processing units and storage facilities will need high energy and water and may release toxic wastes to the environment

o Possibility of issues related to worker safety, occupational health hazards etc.

o Improper siting and operation and maintenance may result in pollution of the surrounding environment

Based on the likely impact, the project triggers the following Safeguard Policies of the World Bank: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Forests (OP 4.36); Natural habitats (OP 4.04) and Pest Management (OP 4.09).

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Environmental safeguards are applicable to the following components of TNRTP. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion; Component 2: Enterprise Business Plans Financing and Innovations and Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities. Out of these components safeguards are applicable to 5 sub-components of the project, 1.1: Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning; 1.2: Business Development Support Services; 1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening; 2.2: Innovation Promotion and 3.3: Skilling for prioritized value chain

The EA has identified i) applicable legal and regulatory (compliance) requirements to the project interventions ii) the possible environmental implications of the interventions and activities proposed under the project. This volume (Volume I) discussed the results of the EA study whereas Volume II discusses the management framework.

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Chapter 1

1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP)

1.1. Background of the project

The proposed Project Development Objective (PDO) is to ‘promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu’.

The project would achieve the project PDO by: i) Creating an enabling environment to promote and strengthen enterprises and creating jobs in targeted areas through identifying market and value-chain strengthening opportunities; ii) mobilizing and aggregating rural producers’ (from SHG households) into producer collectives; iii) enhancing access to finance through development of appropriate financial products and linkages with formal financial institutions; iv) financing of business plans of producer collectives and enterprises linked to value chain opportunities; v) developing an institutional architecture for efficient delivery of business development and financial services; vi) upgrading skills in selected self-employment occupations and enhancing access to wage-employment jobs in growth clusters; and vii) forging partnerships with key stakeholders (public/private/research/academia) and leverage expertise of partners to engage in specific win-win opportunities to ensure sustainability of project initiatives.

TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts1 specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu. The project will work with a total of 660,000 targeted households that are mobilized into Self-Help Groups, out of which 6000 Producer Collectives and 1000 Enterprise Groups. The project will support around 7,000 individual entrepreneurs; and 87,000 youth for skills enhancement through convergence with existing government skilling programs. The project implementation will be rolled out in a phased manner, in the first 8 months 26 blocks will be taken up for implementation in all project districts, followed by 52 blocks by end of 12 months and the remaining 42 blocks by the end of 18 months from initiation of project implementation.

The key results indicators are:

Percentage of enterprises supported by the project (individual and collective) with ongoing operations (after 2 years of project support);

1Districts Names: Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindugul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Tiruppur, Trichy, Vellore, Villupuram, and Virudhnagar.

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Percentage of enterprises supported by the project receiving funds from financial institutions (individual and collective);

Beneficiaries engaged in self or wage employment following training facilitated by the project (Number); and

Project direct beneficiaries (Number) of which female beneficiaries (Percentage).

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1.2. Project Components:

The project has the 4 following components.

1.2.1. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion:

The main objective of this component is to create an enabling environment for promotion and strengthening of enterprises and job creation. The overall focus of this component is to identify market and value chain development opportunities, support business conditions development in the project areas, and provide informed pathways to effectively and efficiently develop business enterprises. The sub components are:

1.1. Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning.Analytics and Planning will support a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the business ecosystem including agro-climatic and socio-economic aspects in the project areas to contextualize project investments. The subcomponent will identify and prioritize sectors/subsectors/commodities for project interventions and investments through an inclusive strategy and value chain analytical approach, following sequential steps that includes (i) District Diagnostic Study (DDS) - robust analysis at the district level to identify the major commodity/sub-sectors (ii) Value-Chain Analysis (VCA) studies at the State level for selected prioritized commodities and subsectors; (iii) Participatory Growth Plans (PGP).

1.2: Business Development Support Services.The objective of this sub-component is “to develop appropriate institutions and mechanism for business development support services to the enterprises in initiating, managing and successfully running the businesses”. This will support the producer collectives and enterprises under the project to (i) scope enterprise promotion including business plan development, and (ii) bridge critical gaps in accessing business development services, technology and skills; acquiring required legal licenses and formalities; and securing finance.

1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening.This component will promote individual and collective enterprises (including producer collectives) for prioritized sub-sectoral value chain activities and enhance their capacity to engage with markets and other stakeholders effectively. Each of these enterprises will be supported to enhance production efficiency; establish a predictable inputs infrastructure; mobilize credit from financial institutions and converge with government schemes; and integrate with markets on profitable terms.

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1. 2.2. Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations:

The main objective of this component is to promote producer collectives and individual enterprises for taking up economic activities linked to the value-chain opportunities. The component has sub components.

2.1: Facilitating Business Plan FinancingThis sub-component will promote their linkages with the formal financial sector. The sub-component will cover both: financial instruments, as well as capacity building, training and technical assistance to the participating financial institutions. 2.2: Innovation Promotion This sub-component will contribute to the design, promotion, and implementation of transformational ideas that use technology, innovation, and partnerships to tackle development challenges in Tamil Nadu. The sub-component will consist of the following interventions: a) Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Marketplace (TNRTM), which will create a platform to identify, showcase and celebrate innovations related to themes that have the potential to impact rural economic growth in Tamil Nadu, b) Pilot Projects – Induced Thematic Innovations, which will focus on the piloting of three concepts that are independent, yet consciously induced by the project, and are guided by global and national knowledge, experiences, and best practices. The sub-component will consist of three major pilots, which are: i)Agri Food Hub, with the objective to promote the agri-food sector in Tamil Nadu around an economically viable and scalable food system model that promotes economic empowerment and preserves the environment;(ii)Green enterprise, with the objective to support the development of a locally owned franchise to manufacture eco-friendly and affordable sanitary napkins; and (iii)Tribal Handicrafts in Nilgiris, with the objective to identify potential enterprises that can be taken up, demonstrated as pilots, through focused technical assistance support.

1.2.3. Component 3 – Skills and Job Opportunities:

The objective is to create sustainable job opportunities through skilling, and enhance job placement through convergence and private sector interface, with specific strategies to include female youth. The sub components are

3.1: Pre & Post training services to enhance employment outcomes.The objective of this subcomponent is to enhance access to and outcomes for youth from poor target households from training provision through existing flagship government skills training programs.3.2: Community Based Training and Skilling provisionThe objective of this sub-component is to enhance access of target households to skills training in locally relevant sub-sectors.3.3: Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains.

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This objective of this subcomponent is to enhance skills of three sets of actors – service providers, entrepreneurs and producer households - in focus value chains such as horticulture, leading to enhanced income and employment outcomes in these value chains.

1. 2.4. Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support Systems

The objective of this component is to provide support services (Knowledge Management, Monitoring & Evaluation, Financial Management, Procurement, Social and Environmental Safeguards Management, Human Resource Management and Information, Communication Technology- ICT and Safeguard Management) to the project staff to achieve the objective of the project. The sub-components are4.1: Implementation Support Systems: Human Resource, Financial Management, Procurement, Safeguards and ICT4.2: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance RedressalThis sub component represents a core component in the implementation of TNRTP.4.3: Knowledge, Communication and Learning SystemsThe aim of this sub-component is create a knowledge management and learning system which will ensure gathering, codifying and disseminating knowledge.

1.3 Environmental Assessment

The World Bank’s policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The principal objectives of the EA are:

To understand the environmental status in the project districts (baselines)

To identify potential environmental impacts of the activities undertaken through the project.

To identify the legal and regulatory (compliance requirements) for the project

To identify the scope for green enterprises An Environment Assessment study was undertaken and an Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was developed for the TNRTP to ensure that the project interventions are environmentally sustainable and are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and policies of the Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and triggered safeguard policies of the World Bank.

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1.3.1. Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP

Environmental Safeguards are applicable to three components and five subcomponents of TNRTP. Details are depicted in the table below:

Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTPTNRTP Components Environmental ImplicationsComponent 1 Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion1.1: Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning

Integrations of environmental aspects like status of natural resources, key environmental issues related to the value chainsand enterprises, opportunities for green enterprises etc. into the district diagnostic studies, value chain analysis etc.

1.2: Business Development Support Services.

One stop shop which will offer services to the enterprises provides necessary inputs to ensure compliance, Environmental Guidelines (EG) and Greening opportunities.

1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening

Convergence with Government Programs and Schemes; Private Sector Partnerships and Tie-ups with Technical and Financial institutions for greening interventions. Required consents on ESMF like from PCB and others will be availed

Component 2: Business Plans Financing and Innovations2.2: Innovation Promotion

Thematic Innovation to promote Green Enterprises. This will increase the environmental benefit through the innovative solution.

Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities3.3: Upgrading Skills in prioritized value chain

Skill up gradation measures to include green skills.

1.3.2 Methodology for EA:

An environmental assessment study was undertaken by the CEE for the TNRTP. The study aims at understanding the environmental conditions, relevant policies and regulations; potential environmenta issues that could arise due to project interventions which would help in preparing an Environment and Social Management Framewirk (ESMF) Plan. The scope of the study is detailed below;

To study the environmental scenario for understanding the current state of environment in the 26 selected districts of Tamil Nadu in the context of the enterprises and production interventions,

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Identifying the possible environmental impacts due to prject interventions

Identifying applicable legal and regulatory framework

The adopted methodology to do EA and develop the ESMF included: Secondary data collection and review : Both quantitative and

qualitative information were collected from government departments, World Bank documents, SHGs/ CLGs, producer groups, and so on. Also this included lessons learnt from the experience of implementation of TNEPRP.

Review of legal and regulatory systems : A comprehensive assessment of the relevant laws, regulations, and policies of the government of India and government of Tamil Nadu relevant to the project was carried out.

Field visits and Meetings with expertise: The Field Visits were conducted in six sample districts (Coimbatore, Salem, Namakkal, Kanchipuram, Vellore and Thoothukudi) with SHGs/ CLGs (Details enclosed as Annexure 2). And meetings were held with the NGOs, Research Institutes and Line Departments to solicit their comments and suggestions on the the environmental impacts, legal requirements and mitigation measures. These included interactive sessions with Care Earth, IFMR, and Institute for Energy studies, Anna University, Climate Change Cell of Department of Environment.

Stakeholder consultation: A workshop to share the findigs of EA and ESMF and to invite inputs for its’ strengthening was organized on 30 March 2017. The minutes of this workshop are provided in Annexure 15.

The EA report is developed based on the initial assessment study. However the document may need updation after the project inception once the analytics and planning is completed and investments on commodities, type of enterprises etc. are clear.

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1.4. Overview of the EA Report:

The structure of the report in each Volume is as follows:

Volume 1:Chapter 1, this chapter provides an overview of the Objectives and components of TNRTP.Chapter 2, provides the Environmental baseline of the state and project districtsChapter 3, provides legal and regulatory framework that is applicable to the project activities Chapter 4, furnishes the Key Risks indentified

Volume 2:Chapter 1 discusses applicability of ESMF to project components and provides the EnvironmentGuidelines for the Enterprises and Value chainsChapter 2 presents strategy for the promotion of Green Enterprises on the theme “Eco friendly/ biodegradable Menstrual Health ProductsChapter 3 provides the Implementation arrangements for Environment Management Framework.

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Chapter 2

Environmental Baseline

2.1 Geography of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is situated on the eastern side of the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula at North Latitude between 8º5' and 13º35' and East Longitude between 76º15' and 80º20'. It has an area of 130058 sq km. It has long coast line with Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean and is bounded by Andhra Pradesh in the north, south-west with Kerala and north-west with Karnataka.

Tamil Nadu is bordered by Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest, Andhra Pradesh to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari), the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean is located in Tamil Nadu.

The western, southern and the north-western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. Tamil Nadu is the only state in India which has both the Western Ghat and the Eastern Ghat mountain ranges which both meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the South West

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Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu – District Map

Monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains. The northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains.

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Climatic Characteristics: Tamil Nadu is heavily dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has distinct periods of rainfall, which are the advancing monsoon period, South-west monsoon (from June to September) with strong southwest winds, the North- east monsoon (from October to December), with dominant northeast winds, and the Dry season (from January to May). The normal annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in), of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought.

Socio Economic Profile: Tamil Nadu State has been divided into thirty two districts and each district has further been divided into number of Blocks for effective administrative control. The total population of Tamil Nadu as per Census, 2011 was 72.1 million which 5.96% of India’s population is. It is the seventh most densely populated State in India with a population density of 555 persons per sq.km, significantly higher than the Indian average of 382 persons per sq.km (Census of India, 2011). Tamil Nadu the most urbanized State in India with about 48% of its population living in urban areas. The sex ratio in 2011 is estimated to be 987 females per 1000 males, which is well above the national average in 2011.

Table 2.1 Key features of the stateGeographical Area 1,30,058 sq kmNumber of Districts (2011) 32Number of Blocks (2011) 411Population (2011) 7,21,38,958Males 3,61,58,871Females 3,59,80,087Population Density (2011) 555 per sq. kmAverage size of agriculture land holding (2000-01)

0.89 hectare

Sex Ratio ( Females per 1000 Males) (2011 Census)

996

Birth Rate – 2013 15.6 Death rate – 2013 7.3 Infant Mortality Rate – 2013 21 Literacy Rate – 2011 Census 80.09

http://www.tn.gov.in/dept.st/TN at a glance.html

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Implications for Environmental Management The massive outreach of the project emphasizes the need for (a) a robust, yet simple management system for environmental safeguards that can be implemented across 26districts, 120 blocks and 3994 villages.

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2.2 Agriculture

Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized and industrialized States in India and only 22 percent of its income comes from the agriculture and allied sectors and the share has shown a declining trend over the years. The sector, which grew at 15.28 percent during 2006-07 declined to -4.46 percent during 2007-08 due to the crop damages caused by natural calamities. However, till date 40 percent of the State population is dependent on this sector for livelihood. Hence the growth in agriculture is important not only to ensure food security, but also for reducing poverty.

In addition to the frequent and recurrent hydro-meteorological events such as droughts, extreme rainfall events and cyclones impacting agriculture in the State, the growth of the sector is constrained by a number of other factors such as reduced availability of water and declining cropped area, which has declined from 33 percent of available land area in 2000-01 to 31 percent of total land area in 2010-11. Further, small land holdings, deterioration in soil health due to depletion of topsoil, decline in organic content, decrease in cropping intensity and shortage of labor besides reluctance to work in the farms, and poor adoption of crop management practices etc. are adding to the already existing pressures on agriculture.

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Fig 2.2 Trends of Net sown area and area under irrigation in 2001-02 to 2010 -11

(Source: Statistical Handbook, 2012. Dept of Economics and Statistics, GoTN2)

Currently, land resources are clearly under stress. A balanced use of organic nutrients, chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers and other agro chemicals will ensure sustainability.

2.2.1. Agro-climatic Zone Profile:

Based on soil characteristics, rainfall distribution, irrigation pattern, cropping pattern and other ecological and social characteristics, the State Tamil Nadu has been classified into seven agro-climatic zones. The following are the seven agro-climatic zones of the State of Tamil Nadu.

Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered3

Agro Districts covered Soil types Annual

2 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf3 Source: http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/sereport/ser/7vgtn/v3_ch3.pdf

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Fig 2.3 Agro climatic Zones of TN

Implications for Environmental Management The agro-climatic diversity of the project area emphasizes the need for locale-specific environmental management.

Climatic Zones

Rainfall

North Eastern Zone

Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Vellore, Villupuram and Tiruvannamalai

Red sandy loam, clay loam, saline coastal-alluvium

1109 mm

North Western Zone

Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Salem and Namakkal (Part)

Non-Calcareousred, non-calcareous brown, calcareous black

849 mm

Western Zone

Erode, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Theni, Karur (Part), Namakkal (Part), Dindigul, Perambalur and Ariyalur (Part)

Red loam, black 653.7 mm

Cauvery Delta Zone

Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Trichy and parts of - Karur, Ariyalur, Pudukkottai and Cuddalore

Red loam, alluvium

956.3 mm

Southern Zone

Madurai, Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi

Red loam, alluvium

816.5 mm

High Rainfall Zone

Kanyakumari Saline coastal alluvium, deep red loam

1456mm

High Altitude and Hilly Zone

The Nilgiris and Kodaikanal (Dindigul)

Lateritic 1857 mm

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Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps

Thoothukudi, Sivagangai and Kanchipuram districts are low in nutrient phosphorous. Nutrient nitrogen is low in all TNRTP district except Salem, it

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Implications for Environmental

Soil testing to identify the soil nutrient status (on the basis of which fertilizer inputs can be planned) is a critical service needed by farmers – however, access to this is currently constrained by poor servicing by Government soil testing labs, low awareness on need for soil testing and poor skills in sample collection. CBOs can play an important role in facilitating soil testing by (a) liaison with soil testing labs for organizing systematic collection of samples, timely delivery of results and their interpretation, etc. (b) management

is medium in Salem. Potassium level is high and medium in all project districts.

2.3. Current Trends in Agriculture

In the last decade between 2001-02 and 2010-11, the net sown area was at its peak in 2001-02 in Tamil Nadu, but due to the extreme drought in 2002-2003, the net sown area as well as the total production dipped significantly. Since then the net sown area has not recovered. However, with the increase in the area under assured irrigation from 54 percent of gross sown area in 2001-02 to 58 percent in 2010-11, the production of cereals, pulses, oil seeds etc. are on the path of recovery, and productivity of majority of the crops are on the rise, except a nominal decline in the case of rice and pulses.

Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade Crops National

AverageState Average – Tamil Nadu

2010-11 (kg/ha)

2001-02 (kg/ha)

2010-11 (kg/ha)

Net change (%)

Rice 2177 3196 3039 -4.9Cholum 916 866 1014 +17.1Cumbu 1033 1223 1564 +27.9Ragi 830 1883 2262 +20.1Maize 2408 1950* 2468 +26.6

Pulses

694 395 386 -2.5

Cotton 2232 - 469 -Coffee 997 - 107 -

Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics

Source of Irrigation:Water is an important determinant factor of production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive and extensive cultivation of land depend mainly on the availability of water. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, Open wells and springs. The following figure (Fig 2.5) shows the net area irrigated by various sources.

30

26%

18%

14%

42%

0%

Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu

Canals Tanks Tube wellsOpen wells Others

The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu in 2001-02 and 2010-11 is shown in Figure 2.6. Paddy and sugar cane occupying around 57 percent and 9 percent of the gross sown area in 2010-11 are the most water intensive crops. In fact, 90 percent of the rice in the State is irrigated. The rain-fed rice productivity and sugar productivity are impacted adversely by frequent and continuous failure in monsoon which has implications on the sustainability of their productivity.

Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu

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8%

17%

18%

4%

53%

2001-02

SugarcaneGround nutPulsesCottonPaddy

Horticulture Since 2005-06, with the impetus received from the National Horticulture Mission of the Government of India, the horticulture production in the State has grown dramatically. The varied agro climatic zones in Tamil Nadu are being appropriately harnessed for maximizing the production of horticultural crops. Between 2006-07 and 2010-11, the vegetable and fruit production has grown by 14 percent. Spices and condiments have grown by 26 percent. Plantation crop production has grown by 45 percent and medicinal and aromatic plant production by 52 percent. The spectacular growth has taken place in flower production which has grown by 450 percent during this period. In fact, Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of flowers in the country4.Technology breakthrough in horticultural crops has improved the quality and yield considerably besides, bringing higher income to the farmers leading to crop diversification. Though the area under horticultural crops is less than one fifth of total cropped area, its share to total agricultural growth has become significantly high. Table 2.4 below gives the actual area and production figure trends during 2010-11.4 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/sapcc.html; http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf

32

9%

11%

19%

4%

57%

2011-12

Sug-ar-caneGround nutPulsesCottonPaddy

Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during 2014-15S. No

Items National Production (‘000 Tonne)

State (‘000 Tonne)

% of state share to National Production

1 Fruits 88819 8107.4 9.12 Vegetables 168300 9584.3 5.73 Flowers &

Aromatics3233 395.1 12.2

4 Plantation crops 17131 638.5 3.75 Spices 5908 166.0 2.8

Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2015http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/hortstat_glance%202015.pdf

2.4. Current challenges for the Agriculture sector

The major challenges of the agriculture sector in the State are related to the issue that 57 percent of the area falls under dry land agriculture (Box 2.1) and there is high dependency on rainfall for irrigation. Inadequate, untimely and polluted irrigation water source cripples production and productivity of crops. Low soil fertility, low level of farm mechanization due to small land holdings, monsoon vagaries and at present, the climate changes has compounded the problem further. With exhausted nutrients and microbes, depleted organic carbon status and humus levels, soil deterioration is unabated. Chemical invasive agriculture, development of sodic and alkaline soils, use of salty water drawn from deeper layers through bore wells adds to further complexities.

Shrinking agricultural land mainly due to urbanization and industrialization accompanied by repeated monsoon failures resulting in droughts is a concern for meeting food demand in the State. Though the vision of the State is to move towards farm mechanization for maximizing production, the size of the farm holding continues to survive and currently it is 0.83 ha in Tamil Nadu (Vision Tamil Nadu 2023). The State over the years has become vulnerable to various natural disasters, which is a matter of serious concern to the planners. Agriculture is the predominant occupation in Tamil Nadu and is highly dependent on the endowment of natural resources and environmental conditions. Because of its geographical position under the climate variability situations, agriculture in Tamil Nadu is affected by frequent cyclones; droughts and flood occurrences. Further, the inter-annual variability in the Inter-State river flow affects surface water resources available for irrigated agriculture. Current estimates of Demand and Supply gap of important crops in Tamil Nadu for the year 2010 (estimated by the State Planning Commission) indicated that the State is lagging far behind in the production of various crops. As the production and productivity of crops mainly depend on the climatic conditions that prevail during the growing period, it is important to understand the changes that

33

have happened in the climate and its related impact on agricultural production, and plan agriculture as per the anticipated changes to climate.

34

35

Box 2.1: Vulnerability of Dryland Agriculture in Tamil Nadu In Tamil Nadu, of the 5.75 million ha of cultivable area, around 3.3 million ha falls under dryland agriculture. Millet crops such as jowar, bajra, maize, ragi and other minor millets; Pulses such as blackgram, red gram, green gram, horse gram and cowpea; Oilseed crops such as groundnut, gingelly, sunflower and castor are best suited for these dry land as they are mostly grown under rainfed conditions. For example, maximum irrigated area is available for ground nut which is 38percent of the gross area. Rest of the crops has only irrigated areas ranging between 1percent to 12percent of gross sown area. As a result the yield gap between irrigated and rainfed conditions for these crops vary between 41percent in Maize to 100percent in Jowar. About 80 percent of the areas under these rainfed crops are grown during Kharif season, specifically during June-July months (South West monsoon period which has lower rainfall than the North East monsoon in Tamilnadu). But uncertainty in production due to fluctuations in total rainfall and changes in its distribution, decrease in relative productivity in rainfed lands affect the livelihoods of poor and marginal farmers. The following points would explain lower yield under dry land of Tamil Nadu:

Less soil moisture due to poor precipitation -annual rainfall less than 500 mm;

Uneven / erratic distribution of rainfall both in spatial and temporal means;

Deterioration in soil health due to depletion of top soils; Decline in organic matter content; Death of suitable rainfed varieties; Low cropping intensity; Poor adoption of crop management practices; Adoption of generalized cropping system

A special package for climate change adaptation should be developed for rainfed areas for minimizing risk. Steps towards this could include

Integrated farming including crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry and agro forestry; Promotion of homestead gardens supported by nurseries;

Promote farm ponds, legume trees and biogas plants; Farmers participation in selection of thermal and water stress resistant varieties;

Soil test-based INM practices for improving soil health; Improving the

2.5. Animal Husbandry and Dairying

The contribution of livestock sector in the year 2010-11 to the Gross State Domestic product at current prices was 2.58 percent and it constitutes 24.80 percent the total agriculture and allied sector (Twelfth Five Year Plan Report of Tamil Nadu). The dairy sector in Tamil Nadu, is mostly in the hands of 2 million marginal and landless farmers.

Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population

Source: Statistical Abstract of Tamil Nadu, 2011-12; http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf

The livestock population in the State has shown a mixed trend since the census has been carried out in 1951 (Figure 2.7). There has been a substantial dip in cattle and buffalo population from 1982 onwards, and

36

Jersey/ HF (million)Indigenous cattle (million)

since 2003, it has again started increasing due to the various positive policy decisions on dairy development of the government. During the period from 1997 to 2007, the crossbreed population in Tamil Nadu has increased by 46.61 percent. This is because of the sustained cross breeding of poor milk producing indigenous cattle with Jersey / HF breeds. As a result, there has been a reduction in indigenous cattle population by 27.79 percent during this period. Similarly, indigenous buffaloes have decreased by 39.51 percent during the same period.

Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units.

Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012)

Livestock and Poultry

Nos

Cow 8814042

Buffaloes 780431 Sheep 478668

0 Goat 814334

1 Poultry 117348

894

Table 2.6 Dairy Development 2013-14 (Nos)Union Dairies 17Federation Dairies 4Milk Chilling Plants 35Number of Bulk Milk Cooler Units

274

(Source: Dairy Development – Policy Note 2015 -16; India Statistics 20155)

Tamil Nadu is known for its native breeds like Kangeyam, Umbalachery, Burghur, Pulikulam, Alambadi and Toda buffalo. They account for 5.07 percent of the total bovine population of the State. The breeds are highly

5 http://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/tnataglance.htm#ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

37

adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and low management practices. The typical characteristics of the breed include high resistance to diseases, tolerance to high temperature, high fertility, adapted to the tropical environment and possess unique ability to survive even with poor quality feed (Figure 2.8). The sheep and goat population have continuously decreased from 1951 onwards, may be due to shrinkage in grazing land, but has registered a surge as per the 2003 and 2007 census. The reasons for the positive trend in goat population may be connected with easier management practices and high remunerative prices for goat meat over other livestock products.

In 2009-10 the total milk production in Tamil Nadu was 5.02 million, which increased to 6.83 million tonnes in 2010-11. Among milk producing cows, crossbreeds contribute to 84.27 percent. As per available data, Tamil Nadu contributes 18.27 percent of egg, 8.78 percent of meat and 5.61 percent of milk production in India and stands 2nd in egg and 5th in meat, 8th in milk production in the country (Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services - AHVS Policy note, 2012).Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, and updated knowledge on par with global level, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State, making it a front runner in the Indian poultry industry. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units. In Tamil Nadu, the most popular country breed is Aseel as quarrel hen. This species is grown for quarrel. Moreover, kirappukkoli, karunkalikkoli, kontaikkoli, kuruvukkoli species grown in the villages for meat and eggs. Such country chickens when reared under deep mulching or cage system through the integrated farming system, farmers will get more profit.

The State is placed between eighth to ninth position in the country in overall milk production in the last 10 years. Cross breeds contribute 72.16 percent of total milk production in the State. Milk procurement and distribution in the State is managed by 17 government cooperatives and also by private players. Services such as mechanization, appropriate selection of animal, provided for animal shelter, making available fodder and veterinary services, procurement of milk, training to farmers and financial tie ups with banks, insurance and use of advance technologies for value addition etc. have helped the sector to grow in the recent years.

Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu

38

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Green Fodder Availability:

Total availability of green fodder in the State was 328.60 lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district (111.76 lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order (with 21.11, 17.97, 14.23, 13.35, 12.20, 11.39 and 11.35 lakh tons, respectively). These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State, with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on them rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg was 297.34 lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, 21.51 and 18.54 lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kanchipuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability (328.60 lakh tons) and requirement (297.34 lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by 31.26 lakh tons in the State.

Permanent Pastures and other Grazing LandsAll grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures or meadows are considered as Permanent pastures and other grazing lands. Village common and grazing lands within forested area are included under this category. An extent of 110309 ha or 0.8% of the geographical area of the state falls under this category. The extent under this category was the highest in Kanchipuram district with 18328 ha (16.6%) followed by Karur district with 10801 ha (9.8%).

Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in Tamil Nadu (2010)6

Districts 

Green Fodder availability in lakh tons 

Livestock population in lakh ACUs 

Green fodder requirement in lakh tons 

Surplus/deficit of green fodder in tons per annumAll livestock

Per ACU

Districts of severe deficit Thiruvarur 0.93 2.38 8.67 -7.74 -3.26Nagapattinam

2.35 2.49 9.09 -6.74 -2.71

6 Green Fodder Availability in Tamil Nadu – A District Wise Analysis. Indian Vet. J., October 2012, 89 (10): 18 - 20

40

Kanchipuram 3.94 3.54 12.93 -8.99 -2.54Thiruvallur 4.4 2.9 10.59 -6.81 -2.35Thanjavur 5.09 3.55 12.94 -7.85 -2.21Kaniyakumari 1.21 0.77 2.8 -1.59 -2.07Districts of deficitThiruchirapalli

6.15 3.08 11.23 -5.08 -1.65

Ramanathapuram

2.32 1.13 4.12 -1.8 -1.6

Pudukottai 5.29 2.57 9.38 -4.09 -1.59Sivagangai 4.4 2.14 7.8 -3.4 -1.59Perambalur 5.1 2.25 8.2 -3.1 -1.38Salem 14.23 5.89 21.51 -7.27 -1.23Tirunelveli 9.6 3.95 14.41 -4.81 -1.22Vellore 10.37 3.99 14.57 -4.2 -1.05Districts of moderate deficitKrishnagiri 7.14 2.48 9.04 -1.91 -0.77Villupuram 17.97 6.16 22.48 -4.51 -0.73Dharmapuri 9.23 3.16 11.54 -2.31 -0.73Virudhunagar 7.22 2.46 8.99 -1.78 -0.72Madurai 5.81 1.86 6.8 -0.99 -0.53Coimbatore 9.97 3.1 11.32 -1.35 -0.43Districts of moderate sufficiencyThiruvannamalai

13.35 3.62 13.22 0.13 0.04

Districts of sufficiencyThoothukudi 6.1 1.54 5.62 0.47 0.31Cuddalore 11.39 2 9.72 1.67 0.63Dindigul 11.35 2.51 9.14 2.2 0.88Districts of SurplusNamakkal 21.11 3.32 12.12 8.99 2.71Theni 5.84 0.86 3.14 2.7 3.14Karur 12.2 1.56 5.68 6.51 4.18The Nilgiris 3.36 0.41 1.48 1.88 4.63Districts of Extreme SurplusErode 111.76 5.08 18.54 93.21 18.35State of sufficiency Tamilnadu 328.6 81.46 297.34 31.22 0.38

Total availability of green fodder in the State was 328.60 lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district (111.76 lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order. These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State,

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with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total livestock population of the State was 81.46 lakh ACUs, of which nearly three-fourth (71.72%) was cattle and 18.24% buffaloes, while sheep and goats were almost equal (5%). The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on the rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg bw was 297.34 lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, 21.51 and 18.54 lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kancheepuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability (328.60 lakh tons) and requirement (297.34 lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by 31.26 lakh tons in the State.

2.6 Fisheries

Fishery resources of Tamil Nadu are categorized as Marine, Inland and Brackish water.

Marine FisheriesTamil Nadu has 1.9 lakh sq. km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and a continental shelf of 41,412 sq.km. The marine fisher population in Tamil Nadu is 9.24 lakh, living in 608 fishing villages in the 13 coastal districts. The inshore waters of 1,016 km length of the coast on the eastern side and 60 km length of the coast on the western side are overexploited, whereas the offshore and deep sea resources are yet to be exploited to its optimum levels. The marine fish production of the State presently is estimated as 4.32 lakh tonnes against the potential of 7 lakh tonnes. A glimpse of the Marine Fisheries sector is given in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics- 2013-14Coastal length 1,076 kmNumber of Coastal Districts 13Number of Fishing Villages 608Marine Fisher folk Population 9.24 lakhFishing Crafts Registered (online): as on 30.06.20141.Mechanised Fishing boats 5,2532.Traditional Crafts (motorised and 30,436 (25,529 +

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Implications for Environmental Management It is important that all livestock activities in the project is released as part of a package that also includes fodder cultivation and/or better fodder management practices – both at the individual household as well as at the group/federation levels. It is also necessary for periodic monitoring of cumulative impacts to ensure that the growth in the livestock population does not happen without appropriate fodder management.

nonmotorised) 4,907)Marine Fish Production (2013-14) 4.32 lakh tonnes

Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu7

Inland FisheriesTamil Nadu is endowed with 3.83 lakh ha of effective water spread area in which 69% of the water spread comprises of long seasonal / short seasonal irrigation water resources. Tamil Nadu being a water starved State, has water in most of these water bodies for a short period of 4-5 months only. The inland fisher population is about 2.26 lakh. Inland fisheries has gained popularity and emerged as an important source of livelihood for fisher folk / fish farmers in Tamil Nadu. The inland fishery resources of our State comprises of reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds which are amenable to both capture and culture fisheries. About 5,000 ha of ponds and tanks are being utilised for fresh water aquaculture under the programmes of Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA). Table 2.9 provides an overview of inland fisheries sector.

Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries SectorInland Fishery Resources extent 3.83 lakh ha.Reservoirs (78 Nos*) 62,015 ha.Large irrigation and short seasonal tanks

2, 65,642 ha.

Brackish water spread area 56,000 ha.Population of Inland Fishers 2.26 lakhInland Fish Production (2013-14) 1.91 lakh

tonnes.Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu8

Brackish water FisheriesIn Tamil Nadu, the total extent of brackish water spread is estimated as 56,000 ha which is used for capture fisheries. Apart from that, about 7,100 ha area is under coastal aquaculture production mainly comprising of shrimp. In Tamil Nadu, shrimp farming has grown considerably and has emerged as a major commercial enterprise owing to the introduction of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. During 2013-14, shrimp culture was carried out in 2,753 farms, of which 1,667 farms have been registered under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) Act, 2005.

Challenges:

7 http://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/fisheries.pdf8 http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/doc/TNSAPCC%20PDF/Chapter%205%20Sustainable%20Agriculture%20.pdf

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Frequent monsoon failures, cyclones are the natural hazards that pose major threats to the growth of the fishery industry as a whole. Relief measures may be provided or insurance schemes may be introduced.

Highest interest rate compared to agriculture for bank loan. Inadequate infrastructure for seed production discourages the

farmers in taking up inland fish culture. Lack of post-harvest facilities like cold storage Lack of regional soil, water, feed and disease diagnosis laboratories.

2.7. Forest

2.7.1 Forest cover

The forest cover in the State is 23844 sq.km, which is 18.33 percent of the total geographical area of the State (Forest Survey of India - FSI report 2013). The forests are spread along the Western Ghats and in Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu Figure 2.9. The State ranks 13th among the Indian States and Union Territories with reference to the total recorded forest area. The trees outside forests constitute patches outside the recorded forest area and are exclusive of forest cover and are less than the 1 ha. The tree cover in Tamil Nadu is 4718 sq.km, which is 3.63 percent of the State’s geographic area.

Forest Produce Timber, teak poles, pulpwood, fuel wood, sandal wood,

wattle bark and Babul are some of the major forest produce in the State. Between 2000-01 and 2010-11, teak wood production has increased by 33 times while there has been a marginal increase in pulp wood. Fuel wood production has decreased drastically. So has sandalwood production in the State. The Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) which includes, tamarind, cashew nuts, and other forest produce including fodder and honey are found in the State. Of the total wage employment in the forestry sector,

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NTFPs account for more than 70 percent amongst the tibals who live in the periphery of forests (Table 2.11)

Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil NaduProducts Unit 2000-

012010-11

Major Forest Produce Teak wood MT 194.25

86752.990

Pulp Wood MT 6560 7058.615

Fuel Wood MT 45176 3060.850

Sandalwood (heartwood) MT 1477 185.668Sandalwood (sapwood) No 51 2.068

Wattle Bark MT 463 0Babul MT - 73479.8

50 Bamboo MT - 3625.73

0 Other minor forest produce

MT - 7301.971

Cashew nut MT - 49.844 Tamarind MT - 355.627

Source: Wood Balance Study: TN -MSE (20109)

2.7.2. Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu

SSFEs are an important player in the forestry sector. Farmers and communities are important producers though their contribution. Generally SSFEs are by nature location specific, which is determined on the basis of the availability of resource, labour and markets. For instance, most safety matches are manufactured in Tamil Nadu. The forestry enterprises in India, which produce a wide range of products;

Sawmilling: The main uses of the sawn wood are construction, box wood, joinery, furniture and sleepers.

Safety matches: Over two-thirds of India's matches are produced in just two districts - Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli. The bulk of the wood comes from neighbouring Kerala, where there are over 400 small-scale units making veneers and splints for supply to the match industry. This ancillary industry employs over 15,000 people directly and indirectly and produces goods worth Rs. 150 million annually

9 www.tn.gov.in/deptst/forests.pdf

45

Wood-based panels: There are three major wood-based panel products that are manufactured in India - plywood, including veneers, blackboards and flush doors; fiberboard; and particle board.

Wood working: Wood working is a traditional industry in India producing furniture, doors, windows, panels, sports goods, handicrafts, shoe lasts and heels, textile mill accessories (bobbins and shuttles), etc.

Sports goods: The main raw materials used were willow, cane, mulberry, maple, ash and rosewood

Pencils: Earlier American Cedar wood was used for pencil manufacture, which has been replaced by indigenous species.

Wood carving: The industry gets its raw material from the Forest Department as well as farmers. The main products made are boxes, figurines, idols, jewellery boxes, incense boxes and stick holders, candle stands, photo frames, coaster sets, letter racks, stationery holders, pipe stands, tobacco jars, tables, screens and carved furniture.

Paper: Paper and paperboard production is an important forest-based industry in Tamil Nadu.

Non-timber forest products: Tamil Nadu's forests yield a large number of diverse Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Estimated annual production of some of the commercially important NTFPs 37440.02 MT

Bamboo and rattan products: There are a number of SSFEs manufacturing bamboo and rattan based products. The main products manufactured from bamboo are handicraft items such as table mats, trays, lampshades and other household articles. Reed bamboo based traditional industries, such as mat and basket weaving, play a crucial role in the rural economy.

Broom making: Broom making is an important forestry enterprise in several parts of the state. A large quantity of brooms is used in India annually and most are made from grasses (such as Thysanolaena maxima), palms (such as Phoenix acaulis) and bamboos.

Essential oils: Oils originating from plants are used for perfumery and similar purposes. These are derived from grasses, wood, leaves, roots and flowers. There are a number of tree and plant species which yield oil but only a few are commercially exploited for extracting essential oils. These essential oils are major raw materials for soaps and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, confectionery, aerated water, attars, scented tobacco, agarbattis and incense industries.

Resins: There are a number of resins derived from plants, pine resin and turpentine.

Herbal medicines: The supply base of medicinal plants used for manufacture of traditional medicines is largely from the wild.

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Implications for Environmental Management Training on sustainable extraction of non-timber forest produce, community norms for rotational grazing and stall feeding, sustainable management of shifting cultivation etc., need to be part of this strategy.

2.7.3 Protected Areas

Protected areas in Tamil Nadu cover 5465 sq.km, which is 23.9 percent of the State Forest area. The State ranks 14th among all the States and Union Territories of India in terms of protected areas. There are 12 wildlife sanctuaries, 1conservation reserve and 4 National Parks in the Project Districts. The spread of these is shown in Figure 2.9. Tamil Nadu is also a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR, Nilgiris district) existing within the State boundary. The biosphere lies Between 10°50′N and 12°16′N latitude and 76°00′E to 77°15′E longitude. It encompasses 5,520 sq.km and in the State of Tamil Nadu it covers an area of 2537.6 sq.km in Karnataka it is spread over 1527.4 sq.km and in Kerala it is 1455.4 sq.km. It forms an almost complete ring around the Nilgiri Plateau. The Altitude within the NBR varies from 250 m to 2670 m. The Reserve includes all the important forest types that are to be found in South India as well as some that are just peculiar to the belt are the Evergreen Forests, Semi Evergreen Forests, Moist Deciduous Forests, Shola forests, Dry Deciduous forests, Dry Scrub Woodlands and Grasslands. There are four Protected Areas within the reserve and still larger tracts of forests that lie outside of these, known as Reserve Forests.

Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil NaduSl. No

Name of the Protected Area

Year of Establ.

Area Sq. Km

TNRTP Districts

1 Gulf of Mannar Marine NP

1980 6.23 Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin

2 Indiragandhi (Anamalai) NP

1989 117.1 Coimbatore

3 Mudumalai NP 1990 103.23 Nilgiris4 Mukurthi NP 1990 78.46 Nilgiris5 Chitrangudi Birds WLS 1989 0.48 Ramanathapura

m6 Indiragandhi (Anamalai)

WLS1976 841.49 Coimbatore

7 Kalakad WLS 1976 223.58 Tirunelveli8 Kanjirankulam Birds WLS 1989 1.04 Ramanathapura

m9 Karikili WLS 1989 0.61 Kanchipuram10 Kilaselvanur- 1998 5.93 Ramanathapura

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Melaselvanur WLS m11 Kuthankulam-

Kadankulam WLS1994 1.29 Tirunelveli

12 Muthumalai WLS 1942 217.76 Nilgiris13 Mundanthurai WLS 1977 567.38 Tirunelveli14 Point Calimere WLS 1967 17.26 Nagapattinam15 Pulicat Lake WLS 1980 153.67 Tiruvellore16 Sathyamangalam WLS 2008 524.35 Erode17 SrivilliputhurGrizelled

Squirrel1988 485.2 Virudhunagar

18 Udhayamarthandapuram Lake

1991 0.45 Thiruvarur

19 Vaduvoor WLS 1991 1.28 Thiruvarur20 Vellanadu (Black Buck)

WLS1987 16.41 Tuticorin

21 Vellode WLS 1997 0.77 Erode22 Vettangudi WLS 1977 0.38 Sivagangai23 Thiruppadaimarathur

Con. Res2005 0.03 Tirunelveli

Source: Department of Forest, Tamil Nadu10

National Parks (NPs); Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs); Community Reserves (Com.Res.); Conservation Reserves (Con.Res.)

10 http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/state-wise/tn/1.list_Protectedareas_Tn.pdf

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2.7.4 Challenges in Forestry sector

Degradation of habitats Due to the initial emphasis given to development related issues, the degradation of habitat occurred resulting to a number of projects coming up in forest lands. The number of migratory corridors also got affected, leading to fragmentation of the habitat especially, for the elephants that later on became the main reason behind human-wildlife conflict in Tamil Nadu. The other reasons include grazing, forest fires, invasion of exotic species, encroachments, quarrying and mining, destruction of the coral reefs and estuarine environments, over exploitation/ unscientific harvesting of Minor Forest Products etc.

Encroachment of forest lands Encroachment in forest areas is mostly for cultivation purposes and for the construction of huts and houses. An extent of the 14682 ha forest area is under encroachment in the State as on 30.06.2010. Out of this, about 4327 ha is in Reserve Forest and remaining 10355 ha is Reserve Land notified under section (4) of Tamil Nadu Forest Act 1882.

Threats to the sacred groves The threats vary from one region to the other and even from one grove to the other like disappearance of the traditional belief systems, which were fundamental to the concept of sacred groves, rapid urbanization and developmental interventions including commercial forestry, encroachments, invasion of exotic weeds such as Eupatorium, Lantana and Prosopis and increasing livestock grazing and fuel wood collection.

Human-animal conflict11 The problem of human-wildlife conflicts poses a very severe threat to wildlife conservation. In Tamil Nadu, most commonly involved wild animals in the human-wildlife conflicts, where the damage is caused to humans and their property, are elephants, tigers, leopards, wild boars, bisons, bonnet macaques and marsh crocodiles.

Crop – Wild life conflict is prevalent in some of the project areas in Vellore, Tiruvnnamalai, Villupuram and Coimbatore districts. Tribal farmers mostly cultivate subsistence food crops – that are unfortunately also preferred by elephants and wild boar. Dwindling forests and decreasing availability of forage make these wild animals raid nearby fields.

Illicit removal of fire wood, bamboo, minor forest produces (MFP), timber etcIn 1977 fuel coupe workings were stopped in Tamil Nadu through a Government order. Further, harvests of green bamboo were also given up.

11 Tamil Nadu State Action Plan for Climate Change, 2015

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This was the beginning of a new era in the State when conservation forestry took over production forestry. Yet, pressure on forests by way of over grazing, encroachment, illicit felling (mainly for fuel wood and small timber) have increased manifold necessitating strong protection measures (both preventive and detective) with people's co-operation. The 1988 National Forest Policy has laid great emphasis on maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forest.

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Engagement of tribal communities in forest conservation The symbiotic relationship between the tribal people and forests has been dealt in detail under 1952 and 1988 Forest Policies. It is imperative to mention here that tribal people and forest dwellers residing in and around forest areas must be necessarily engaged in forest protection.

Depleting Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) NTFP contributes to about 20 percent to 40 percent of the annual income of forest dwellers who are mostly disadvantaged and landless communities with a dominant population of tribals. It provides them critical subsistence during the lean seasons, particularly for primitive tribal groups such as hunter gatherers and the landless. Most of the NTFPs are collected and used/sold by women, and so has a strong linkage to women’s financial empowerment in the forest-fringe areas.

Depleting resource base is either because of diversion of forest land for non-forest use, or due to unsustainable harvesting practices that has been the major ecological challenge in the NTFP sector with growing and visible impacts of climate change on crop production. On the other hand, poor research& development focus, inadequate post-harvesting practices, insufficient funds & infrastructure, and unorganized nature of the trade have made it financially vulnerable particularly for the primary collectors whereas the differential and sometimes contradictory tax & transit regimes in the States have adversely affected not only the trade but even the production of NTFPs.

Meeting fuel wood demand Trees Outside Forests (TOF) are estimated to contribute 41 percent of the total fuel wood supply. The industrial demand for timber, poles and pulp wood is primarily met from imports, captive plantations, plantations taken up by the forest department, and farm forestry plantation taken-up by farmers. There is no production of timber and poles from natural forest to meet the industrial demand. However the supply chain of fuel wood is fairly complex. The total demand for fuel wood under various scenarios is expected to vary between 15.17 to 23.22 million cu.m. by year 2013 according to the study.

Household sector, which contributed 84.5 percent of the total fuel wood demand, continues to dominate with contribution ranging between 70 percent and 80 percent. Thus it is important address fuel wood supply through plantation outside forest etc. The Wood Balance Study for Tamil Nadu (2009) assessed the total demand for wood in Tamil Nadu for the year 2008 as 28.5 million cu.m of which fuel wood constituted 82 percent of the total demand. Households and industries demand accounts for 77 percent and 16 percent respectively of the total demand for wood (Table 2.12 and Table 2.13).

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Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m)Supply Source Fuel Wood Timber TotalForests 0.42 (1.8) 0.07 (1.3) 0.49 (1.7)TOF 9.55 (40.9) 2.37 (46.2) 11.92 (41.8)Farm Forestry 0.89 (3.8) 1.13 (21.9) 2.02 (7.1)Imports 0 0.97 (19.0) 0.97 (3.4)Other Sources 12.49 (53.5) 0.59 (11.5) 13.08 (45.9)Total 23.35 (100) 5.13 (100) 24.48 (100)

Source: Wood Balance Study–Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010)

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Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m)Sector Wood Demand Total

Fuel Wood TimberHousehold 19.73 (84.5) 2.288 (44.6) 22.02 (77.3)Industry 2.08 (8.9) 2.553 (49.7) 4.63 (16.3)Services 1.54 (6.6) 0.292 (5.7) 1.83 (6.4)Total 23.35 (100) 5.133 (100) 28.48 (100)

Source: Wood Balance Study–Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010)

2.8. Water Resources

Overview, Characteristics and Status Tamil Nadu constitutes 4 percent of India’s land area and is inhabited by 6 percent of India’s population, but has only 2.5 percent of India’s water resources. More than 95 percent of the surface water and 80 percent of the ground water have already been put into use. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth. The per capita availability of water resources however, is just 900 cubic meters when compared to the national average of 2,200 cubic meters. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the State using 75 percent of the State’s water resources. Demands from other sectors such as domestic and industries have been growing significantly. Since the State is

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Fig 2.10

entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts.

Surface Water Resources:There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu (Figure 2.10). Cauvery is the only major basin. Of the others, 13 basins are medium and 3 are minor river basins. At 75 percent dependability, the annual surface water generated in the State is 692.78 TMC (19,619 MCM). The State depends on neighbouring States for considerable quantum of flows, which is about 261.70 TMC (7411 MCM) annually. Thus, the total surface water potential of the State at 75 percent dependability is 954.58 TMC (27,030 MCM).

Ground water The annual ground water potential of the State is 22,943 MCM and the net annual ground water availability is 20,649 MCM, as assessed during 2009. Out of 120 Project Blocks, 37 blocks are Over exploited; 15 Critical; 27 Semi critical; 36 are classified as safe (Annexure 3). Further Nagapattinam and Thalainaiyar blocks in Nagapattinam district, Muthupet block in Thiruvarur district are classified as saline blocks. Thiruvadanai and Thirubhuvanam blocks in Ramanathapuram district are classified as poor quality blocks.

31%

13%23%

30%

4%

Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater

Over exploitedSemi criticalCriticalSafeSaline & Poor

Demand- Supply Gap The total water potential of the State including cross border contribution from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala is 1775.60 TMC (47,680 MCM). This also includes ground water potential of about 20,649 MCM. The sectoral demand for water in 2011 was 49,773 MCM, which is about 2000 MCM more than the potential availability. The demand is projected to increase to 48,766 MCM and 55,919 MCM in 2020 and 2045 respectively. The gap between supply and demand by 2020 is expected to be 5,211 MCM (11 percent) and it is likely to go up to 17 percent by 2050, if there is no intervention. Therefore all possible measures have to be taken to reduce the gap.

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Over-exploitation of Ground Water As per the available data, up to 80 percent of the total ground water available is being used. This has led to the decline in ground water table in most of the blocks. According to the estimates for 2009, out of 385+1 blocks, 138+1 (Chennai District) are over exploited, 33 are critical, 67 are semi-critical and in 11 blocks the quality is bad.

Decreasing southwest monsoon and increasing northeast monsoon The north east monsoon rainfall has increased from 34 percent to 63 percent and the south west rainfall has decreased from 48 percent to 24 percent, in a span of 10 years between 1995-96 to 2005 - 2006 respectively.

Floods Tamil Nadu generally receives copious rains during the Northeast monsoon. The heavy downpour in a short duration results in severe flood causing great risk of damage to life and property of the people and to the States assets like irrigation infrastructure, roads, etc. Every year coastal districts such as Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur are the most vulnerable to floods. Urban flooding is another significant problem in Tamil Nadu. Droughts Major part of Tamil Nadu falls under semi-arid tropical zone with erratic rainfall. To minimize the adverse effects of drought on the production of crops, productivity of land, water and human resources, Drought Prone Areas Programme is being implemented in some districts of Tamil Nadu from 1972-73 and presently in 80 notified blocks of 17 districts identified by Government of India as drought prone areas.

Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP BlocksS. No District Block1 Coimbatore Annur 12 Tiruppur Avinashi 2

Tiruppur3 Krishnagiri Bargur 14 Dindigul Kodaikanal 2

Attur5 Namakkal Puduchatram 1

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Implications for Environmental Management The concentration of rainfall during the North-East monsoon emphasizes the need for promoting rainwater harvesting.

Implications for Environmental Management In blocks that have been classified as over-exploited, Project support for irrigation tubewells must not be made available. In blocks that have been classified as critical and semi-critical, support may be provided on integration of required mitigation measures into the CBO’s business plans. Project can build the capacity of CPs in facilitating community

S. No District Block6 Perambalur Alathur 17 Ariyalur Andimadam 4

AriyalurJayakomdamSendurai

8 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai 2Thiruvarankulam

9 Ramanathapuram Tiruppullani 2Mandapam

10 Salem Mecheri 111 Sivagangai Kalayarkoil 2

Devakottai12 Tiruchirappalli Thuraiyur 113 Thoothukudi Thoothukkudi 2

Sathankulam14 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar 3

SivakasiKariapatti

Total 25

Low Water Use Efficiency The overall efficiency in surface irrigation like canals and tanks is only 40 percent whereas in well irrigation it is 70 percent. Researchers opine that this level of overall efficiency can be increased to 50 to 60 percent in surface irrigation and to 85 percent in well irrigation. If the overall efficiency were increased in phases from 40 percent to 50 percent and 60 percent, this would annually save about 3,000 MCM for every 10 percent increase in efficiency. (District wise fact sheet is given as Annexure 4 (Sourced from national portal and recent data from state government portal)

2.9 Industrial Profile

Traditionally, Tamil Nadu has been in the vanguard of industrialization among the Indian States. The State has had a strong presence in textiles,

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Implications for Environmental Management The drought prone areas of TNRTP district need interventions focused on drought adaptation that can be promoted as part of the ESMF – participatory varietal selection of crop varieties resistant to water shortages for a prolonged period, land management (e.g. contour

engineering, automobile production and auto components manufacture and recently in Information and Bio Technology sectors.

Definition of MSMEThe classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is defined under the MSMED Act 2006. The enterprises are classified in Manufacturing and Service enterprises, based on the investment in plant and machinery (excluding land and building) the classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is given below;

Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteriaManufacturingEnterprises

Investment Level ServiceEnterprises

Investment Level

Micro Upto Rs.25 Lakh Micro Upto Rs.10 LakhSmall Above Rs.25 Lakh to

Upto Rs.5 CroreSmall Above Rs.10 Lakh

and Upto Rs.2 Crore

Medium Above Rs.5 Crore toUpto Rs.10 Crore

Medium Above Rs.2 Crore andUpto Rs.5 Crore

Tamil Nadu is a leader in Auto parts and components, Readymade Garments and Leather and leather goods.

Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) - TNRTP districts

Code No.

Classification of MSMEs Highest no of corresponding units concentrated by the District

15 Food products 6079 Erode16 Beverages, Tobacco Products 628 Erode17 Cotton Textiles, Wool, Silk, Synthetic,

Fibre Textiles, Silk products12025 Salem

18 Hosiery & Readymade Garment products

22577 Coimbatore

20 Wood & Wood Products 5674 Virudhunagar

Annexure 5 gives a list of identified potential industrial possibilities, District-wise in the State of Tamil Nadu which was obtained through District Industries Centre (DIC), Industry Associations and field survey etc.

2.10 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu

The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a composite index constructed to reflect the key environmental resource endowment and

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management dimensions in a quantitative and comparable manner. In the current exercise, it is meant to capture the major environmental concerns, consequent impacts and efforts/scope towards improving environmental outcomes across Districts of Tamil Nadu12. The District-level ESI for Tamil Nadu, being a baseline initiative, provides a quantitative profiling of key environmental dimensions to supplement the ongoing process of decentralized planning for improved and sustainable resource management. The composite ESI results are depicted in Fig 2.12 & Fig 2.13, with Districts being colour-coded across the five categories of sustainability. The relative analysis shows that coastal Districts such as Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Ramanathapuram and Thoothukkudi are relatively better performing, subsequently classified as Most Sustainable and Highly Sustainable. The hilly western Districts of The Nilgiris and Theni, also come under the Most Sustainable category. However, other interior Districts of like Krishnagiri, Karur, Thiruppur, Vellore and Virudhunagar are relatively low ranking, falling under the Least Sustainable category. Viluppuram, Thiruvannamalai, Thirunelveli and Pudukkottai fares as a Less Sustainable. Other industrialized Districts like Coimbatore, Kancheepuram, as well as Namakkal, Dindigul, Salem and Thiruchirappalli are Moderately Sustainable.

12 The Environmental Sustainability Index has earlier been constructed for a comparison of Indian States(Dash et al. 2012)

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Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu

Through its DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework, the Study classifies indicators of development and environmental performance as Driving Force, Pressure on Ecosystem, State of Environment, Impact on Health and Ecosystem and Response.

Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts13

S. No

ESI Districts

1 Least sustainable

Karur; Krishnagiri; Tiruppur; Vellore; Virudhunagar

2 Less sustainable

Pudukkottai; Tirunelveli; Tiruvannamalai; Villupuram

3 Moderately sustainable

Coimbatore; Dindigul; Kancheepuram; Namakkal; Salem; Trichy

4 Highly sustainable

Erode; Madurai; Ramnathapuram; Sivagangai; TiruvallurTiruvarur; Thoothukudi

5 Most Cuddalore; Nagapattinam; Theni; Nilgiris

13 Source: Environmental Sustainability Index for the Districts of Tamil Nadu A Baseline for 2011-12. IFMR LEAD

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sustainable

Project may have special attention for Least and Less sustainable districts while preparing the investment plans. State of Environment and Pressure on Environment components are most considerable factors.

Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components

Chapter 3

Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMFThe objective of the Project is to

60

increase access to value- added activities and job opportunities in the targeted households that would help the producer groups and entrepreneurs to increase their household incomes and attain quality life.

It is important that the Enterprises (Individual and Group), Value chains and Producer Collectives are in tune with the laws and regulations of the country and the state. Compliance rather than being restrictive provides an opportunity to align the investments with sound and sustainable management of resources. This section presents a brief listing of the various Acts, Rules and Regulations of the Government of India, the state Government as well as the safe guard policies of the World Bank.

On the basis of the alignment of the proposed TNRTP interventions with respect to these laws and regulations, a Regulatory Requirements List has been developed and enclosed as an Annexure 6.

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Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP

S. No Act, Policy or Government Order

Key provisions Relevance to TNRTP

1 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notification, 2006

Amended: 1991

Emission or discharge of pollutants beyond the specified standards is not permissible. (Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for specified categories of industry.

To provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities {under section 3(3)} charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country.

Applicable.

TNRTP will promote setting up of enterprises and food processing units where necessary permissions are to be taken as applicable.

2 Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Amended: 1993 and No.16 of 2003, (17/1/2003) – The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002

Destruction, exploitation or removal of any wild life including forest produce from a sanctuary of the destruction or diversification of habitat of any wild animal, or the diversion, stoppage or enhancement of the flow of water into or outside the sanctuary is prohibited without a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden.

The Act provides for protection to listed species of flora and fauna and establishes a network of ecologically-important Protected Areas (PAs), given in Annexure 7.

Applicable to NTFP based enterprises

3 Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980

The Act is an interface between conservation and development. Permits judicious and regulated use of forest land for non-forestry purposes.

Applicable.The TNRTP is unlikely to involve diversion of

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forest land for non forest purposes. However, while supporting activities related to establishment of storage structures, processing centers or procurement centers, it will be done in accordance with Forest Rights Act.

4 Forest Rights Act 2006.Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.

The Act seeks to recognize and vest certain forest rights in the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers such as collection of minor forest produce, access to grazing grounds and water bodies, traditional areas of use by nomadic or pastoral communities.The Central Government can provide for diversion of the forest for infrastructural facilities managed by Government which involve felling of trees not more than 75 per ha such as schools, hospitals, fair price shops, drinking water, irrigation, water harvesting structures, non conventional sources of energy, roads, vocational and skill training centers, community centers etc.

Applicable.

Activities like common infrastructure facilities are likely to happen under TNRTP as part of Value chain interventions.

5 Insecticides Act, 1968 To regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to

Applicable.Producer

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Amendment: Insecticides (Amendment) Act, 1977 (24 of 1977)

prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith.

A license is required for the sale, stock or exhibition of sale or distribution of any insecticide. The use of certain insecticides are prohibited or restricted under this Act.

Groups under TNRTP may involve in activities like procurement, stocking and sale of insecticides as all the crop productivity enhancement is planned through non chemical methods.

6 The Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985

Registration is required for selling fertilizer at any place as wholesale dealer or retail dealer

Applicable where collective procurement and distribution happens through Producer Groups.

7 The Seed Act, 1966 Selling, bartering or otherwise supplying any seed of any notified kind or variety, requires that;a) Such seed is identifiable as to its kind or variety; b) Such seed conforms to the minimum limits of germination and purity specified c) The container of such seed bears in the prescribed manner, the mark or label containing the correct particulars. To provide for regulating the quality of certain seeds for sale, and for related matter

Applicable in cases where mass procurement and distribution of seed is done through Producer Groups.

8 The Air (Prevention and To provide for the prevention, control and Applicable.

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Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Amended: 1987, 1992 and 2003

abatement of air pollution 14Prescribes standardsParameters Standards Concentration

not exceeding ( in mg/Nm3)Particulate Matter

150

Total Fluoride 25Asbestos 4 Fibers / cc and dust should

not more than 2 mg/Mm3Mercury 0.2Chlorine 15Hydrochloric acid vapor and mist

35

Sulphuric acid mist

50

Carbon monoxide

1% max

Lead 10 mg/ Nm3

TNRTP will involve in setting up of processing mills and food processing units which may require to follow some of the prescribed standards (particulate matter, carbon monoxide) as per the Act.

9 Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000

To regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. The noise levels in any area/zone shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as specified in the Schedule.

Area Code

Category of Area/Zone

Limits in dB(A) Leq *Day Time15 Night

Time16

Applicable.Activities under TNRTP such as mills and processing units and construction activities shall take into consideration all aspects of noise

14 http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf15 Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

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(A) Industrial area 75 70(B) Commercial

area65 55

(C) Residential area

55 45

(D) Silence Zone17 50 40

pollution to avoid noise menace.

10 Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

The Act recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dweller over the forest areas inhabited by them, and provides a framework for recording the same. The Act can be summarized as:

Title rights - i.e. ownership - to land that is being framed by tribals or forest dwellers as on December 13, 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted;

Use rights - to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.;

Relief and development rights - to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection; Forest management rights - to protect forests and wildlife.

Applicable to NTFP related enterprises

11 Indian Forest Act, 1927 To consolidate the law relating to forests, the transit of forest-produce and the duty leviable on timber

Applicable to NTFP Transit.

16 Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.17 Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

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and other forest-produce.Acts prohibited in such forests. Any person who (a) makes any fresh clearing; (b) sets fire to a reserved forest; (c) kindles, keeps or carries any fire except at such seasons as the Forest-officer may notify in this behalf; (d) trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle to trespass; (e) causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; (f) fells, girdles, lops, or bums any tree or strips off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same; (g) quarries stone, bums lime or charcoal, or collects, subjects to any manufacturing process, or removes, any forest-produce; (h) clears or breaks up any land for cultivation or any other purpose.

12 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Amended: 1988

To provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, and for the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in the country.No person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards in to stream or well or sewer or on land. No person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution.

Applicable to activities under TNRTP where water from small scale industries/enterprises and food processing units release wastes that have pollutants that are likely to enter into water bodies.

13 Under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air {Prevention &

Consent is required for setting up and operation of differentcategories of industries from State Pollution Control Board Annexure 8. Category wise list placed in Annexure 9.

Applicable to TNRTP in cases where mills, processing units

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Control of Pollution) Act, 1981Classification of industries for Consent management [Red, Orange & Green Categories]

and small scale enterprises will be set up.

14 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002

To provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. To regulate access to biological resources of the country with equitable share in benefits arising out of the use of biological resources. To conserve and sustainably use biological diversity.To respect and protect knowledge of local communities and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity.

Applicable to TNRTP where collection of minor forest produce and processing is involved.

15 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 provides for establishment of National Green Tribunal- a special fast-track court for speedy disposal of environment-related civil cases. Industrial operations and processes shall be carried out as per the safeguards under Environment Protection Act 1986. Compensation and relief for any damage to people (death or injury), property and environment.

Applicable in areas where damage to property, environment happens due to development activities.

16 Fruit Product Order (FPO) 1955.

Fruit Products Order -1955, is promulgated under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act - 1955, with an objective to manufacture fruit & vegetable products maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and quality standards laid down in the Order. It is mandatory for all

Applicable to any fruit based processing units will be planned under TNRTP.

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manufacturers of fruit and vegetable products including some non fruit products like non fruit vinegar, syrup and sweetened aerated water to obtain a license under this Order. Following minimum requirements are laid down in the Fruit Product Order for hygienic production and quality standards:

Location and surroundings of the factory. Sanitary and hygienic conditions of premises. Personnel hygiene. Portability of water. Machinery and Equipment with installed

capacity. Quality control facility and Technical staff. Product Standards. Limits for preservatives and other additives.

17 The Food Safety and Standards(Food Products Standard and Food Additives) Regulations 2011

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 as a statutory body for laying down science based standards for articles of food and regulating manufacturing, processing, distribution, sale and import of food so as to ensure safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units is enclosed as Annexure 10

Applicable to food manufacture and processing units supported under TNRTP.

18 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, (PFA) 1954

Broadly, the PFA Act covers food standards, general procedures for sampling, analysis of food, powers of authorized officers, nature of penalties and other parameters related to food. It deals with parameters relating to food additives, preservative, colouring matters, packing and labelling of foods, prohibition and regulations of sales etc.

Applicable to food manufacture and processing units under TNRTP.

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19 Agricultural Produce (Gradingand Marking) Act, 1937 (Act No. 1 of 1937) (as amended up to 1986)

To Provide for the grading and marketing of agricultural and other produce.

Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under TNRTP.

20 The Bureau of Indian StandardsAct 1986.

An Act to provide for the establishment of a Bureau for the harmonious development of the activities of the standardisation, marking and quality certification of goods and for matters connected thereto. The bill establishes BIS as a national standard body for development of standardization and assessment and quality assurance of goods, articles, services, processes and systems. It broaden the ambit of BIS and empower Union Government to make it mandatory to carry the standard mark for certain notified goods, articles, processes, etc. The Bill extends the ambit of BIS to include services, products and processes while ensuring production of world class goods.

Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under TNRTP.

21 Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989.

It is mandatory under the provisions of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 framed under section 6, 8 and 25 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for any person handling hazardous wastes, as categorized in the Schedule-I & II to obtain authorization of the State Pollution Control Board for collection, reception, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of such wastes.

Applicable to small scale enterprises under TNRTP which may involve handling of Wastes from Dyes and Dye intermediate containing organic chemical compounds (50 kgs per year),

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waste oils and oil emulsions (100 kgs per year) phenols (5 kgs per year), acid alkaline slurry (200 kgs per year). The list of banned dyes is attached as Annexure 9.

22 Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/2000

These rules address management and handling of municipal solid wastes (Collection, Segregation, Storage, Transportation Processing and Disposal). The proposed activities may require handling of specified substances wherein plans/ measures for safe handling and emergency preparedness shall be prepared for safe operation. Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule-I.

Applicable for enterprises disposing wastes

23 Plastics Wastes Rules, 1999

Manufacture, sale and use of recycled and coloured plastic carry bags less than 20 microns in thickness in the state is banned and levying penalties for violation under Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Applicable to petty shops where use of plastic bags is possible during sale of provisions etc.

24 Plastic Sale and Usage The Plastics Manufacture, Sale And Usage Rules, 1999;

The central government has banned use and collection of plastics less than 40 micron thickness. The government of Tamilnadu has already announced its plan to ban plastics less than 60

Applicable of enterprises using plastic for package

71

Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003

microns thickness. No vendor shall use carry bags or containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing, or packaging of foodstuffs.

25 Slaughter House

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960/ The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001

Dos: A slaughter house wherein 10 or more than 10

animals are slaughtered per day and is duly licensed or recognised under a Central, State or Provincial Act

Don’ts: No person shall slaughter any animal within a

municipal area except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so.

No animal which (i) is pregnant, or (ii) has an offspring less than three months old, or (iii)is under the age of three months or (iv) has not been certified by a veterinary doctor that it is in a fit condition to be slaughtered.

Every animal after it has been subjected to veterinary inspection shall be passed on to a lairage for resting for 24 hours before slaughter.

No animal shall be slaughtered in a slaughter house in sight of other animals

No animal shall be administered any chemical, drug or hormone before slaughter except drug for its treatment for any specific disease or ailment.

The blood could not be splashed on other animals being slaughtered or on the carcass

Applicable to meat enterprises (Goat – mutton; Poultry – chicken)

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being skinned. No owner or occupier of a slaughter house

shall engage a person for slaughtering animals unless he possesses a valid license or authorisation issued by the municipal or other local authority.

No person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be employed in any manner in a slaughter house.No person who is suffering from any communicable or infectious disease shall be permitted to slaughter an animal.

26 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977/Amended 2003

This Act provides for levy and collection of a cess by local authorities on water consumed by persons or industries to augment resources for Pollution Control Boards.

Applicable for enterprise involving use of water

27 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended 1992

The main objective of the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 is to provide for damages to victims of an accident which occurs as a result of handling any hazardous substance. The Act applies to all owners associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals (Annexure 12)

Applicable for enterprises that may use hazardous substances like dyes.

28 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011, and Island Protection Zone Notification 2011

As per the notification CRZ 2011, The Government of India declares

The coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).

And imposes restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or

Applicable to coastal areas where TNRTP interventions might happen.

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processes, etc., in the CRZ.

The coastal stretch within 500 meters of HTL on the landward side are classified into Category I ( CRZ -1), Category II ( CRZ -II), Category III ( CRZ –III), Category IV ( CRZ –IV)Regulating the activities under each category by the concern authorities at the state/ union territories :In the area between 200mts-500mts zone the drawl of groundwater shall be permitted only when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries and where no other source of water is available.Category 1 (CRZ -1): Ecologically sensitive area. Following activities are permitted with necessary measures.

Salt harvesting by solar evaporation of sea water

Desalination plants Category 2 Category II (CRZ -II): The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline.

Desalination plants and associated facilities; Storage of non-hazardous cargo, such as

edible oil, fertilizers and food grain in notified ports

Category 3 Category II ( CRZ -III): the area unto 200 meters from the HTL ( No development Zone)

Agriculture, Horticulture, gardens, pastures, parks , play fields, salt manufacture from sea water

Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat

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building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities.

29 Water (P&CP) Cess Act, 1977 (as Amended In 2003)

Monthly returns (cess) on water consumption for domestic purpose, industrial cooling and spraying in mines or boiler feeds and waste water generation etc., to be furnished. "Processing whereby water gets polluted and the pollutants are –a) easily biodegradable ; or b) non – toxic; or c) both non toxic and easily bio degradable - Ten paise per kilolitre

Applicable to the processing units

30 Labour Act, 1988 The health and safety of workers employed in construction work etc. This act provides;

a. for securing the health and strength of employees, men and women;

b. that the tender age of children are not abused;c. that citizens are not forced by economic

necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

d. just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief are provided.

Applicable. This act will ensure the provision of health and safety measure to workers working enterprises

31 National Policy of Safety, Health and Environment at Work Place, 200918.

The policy is focused on improving safety, health and environment at the workplace. One of the purpose of this policy is to eliminate the incidence of work related injuries, diseases, fatalities etc.

Applicable to enterprises

32 Minimum wages Act, 1948 This act ensures minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labours

The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed by such notification for that class of employee without any deductions except authorized.

Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises.

18 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/policy/wcms_182422.pdf.

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34 Child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act 1986; 2015This act prohibits the engagement of children below 14 and 15 years in certain types of occupations and regulates the condition of work of children in other occupations. 

No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the schedule, processes set forth in Part B of the schedule which includes building and construction industry.

Applicable. There is a risk of hiring child laborers in enterprises.

35 The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976

This act outlawed all forms of forced labour and begar (free labour or work without wages), freed all bonded labour from all such forms of exploitation and rendered all such forms of bonded indebtedness null and void.

Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises

36 The Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 2015 and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules 2016

to abolish untouchability and prevent atrocities against Adi Dravidar and Tribal people

Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal areas located near forests

37 The 73rd constitutional amendment

The 73rd constitutional amendment empowers gram sabhas / panchayats at the village level to take necessary steps for management of areas under them, including the protection of environment and sustainable utilization of the natural resources.

Applicable

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STATE REGULATIONS – TAMIL NADU S. NO

Law or Regulation Implications for TNRTP Remarks

38 Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2003

It mandatory to provide rain water harvesting structure in all buildings.

Applicable

Quarrying, sand mining39 Tamil Nadu Minor

Mineral Concession Rules, 1959

Dos: A quarrying permit needs to be taken from the

District Collector. Quarrying for domestic or agricultural

purposes is allowed from river beds, unreserved lands including porambokes provided if the place is in the same revenue village or adjoining revenue village

Any individual person or any registered society as defined in the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Societies Act, 1983 engaged in the making of pots or bricks is allowed to quarry if permitted by the Panchayat Union Council if such purpose is certified by the Extension Officer (Industries) A registered holder may quarry free of charge any minor mineral on a small scale for his own use for a specific domestic or agricultural purpose, provided that he has no intention of continuing quarrying operations indefinitely and provided further that the land is not in any way rendered less fit for cultivation than before.

Quarrying can be done only for an optimum depth specified so that the land shall be

Applicable to the activities like pottery

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restored to a state fit for cultivation. Quarrying shall be carried out without

affecting the interest of the adjoining land owners. A safety distance of 10 m from the village road, cart track and stream courses shall be left and maintained, and also a safety distance of 50 m from the highways and railway lines should be left and maintained.

Don’ts: Quarrying for minor minerals should not

exceed 2,000 cubic feet from any land other than forest land

All kinds of quarrying, removal of turf from reserved forest land is prohibited except in accordance with the Tamil Nadu Forests Act, 1882

Quarrying or removal of sand is prohibited from rivers to which the Madras Rivers Conservancy Act, 1884 has been extended

Water and air pollution 40 Environment and

forests departmentG.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, 1989.

Don’ts:No industry causing serious water pollution should be permitted within one kilometer from the embankments of rivers, streams, dams etc. The details of highly polluting Industries are Distilleries; Tanneries, Sago, Sugar, Dairies and Glue and Textile Dyeing Units. And the details of the rivers in Tamil Nadu are attached as Annexure 13.

Applicable to activities emerge near natural water bodies

Use of ground water41 Tamil Nadu Ground

Water (Development and Management) Act

Dos: Every user of Groundwater in notified area

(Notified Area" means the area declared under

Applicable in Agriculture or any enterprises

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2003 section 9 – Annexure 3) has to obtain the certificate of registration from Authority

All the wells sunk in the State on or after the date of commencement (18th January 2003) of Tamil Nadu Ground Water (Development and Management) Act 2003 (including notified and non notified areas) have to be registered with the Authority.

A distance of 250 meters should be maintained between any two bore wells dug for the purpose of agriculture in over exploited and critical blocks (Annexure 3)

Don’ts: Sinking of wells without permit from authority

in notified area is prohibited. Transportation of Groundwater from notified

area without permit from Authority is prohibited.

Carrying on the business of sinking well in notified area without license from Authority is prohibited.

Electrical energy from TNEB will not be supplied for energizing wells sunk in contravention of the provisions of this Act.

involving with new borewells.

Forest42 Tamil Nadu Forest Act,

1882Don’ts:Penalties for trespass or damage in reserved forests and acts prohibited in such forests:

Making any fresh clearing prohibited Setting fire to a reserved forest, or kindling, or

leaves burning, any fire in such manner as to endanger the same

Trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle

Applicable

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to trespass; Felling, girdling, marking, lopping, toping,

uprooting or burning any tree, or stripping off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same

Quarrying stone, burning of lime or charcoal, or collecting, subject to any manufacturing process, or removing any forest produce;

Clearing, cultivating or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose

In contravention of any rules made by the Government hunting, shooting, fishing, poisoning water or setting traps or snares

Damage, alter or remove any wall, ditch, embankment, fence hedge or railing

Minor Forest Produces are permitted to be collected from Forest areas (excluding wildlife sanctuaries).

43 Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules 1968

No person shall move timber into or from, or within the State by land, water or air unless such timber is accompanied by a permit.

However, The following species are exempted from the purview of Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules and permit to transport them is not required:

o Small wood for fuel and bamboos in head loads or smaller quantities

o Firewood purchased from depots or markets for domestic consumption with invoice given by depot keepers

o Prosopis juliflora- (Tamil Name-Seemaiparambai, Seemai Kuruvai, Velikaruvai, Trade Name-The mesquite)

Applicable to enterprises involving purchase of fuel wood.

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o Casuarina equisetifolia – Tamil Nadu – Savukku Trade Name – Casuarina.

o Subabul (Tamil Nadu – Sanvuobel; trade name Subabul, Botanical name – Leucaena leucocephala)

o Eucalyptus hybrid - (Tamil Nadu – Nilgiris tree; trade name-Nilgiris tree, Botanical name-Eucalyptus teriticornis)

o Palmyra- (Tamil Nadu-Panai, Trade name-Palmyra; Botanical name Borassus flabellifer)

o Poovarasu (Tamil Nade-Poovarasu; trade name Poritia, Botanical name-Thespesia populnea)

o Dadops (Tamil Name-Kalyanamurungai; trade name-Coral tree; Botanical name –Erythrina indica)

Any person can transport timber outside the State duly obtaining the permit under Timber Transit Rules. No person shall have in his possession any

quantity of sandalwood in excess of five kilograms, unless under a license granted by the District Forest Officer or affixed by a Forest Officer

No trade shall be carried out on teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood and ivory and teeth of elephants, unless they have been duly obtained from the Government

The trees teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood shall not be felled by any person (even if they are in his own land) without the written permission of the Chief Conservator of

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Forests No person shall move timber into or from or

within the State by land, water or air unless such timber without permit from Tamil Nadu Forest Department.

No person shall possess a quantity of any scheduled timber, more than 0.50 cubic meters unless the scheduled timber bears distinguishable Government mark or property mark affixed under the Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules

o Scheduled Timber: Blackwood; Red sanders; Rosewood; Sandalwood; Teakwood; Silver oak

44 Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees) , 1955

Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees) , Rules 1957

Do’s: The permission is required from the Hill Area

Committee to cut a tree on the ground that it has silviculturally matured.

(A tree shall be considered to have silvi-culturally matured-

(a) when it is 0.61 metre in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e, breast height), if it is a blue-gum or wattle tree; and (b) when it is 1.83 metres in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e., breast height) if it is any other tree, except sandal which can be extracted only if the sandal tree is found dead)

The felled area shall be regenerated with an equal number of trees of the same species or those of other suitable species, if the regeneration is proposed to be done artificially

If the regeneration is proposed to be done naturally from coppice:-

Applicable to Hill areas like Nilgiris

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The trees shall be felled at a height not exceeding six inches from ground; the bark being left in tact on the stump

The felled area shall be devoted only for raising a tree crop and it shall be adequately protected against fire, grazing and trampling by cattle

Don’ts: No person shall without the previous

permission in writing of the committee: o Cut, or uproot or burn any treeo Fell or remove any tree which o Cut or remove any tree for the improvement

of coffee crop in any coffee plantation except for pruning as required by agricultural or horticultural practices.

Each hill area committee for the purpose of this Act consisting of the following member, namely:

the District Collector having jurisdiction as Chairman of the Committee

the District Forest Officer having jurisdiction over the hill area;

the Tahsildar having jurisdiction over the hill area;

the Executive Engineer of the Agriculture Department in charge of soil conservation having jurisdiction over the hill area

No person shall use any land with a slope of more than one in three for cultivation or any purpose other than the growing of trees

45 Brick manufacturing Notification, dated 14 /9/1999 issued by the

Dos: It is mandatory for the brick kilns to use fly ash

in brick making if located within 50 km radial

Applicable to enterprises involving

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Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India,Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959

distance from any coal based thermal power plant

Every brick manufacturing unit needs to apply to the District Collector for quarrying brick earth

purchase of fuel wood.

46 Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974

These rules seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under these rules, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board (TNSPCB) for any projects causing water pollution within the jurisdiction of the TNSPCB operations.

Applicable to enterprises releasing effluents.

47 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Tamil Nadu Air (Prevention of Control of Pollution) Rules 1983

These rules address the prevention and control of air pollution. Under these rules it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharging emissions and pay consent fees to TNPCB for any projects causing air pollution.

Applicable to enterprises releasing emissions.

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK 48 Environmental

Assessment (OP 4.01) The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.

Applicable to all Income generation activities under TNRTP

49 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)

The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank‘s opinion, involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.

Applicable.Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human Development activities happen in tribal

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areas, wetlands, water bodies, grazing lands etc..

50 Pest Management (OP 4.09)

In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through integrated pest management approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II (Annexure 14), if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

Applicable.TNRTP will not finance pesticide procurement, but there is possibility of pesticide use by farmers as part of productivity enhancement efforts. The commonly used pesticides inIndia and their status as per WHO classification list are attached as Annexure 14.

51 Forests (OP 4.36) The Bank distinguishes investment projects that are exclusively environmentally protective (e.g., management of protected areas or reforestation of degraded watersheds) or supportive of small farmers (e.g., farm and community forestry) from all other forestry operations. Projects in this limited group may be appraised on the basis of their own social, economic, and environmental merits. The Bank finances plantations only on non forested

Applicable.Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal

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areas (including previously planted areas) or on heavily degraded forestland.

areas located near forests.

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Chapter 4

Identification of Key Risks and Mitigation MeasuresEnvironmental Assessment identified the key environmental issues that are likely to come up in TNRTP - value chains (production segment) and enterprises. ESMF (Volume II) suggests the mitigation measures to arrest reduce or mitigate the risks.

4.1 Environmental Issues in Agriculture Value Chains The most common issues are identified and generic guidelines are provided for agriculture value chains and 2 examples are given – paddy and pepper. Based on the commodities identified during District Diagnostic studies the issues and guidelines are to be identified at later stage. However Pest Management Plan (presented in Volume II) has discussed the package of practices for all potential commodities.

Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental/ Social issues in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc.S. No

Interventions Environmental Impacts

1 Productivityenhancement

Use if high yielding varieities, hybrids may impact local diversity

Excess use of ground water for intensive cropping depleting the ground water resource.

Increased use of pesticides in more quantities than desired leading to runoff into water bodies and polluting them and polluting environment, negative effects on health etc. Soil degradation due to fertilizer use in more quantities (without soil testing) and high uptake of nutrients due to high responding varieties.

Lack of information on weather updates may lead to untimely operations leading to crop loss due to unexpected dry spells or rains.

2 Drying Storage of grains and products like turmeric, red gram etc. needs drying to attain prescribed moisture level to avoid pest and disease infestation which may call for chemical use for management.

Drying on open grounds may contaminate the produce with dirt, microbes etc. which will reduce the quality of produce will have an

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impact on health.3 Storage Storage facilities when not properly

ventilated will attract pest and moisture which will spoil the produce. And pest infestation may lead to pesticide use which may leave harmful residues on produce.

Storage pest infestation is a common problem during storage. Stored product pest control involves use of fumigants which leave residues on food products and are harmful for health.

Chemicals stored along with food commodities may contaminate the Produce or give off flavors.

Organic produce stored along with non organic produce may lead to adulteration.

4 Milling Noise pollution to the workers and in the neighborhood due to milling. Fine dust during milling will lead to health issues like allergy, asthma in long run.

5 Processingand valueaddition

Processing and value addition may require high amount of energy and water depleting local fuel and water resources and increasing emissions due to energy use.

Accidents and health hazards are possible during processing involving machinery.

Unhygienic environment or practices at processing will contaminate the food products.

6 Transport Organic produce may get contaminated when transported along with other non food commodities like fertilizers, pesticides etc.

7 Wastedisposal

Disposal of wastes openly after milling or waste (water, seed coats, peels, etc.) after processing may create unhygienic environment due to decomposition.

8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues

9 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

10 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

11 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

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12 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

Table 4.2 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Paddy value chain:S. No

Activity in thevalue chain

Possible issues

Interventions for Productivity Enhancement1 Varietal selection Varieties not suitable to local environmental

conditions may not respond well and increase cost of pest and disease management.

2 Method of cultivation (withrespect toirrigation andwater use)

Long periods of flooding rice fields’ results in Methane emission which is green house gas playing key role in global warming.

Flood irrigation increases the use of precious water resources and in ground water irrigated areas it also increases the energy consumption for pumping ground water. This leads to over exploitation of ground water.

Application of urea under flood conditions leads to Nitrous oxide emissions.

3 Cropping pattern Continuous mono cropping of paddy may lead to depletion of similar kind of nutrients from the soil which in turn would lead to decreased productivity in long term.

In irrigated areas of Tamil Nadu rice is grown in Rice- Rice rotation which is very detrimental to the soil health.

4 Managing soilfertility

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers without knowing the nutrient status of the soil can be detrimental for soil health. This also increases cost of cultivation.

Besides the chemical fertilizers leave residues in the soil which leads to salinity and alkalinity of the soil which in turn affects the soil structure.

5 Weedmanagement

Application of weedicides causes damage to Fish, impeded propagation of Algae and other non targeted organisms. This will also lead to chemical residues in soil and water.

6 Pest control Use of chemical pesticides cause damage to aquatic bio diversity in rice fields and surrounding water bodies and leaves

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chemical residues.7 Storage Fumigation of storage godowns and storage

spaces with Methyl bromide and phosphine in order to control store product pests may cause damage to human health.

8 Transportation Contamination is possible during package and transport.

9 Milling Water used for soaking the paddy, especially for parboiled rice production, if not properly treated could result in water pollution and odour nuisance to local community.

Air pollution both on site and in the surrounding locality due to release of dust to the atmosphere from handling or processing of the paddy or its by-products is a major environmental concern for rice mills.

10 Energy usage Different operations in paddy processing require considerable energy for parboiling, mechanical drying and milling.

11 Wastemanagement

Disposal of solid wastes, particularly unused rice husk occupies space and creates inconvenience. Effluent produced during cleaning of equipment will pose a problem to surrounding environment.

12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

13 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

14 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

15 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

16 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

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Table 4.3 Potential environmental/ social issues in whole pepper and powdered pepperS. No

Component Possible Issue

1 Pepper nursery / plantation / cultivation

Non availability of steady cultivation and of pepper nursery plants.

2 Pepper cultivation and harvest

Absence of Good cultivation practices can worsen the plant yield and lead to losses

3 Machinery and powdering premises

Poor Health and safety conditions that leads contamination and affect the safety of workers.

4 Grading and Storing Improper storing and grading will affect the Pepper market value additions. It may cause damage to product and be a hindrance to create premium products.

5 Worker safety Dust accumulation in working space may lead to allergic infections.

6 Shelf life and market cost enhancement by value addition – measures.

Lack of training and skilling for value addition of raw pepper and introduce appropriate machinery to make premium products.

Non availability of information about pepper market prices; fluctuations and demand which will help SHGs to customize their production; suitable value addition and fetch better prices for their effort.

7 Institutional support Lack of Institutional support in capacity building; market linkages can help SHGs to produce and market their pepper products better.

8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

9 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

10 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages

11 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers

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12 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

4.2 Environmental Issues in Livestock Value ChainsDairy: TNRTP targets to produce of milk through best livestock management practices. The interventions will include induction of high yielding animals, capacity building, and fodder requirements etc.

Table 4.4 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Dairy value chain:S. No

Component Possible Issue

1 Breed selection

Selection of breeds that cannot adapt to the local climatic conditions will lead to loss of cattle or results in low productivity and health issues.

2 Open grazing Even though open grazing is a traditional practice and recommended for better health conditions of the animals, over grazing will lead to loss of pasture lands due to reduced regeneration capacity as a result of continuous grazing.

The local biodiversity is also affected and soil becomes susceptible to erosion as the green cover is removed.

This will also increase the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity.

3 Fodder cultivation

Exclusive dependence of fodder varieties like CO4 will not supply all vital nutrients to the cattle, besides it depletes soil nutrients and water resources as the water requirement for such crops is high.

4 Chemical FertilizationTackling the fodder scarcity

Over use of chemical fertilizers or use of pesticides will lead to biomagnifications and affect the quality of milk.

Fodder scarcity in dry seasons or drought periods will create stress on available vegetation like trees and insufficient fodder affects animal health.

5 Stall feeding with unchopped greenfodder

Stall feeding with unchopped green fodder will lead to wastage of fodder and feeding efficiency of animal is decreased.

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6 Shed spacing, sanitation and waste management

Congested and unclean sheds (without proper facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases.

Open disposal of the shed leanings - fodder wastage, manure, urine etc. will create unhygienic environment in the surroundings.

7 Interventions for improving milk yield

Injecting hormonal substances like oxytocin under misconception that it increases milk yield will have negative impact on animal health and will make the animal go dry early.

8 Milking Unhygienic milking practices -milking without washing hands

Not addressing any injuries or disease of the animal will contaminate the milk

9 Open disposal of carcasses

The dead bodies of calves, or small ruminants that are dead due to epidemics will further spread the infection when disposed openly.

10 Cleaning and maintenance of equipment in Bulk milk cooling units

The chemical and acids used in cleaning the unit pollute the soil and water when discharged without being treated

11 Workers safety

Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues

12 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour or sending children for grazing.

13 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

14 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

15 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social IssuesS. No

Component Possible Issue

1 Breed selection Selection of breeds that are not suitable to the local climatic conditions

2 Disease management

Diseases and infections can create loss of productivity and damage to the whole goat stock.

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3 Shed spacing Congested and unclean sheds (without

proper facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases.

4 Grazing Open grazing increases the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity. Continuous grazing leads to loss of pasture land.

5 Insurance and Financial services

Lack of insurance can lead to major loss during times of emergency and group assets

5 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues

6 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

7 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

8 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

9 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental/ Social IssuesS. No

Component Possible Issue

1 License and permissions

Waste water discharge, waste disposal and carcass disposal may not be adhred according to guidance without licence.

2 License of Butchers Butchers without liscence may contain contagious diseases and corntain health problem which will further cause infections.

3 Site location Slaughter houses near to residential and public places can create public nuisance and compromise public health safety issues.

4 Stamping of animals for butchering

Meat from animals witout stampling and without examinatiuon may spread diseases.

5 Meat sales Meat from slaughter houses cannot be directly sold to customers.

6 Waste management Improper disposal of wastes from

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and health control in slaughter house; maintenance of machinery and premises.

slaughter houses will lead to health issues due to animal disease.

7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

8 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

9 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

10 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

11 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

4.3 Environmental and Social Issues in Enterprises:This part discusses the potential environmental issues and environment friendly alternatives (environment guidelines) of Farm Products and Non Farm Products. The farm and non farm products that TNRTP enterprises may deal with are presented below:

Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm EnterprisesFarm based enterprises Non Farm enterprisesPickleRice MillCoconut OilSweetMilk ProductsSnacks & BakeryPapadsFruit JamsTurmeric PowderPowders(Onion, Curry leaves, drumstick)Minor Millet productsCoir ProductsBamboo productsBanana Fiber products

Garment StitchingGranite QuarryOther handicraftsPotteryWeldingPetty shopTextilesConstructionStorageRetailing

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Environment/Social Issues in Processing and value addition of Farm products

Table 4.8 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in farm based food product preparationS. No

Activity in the value chain or steps in theprocess

Possible issues

1 Registration, licenses and permissions

Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal. Food processing units also need licenses along with small scale industries.

2 Storage of raw materials and finished products.

Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, unclean conditions leads to spoilage or contamination of the products and chemical raw materials poses health risks to the people around.

Few materials lead to explosions and fire hazards when not stored in required manner.

3 Manufacture Manufacture without following prescribed standards under health and hygiene affects the quality of produce.

4 Use of additives,preservatives

Use of non permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers

5 Energy use Energy is required for heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying etc.

6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc.

7 Maintenance and upkeep of machinery

Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning. Possibility of accidents during handling machinery.

8 Waste disposal Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc.

9 Facilities at processing and manufacturing centers.

Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers.

10 Adoption of environment

Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines

96

guidelines11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may

result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

12 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

13 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

14 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

15 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

97

Manufacture of Food products

Food products: Masala products and Pickles, Papads, Snacks and Bakery, Sweet and milk products etc.

Table 4.9 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in food product preparation S. No

Activity in the value chain or steps in the process

Possible issues

1 Registration and licenses Manufacturing and selling of food products need license depending on the scale of activity.

2 Drying the raw materials, products

Drying on unclean floor will contaminate the produce by inducing microbial growth.

3 Use of machinery(for grinding masala and ingredients for pickle)

Use of unclean machinery for grinding raw materials may contaminate food.

4 Use of cook stoves(in bakery and snacks, sweet and milk products)

Use of LPG or fuel wood will lead to degradation of the resource and increase the fuel costs

5 Use of preservatives, colour and flavor agents

Use of synthetic agents may have adverse effects.

6 Handling and packing Handling the food products with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.

7 Packing and labeling Edible products beyond the shelf life may lead to illness when consumed.

8 Storage Storage in improper conditions like moist, dusty floor, walls etc. will spoil the produce due to mold infestation.

9 Facilities at processing centre

Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health

10 Waste management Open disposal of waste from food processing unit will give bad odour and create unhygienic environment due to decomposition.

11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

98

12 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

13 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages

14 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers15 Including disabled

beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

99

Oil ExtractionProducts: Coconut oil and ground nut oil

Table 4.10 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in oil extraction:S. No

Component Possible issues

1 Use of machine for grinding

Machinery handling should be clean and proper.

2 Handling and packing Handling the raw material and oil with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack. Contamination of rawmaterial may lead to fungal growth and aflatoxins

3 Extraction method Manual extraction is time-consuming, dirty, arduous and fuel-intensive.

4 Facilities at processing centre

Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health.

5 By product utilization The oil cake obtained as a by-product will find a ready market as a cattle feed and in the manufacture of mixed cattle feeds

6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

7 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages

9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers10 Including disabled

beneficiariesExclusion of diabled beneficiaries

Forest based enterprisesProducts: Hill brooms, tamarind, honey, are dealt under forest based enterprises.

Table 4.11 Potential Environmental/ social issues in forest based enterprises S. No

Activity in the value chain or steps in the process

Possible issues

100

1 Permissions for Forest based enterprises

Issues regarding use of forest land, ownership rights, regulations from forest departments.

2 Harvesting of NTFP NTFP are scarce resources and unsustainable harvesting lead to loss of biodiversity.

3 Method of Collection of Raw material.

Destructive methods of collection such as cutting the branches, uprooting the plants, etc. damages the resource. Unscientific methods of collection may affect the quality of product there by leading to less revenue and thus over exploitation.

4 Processing of forest produce

Improper drying (drying on bare earth) and storage may contaminate the produce. Processing using machinery for grinding, mixing, boiling etc. may lead to injuries. Energy use in boiling, drying etc. will required fuel wood.

5 Issuing NTFP cards Unsustainable extraction of NFFPs6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may

result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

7 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages

9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers10 Including disabled

beneficiariesExclusion of disabled beneficiaries

Environment Issues in Non Farm Products

Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ social issues in nonfarm based enterprises S. No

Activity in the valuechain or steps in theprocess

Possible issues

1 Registration, licenses

Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal.

101

and permissions2 Raw material

(Chemical)Poor quality raw material lead to burning of hands, breathing problems etc. during preparation and end use of the product.

3 Storage of raw materials and finishedproducts

Improper storage of raw materials leads to spoilage or contamination of products.

4 Processing andmanufacture

Manufacture without following prescribed standards affects the health of workers.

5 Energy use Energy is required by machinery for heating, running mixing, packing, etc. and will have impact through GHG emissions.

6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc. As the requirement is in large quantities this will have impact on local water resources.

7 Maintenance andupkeep of machinery

Possibility of accidents during handling machinery.

8 Waste disposal Open disposal of chemical wastes or cleaned water leads to contamination of surroundings and water bodies.

9 Facilities at processing and manufacturing centers

Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers.

10 Packaging Use of packaging material which is not compostable further causes the soil pollution.

11 Adoption of environment guidelines

Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines

12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

13 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

14 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

15 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

16 Including disabled

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

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beneficiaries

Environment Issues in Garment StitchingTable 4.13 Potential Environmental/social issues in Garment Stitching process S. No

Activity in the value chain or steps in theprocess

Possible issues

1 Registration, licenses and permissions

Manufacturing and selling of garments / stitched garments which involve engagement of child labour; children at risk – street children; youth; exploitation of women.

2 Storage of raw materials and finished stitched products.

Risk reduction – workers and machinery

Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, humid unclean, unventilated conditions leads to spoilage of the garment / raw materials.

Poses health risks to the workers. Garment materials – especially polyster

materials are at risk of fire hazards when not stored / handled in required manner.

Non-insurance of worker lives and unit / machinery may trigger sever financial stress during emergency scenarios. Hence insurance required.

3 Production and worker health / working space.

Machinery used in the production process must be kept clean and maintained periodically.

Electrical wiring should be done properly in a risk proof manner.

Seating arrangements and working conditions should be such that there is no noise pollution and comfortable / appropriate seating arrangements.

4 Energy use Energy is required for running the machines; ironing; heating, ventilation-fan.

5 Waste disposal Rags and cut cloth pieces during garment stitching may be collected and re-used / sold.

6 Adoption of environment guidelines and skilling.

Institutional

Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines.

Lack of skilling may lead to lower productivity and access to sales of products.

Lack of certification / institutional capacity building may restrict access to benefits of e-

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capacity building – certification up gradation

accounting; e-salary; certification and premium payments; lower branding; and access to markets.

7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers.

8 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

9 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

10 Women Participation

Exclusion of women workers

11 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries

Artisans and Handicrafts

Table 4.14 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in Handlooms, handicrafts, basket making, paper plates and paper S.No

Activity in the value chain orsteps in the process

Possible issues

1 Work space Poor facilities will have impact on worker’s health.

2 Use of machinery and tools

Use of machines and tools may lead to injuries at times.

3 Energy use Use of electricity in stitching, paper cup and plate manufacturing units is associated with carbon emission.

4 Use of dyes (handicrafts,handlooms)

Handling chemical dyes leads to skin and respiratory related problems.

5 Waste disposal Open disposal of waste like cloth rags from handicraft will create unpleasant sight.

6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues

7 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers10 Including disabled Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries.

104

beneficiaries

Granite Quarry and Cutting Enterprises:

Table 4.15 Potential Environmental/ Social Issues in Granite QuarryS. No

Component Possible Issue

1 License and permissions

Establishment of Granite Quarry without licence may increase the environmental issues and social acceptance.

2 Environmental Clearance Certificate

Environmental non clearance may increases the the negative impacts of the Granite operation activities. Operation without Environmental Clearance is an offence.

3 Regulations and safeguards.

Safe handling of granite tailings; waste.

Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing operations.

4 Waste Management in Granite operations – by products

Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing operations.

5 Mitigation measures for prevention of unauthorized usage of waste tailings

Unauthorized usage of waste tailings

6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues

7 Possibility of using child labour

There is a risk of hiring child labour

8 Fair and equal wages

Possibility of discrimination in the wages

9 Women Participation

Exclusions of women workers

10 Including disabled beneficiaries

Exclusions of disabled beneficiaries

105

Interventions/ steps in value chains and enterprises were given for the three major sectors which are likely to come up with TNRTP viz., Agriculture commodity value chain; Livestock value chain and Enterprises (Farm and Non Farm sector). Potential environmental and social issues were mentioned which will guide the project teams in identifying the issues. Volume II (Environmental and Social Management Framework) covers the Mitigation measures. This will help the Enterprises CPs and Block Team to do the Enviornmental Appraisal. While the most common issues are covered, there could be site specific issues etc which need to be identified during appraisal. Recommendecd mitigation measures will be implemented in the field after appraisal and will be monitored by Enterprises CPs.

106

Annexure 1

List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Blocks

S.No District

Phase (TNSRL

M)Name of the

BlockNo.of.Bloc

ks

1 Coimbatore II

Karamadai

4S.S.KulamAnnurP.N.Palayam

2 Cuddalore

I Annagramam

6

Banrotti

II

KomaratchiParangipettaiBuvanagiriKurinjipadi

3 Dindigul

I Athoor

7

Oddanchatram

II

KodaikanalBatlakunduPalaniVedasandurGuziliamparai

4 Erode II

Thalavadi

5BhavanisagarSathyamangalamBhavaniChennimalai

5 Kanchipuram II

Thiruporur

5

St.Thomas MountThirukalukundramWalajabadKanchipuram

6 Karur IIKulithalai 2

Karur

7 Krishnagiri II Bargur 3

107

S.No District

Phase (TNSRL

M)Name of the

BlockNo.of.Bloc

ks

KaveripattinamKrishnagiri

8 Madurai II

Madurai east

4MelurKottampattiThirupparankundram

9 Nagapattinam

I Sirkali

4Sembanarkovil

II NagapattinamThalainayar

10 Namakkal II

Pallipalayam

4PuduchatramMohanurTiruchengode

11 Pudukkottai II

Aranthangi

4PudukkottaiThiruvarankulamViralimalai

12 Ramnathapuram

I Thiruvadanai

4Thirupulani

II MandapamRS Mangalam

13 Salem II

Omalur

7

MecheriSankariPanamarathupattiTharamangalamAtturVeerapandi

14 Sivagangai IIDevakkottai

3ManamathuraiKalayarkovil

15 Theni IIPeriyakulam 2

Uthamapalayam

108

S.No District

Phase (TNSRL

M)Name of the

BlockNo.of.Bloc

ks

16 Tirunelveli II

Keelapavoor

6

KadayamValliyoorRadhapuramPalayankottaiNaguneri

17 Tiruppur II

Thiruppur

5PongalurKundadamAvinashiUdumalpet

18 Tiruvallur II

Sholavaram

4MinjurKummidipoondiKadambathur

19 Tiruvannamalai

I Kalsapakkam

6

Thurinjapuram

II

VanthavasiKilpennathurThellarChetpet

20 TiruvarurI Needamangalam 4

Valangaiman

II MannarkudiMuthupettai

21 Thoothukudi II

Sathankulam

4AlwarthirunagariThoothukudiKarunkulam

22 Trichy II

Andanallur

5ManikandamMosooriManaparrai

Thuraiyur

23 Vellore I Nemlli 6

109

S.No District

Phase (TNSRL

M)Name of the

BlockNo.of.Bloc

ks

Kaveeripakkam

II

K.V.KuppamSholingurArcotWalajah

24 Villupuram

I Mugaiyur

8

Kanai

II

TV NallurKoliyanurSankarapuramVikrapandiRishivandiamVallam

25 Virudhunagar II

Sivakasi

4RajapalayamVirudhunagarKariapatti

26 Nilgiris NRLP

Gudalur

4KothagiriCoonoorOoty

Total 0

110

Annexure 2List of activities field visitedField VisitsS. No

District Activities visited Key observations

1 Coimbatore

Sanitary napkin (low cost eco friendly sanitary pads, NTFP collection, Coir making

Sanitary napkin-making machine to produce quality products at a lower cost to the consumer. Interested in taking training in sustainable collection of NTFPs. Safety measures (face masks) are not being used in coir making unit.

2 Salem Organic Agriculture, Rice Mill,Coconut oil making

Organic fertilizers and pesticides are used for the production. Good quality paddy is selected, soaked, boiled and milling is done and improved the appearance by polishing. Willing to procure the extraction machines with funding support

3 Namakkal Coffee ProcessingPepper processingCoconut Production

Coffee and Pepper production by rain fed agriculture. Interested in value addition with training. Burying coconut husks for moisture conservation. Interested in products such as coconut water, oil and oil cake.

4 Kanchipuram

Garments making, Textiles, Handicrafts

Mainly involved in stitching children dress and women wear as job works. Involved in granite carving and clay based handicrafts.

5 Vellore Dairy, Bulk milk cooling unit, Cattle feed mixing

The problem of fodder availability and water scarcity should be addressed in TNRTP. The dung is sold to the farmers. Poor farmers sell the cowdung waste to the agriculture land. Uses fodder chopping machines. Interested to take up milk based products preparation with adequate training.

6 Thoothukudi

Goat rearing, Slaughter house

Green and dry fodder availability during summer is the major problem. Expressed need of fodder

111

storage room, and more no of goats. Institutions interacted Components discussedDepartment of Environment (DoE), Climate Change Cell of DoE, Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR),Institute of Energy Studies of Anna University,Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Forestry

Environmental ImpactsLegal RequirementsMitigation Measures

112

Annexure 3Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic

groundwater resources (PWD dt 2.3.2012)

OVER-EXPLOITED CRITICAL

SEMI CRITICAL SAFE OTHERS

[Greater than 100%]

[Between 90 and 100%]

[ 70 and 90%]

[ Less than 70%]

(Poor Quality / Saline)

COIMBATORE DISTRICT (4 Blocks )1) Annur 1)

Karamadai2) P.N. Palayam3) SarkarsamakulamCUDDALORE DISTRICT (6 Blocks )

1) Annagramam

1)Kumaratchi

2) Panruti 2)Kurinjipadi3) Buvanagiri4) Parangipettai

DINDIGUL DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )

1) Attur 6) Palani 7) Kodaikanal

2) Vattalagundu3) Guziliamparai4) Oddanchattiram5) VedasandurERODE DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS )

1) Bhavanisagar1) Bhavani 1)

Chennimalai2) Satyamangalam3) Thalavadi

KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS )1)Thirukalukundram

2) Wallajabad 5) Kancheepuram

3) St.Thomas Mount4) Thiruporur

KARUR DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS )

113

1) Karur2) Kulithalai

KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS )

1)Bargur

1) Kaveripattinam

2) KrishnagiriMADURAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )

1) Thiruparankundram

1) Kottampatti2) Madurai (East)3) Melur

NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1) Sembanarkoil 1) Sirkazhi 1) Nagapattinam (Saline)

2) Thalainaiyar (Saline)

NAMAKKAL DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1)Puduchatram 1) Mohanur

2)Pallipalayam3) Tiruchengodu

THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1)Coonoor2)Gudalur3)Kotagiri4)Udhagamandalam (Ooty)

PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1) Thiruvarankulam

1) Aranthangi

2) Viralimalai2) Pudukkottai

RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )

1) Mandapam

1) Thiruvadanai(Poor Quality)

2) R.S.Mangala

114

m2) Thirupullani(Poor Quality)

SALEM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )1) Attur 1) Mecheri 1)Sankagiri2) Panamaruthupatti

2)Tharamangalam

3)Veerapandi4)OmalurSIVAGANGAI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS )

1 )Kaliyarkoil2) Devakottai3) Manamadurai

THENI DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS)1) Uthamapalayam

1) Periyakulam

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS )1)Manapparai2)Manikandam 1)Andanallur3)Musiri4)ThuraiyurTIRUNELVELI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )1) Valliyur 1) Keelapavoor 1) Kadayam

2) Radhapuram2) Nanguneri3) Palayamkottai

TIRUPPUR DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS )1) Avinasi 1) Kundadam2) Pongalur 2) Tiruppur

3) UdumalpetTIRUVALLUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )

1) Kadambathur1) Gummudipoondi

2) Minjur2) Sholavaram

TIRUVANNAMALAI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )1) Chetpet 1) Kalasapakkam 1) Thellar2) Vandavasi 2) Kilpennathur

3) Thurinjapuram

TIRUVARUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )

115

1) Valangaimaan

1) Mannargudi

1) Muthupet(Poor Quality)

2) Needamangalam

THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1) Sathankulam 1) Thoothukudi 1)

Alwarthirunagari2) Karunkulam

VELLORE DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS )

1)Arcot1)Nemili 1)Wallajah 1)Kaveripakk

am2)K.V.Kuppam3)SholinghurVILLUPPURAM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS )

1) Kanai1)Sankarapuram 1)Mugaiyur

2)Kolianur2)Rishivandhiyam

3)Vallam3)Tiruvennainallur4)Vikravandi

VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS )1) Rajapalayam 1) Sivakasi 1)

Virudhunagar1) Kariappatti

116

Annexure 4

District Fact Sheet

COIMBATORE:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10 10’ and 11 30’ 2. East Longitude: Between 76 40’ and 77 30’ 2.

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3671Reserve Forest (Sq. Km.) : 1052 Total Area (Sq. Km.) : 4723

3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3458045 b) Male Population : 1729297 c) Female Population : 1728748

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 328.9 South West Monsoon : 189.8 Actual - North East Monsoon : 311.6 South West Monsoon : 764.25. AGRICULTURE

a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 176501 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 173437 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3064d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S. No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tones)

1 Paddy (Rice )

2167 10139

2 Cholam 28458 231053 Maize 4474 357974 Other Cereal

121 194

5 Pulses

9841 5794

6 Sugarcane (Gur) 1128 121181

117

7 Groundnut 4589 123898 Gingelly 324 1149 Cotton

438 797

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 131341 2. Area (Hectares) : 237305.22 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 1.81

6. IRRIGATIONGross Area Net Area

a. Govt. Canals : 24403 20763 b. Private Canals : -- -- c. Tanks : -- -- d.Tube Wells : 31227 30784 e.Wells& Other Sources: 62459 61357 f. Other Sources : -- -- Total Irrigated. : 115664 113689

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 406587 b Buffaloes : 8397 c Sheep : 109358 d Goat : 198574 e Poultry : 117215277. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Dairies : 1 b Milk Chilling Plants : 4 c No.of milk co-operative Societies : 327 d Quantity of Milk Produced ( in Lakh Litres) : 447.34

9. FISHERIES

e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 47.559

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 105224 b. Reserved Lands : - c. Unclassified Forests(Revenue Department Record : 6647

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

118

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

1. Lime Stone 2. Quartz 3. Feldspar 4. Soap stone

119

CUDDALORE:

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION  Latitude 150  5” /  110 11” and

120  35”NLongitude 780  38” and 800  00” E

AREA & POPULATION         

1.       Area (Sq.kms) 36782.       Population 26008803.       Population Density

(Sq.kms)707

LAND CLASSIFICATION (IN HECT) (Fasli  1423)

   

1.       Forests 1414.525  2.       Barren & Uncultivable

land14622.745  

3.       Land put to Non Agricultural use

58793.545  

4.       Cultivable Waste 6033.690  5.       Permanent Pastures &

other Grazing Land603.730  

6.       Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops & groves not included in Net Area Sown

14049.500  

7.       Current Fallow Lands 34370.960  8.       Other Fallow Lands 22333.240  9.       Net Area Sown 215559.065  

Total Geographical Area 367781

AGRICULTURE CULTIVATED

 AREA(Ha)    

1.       Paddy    (i)      Kar 32549.350  (ii)    Samba 89210.445  (iii)   Navarai 5725.995                 Total (Paddy only)

127485.790  2.       Ragi 199.175  3.       Cumbu 3559.090  4.       Maize 20520.220  5.       Varagu 1459.585  6.       Black Gram 52338.320  7.       Green Gram 11229.840  

120

8.       Sugarcane 30304.000  9.       Mango 494.935  10.   Banana 4250.825  11.   Guava 570.405  12.   Cashew nut 30146.205  13.   Coconut 1881.120  14.   Tamarind 129.985  15.   Tapioca 3252.010  16.   Flowers 511.120  17.   Vegetables 1017.400  18.   Other Crops 239711.005                Total Cultivated Area

325355.070

Normal Rainfall (mm)South West Monsoon

383.1

North East Monsoon

697.8

RESERVOIRS DEPTH  (in feet)                               

CAPACITY( inmcft)

Wellington (Reservoir)

29.78 2580

Veeranam (Tank) 13.6 990Perumal (Tank) 6.5 574.48Valaja (Tank) 5.5 90.72

NUMBER OF IRRIGATION TANKS(No’s)

 

40 hect < 40440 hect > 188

DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

 

Milk Producer Co-op. Society

235

Average Milk Production per day (in liter)

41240

Milk Chilling Plants

1

FISHERIES 

Length of Coastal 57.5

121

Line(Km)No.of Coastal Blocks

3

No. of Coastal Centers

3

Mining & Quarrying (Taluk Wise)     Cuddalore 41  Panruti 20  Chirdambaram 6  Kattumannarkoil 1  Virudhachalam 5  Tittagudi 1  Kurinjipadi 4

DINDIGUL:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10 05’ and 10 09’2. East Longitude : Between 77 30’ and 78 20’.

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6266.64

3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 2161367b) Male Population : 1081934c) Female Population : 1079433d) Population density         : 357 per Sq. Kme) Sex Ratio                      : 998 f) Literacy Rate                : 76.85%

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 436.4 South West Monsoon: 295.4Actual - North East Monsoon : 617.1 South West Monsoon : 180.1

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (He) : 247619

122

b. Net Area Sown (He.) : 241747c. Area Sown more than once (He.) : 5872d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 19158 2 Jowar : 29155 3 Maize : 406434 Bajra : 2038 5 Coffee : 10223 6 Sugarcane (Gur) : 5815 7 Groundnut : 2781 8 Gingelly : 634 9 Cotton : 2801

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 285174 2. Area (Hectares) : 307357 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 1.07

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 4228 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 9829d.Tube Wells : 2877e.Wells& Other Sources : 103240 f. Other Sources : 721Total Irrigated. : 120895

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 283715 b Buffaloes : 88332c Sheep : 270406 d Goat : 312145 e Poultry : 3869552. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 243c Quantity of Milk Produced : 14735

9. FISHERIES

123

e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 108.397

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 122580 b. Reserved Lands : 16343c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

Black granite, Rough stone, Quarries and sand Grey granite.

124

ERODE:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10 36" and 11 58"2. East Longitude : Between 76 49" and 77 58".

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5722

3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 2251744b) Male Population : 1129868c) Female Population : 1121876

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 330.0 South West Monsoon : 287.3Actual - North East Monsoon : 314.6 South West Monsoon : 229.8

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 199349b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 178687c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 20662 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 16911 2 Tapioca : 62853 Bajra : 100 4 Turmeric : 6293 5 Sugarcane (Gur) : 21198 6 Groundnut : 20103 7 Gingelly : 9361 8 Cotton : 1093 9 Banana : 11150

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 197532 2. Area (Hectares) : 266012.53 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA

125

126

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area(Hect) Numbers

a. Govt. Canals : 39286 10b. Private Canals : --c. Tanks : -- 697d.Bore Wells : 29395 7400e. Dug Wells : 1242 1233 Total Irrigated. : 69923

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 1,48,619 b Buffaloes : 58,665c Sheep : 1,65,277 d Goat : 3,09,202 e Poultry : 5661729. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 692c Quantity of Milk Produced : 84786511 liters

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 67.23

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 227511 Hectb. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

Quartz, Felsper, Black Granite, Color Granite, Gravel

127

KANCHIPURAM:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00 '2. East Longitude : Between 77 28 ' and 78 50 '

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : 4,433

3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3998252b) Male Population : 2012958c) Female Population : 1985294

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal : 1227.7Actual : 888.2

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 120957.16b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 102544.460c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 18412.698 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.)

1 Paddy(sornavari) : 24712.466

2 Paddy(samba) : 47471.147

3 Paddy (Navarai) : 13380.434

4 Cumbu : 74.3555 Cholam : 29.355 6 Ragi : 506.0407 Green gram : 501.260

8 Black gram : 1668.520

9 Other pulses : 186.60510 Chilies : 130.176 11 Turmeric : 0.0601 Other Spices : 35.764

128

213

Sugarcane : 1732.593

14

Fruits and Vegetables : 5466.520

15

Gingely : 1640.062

16

Groundnut : 12520.320

17 Coconut : 3097.46

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 220026 2. Area (Hectares) : 145068.040 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 0.659

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area(Hect)

a. Govt. Canals : 230b. Private Canals : --c. Tanks : 49174d.Tube Wells : 10690e. Ordinary Wells : 34642Total Irrigated. : 94732.60

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 347372b Buffaloes : 57457c Sheep : 119646 d Goat : 192242e Poultry : 866743. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Cold Storage and Godown : 7 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 303c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1,81,83,990

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 87.2b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 4 c. Number of Marine fishing villages : 44 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 11956 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 7852

129

f. Number of fisherman engaged : 20860g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : 762610. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 23021.99 Hectb. Reserved Lands : 3.17c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

Silica, Black Granite

KARUR:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : 11.00° N to 12.00° N2. East Longitude : 77.28° E to 77.50° E

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : 2895.6

3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1064493b) Male Population : 528184c) Female Population : 536309

4.RAINFALL (In mm) SOUTH-WEST MONSOONNormal : 156Actual : 213.6NORTH-EAST MONSOONNormal : 314.7Actual : 258.8

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 93613.670b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 87905.605c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 5708.065d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

130

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 13444 2 Jowar : 25985 3 Cumbu : 5214 Redgram : 3803 5 Chillies : 366 6 Sugarcane (Gur) : 2520 7 Groundnut : 4594 8 Gingelly : 4627 9 Maize : 2327 10 Banana : 2909 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 146051 2. Area (Hectares) : 206824.283 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : NA

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area(Hect)

a. Govt. Canals : 12593b. Private Canals : --c. Tanks : 10d.Tube Wells : 9970e. Dug Wells : 27014Total Irrigated. : 49587

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 150063b Buffaloes : 37487c Sheep : 260130 d Goat : 178551e Poultry : 2422346. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150c Quantity of Milk Produced : 19058285

9. FISHERIES

e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05f. Number of fisherman engaged : 400g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : NA

10. FOREST

131

a. Reserved Forests : 6187.115 Hectb. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite

132

KRISHNAGIRI:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : 11º 12'N to 12º 49’ N2. East Longitude : 77º 27'E to 78º 38'E

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Kms.): 5143 

3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 18,83,731b) Male Population : 9,63,152c) Female Population : 9,20,579

4.RAINFALL (In mm)

Average Rainfall : 830 mm

5. AGRICULTURE The important crops of Krishnagiri District are Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Banana, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tamarind, Coconut, Mango, Groundnut, Vegetables and Flowers.

Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 82,930

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 20,6872 Ragi : 48,9443 Other minor crops : 11,9374 Pulses : 48,749  5 Sugarcane   : 4,078 6 Mango    : 30,017 7 Coconut  : 13,192 8 Tamarind  : 1,3629 Other Crops   : 43,199 

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area(Hect)

a. Govt. Canals : 12593b. Private Canals : --c. Tanks : 10d.Tube Wells : 9970

133

e. Dug Wells : 27014Total Irrigated. : 49587

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 150063b Buffaloes : 37487c Sheep : 260130 d Goat : 178551e Poultry : 2422346. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150c Quantity of Milk Produced : 19058285

9. FISHERIES

a. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05b. Number of fisherman engaged : 400

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 6187.115 Hectb. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Name of the Minerals Found in the District

Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite

134

135

MADURAI:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

North Latitude : Between 9°30.00 and 10°30.00East Longitude : Between 77°00.00 and 78°30.00

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3741.73 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 30,38,252b) Male Population : 15,26,475c) Female Population : 15,11,777Density/S.q.K.m. : 812

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 756.0 South West Monsoon : 305.4Actual - North East Monsoon : 373.0 South West Monsoon : 301.6

5. AGRICULTURE Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 18023ii. Millets -- 16700iii. Pulses -- 6335iv. Cotton -- 3133v. Oilseeds -- 8732vi. Sugarcane -- 4943

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 208745 2. Area (Hectares) : 199373 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATIONa. Dams - irrigating areas, Madurai District : 3b. Irrigation channels / canals : 80 Nos. 170 K Msc. Tanks : 2451 Nosd.Wells : 44,701 Nos

a)Double crop : 13860 Hab) Single crop : 49500 Ha. :.

136

Total Irrigated. : 53360 Ha

8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

Dairies : 1

a Milk Chilling Plants : 1b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 840c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2.43 lakhs lits per day

10. NATURAL RESOURCES

Limestone, Limekankar, Gravel

137

NAGAPATTINAM:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10°10' and 11°20'2. East Longitude : Between 79°15' and 79°50'

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2569 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1158557b) Male Population : 576010c) Female Population : 582547

Density : 520.59

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 908.8 South West Monsoon : 265.2 Actual - North East Monsoon : 969.2 South West Monsoon : 250.60 

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 148542b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 148542c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 92749

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in ‘000’hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 158.1ii. Cerals and Millets -- 15iii. Pulses -- 65iv. Oil Seeds -- 1.35v. Cotton -- 2.7

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 180696 2. Area (Hectares) : 154594.180 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATION

138

Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 125014b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : --d.Tube Wells : 30015e.Dug Wells : 30485f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 185514

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 767855b Buffaloes : 85317c Sheep : 33054d Goat : 429924e Poultry : 402045. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 78c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1671480 (liters)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 189.9 km b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 35072e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 7010

10. FOREST

a. Forests (Hect) : 4633b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Crude oil, Silica Sand, Natural gas and Lime shell.

139

NAMAKKAL:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 11.00 and 11.3602. East Longitude : Between 77.280 and 78.300

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3363. 35 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1721179b) Male Population : 866740c) Female Population : 854439Density.506 (per sq.km)

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 291.6 South West Monsoon : 339.3Actual - North East Monsoon : 218.3 South West Monsoon : 204.7

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 174485.115b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 155624.655c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 18860.460

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

No. Crops Area ‘000’Hec. Production ‘000’tonnes1. A.FOOD GRAINS:

a) Cereals & Millets 68816.425 1689260b) Pulses 12564.555 4700.10

2. B.OIL SEEDS 1861.09 3442.85

3. C.OTHER CROPS

140

1.Cotton 2897.365 19732.395

2.Sugarcane 10575 L 258494.37

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 148935 2. Area (Hectares) : 194798.69 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATIONNumbers Net Area

a. Govt. Canals : 3 2510b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 259 74d.Tube Wells : 5828 6961.04e.Dug Wells : 7001458136.74f. Other Sources : 0 3443.93Total Irrigated. : 71125.71

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 406311b Pigs : 10987c Sheep : 128674d Goat : 45683e Poultry : 34415710s. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 482c Quantity of Milk Produced : 148000 liters per day

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 42507.602b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Limestone, Rough stone, Granite and Magnestie

141

NILGIRIS:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : between 11o 30' 00".12 and 19o 30' 00".422. East Longitude : between 76o 29' 52".55 and 76o 36' 00".21

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2,545

3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 7,35,394b) Male Population : 3,60,143c) Female Population : 3,75,251Population density         :289 per Sq. Km

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 494.0 South West Monsoon : 763.7Actual - North East Monsoon : 580.8 South West Monsoon : 644.3

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 75506b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 75329c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 176.16

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 318.425ii. Arecanut -- 459.825iii. Garlic -- 274.370iv. Cardamum -- 963.154v. Pepper -- 915.544vi. Ginger -- 322.886vii. Potato -- 1441.560viii. Carrot -- 2801.845vii. Orange -- 34.670ix. Tea -- 55779.352x. Coffee -- 7799.893

142

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 64369 2. Area (Hectares) : 80376.39 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : 1.25

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 0b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 0d.Tube Wells : 0e.Wells& Other Sources : 1196.614f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 1196.614

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 50768b Buffaloes : 4271c Sheep : 4643d Goat : 37393e Poultry : 120560. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 6 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 95c Quantity of Milk Produced : 80 (litres in lakhs)

e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 8.126

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests : 137192b. Reserved Lands : 5777c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: 3313

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Mining prohibited in this district.

143

PUDUKOTTAI:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 9° 50' and 10° 40'2. East Longitude : Between 78° 25' and 79° 15'

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4663 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1618345b) Male Population : 803188c) Female Population : 815157

Density : 347/ sq. km

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 406.2 South West Monsoon : 350.6Actual - North East Monsoon : 202.8 South West Monsoon : 286.5

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 132213b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 126816c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 5397

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (Tonnes) 1. Paddy (Rice) : 83585 240394 2. Coconut (lakh Nuts)-

(Yield rate : nuts/ha.)- : 8716 1515 3. Groundnut (Dry Pods) : 12303 24197 4. Sugarcane (Cane)

(Yield rate : tonnes /ha.)-: 9124 797048 5. Black gram : 1405 691 6. Cholam (Jowar) : 234 170 7. Maize : 4022 23141 8. Mango : 816 6715 9. Banana : 2505 91420 10. Cashwnut : 7370 1150

144

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 378796 2. Area (Hectares) : 222712.20 6. IRRIGATION

Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 3010b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 57852d.Tube Wells : 31133e.Dug Wells : 4420f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 96415

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 365862b Buffaloes : 7492c Sheep : 117289d Goat : 150079e Poultry : 845508. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 75c Quantity of Milk Produced : -- (litres in lakhs)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 42 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 29022e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 2450

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Sq.Km) : 191.30b. Reserved Lands : 42.08c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Multicoloured Granite, Stone, gravel and Pebbles

145

146

RAMANATHAPURAM:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 9 05 and 9 502. East Longitude : Between 78 10 and 79.27

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4175 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1337560b) Male Population : 676574c) Female Population : 660986

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 491.7 South West Monsoon : 149.3Actual - North East Monsoon : 382.0 South West Monsoon : 100.8

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 200779b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 200779c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : --

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Yield Rate(in kg/hec)1. Paddy 114982 5882. Cholam 3236 9253. Ragi 401 4404. Greengram 378 2905. Maize 886 28196. Cumbu 1605 4907. Corriander 1418 278. Chillies 16991 3909. Sugarcane 4236 9810. Blackgram 2109 29611. Gingelly 2429 24812. Ground nut 3572 125213. Red gram 97 78714. Coconut(nuts /ha) 8213 6767

147

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 393888 2. Area (Hectares) : 284428 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 0b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : --d.Tube Wells : 0e.Dug Wells : --f. Other Sources : 63679Total Irrigated. : 63679

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : - 367006b Pigs : - 9918c Sheep : - 302642d Goat : - 212183e Poultry : -. 3951398. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 103c Quantity of Milk Produced : 6290 liters per day

9. FISHERIES

d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 4855510. FOREST

a. Forests (Hect) : 4488b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Sand quarrying

148

SALEM:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : 11° 39' 0"2. East Longitude : 78° 10' 0"

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5,237 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3482056b) Male Population : 1781571c) Female Population : 1700485

Density : 665/ sq km

4. RAINFALL (In mm)

Average Rainfall Rate : 660-1600 mm (2001)

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : --b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : 191509c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : --

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 37328ii. Groundnut -- 32202iii. Fodder -- 27700iv. Sugarcane -- 10468 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : -- 2. Area (Hectares) : -- 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 2100b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1708d.Tube Wells : 7830e.Dug Wells : 86335

149

f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 97973

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 593847b Buffaloes : 176521c Poultry : 26783248. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 1,208c Quantity of Milk Produced : 4,50,000 (liters in lakhs

/year)

e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : --

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 26466b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

NA

150

SIVAGANGAI:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 9.43’ and 10.42’2. East Longitude : Between 77.47’ and 78.49’

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4189 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1339101b) Male Population : 668672c) Female Population : 670429

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 422.7 South West Monsoon : 301Actual - Total Actual Rainfall : 727.5

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 99691b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 97943c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 218

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1. Paddy 482332. Cholam 1463. Cumbu 64. Ragi 575. Maize 2126. Green Gram 47. Black Gram 2068. Red Gram 739. Cow Pea 1110. Chillies 163811. Sugarcane 525712. Onion 5913. Fruits & Vegetables

(including Root Crops) 373714. Groundnut 21215. Coconut 5522

151

16. Cotton 511

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 268366 2. Area (Hectares) : 166050.36 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : --

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 0b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 4966d.Tube Wells : 0e.Dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 61195Total Irrigated. : 66161

7. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

Dairy : 1

a Milk Chilling Plants : 4 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 236c Quantity of Milk Produced : 165.35 (litres in lakhs)

8. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 128

9. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 16533b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Graphite

152

THENI:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00' 2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50' 

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3242.30 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1245899b) Male Population : 625683c) Female Population : 620216

4.RAINFALL (In mm)

Normal - North East Monsoon : 357.9 South West Monsoon : 70.5Actual - North East Monsoon : 399.4 South West Monsoon : 177.4

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 126259.430b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 113167.389c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 13092.041

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Sl.No. Crops Area (ha.) Production in tonnes

Productivity Kg./ha.

1 Rice (Paddy) 14630.275 71903 4.912 Cholam 8296.735 36889 4.443 Cumbu 1653.335 5002 3.024 Ragi 27.210 82 3.015 Redgram 2118.100 2529 1.196 Greengram 1557.441 867 1.191037 Blackgram 1152.195 779 0.678 Groundnut 2437.095 6644 2.729 Gingelly 1727.445 1192 0.6910 Sunflower 150.575 433 2.8711 Cotton 1790.570 12194 6.8112 Sugarcane 5287.455 457012 6.81

153

13 Chillies 386.230 181 0.4614 Onion 922.320 11595 12.5715 Banana 5914.400 353658 59.79

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 128081 2. Area (Hectares) : 131713.02 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : --

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Canals : 15080b. Tanks : 1292d.Tube Wells : 11615e.Dug Wells : 48435f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 76422

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 137665b Buffaloes : 6397c Sheep : 123256d Goat : 101965e Poultry : 1259899. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 403c Quantity of Milk Produced : 39404325

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 3674

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 134812.92b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

154

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Rough stone and Gravel

THIRUCHIRAPALLI:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10 to 11-30'2. East Longitude : Between  77-45' to 78-50'

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4,403.83 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 2,41,8366b) Male Population : 12,08,534c) Female Population : 12,09,832

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 356.1 South West Monsoon : 270.3Actual - North East Monsoon : 364.9 South West Monsoon : 357.7

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 1,85,985b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 1,71,002c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 14,983

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in ‘000” hect.) I. Paddy 62.178ii. Millets and Other Cereals 48.229iii. Pulses 8.884iv. Sugarcane (Gur) 4.534v. Groundnut 15.456vi. Gingili 0.657vii. Cotton (BL) 9.808

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

155

a. Govt. Canals : 31920b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 6337d.Tube Wells : 10281e.Other Wells : 43011f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 91549

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 3,54,301b Buffaloes : 4,03,878c Sheep : 2,57,271d Goat : 3,66,753e Poultry : 9,40,619.8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 2b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 217c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2,97,117 liters

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 5190

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 36247b. Reserved Lands : 1034.575c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : --

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

NA

156

157

THIRUNELVELI:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 8°.05’ and 9°.30’2. East Longitude : Between 77°.05’ and 78°.25’

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6759.00 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3077233b) Male Population : 1520912c) Female Population : 1556321

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 467.2 South West Monsoon : 142.4Actual - North East Monsoon : 847.5 South West Monsoon : 118.8

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 122300.04b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 119094.61c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3205.43

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

Crops Area (in ‘000’ hect.)

A. FOOD GRAINS: 100.78a) Cereals &MilletsCholam 17.15 42.84 2498Cumbu 0.83 1.78 2144Maize 13.086 60.33 4610Paddy 62.28 362.99 5828b) PulsesRed gram 0.97 0.595 967B.Gram 11.76 7.61 615G.Gram 4.91 1.76 357H.Gram 0.04 0.256 6412. B. OIL SEEDSG.nut 0.63 1.75 2762

158

Gingelly 1.05 0.31 2943. C. OTHER CROPSCotton 3.48 0.68 186 (lint)

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 292352 2. Area (Hectares) : 211761.23 6. IRRIGATION

Net Area (Hec)a. Govt. Canals : 16545b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 40547d.Tube Wells : 1324e.Dug Wells : 58160f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 116576

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 504332b Buffaloes : 114758c Sheep : 1222310d Goat : 461300e Poultry : 654575. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 223c Quantity of Milk Produced : 108.96 (litres in lakhs)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 48.9b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 2c. Number of Coastal Centres : 7 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 2450e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 9.23

10. FOREST

a. Forests (Hect) : 127757.66b. Social Forests : 1088.48c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

159

Lime stone, Garnet sand, Rough stone sully, Kankar, Illuminate

160

THIRUVALLUR:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 12°15' and 13°15'2. East Longitude : Between 79°15' and 80°20'

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3422 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3728104b) Male Population : 1876062c) Female Population : 1852042

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 589.3 South West Monsoon : 451.6Actual - North East Monsoon : 342.0 South West Monsoon : 612.5

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 148369.330b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 108459.276c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 39910.054

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

A. FOOD GRAINS: Area Production (‘000’ hec.) (‘000’ hec.)

a) Cereals & MilletsPaddy 95.825 451.522 Cumbu 0.904 2.02

b) PulsesBlack gram 1576 1.339 Green gram 9.807 12.026

B. OIL SEEDSGroundnut 9.008 450841

C. OTHER CROPSSugarcane 7.352 698.344

161

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 219609 2. Area (Hectares) : 130346.225 6. IRRIGATION

Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 361.54b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 26554d.Tube Wells : 51005e.Dug Wells : 9916f. Bore wells : 8226f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 96062.54

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 240402b Buffaloes : 98058c Sheep : 92970d Goat : 198736e Poultry : 654317. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 1b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 113c Quantity of Milk Produced : 11,826 liters per day

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 27.9Km.b. Number of Coastal Blocks : NA c. Number of Coastal Centres : NA d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 9729e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 13.44

10. FOREST

a. Forests Area (Hect) : 21226.441b. Reserved Lands : 1676.035c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : 1441.620

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

162

Savudu, Rough stone, gravel and Black Granite

163

THIRUVARUR:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 10 20' And 11 07'2. East Longitude : Between 79 15' And 79 45'

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2374 3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 12,64,277b) Male Population : 6,26,693c) Female Population : 6,37,584

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 719.1 South West Monsoon : 296.4Actual - North East Monsoon : 388.4 South West Monsoon : 358.5

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 300711b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 151919c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 148792

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tonnes) Rice 159 192.84Pulses 248 12.10Sugarcane (Gur) 0.59 57.90Groundnut 3.33 10.73Gingelly 0.75 0.25Cotton (BL) 4.80 2.42

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 158100 2. Area (Hectares) : 146028 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.924

6. IRRIGATION

164

Net Area Irrigated by (Hec) 146666.31

Gross Area Irrigated 192409.82

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 332124b Buffaloes : 18256c Sheep : 4350d Goat : 269984e Poultry : -. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 65c Quantity of Milk Produced : 115.507 (litres in lakhs)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 47.2b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 1 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 13 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 10040e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : --

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 12973.255b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Savudu

165

THOOTHUKUDI:

1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 0.8 and 45‟ 2. East Longitude : Between 78 and 11‟

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4621  3.POPULATION

a) Total Population : 1750176 b) Male Population : 865021 c) Female Population : 885155

4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 427 South West Monsoon : 74.9

Actual - North East Monsoon : 585.6 South West Monsoon : 51.9

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 200828 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 197695 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3134

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S. No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) 11730 ii. Millets and Other Cereals 79778 iii. Pulses 56338iv. Sugarcane 204v. Groundnut 517vi. Gingelly 819

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 195435 2. Area (Hectares) : 233688.8

166

3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 1.19

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 13161b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 4969d.Tube Wells : 257e.Dug Wells : 16842f. Other Sources : 127Total Irrigated. : 39492

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 124310 b Country Dogs : 36427c Sheep : 188946d Goat : 305842e Poultry : 3151578. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 239c Quantity of Milk Produced : 433608 (litres)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 163.5b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 8c. Number of Coastal Centres : 24 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 47640 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 105.60

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 7121b. Reserved Lands : 3889c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Limestone, Roughstone, Sand

167

TIRUPUR:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 11°06′27″ and 11.1075°N2. East Longitude : Between 77°20′23″ and 77.3398°E

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5186.34  3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 24,79,052b) Male Population : 12,46,159c) Female Population : 12,32,893

4.RAINFALL (In mm)

Average Rainfall rate (2016) : 296.4

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 2,00,360b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : --c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : --

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 13,650ii. Total Millets -- 1,01,840iii. Total Pulses -- 38,030iv. Total Oil Seeds -- 23,080v. Cotton -- 6,780vi. Sugarcane -- 11,390

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : -- 2. Area (Hectares) : --

168

6. IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : --d.Tube Wells : 0e.Dug Wells : --f. Other Sources : 1,94,770Total Irrigated. : 1,94,770

TIRUVANNAMALAI:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 12.00 and 12 49’2. East Longitude : Between 78.38 to 79.45

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 6355.61 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 2464875b) Male Population : 1235889c) Female Population : 1228986

Density : 665/ sq km

4. RAINFALL (In mm)

1. Normal a).North East Monsoon 452.6 b).South West Monsoon 468.1

2. Actual a).North East Monsoon 626.4 b).South West Monsoon 474.1

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 287794b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : 212143c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 75652

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1.Paddy 138879 604124 2. Millets and other cereals 14823 36943 3. Pulses 22785 9406

169

4. Sugarcane ( in terms of can) 25394 208305 5. Groundnut 67035 165107 6. Gingelly 971 687 7. Cotton 330 117

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 446626 2. Area (Hectares) : 303658 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.68

6. IRRIGATIONNumbers Net Area

a. Govt. Canals : 144 181b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1966 21171d.Tube Wells : 4112 4859e.Dug Wells : 181549 188441f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 128460

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 1166276b Buffaloes : --c Sheep : 258111d Goat : 226240e Poultry : 4557338. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 2b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 538c Quantity of Milk Produced : 246884 (liters/day)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 111

10. FOREST

170

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 151799.64b. Reserved Lands : 1010.17c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Black Granite, Colored Granite and Rough Stone.

VELLORE:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between   12 0  15’   and      130  15’2. East Longitude : Between   780  20’     and     790  50’

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5920.18 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 3936331b) Male Population : 1961688c) Female Population : 1974643d) Density : 665

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 348.7 South West Monsoon : 466.0Actual - North East Monsoon : 747.7 South West Monsoon : 444.8

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 202453 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 164210c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 38244

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy 51771ii. Millets and Other Cereals 21232                          

171

iii. Pulses 28611iv. Sugarcane 7296v. Groundnut 346vi. Gingelly 22vii. Cotton 8015

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 381858 2. Area (Hectares) : 249698.29   3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : 0.65

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 604b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1355.00d.Tube Wells : 15273e.Other Wells : 88463 f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 83020

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 556632b Buffaloes  : 16103c Sheep : 383270d Goat : 324052e Poultry : 6504799. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 395c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1.59 (litres in lakhs)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 1369.2 

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 156638.328b. Reserved Lands : 5648.085

172

c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

VERMICULITS

VILLUPURAM:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between  110 59’ and 120 48’2. East Longitude : Between   780 60’ and 790 to 800’

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 7194 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 34,58,873b) Male Population : 17,40,819c) Female Population : 17,18,054d)Density : 481

4. RAINFALL (In mm)

The average rainfall of the district is 1060.30 mm.

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : NA b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : NAc. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : NA

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.)

173

I. Paddy 178161ii. Groundnut 79804iii. Gingelly 9897iv. Sugarcane 33175v. Cotton 3965vi. Cumbu 58194vii. Ragi 2329vii. Tapioca 9489viii. Pulses 9489

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : NA 2. Area (Hectares) : NA  3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 5,449b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 49,920d.Tube Wells : 40,990e.Dug Wells : 103,073 Total Irrigated. : 199432

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cows : 4.97 Lakhsb Buffaloes  : 1.67 Lakhsc Sheep : 1.08 Lakhsd Goat : 1.53 Lakhse Poultry : 6.66 Lakhs

8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : NA b No.of milk co-operative Societies : NAc Quantity of Milk Produced : NA

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 30b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil 

174

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 48703.13b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Fire Clay, Silica Sand, Sedimentary Limestone, Steatite, Black Granite, Blue Metal.

VIRUDHUNAGAR:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00' 2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50' 

2. AREA AND POPULATION

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4243 3. POPULATION

a) Total Population : 19,43,309b) Male Population : 9,67,437c) Female Population : 9,75,872

4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 431.2 South West Monsoon : 181.8Actual - North East Monsoon : 331.1 South West Monsoon : 78.3

5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 122300.04

175

b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 119094.61c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3205.43

d. Area and Production of Principal Crops

S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 26616.925ii. Cholam -- 9427.435iii. Cumbu -- 3258.350iv. Ragi -- 135.070v. Maize -- 13868.335vi. Blackgram -- 3543.120vii. Groundnut -- 6832.985viii. Gingelly -- 2520.765vii. Sugarcane -- 3193.040ix. Banana -- 836.580x. Onion -- 1183.410

e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census 2010-11) 1. Holdings : 208745 2. Area (Hectares) : 199373

176

6. IRRIGATIONNet Area

a. Govt. Canals : 0b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 23212.00d.Tube Wells : 0e.Dug Wells : 31111.10f. Other Sources : 0Total Irrigated. : 54323.26

7. Livestock and Poultry Population

a Cattle : 262284b Pigs : 14023c Sheep : 325946d Goat : 305111e Poultry : 890571. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 98c Quantity of Milk Produced : 333 (litres in lakhs)

9. FISHERIES

a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 65.681

10. FOREST

a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 26466b. Reserved Lands : NAc. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA

11. NATURAL RESOURCES

Limestone, Limekankar, Multicoloured Granite

http://district.tn.nic.in/profile.htm

177

Annexure 5

District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities

Name of theDistrict

Industrial Opportunities

Service Sector Manufacturing Sector

Ariyalur Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce.

Readymade garments, Bio fertilizer, Vermi composing, Natural dying and natural fiber based textile products, Poultry, Safety matches, Integrated Dairy farming

Coimbatore Beauty Parlours, Safety disposal of hospital/medical waste, Printing and book Binding, Auto Four / Two wheeler service centres, Recharging and reconditioning of batteries, Hotels and hospitality services

Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing, , Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, EnergyFood, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Powder Coating, Bricks/Hollow Bricks.

Cuddalore Refractory and ceramic products granite stone processing, food processing, mineral processing, electrical and electronic industries.Textile based rubber and plastic products readymade garments, Fly ash based products Paper products, Fish processing, Power plant from agro waste coir and

178

coir products Organic chemical products

Dindugal Beauty Parlours and Creches. fitness centre for men and women, Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce.

Leather Processing, Food Products Paper and Paper Products, Hand looms, Coir Industries Wood & wooden products Low value Agro based Products, Fruit Processing Floriculture – cut flowers, Coffee Processing, Coconut Products, Coir products, Tamarind paste and Powder Dairy Development Apiculture, Essential oils Cattle/poultry feed Potato and Tapioca chips, Plastic Tray, Paper Board Tray Finished leather goods Valuated coir products Integrated Milk diary Beverages.

Erode Coir Products, Coconut Oil, Readymade Garments, Silk Reeling and twisting, Masala Powder and Spice Products, Floral Extraction, Poultry and Cattle Feed, Food Processing Industries

Kanchipuram Rice Milling, Silk Weaving, Garments Plastic items Rice Milling, Food Products Fish net, Engineering, Agricultural based products garments, Cashew nut, Fish Food, Rice Milling, Oil Crushing, Bricks

Krishnagiri Energy Food, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Bioesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Manure based on human-waste,

179

Readymade Garments/sweaters, Cateringand Fast foods, production of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Synthetic twine & nuts, Catering and Fast foods, Mushroom plantation and processing, Electrical Equipments/components, Structural fabrication, Packaging of drinking water,Essential Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Organic forming, Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics, Integrated Dairy farming.

Karur Detergent Cakes, Liquid Detergent, , Vermicelli, Cloth Printing, Power loom Cloth weaving, Screen printing, Oil Mill, Power loom cloth weaving, Detergent Cake and Powder, Coir Products Washing Soap, Country/Chamber Bricks, Oil Mill

Madurai Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce.

Bio fertilizer, Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste, Fast Food, Coir fibre, Coconut pith and coir briquettes, Coir mat and mattress Coir pith blocks, Vermi composing, Wafer Cream Biscuits, Mini tool rooms for die making Waste paper recycling, Readymade garment – male, female- kids wear, school

180

uniform.

Nagapatinam Industrial Laundry, Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing, Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Ice Plant, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Bricks/Hollow Bricks.

Nilgiris Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides ,Vermicomposting,Bio-stimulators for crops, Manure based on human-waste, Readymade garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Mushroom plantation and processing, Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Bio pesticide, Organic farming, Interacted Diary farming, Nutraceuticals, Paper bags – Bio degradable.

Namakkal Rice Mills, Flour mills, Bakery products, Milk Products,

181

Extraction of edible oils, Ready-made Garments, Egg and Egg products. - Egg Tray, Sago Appalam, Jaggery, Raw Granite, Polished Granite, Cotton fabrics, Garments. Eggs. Ornamental, Pottery, artistic brass-ware, wall hangings made of korai mat and terra cotta articles etc., Poultry products, Fruit & vegetable process

Pudukottai Raw material Based Coir fiber, Rope and Coir pith, block, Rice mill, Oil mill, Cashew nut Processing, Paper mill, Fisheries based products, Cashew nut Processing Granite Products, Coir Products and Coir pith block Rural artisans based Terracotta and Earthenware.

Ramanathapuram

Modern rice mill, Coconut based industries; spices manufacturing units

Salem Fly Ash Brick Enterprises, Food processing enterprises, Value added coir products

Sivagangai Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce.

Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Rice Mill, Organic Manure Agar & Agar, Hallow Blocks, Lime Powder, Chamber Bricks, Charcoal Powder Granite Cutting and Polishing, Agar & Agar, Chamber Bricks, Masala Powder Rice Mill, Rice Bran Oil, Bakery items, Cement Hallow Blocks Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Coir Fibre Yarn, Curled Coir, Rice

182

Mill, Jewellary

Theni Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce.

Acutrim Readymade garments, Vermi composing, Aquaculture feed Cookies and noodles making Bio fertilizer , Tamarind Paste Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins Dry fruits and cardamoms processing Vegetable processing and packing Coir fibre, Coconut pith and coir briquettes Integrated dairy farming Coir mat and mattress Eco friendly paper bags Processing of Silk Cotton Handloom

Tiruppur Cotton Hosiery Garments, Mfg. of Banians, Cotton Fabrics, Brassiers, Cloth Printing, Cardboard boxes, Plastic items, Pickles, Mfg. of Paper Bags, Mfg. of Purified Drinking Water, Concrete Mixers, Readymade Garments, Tailoring, Flour Mills, Coir Fibre, Areca nut Leaf, Tailoring Work, Embroidery Work, Brassieres, Cloth Printing, Printing press, Cardboard boxes, Wasting Soap, Poultry Feed, Cotton Fabrics, Garments, Sewing Power looms, Garments, Coconut Shell Powder, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Poultry Feed, Power loom, Tomato Products, Vermicelli, Rice Mill, Mfg. of copra, Coir Yarn, Fly Ash Bricks Coconut Kernel, Vermi Compost, Copra Mfg, Coir Fibre, Mfg. of plastic Granules, Copra Drying

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Yard, Tea Shop, Mfg. of Jiggery, Sugarcane Crushing. Herbal base industries, PoultryFeed, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Mfg. of Two Ply Coir

Tiruvarur Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Sugarcane Beverage- Bottled, Meat Gravy Concentrate, Ready to-Serve Fruit Based Beverages, Coconut Based products Edible oil extraction, Vegetable pickles, Tapioca Chips, Dall Milling, Silica from Rice Husk ash, Activated carbon from Paddy Husk, Cement material from Rice husk ash, Paper Boards, Flower extracts, Tulasi Oil, Spirulina, Natural Food Colours, Natural Dyes for Textiles, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Bio-stimulators for crops, Readymade Garments, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Catering and Fast foods, Mushroom plantation and processing, Packaging of drinking water.

Tiruvallur Food Processing Industry, Paints and adhesives, Processed milk products, Readymade garments,

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Tiruchi Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting,Bio-stimulators for crops, Readymade garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Catering and Fast foods Mushroom plantation and processing, Essential Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics, Integrated Dairy farming, Coir Geo Textiles

Tuticorin Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing, Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Agricultural implements, Ice Plant, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Food Supplement

Vellore Leather Auxiliary Industries, Coir Value added products - Toughened coir Auto components Coir Board Pesticides Coir briquettes, Readymade garment –

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male,female- kids wear, school uniform , Bio fertilizer Waste paper recycling – mini project Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste Water purifier plant Coir mat and mattress Natural dying and natural fiber based textile Coir pith blocks, Vermi composing, Integrated Diary Fruits and vegetable processing Herbal Extraction Community, Enterprises Health Food

Villupuram Coir industries: Edible Oil processing

Virudunagar Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce

Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins Boutique Medicinal plant extraction Coir fiber, Coconut pith and coir briquettes, Jasmine Oil extraction Fast Food Stall Readymade garment – male, female kids wear, school uniform Dairy development Vermi composing Waste paperrecycling – mini project Water purifier plant

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Annexure 6Regulatory Requirements List

There are certain kinds of activities which, if taken up, would contravene the laws and regulations of the State Government, Government of India as well as Safeguard Polices of the World Bank. Such activities will not be supported under the TNRTP. Given below is a list of attributes that would disqualify an activity from being supported under TNRTP. This list shall be treated as the screening tool for the activities planned to be taken up by Enterprises and Producer Collectives.

Agriculture Digging of irrigation tube well without taking required permission

from the relevant authority will not be supported. Digging of tube well (except for public drinking purpose) in an area

identified as an ‘over-exploited groundwater basin’ will not be supported.

Digging of irrigation tube well within a distance of 250 meters from the nearest tube well will not be supported.

Transportation of water of ground water from notified areas without permission from authority is prohibited

A minimum distance of 250 m should be maintained between two bore wells in over exploited areas and critical blocks which is listed in appendix 2 / Annexure 2

Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of the following pesticides will not be supported:

o pesticides classified in Class Ia, Ib and II of WHO classification; o pesticides banned by the Government of India; o pesticides banned by the State Government.

Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses.

Livestock Not permitted Grazing or movement of the livestock in forest areas

without taking required permission from the Forest Department. Grazing of livestock that have not been vaccinated in forest areas

will not be permitted. No person shall slaughter any animal within a municipal area

except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001

Forests and Wildlife

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Activities that involve use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported.

Extraction, transport, processing, sale of forest produce including non timber forest produce without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported.

Clearing, cultivation or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purposes is prohibited in forest and protected areas

Felling of trees without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported.

Setting up of saw mills or any other timber processing mills without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported.

Activities that involve destruction of wildlife or of wildlife habitat will not be supported.

Clearing, kindling fire, damaging trees (felling, girdling, lopping, topping, burning, stripping bark and leaves), quarrying stone, etc., in reserved and protected forests will not be supported.

Under Tamil Hill areas ( Preservation of Tress)- No person will cut , uproot or burn any tree without written permission for the committee

Under Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules – Trees like teak , black wood ebony and sandal wood shall not be felled (if the they are in his own land) without permission of Chief Conservator of Forest.

Fisheries Fishing in the Government declared prohibited/closed season will not

be supported. Fishing using nets with mesh size smaller than the permissible size

will not be supported. Fishing using destructive fishing practices (use of poison, explosives,

etc.) will not be supported. Culture of invasive species (e.g., African Catfish) will not be

supported.

Infrastructure Construction of roads, buildings, check dams, embankments, etc., will

not be supported without prior approval of the design by a qualified Engineer.

Activities involving discharge into any water body any industrial waste, sewerage or other polluting substance will not be supported.

Any industrial activity will not be supported without requisite permission from the Government (Pollution Control Board).

Mining activities will not be supported. The following activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) will not

be supported: o discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries,

towns and communities

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o withdrawal of ground water unless when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries,

o mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, o construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide

Line in the CRZ-I and III without requisite permissiono reconstruction , repair works of dwelling units of local

communities including fisheries

Bulk Milk Cooling Units: Waste water from the bulk milk cooling units should not be

discharged without proper treatment.

Enterprises Consent for establishment and consent for operation is required from

State Pollution Control Board for the following value addition/processing interventions falling under green and orange category industries:Examples for Orange category industries

Examples for Green category industries

Poultry, hatchery, steeping and processing of grain, flour mills, handloom weaving and power looms (without dyeing and bleaching), organic manure

Rice mills, dal mills, fish/poultry fed manufacture, food processing (fruit and vegetable), spice grinding.

Do not cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter into stream or well or sewer or on land. – Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974.

The Food Safety and Standards: Food Products Standard and Food Additives (FSSAI) permission should be taken for food processing.  Permitted food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units (Annexure 13).

Fire crackers manufacturing and bulk storage facilities are banned under TNRTP

Plastic sale and usage - No Vendor/ beneficiary shall not use the plastic carry bag less than 40 microns which are banned by the GoI and TN Government

No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations

The health and safety of workers employed is ensured. The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled

employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed.

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Activities with Significant Adverse Environmental Impact All activities likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, with impacts that may affect an area broader than the site of the activity are not to be supported.

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Annexure 7The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – Listed species

SCHEDULE IPART IMAMMALS1. Andaman Wild pig (Sus sorofa andamanensis)2. Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra) 3. Brow-antlered Deer or Thamin (Cervus eldi) [3-A. Himalayan Brown bear (Ursus Arctos)] 3[3-B. Capped Langur (Presbytis pileatus)]4. Caracal (Felis caracal) [4-A. Catecean specials]5. Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)[5-A. Chinese Pangolin (Mainis pentadactyla)][5-B. Chinkara or India Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti)]6. Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) [6-A. Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca irus umbrosa)] [6-B. Desert Cat (Felis libyca)][6-C Desert fox (Vulpes bucapus)]7. Dugong (Dugong dugon) [7-A Ermine (Mustele erminea)]8. Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina)[8-A Four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricomis)]9. Golden Cat (Felis temmincki)10. Golden Langur (Presbytis geei) [10-A. Giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura)][10-B. Himalayan Ibex (Capra ibex)][10-C. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)]11. Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) [11-A. Hog badgar (Arconyx collaris)]12. Hoolock (Hyloba tes hoolock)13. Indian Lion (Panlhera leo persica)14. Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) [15. Indian Wolf (Canis lupas pallipes)]16. Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) 17. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis)18. Lesser or Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)19. Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus)20. Loris (Loris tardigradus)21. Lynx (Felix lynx isabellinus)22. Malabar Civet (Viverra megaspila) [22-A. Malay or Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus)]23. Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata)24. Markhor (Capra falconeri) [24-A. Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna)]25. Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) [25-A. Nilgiri Lungur (Presbytis johni)] [25-B. Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)]26. Nyan or Great Tibetan Sheep (Ovis ammon hodgsoni)27. Pallas's Cat (Felis manul)

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28. Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata)29. Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) [29-A. Ratel (Mellivora capensis)]30. Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)31. Rusty spotted Cat (Felis rubiginosa) [31-A. Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)] [31 -B. Clawless Otter (Aonyx cinerea)] [31-C. Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)]32. Slow Loris (Nycticebus couceang) [32-A. Small Travencore Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus)]33. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) [33-A. Snubfin Dolphin (Oreaella brevezastris)]34. Spotted Linsang (Prionodon pardicolor)35. Swamp Deer (All sub-species of Cervus duvauceli)36. Takin or Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) [36A. Tibetan Antelope or Chiru (Panthelops hodgsoni)] [36B. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilatus)]37. Tibetan Gazelle (Procapra picticaudata)38. Tibetan Wild Ass (Equus beminus kiang)39. Tiger (Panthera tigris)40. Urial or Shapu (Ovis vignei)41. Wild Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) [41-A. Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)] [41-B. Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco)]42. Wroughton's free tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni)43. Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii)   PART II AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES[1. Agra Monitor Lizard [Varanus griseus (Daudin)]][IB. Audithia Turtle (Pelochelysbibroni)][IC. Barred, Oval, or Yellow Monitor Lizard (Varanus flavescens)][ID. Crocodiles (including the Estuarine or salt water crocodile) (Crocodilus porosus and Crocodilus palustris)](IE. Terrapin (Batagur basika)]IF. Eastern Hill Terrapin (Melanochelys tricarinata)2. Gharial (Gravialis gangeticus)[3. Ganges Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx gangeticus)][3A. Golden Gecko (Caloductyloides aureus)]4. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia Mydas)5. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata inlscata) 7. Indian Egg-eating Snake (Elachistodon westermanni)8. Indian Soft-shelled Turtle (Lissemys punctata punctata)9. Kerala Forest Terrapin (Hoesemys sylratica)10. Large Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)11. Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)12. Logger Head Turtle (Caretta caretta)13. Olive Back Logger Head Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)14. Peacock-marked Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx hurum) 

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PART III BIRDS[1. Andaman Teal (Anas gibberifrons allagularis)] 1-A. Assam Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola fytchii) [1 -B. Bazas (Aviceda jeordone and Aviceda leuphotes)] [1-C. Bengal Florican (Eupodotis bengalensis)] 1-D. Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis)1-E. Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus tibetanus, lthaginis Cruentus kuseri) 2. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii)[2A. Eastern White Stork (Ciconia ciconia boyciana)] [2B. Foret-spotted Owlet (Athene blewitti)] [2C. Frogmouths (Genus batrachostomus)]3. Great Indian Bustard (Choriotis nigriceps)4. Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) [4A. Hawks (Accipitridao)][4B. Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)][4C. Hornbills (Ptilolaemus tickelli austeni, Aceros nipalensis, Rhyticerosundulatus ticehursti)][4D. Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)] [4E. Humes Bar-backed Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae)] [4F. Indian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus)]5. Jerdon's Courser (Cursorius bitorquatus)6. Lammergeier(Gypaetusbarbatus) 7. Large Falcons (Falco peregrinus, Falco biarmicus and Falco chicuera) [7A Large Whistling Teal (Anatidae)]8. Mountain Quail (Ophrysia supericiliosa)9. Narcondam Hornbill [Rhyticeros (undulatus) narcondami)] 10. Nicobar Megapode (Megapodius freycinet)11. Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)12. Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)13. Scalater's Monal (Lophophorus sclateri)14. Siberian White Crane (Grus leucogeranus) 15. Tragopan Pheasants (Tragopan melanocephalus, Tragopan blythii, Tragopan satyra, Tragopan temminckii)16. White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaetus leucogaster)17. White-eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) 18. White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata)[19. Swiftlets (Collocalia unicolor and Collacalia fusiphaga)20. Hill myna (Gracula religiosa intermedia, Gracula religiosa peninsularis, Gracula religiosa indica and Gracula religiosa and amanesis)21. Tibetan ear pheasant (Crossoptilon harmani) 22. Kalij pheasant (Lophurs leucomelana)23. Lord Derby's parakeet (Psittacula derbyana)24. Vultures (Gyps indicus, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps tenuirostris)25. White bellied hereon (Ardea insignis)]

SCHEDULE IIIBarking deer or muntjac (Munticacus munrjak); Chital (Axix axis)Gorals (Nemorhaedus goral, Nemorhaedus hodgsoni)Hegdeer (Axis porcinus); Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena)

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Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)Sambar (Cervus unicolor)Wild pig (Sus scrofa); Sponges (all calcareans)

SCHEDULE IVFive-striped plam squirrel (Funambulus pennanti)Hares (Black Naped, Common Indian, Desert, Himalayan mouse hare)Hedge hog (Hemiechinus auritus)Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica)

SCHEDULE V Common crow, Fruit bats, Mice, Rats

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Annexure 8Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Consent to Establish

Consent of the Board has to be obtained for both establishment and operation of the industry (new and existing industries), as required under the provisions of the Water / Air Acts.

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board enforces the Water (Prevention andControl of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981 as amended and the Environment (protection) Act, 1986. Under the Water (P&CP) Act, 1974 as amended and under the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981 as amended, the industries have to obtain the consent of the Board for the establishment and operation of the industry.

The project proponent shall apply for consent only through Online Consent Management & Monitoring System (OCMMS). Application will not be received by offline. Web portal for online consent application is tnocmms.nic.in

OCMMS is a web based generic application software package for automating the workflow associated with Consent Management and Monitoring which is one of the basic functions of the TNPCB.

This system allows the industries for online submission of application for Consent to Establish, Consent to Operate, Renewal of Consents, uploading of documents, online payment of consent fee, online submission of clarification and for knowing the status of application. In order to help the project proponent on filing of application through OCMMS, TNPCB operates Care Centre in all the District Offices.

After submission of application in complete shape, it will be processed and site will be inspected by the officers of TNPCB. Thereafter, the subject will be placed before the respective Committee and decision will be taken. The applications which are in complete shape will be cleared and consent for establishment will be issued for a validity period of five years for non-EC cases and seven years for EC attracting cases.

If the project proponent is not able to complete the establishment of the project within stipulated years, then he/she has to apply for extension of CTE one month before the expiry of CTE to the concerned District Officer. Extension of CTE will be issued after field inspection by the concerned Officer.

In case of Projects which are covered under Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011, Clearance shall be obtained from Coastal Zone Management Authority, before applying for Consent of Tamil Nadu

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Pollution Control Board. District Environmental Engineer, TNPCB is the convener of the District Coastal Zone Management Committee.

Consent to Establish validity period shall be as follows:Projects Validity Period

All EIA Projects 7 Years (1 Fee)All Non-EIA Projects 5 Years (1 Fee)

All the Consent to Establish order will be issued with validity date ending 31st March

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Consent to Operate

The Industries have to apply for the consent of the Board for operation of the industry two months in advance of the commissioning of the operation. The application shall be submitted through OCMMS. The District Officer will inspect the industry to verify whether all the conditions imposed in the consent for establishment have been complied with. The above report will be scrutinized and consent for operation will be granted. All the Consent to Operate orders will be issued with validity date ending 31st March.

Time Limit for Processing Application by TNPCB

(Source: Proc. No .TNPCB / P&D /F.No. 3437/2015 dated 26.9.2016)TNPCB prescribed time limit for processing of the applications received for issue of consent to establish, consent to operate, renewal of consent, consent for expansion activity, amendment, extension of consent, authorization under Bio- Medical Waste Rules, Hazardous Waste rules, Municipal Solid Waste Rules, E-Waste Rules, Plastic Waste Rules etc., as detailed below:

Sl.No. Category / Classification

Time Limit Prescribed forprocessing in days

1 Red / Large 452 Red / Medium 453 Red / Small 304 Orange / Large 305 Orange / Medium 306 Orange / Small 307 Green / Large 308 Green / Medium 309 Green / Small 3010 Industries attracting

EIA / CRZ 45

11 Hazardous Waste Authorization

4512 Bio-Medical Waste

Authorization45

13 Municipal Solid Waste Authorization

4514 E-Waste

Authorization45

15 Plastic Waste Registration

45

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Annexure 9

List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions

 Red CategoryS. No

Industry Sector type

1 Milk processes and dairy products (integrated project)2 Organic Chemicals manufacturing3 Yarn / Textile processing involving any effluent/ emission

generating processes including bleaching, dyeing, printing and colouring

4 Tanneries5 Slaughter house (as per notification S.0.270 (E) dated

26.03.2001)and meat processing industriesOrange CategoryS. No

Industry sector-Types

1 Bakery and confectionery units with production capacity > 1 Tons Per Day (TPD) (With ovens / furnaces)

2 Chanachur and ladoo from puffed and beaten rice(muri and shira) using husk fired oven

3 Food and food processing including fruits and vegetable processing

4 Jute processing without dyeing5 Silk screen printing, sari printing by wooden blocks6 Cotton spinning and weaving (medium and large scale)7 Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicine (with Boiler)8 Brickfields ( excluding fly ash brick manufacturing using lime

process)9 Dairy and dairy products (small scale)10 Fish feed, poultry feed and cattle feed11 Fish processing and packing (excluding chilling of fishes)12 Lime manufacturing (using lime kiln)13 Liquid floor cleaner, black phenyl, liquid soap, glycerol mono-

stearate manufacturing14 Manufacturing of iodized salt from crude/ raw salt15 Cashew nut processing16 Coffee seed processingGreen CategoryS. No

Industry sector-Types

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1 Bakery /confectionery / sweets products (with production capacity <1tpd (with gas or electrical oven)

2 Biomass briquettes (sun drying) without using toxic hazardous wastes

3 Chilling plant, cold storage and ice making4 Coke briquetting (sun drying)5 Cotton spinning and weaving (small scale)6 Dal Mills7 Facility of handling, storage and transportation of food grains in

bulk8 Flour mills (dry process)9 Oil mill Ghani and extraction ( no hydrogenation / refining)10 Poultry, Hatchery and piggery11 Power looms (without dye and bleaching)12 Puffed rice (muri) (using gas or electrical heating system)13 Rice mill (Rice hullers only)14 Rolling mill (gas fired) and cold rolling mill15 Soap manufacturing (hand made without steam boiling / boiler)16 Spice grinding (20 HP motor)17 Spice grinding (20 hp motor)18 Mineralized water19 Tamarind powder manufacturing20 Cutting, sizing and polishing of marble stoneWhite CategoryS.No

Industry sector-Types

1 Assembly of air coolers / conditioners, repairing and servicing2 Assembly of bicycles, baby carriages and other small non

motorizing vehicles3 Bio fertilizer and bio-pesticides without using inorganic chemicals4 Cotton and woolen hosiers making (Dry process only without any

dying / washing operation)5 Flavoured betel nuts production! grinding (completely dry

mechanical operations)6 Fly ash bricks/ block manufacturing7 Fountain pen manufacturing by assembling only8 Ground nut decorticating9 Handloom/ carpet weaving (without dying and bleaching

operation)10 Leather cutting and stitching (more than 10 machine and using

motor)11 Manufacturing of coir items from coconut husks

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12 Organic and inorganic nutrients ( by physical mixing)13 Organic manure (manual mixing)14 Rope (plastic and cotton)

200

Annexure 10

Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing unitsNatural colouring matters which may be used include:(a) Carotene & Carotenoids including(i) Beta-carotene(ii) Beta-apo 8'- carotenal(iii) Methylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid(iv) Ethylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid(v) Canthaxanthin(b) Chlorophyll(c) Riboflavin (Lactoflavin)(d) Caramel.(e) Annatto(f) Saffron(g) Curcumin or turmeric

No Synthetic food colours or a mixture thereof except the following shall be used in food:Common name Chemical nameRed Ponceau AzoCarmoisine AzoErythrosine Xanthene2. Yellow Tartrazine PyrazoloneSunset Yellow AzoBlue Indigo Carmine IndigoidBrilliant Blue TriarylmethaneGreen Fast Green Triarylmethane

Class I Preservatives - permitted in foods:Common saltSugarDextroseGlucose SyrupSpicesVinegar or acetic acidHoneyEdible vegetable oils

Class II Preservatives – Use of more than one is prohibited (useage should be in recommended doses):Benzoic acid including salts thereofSulphurous acid including salts thereof

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Nitrates or Nitrites of Sodium or Potassium in respect of food like ham, pickled meat,Sorbic acid including its sodium, potassium and calcium salts, propionates of calcium or sodium, lactic acid, and acid calcium phosphate.NisinSodium and calcium propionateMethyl or propyl Parahydroxy-BenzoatePropionic acid, including esters or salt thereof, Sodium diacetate, and Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of lactic acid.

The use of the following flavouring agents are prohibited in any article of food, namely:Coumarin and dihydrocoumarin;Tonkabean (Dipteryl adorat); asarone and cinamyl anthracilate"EstragoleEthyl Methyl KetoneEthyl-3-PhenylglycidateEugenyl methyl etherMethyl β napthyl KetoneP.PropylanisoleSaffrole and Isosaffrolehujone and Isothujone α & β thujone.Solvent in flavour

Diethylene Glycol and Monoethyl ether shall not be used as solvent in flavours.

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Annexure 11

List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993S. No CI Generic Name CI Constn.

No1 Acid Orange 45 221952 Acid Red 85 222453 Acid Black 294 Acid Black 94 303365 Azoic Diazo Compo.1 12 372256 Direct Yellow 1 222507 Direct Yellow 24 220108 Direct Orange 1 223709 Direct Orange 8 2213010 Direct Red 1 2231011 Direct Red 10 2214512 Direct Red 13 2215313 Direct Red 17 2215014 Direct Red 28 2212015 Direct Red 37 2224016 Direct Red 44 2250017 Direct Violet 1 2257018 Direct Violet 12 2255019 Direct Violet 22 2248020 Direct Blue 2 2259021 Direct Blue 6 2261022 Direct Green 1 3028023 Direct Green 6 3029524 Direct Green 8 3031525 Direct Green 8:1 --26 Direct Brown 1 3004527 Direct Brown 1:2 3011028 Direct Brown 2 2231129 Direct Brown 6 3014030 Direct Brown 25 3603031 Direct Brown 27 3172532 Direct Brown 31 3566033 Direct Brown 33 3552034 Direct Brown 51 3171035 Direct Brown 59 2234536 Direct Brown 79 3005637 Direct Brown 95 3014538 Direct Brown 101 31740

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39 Direct Brown 154 3012040 Direct Black 4 3024541 Direct Black 29 2258042 Direct Black 38 30235

LIST OF 70 Azo Dyes Prohibited From June 1997.

S.No CI Generic Name CI Constn. No.

1 Acid Red 4 147102 Acid Red 5 149053 Acid Red 24 161404 Acid Red 26 161505 Acid Red 73 272906 Acid Red 114 236357 Acid Red 115 272008 Acid Red 116 266609 Acid Red 128 2412510 Acid Red 148 2666511 Acid Red 150 2719012 Acid Red 158 2053013 Acid Red 167 --14 Acid Red 264 1813315 Acid Red 265 1812916 Acid Red 420 --17 Acid Voilet 12 1807518 Acid Brown 415 --19 Acid Black 131 --20 Acid Black 132 --21 Acid Black 209 --22 Basic Red 111 --23 Basic Red 42 --24 Basic Brown 4 2101025 Developer 14 = Oxidation

Base 2076035

26 Direct Yellow 48 2366027 Direct Orange 6 2337528 Direct Orange 7 2338029 Direct Orange 10 23370

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30 Direct Orange 108 2917331 Direct Red 2 2350032 Direct Red 7 2410033 Direct Red 21 2356034 Direct Red 22 2356535 Direct Red 24 2918536 Direct Red 26 2919037 Direct Red 39 2363038 Direct Red 46 2305039 Direct Red 62 2917540 Direct Red 67 2350541 Direct Red 72 2920042 Direct Violet 21 2352043 Direct Blue 1 2441044 Direct Blue 3 2370545 Direct Blue 8 2414046 Direct Blue 9 2415547 Direct Blue 10 2434048 Direct Blue 14 2385049 Direct Blue 15 2440050 Direct Blue 22 2428051 Direct Blue 25 2379052 Direct Blue 35 2414553 Direct Blue 53 2386054 Direct Blue 76 2441155 Direct Blue 151 2417556 Direct Blue 160 --57 Direct Blue 173 --58 Direct Blue 192 --59 Direct Blue 201 --60 Direct Blue 215 2411561 Direct Blue 295 2382062 Direct Green 85 3038763 Direct Blue 222 3036864 Direct Black 91 3040065 Direct Black 154 --66 Disperse Yellow 7 2609067 Disperse Yellow 23 2607068 Disperse Yellow 56 --

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69 Disperse Orange 149 --70 Disperse Red 151 26130

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Annexure 12

List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act

Sl. No.

Name of hazardous substances Quantity

Group 1: Toxic Substances 1 Aldicarb l00 kg 2 4-Aminodiphenyl 1 kg 3 Amiton 1 kg 4 Anabasine 100 kg 5 Arseinc pentoxide, Arsenic (V) acid & salts 100 kg 6 Arsenic trioxide, Arscius (III) acid & salts 100 kg 7 Arsine (Arsenic hydride) 10 kg 8 Azinphos-ethyl 100 kg 9 Azinphos-methyl 100 kg 10 Benzidine 1 kg 11 Benzidine salts 1 kg 12 Beryllium (powders, compounds) 10 kg 13 Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide 1 kg 14 Bis (chloromethyl) ether 1 kg 15 Carbophuran 100 kg 16 Carbophenothion 100 kg 17 Chlorefenvinphos 100 kg 18 4-(Chloroformyl) morpholine 1 kg 19 Chloromethyl methyl ether 1 kg 20 Cobalt (metal, oxides, carbonates, sulphides,

as powders) 1 t

21 Crimidine 100 kg 22 Cynthoate 100 kg 23 Cycloheximide 100 kg 24 Demeton 100 kg 25 Dialifos 100 kg 26 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphinylmethyl

phosphorothiate 100 kg

27 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphonylmethyl phosphorothioate

100 kg

28 OO-Diethyl S-ethylthiomethyl Phosphorothioate

100 kg

29 OO-Diethyl S-isopropylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate

100 kg

30 OO-Diethyl S-propylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate

100 kg

207

31 Dirnefox 100kg 32 Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride 1 kg 33 Dimelhylnitrosamine 1 kg 34 Dimethyl phosphoramidocynicidic acid 1 t 35 Diphacinone 100kg 36 Disulfoton 100 kg 37 EPN 100 kg 38 Ethion 100 kg 39 Fensulfothion 100 kg 40 Fluenetil 100 kg 41 Fluroacetic acid 1 kg 42 Fluoroacetic acid, salts 1 kg 43 Ruoroacetic acid, esters 1 kg 44 Fluoroacetic acid, amides 1 kg 45 4-Fluorobutyric acid 1 kg 46 4-Fluorobutyric acid, salts 1 kg 47 4-Fluorobutyric acid, esters 1 kg 48 4-Fluorobutyric acid, amides 1 kg 49 4-Florocrotonic acid 1 kg 50 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, salts 1 kg 51 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, esters 1 kg 52 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, amides 1 kg 53 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg 54 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, salts 1 kg 55 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, esters 1 kg 56 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg 57 Glycolonitrile (Hydroxyacetoni trile) 100kg 58 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 100g 59 Hexamethyl phosphoramide 1 kg 60 Hydrogen selenide 10 kg 61 Isobenzan 100 kg 62 Isodrin 100 kg 63 Juglone (S-Hydroxynaphithalene 1,4 dione) 100 kg 64 4, 4-Methylenebis (2-chloroniline) 10 kg 65 Mthyl isocynate 150 kg 66 Mevinphos 100 kg 67 2-Naphthylamine 1 kg 68 2-Nickel (metal, oxides, carbonates, 1 t 69 Nickel tetracarbonyl 10kg 70 Oxygendisulfoton 100 kg 71 Oxygen difuoride 10kg 72 Paraxon (Diethyl 4-n;trophenyl phosphate) 100 kg 73 Parathionf 100 kg 74 Parathion-methyl 100 kg

208

75 Pentaborane 100 kg 76 Phorate 100 kg 77 Phosacetim 100 kg 78 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) 750 kg 79 Phospharnidon 100 kg 80 Posphine (Hydrogen phosphide) 100 kg 81 Promurit (1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl) 3-

triazenelhiocarboxamide) 100kg

82 1, 3-Propanesullone 1 kg 83 1-Propcn-2-chloro-1, 3-diol diacetate 10 kg 84 Pyrazoxon 100 kg 85 Selenium hexalluoride 10 kg 86 Sodium selenite 100 kg 87 Stibine (Antimony hydride) 100 kg 88 Sulfotep 100 kg 89 Sulphur dichloride 1 t 90 Tellurium hexafluroride 100 kg 91 TEPP 100 kg 92 2, 3, 7, 8-Telrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 1 kg 93 Telramethylenedisulphototramine 1 kg 94 Thionazin 100 kg 95 Tirpate (2, 4-Dimethyl-1, 3-di thiolane-2-

calboxaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime) 100 kg

96 Trichloromethanesulphenyl chloride 100 kg 97 1-Tri (cyclohexyl) stannyl-l H-l, 2, 4-triazole 100 kg 98 Triethylenemelamine 10 kg 99 Warfarin 100 kg Group 2: Toxic Substances 100 Acetone cyanohydrin (2-Cyanopropan-2-01) 200 t 101 Acrolein (2-Propenal) 20 t 102 Acrylonitrile 20 t 103 Allyl alcohol (Propen-1-01) 200 t 104 Alylamine 200 t 105 Ammonia 50 t 106 Bromine 40 t 107 Carbon disulphide 20 t 108 Chlorine 10 t 109 Dipneyl ethane di-isocynate (MDI) 20 t 110 Ethylene dibromide (1, 2-Dibromocthanc) 5 t 111 Ethyloncimine 50 t 112 Formaldehyde (concentration <90%) 5 t 113 Hydrogen cyanide 5 t 114 Hydrogen chloride (liquified gas) 25 115 Hydrogen fluoride 5 t

209

116 Hydrogen sulphide 5 t 117 Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) 20 t 118 Nitrogen oxides 50t 119 Propylineimine 50t 120 Sulphur dioxide 20t 121 Sulphur trioxide 15t 122 Tetraethyl lead 5 t 123 Tetramethyl lead 5 t 124 Toluene di-isocynate (TDI) 10 t Group 3: Highly Reactive Substances 125 Acetylene (ethyne) 5 t 126 a. Ammonium nitrate (I) 350 t b. Ammonium nitrate in form of fertiliser (2) 1250

t 127 2, 2-Bis (tcrt-butylperoxy) butane)

(concentration ≥70%) 5 t

128 1, 1-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (concentration ≥80%)

5 t

129 tert-Butyl proxyacetate (concentration ≥70%) 5 t 130 tert-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate (concentration

≥80%) 5 t

131 tert-Butyl peroxy isopropY1 carbonate (concentration -≥80%)

5 t

132 tert-Butyl peroxymalcate (concentration- ≥80%)

5 t

133 tert-Butyl peroxypivalate (concentration ≥77%)

50 t

134 dibenzyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥90%)

5 t

135 Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥80%)

5 t

136 Diethyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration ≥30%)

50 t

137 2, 2-dihydroperoxypropanc (concentration ≥30%)

5 t

138 di-isobutyryl peroxide concentration ≥50%) 50 t 139 Di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration

≥80%) 5 t

140 Ethylene oxide 5 t 141 Elyl nilrat 50 t 142 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9Hcxamcthyl-1, 2, 4, 5

tertoxacyclononane (concentration ≥75%) 50 t

143 Hydrogen 2 t 144 Liquid Oxygen 200 t 145 Melhyl ethyl ketone peroxide (concentration 5 t

210

260%) 146 Methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide

(concentration 260%) 50 t

147 Peracetic acid (concentration 260%) 50 t 148 Propylene oxide 5 t 149 Sodium chlorate 25 t 150 Barium azide 50 t 151 Bis (2,4, 6-trinitrophenyl) amine 50 t 152 Chlorotrinitro benzene 50 t 153 Cellulose nitrate (containing 12.6% Nitrogen) 50 t 154 Cyclotetramethylenctcranitramine 50 t 155 Cyclotrimethylenetiranitramine 50 t 156 Diazodinitsphenol 10 t 157 Dicthylene glycol dinitrate 10 t 158 Dinitrophenol, salts 50 t 159 EthyIene glycol dinitrate 10 t 160 l-Gyanyl4-nitrosaminoguanyl- 1 -tetrazene 10 t 161 2, 2', 4, 4,' 6, 6'-Hexanirostilbene 50 t 162 Hydrazine nitrate 50 t 163 Lead azide 50 t 164 Lead styphnate (Lead 2, 4, 6-

trinitroresorcinoxide) 50 t

165 Mercury fuliminate 10 t 166 N-Mcthyl-N,2, 4, 6-tetranitroanilinc 50 t 167 Nitroglycerine 10 t 168 Pentacrylhrilol tetranitrate 50 t 169 Picric acid (2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol) 50 t 170 Sodium picramate 50 t 171 Styphnic acid (2, 4, 6-TriniLroresorcinol 50 t 172 1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4. 6-trinitrobenzene 50 t 173 Trinitroaniline- 50 t 174 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisole 50 t 175 Trinitrobenzene 50 t 176 Trinitrobenzoic acid 50 t 177 Trinitrocresol 50 t 178 2,4, 6-Trinitrophenitole 50 t 179 2,4, 6-Trinitrotulene 50 t

211

Annexure 13

List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is not permitted

(Water and Air Pollution: Environment and forests department G.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, 1989)

S. No1.

Rivers2.

Tanks and Reservoirs

3.

Canals4.

   Madras & Chengalpattu Districts1. Araniyaru Chembarambakk

am TankThenneri Hissa TankUthiramerur TankMaduranthagam TankParayankalathur TankCooum TankManimangalam TankPoondi ReservoirCholavaram LakeRed Hills Lake

Upper supply Channel (Poondi to Cholavaram)Lower supply Channel (Cholavaram to Redhills)Cheyyar Anicut Main Channel

2. Koaratalaiyar3. Cooum4. Adayar5. Palar6. Nagari7. Nandiyaru8. Cheyyar9. Kiliyaru10. Ongur

South Arcot District 1. Varahanadhi Wellington

ReservoirVidur ReservoirGomuki ReservoirManimukthanadhi ReservoirVeeranam TankPerumal Tank

Sathanur Reservoir Project CanalSathanur Reservoir Project Right Bank Canal

2. Malattaru

3. Pennaiaru Pambai ChannelMalattar ChannelRaghavian ChannelSithalingamadam ChannelVadamarudur Channel

Thirukkoilur anaicut4. Gadilam

5. Vellar6. Coleroon7. Tundiaru

212

8. Pambaiyar   9. Gomuki Maragadapuram

ChannelAlargal ChannelKandapakkam ChannelEralur Channel

Ellis Choatry Anaicut

10. Manimukthanadhi

11. Musukunda Nadhi

    12. Thurinjalar Wellington Reservoir Supply

Channel (From Toludur Regulator)

13. Vasistanadhi Wellington Reservoir Main Canal

14. Vadavar Wellingdon Reservoir Low Level Canal.Pelandorai Anicut Main Channel

   

    North Rajan ChannelSouth Rajan ChannelKunukkumanniyar Channel

Lower Coleroon Anaicut.

       

    Vellar Rajan ChannelVeeranam and New Supply Channel

Sethiathope Anaicut

   

    Gomuki Reservoir Main Canal

 

    Manimukthanadhi Reservoir Main Canal

 

    Vridhachalam Anaicut Main channels (North & South)

    Mehamathur Anaicut ChannelThanjavur district 1. Cauvery   Grand Anaicut Canal

Lower Coleroon Anaicut Canals

2. Coleroon   3. Kodamurutty  

213

4. Arasalar   5. Veerasholan   6. Vikramanar   7. Vennar   8. Vettar   9. Vadavar   10. Koraiyar   11. Paminiar   12. Pandavayar   13. Vellayar   14. Mulliyar   15. Ayyanar   Trichy District 1. Cauvery Ponnaiyar

ReservoirsNorth bank CanalSouth Bank Canal

Kattalai Bed Regulator

   

    Kattalai Right-Left Canal2. Amaravathi Uyyakondan Channel3. Coleroon Nanganur channel    Pullambadi Channel    Ponnaniyar Reservoir new

CanalPudukkottai District.   1. Vellar - Grand Anicut Canal2. Ambuliyaru3. Agniceru4. KoraiarMadurai district 1. Vaigai Vaigai Reservoir Gungun Valley Anaicut Canals2. Suriliyar Sathiar Odai

ReservoirPeriyar Main Canal

3. Kottakudiar   Manjalar Canal      Thirumangalam Main Canal      Sathiar Odai Reservoir CanalsAnna District   1. Shanmughanat

hiPalar Porandalar Palar-Porandalar Main Canal

      Thadakulam Tank canals2. Koduvanaru Parappalar Ramasandram Anicut Channel

214

(Posappalam)      Vardamahadhi Reservoirs

System3. Manjalaru Vardamanadhi Vardamahadhi Reservoirs

System4. Mamdanadhi Manjalar Thirumangalam Main Channel5. Palar-

PorandalarKodaikanal Lake Periyar Main Canals

6. Parajipalar Berijam Lake Murudanadhi Reservoir Left & Right Side

7. Vaigai River Kamaraj Sagar Mayalaru Reservoir CanalsRamanathapuram District 1. Vaigai R.S. Mangalam

Tank--

2. Vaipparu Ramanad Big Tank

--

3. Vembaru Kanoor Tank --4.   Maranadu Tank --Pasumpon Muthuramalingam District 1. Vaigai -- Periyar Main Canals2. ManimutharKamarajar District 1. Vaipparu Kullur Sandai

Reservoir--

2. -- Vembokottai Reservoir

 

Thirunelveli Kattabomman District 1. Thamaraparani Manimuthar

KaruppanadhiRamanadhiGatanaPapanasamKadamba TankVijayanarayar PeriyakulamTenkanai Tank

North Kodamelagian ChannelNadiyunni ChannelKannadian ChannelKodayan ChennelPalayam Channel

2. Karuppanadhi 3. Chettiar4. Servalar5. Manimuthar

    Tirunelveli ChannelTenkal ChannelVadakkal Channel

Ramanathi Reservoir

       

    Manimuthar Reservoir main Channel-Gatana Reservoir   

215

Arasapattu ChannelVadakuruvaipathu Channel Gatana Reservoirs

       

Voc Chidambaranar District 1. Tambaraparani Korampallam

TankMarudur Melakkal Channel

2. Vaippar   South Main Channel of Srivaikundam Anicut

      North Main Channel of Srivaikundam Anicut

Kanyakumari District   1. Kodaiyaru Pechiparai Padmanabhapuram Puthen

Channel2. Valliar Perunchani Pandiankal3. Palayaru Chittar Thovala Channel      N.P. Channel      Pazhayaru      E.K. Kal System      A.V.M. Channel      Thiruvithancode Canal System      Pechiparai Left Bank Canal      Pattanamkal System      Radhapuram CanalCoimbatore District   1. Bhavani Parambikulam Ramakulan Channel2. Noyyal Sholayar Kallapuram Channel3. Amaravathi Amaravathi Parambikulam Right Left

Canal      Parambikulam Main Canal      Bhalli Channel system4. Aliyar Aliyar Vettaikaranpudur Canal    Poruvanpallar Sethumadai Canal    Thunnokhadam Udumalpet Canal    Upper Nivan Aliyar Feeder Canal    Lower Nivan Pollachi canal    Thirumathi   Nilgiris District   1. Moyar Upper Bhavani Avara Halla Canal

216

2. Bhavani Emerald   3. Pillur Pallam Avalanche   4. Kulkathurai

HallaPillur  

5. Dedarahalla Kundah   6. Avarai Halla Paikara   7. Paikara Ooty Halla   8. Amkour halla Parson Valley   9. Singar Glemergon       Singara   Periyar District   1. Cauvery Bhavani Sagar Modineri Anicut Canals2. Bhavani Uppar Thadappalli Channel      Lower Bhavani Channel      Kalingarayan Anicut Canal3. Moyar Uttamalaikarai

OdaiUpper Reservoirs canal

4. Noyyal Varattapallam Vattamalai Kaveri odai Reservoirs Canal

    Gunderipallam Varattappallam Keshmir Canal      Gunderipallam Reservoirs

right side and left side canalsSalem District   1. Cauvery Mettur Reservoir Mettur Canals (East & West

Bank canals)2. Thirumanimuth

arYercadu Lake  

3. Vashishtanadhi     Dharmapuri District   1. Cauvery Krishnagiri

ReservoirKrishnagiri Reservoir Main Canal

2. Pennaiyaru Chinnar Reservoir

Bargur Tank Supply Channel (West & East)

3. Palar Thunvalahalli Reservoir

Nedungal Anicut Channel

4. Chinnar I Bargur Big Tank Devarahalli Tank Supply Channel

5. Chinnar II Mettur Reservoir Chinnar Reservoir Right Side Channel

217

6. Bargur river Pambar   7. Pambar     8. Vaniar     9. Chinnaru     10. Palaru     North Arcot District 1. Palar Sathanur

ReservoirMahendravadi ChannelKaveri pak ChannelSukkiramallur ChannelDari (Temmampattu) ChannelKavai ChannelGovindavadi Channel

Palar Anaicut

2. Poiney Dusi Mamandur Tank

3. Cheyyar Kaveripakkam Tank

4. Pennaiyar   5. Thurinjilaru        

      Poiney Eastern Main ChannelPoiney Western Main Channel

Poiney Anicut

     

      Sathanur Reservoir Project CanalSathanur Reservoir Project Right Bank Canal

Sathanur Reservoir

     

218

Annexure 14

The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Not permissible in the project

Common nameAldicarb Difenacoum MevinphosBrodifacoum Difethialone Parathion Bromadiolone Diphacinone Parathion-methylBromethalin Disulfoton Phenylmercury

acetate Calcium cyanide EPN PhorateCaptafol Ethoprophos PhosphamidonChlorethoxyfos Flocoumafen Sodium

fluoroacetateChlormephos Hexachlorobenze

neSulfotep

Chlorophacinone

Mercuric chloride

Tebupirimfos

Terbufos

2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Not permissible in the project

Common nameAcrolein Dinoterb MethomylAllyl alcohol DNOC MonocrotophosAzinphos-ethyl Edifenphos Nicotine Azinphos-methyl Ethiofencarb OmethoateBlasticidin-S Famphur OxamylButocarboxim Fenamiphos Oxydemeton-methyl Butoxycarboxim Flucythrinate Paris green Cadusafos Fluoroacetamid

ePentachlorophenol

Calcium arsenate Formetanate PropetamphosCarbofuran Furathiocarb Sodium arseniteChlorfenvinphos Heptenophos Sodium cyanide 3-Chloro-1, 2-propanediol

Isoxathion Strychnine

Coumaphos Lead arsenate TefluthrinCoumatetralyl Mecarbam Thallium sulfate Zeta-cypermethrin Mercuric oxide Thiofanox

219

Demeton-S-methyl Methamidophos

Thiometon

Dichlorvos Methidathion TriazophosDicrotophos Methiocarb Vamidothion

Zinc phosphide Warfarin

220

3. Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Not permissible in the project

Common nameAlanycarb Dimethoate MolinateAnilofos Dinobuton NabamAzaconazole Diquat NaledAzocyclotin Endosulfan ParaquatBendiocarb Endothal-sodium PebulateBenfuracarb EPTC PermethrinBensulide Esfenvalerate PhenthoateBifenthrin Ethion PhosaloneBilanafos Fenazaquin PhosmetBioallethrin Fenitrothion PhoximBromoxynil Fenobucarb PiperophosBromuconazole Fenpropidin PirimicarbBronopol Fenpropathrin PrallethrinButamifos Fenthion ProfenofosButylamine Fentin acetate PropiconazoleCarbaryl Fentin hydroxide PropoxurCarbosulfan Fenvalerate [ISO] ProsulfocarbCartap Fipronil ProthiofosChloralose Fluxofenim PyraclofosChlorfenapyr Fuberidazole PyrazophosChlordane Gamma-HCH,

LindanePyrethrins

Chlorphonium chloride Guazatine PyroquilonChlorpyrifos Haloxyfop QuinalphosClomazone HCH Quizalofop-p-

tefurylCopper sulfate Imazalil Rotenone Cuprous oxide Imidacloprid SpiroxamineCyanazine Iminoctadine TCA (acid)Cyanophos Ioxynil TerbumetonCyfluthrin Ioxyniloctanoate TetraconazoleBeta-cyfluthrin Isoprocarb ThiaclopridCyhalothrin Lambda-

cyhalothrinThiobencarb

Cypermethrin Mercurous chloride

Thiocyclam

221

Alpha-cypermethrin Metaldehyde ThiodicarbCyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers]

Metam-sodium Tralomethrin

2,4-D Methacrifos TriazamateDDT Methasulfocarb TrichlorfonDeltamethrin Methyl

isothiocyanateTricyclazole

Diazinon Metolcarb TridemorphDifenzoquat Metribuzin Xylylcarb

4. Slightly hazardous (Class III) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) – Permissible under IPM

Common nameAcephate Dinocap NitrapyrinAcetochlor Diphenamid NuarimolAcifluorfen Dithianon OcthilinoneAlachlor Dodine N-

octylbicycloheptenedicarboximide

Allethrin Empenthrin OxadixylAmetryn Esprocarb PaclobutrazolAmitraz Etridiazole PendimethalinAzamethiphos Fenothiocarb PimaricinBensultap Ferimzone Pirimiphos-methyl Bentazone Fluazifop-p-butyl ProchlorazButralin Fluchloralin PropachlorButroxydim Flufenacet PropanilChinomethionat Fluoroglycofen PropargiteChlormequat (chloride)

Flurprimidol Pyrazoxyfen

Chloroacetic acid Flusilazole PyridabenCopper hydroxide Flutriafol PyridaphenthionCopper oxychloride Fomesafen Pyridate4-CPA Furalaxyl PyrifenoxCycloate Glufosinate QuinoclamineCyhexatin Hexazinone QuizalofopCymoxanil Hydramethylnon ResmethrinCyproconazole Iprobenfos Sethoxydim

222

Dazomet Isoprothiolane Simetryn2,4-DB Isoproturon Sodium chlorate Dicamba Isouron SulfluramidDichlormid Malathion 2,3,6-TBA Dichlorobenzene MCPA TebuconazoleDichlorophen MCPA-thioethyl TebufenpyradDichlorprop MCPB TebuthiuronDiclofop Mecoprop ThiramDicofol Mecoprop TralkoxydimDiethyltoluamide Mefluidide TriadimefonDifenoconazole Mepiquat TriadimenolDimepiperate Metalaxyl Tri-allateDimethachlor Metamitron TriclopyrDimethametryn Metconazole TriflumizoleDimethipin Methylarsonic acid Undecan-2-one Dimethylarsinic acid

Metolachlor Uniconazole

Diniconazole Myclobutanil XMC2-Napthyloxyacetic acid

Ziram

5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use (Common name)-Permissible in PVP

Aclonifen Ethirimol NoviflumuronAcrinathrin Ethofumesate OfuraceAlloxydim Ethyl

butylacetylaminopropionate

Oryzalin

Amitrole Etofenprox OxabetrinilAmmonium sulfamate Famoxadone OxadiazonAncymidol Fenarimol Oxine-copper Anthraquinone Fenbuconazole OxycarboxinAsulam Fenbutatin oxide OxyfluorfenAtrazine Fenchlorazole PenconazoleAzimsulfuron Fenclorim PencycuronAzoxystrobine Fenfuram PenoxsulamBacillus thuringiensis Fenhexamid PentanochlorBenalaxyl Fenoxycarb PhenmediphamBenazolin Fenpiclonil Phenothrin

223

Benfluralin Fenpropimorph 2-Phenylphenol Benfuresate Ferbam Phosphorus acid Benomyl Flamprop-M PhthalideBenoxacor Florasulam PicloramBensulfuron-methyl Flucarbazone-sodium PiperonylbutoxideBifenox Flucycloxuron PretilachlorBioresmethrin Flufenoxuron PrimisulfuronBiphenyl Flumetralin ProbenazoleBispyribac Flumetsulam ProcymidoneBitertanol Fluometuron ProdiamineBorax Flupropanate PrometonBromacil Flupyrsulfuron PrometrynBromobutide Flurenol PropamocarbBromopropylate Fluridone PropaquizafopBupirimate Flurochloridone PropazineBuprofezin Fluroxypyr ProphamButachlor Fluthiacet PropinebButylate Flutolanil PropyzamideCaptan Fluvalinate PyrazolynateCarbendazim Folpet PyrazosulfuronCarbetamide Fosamine PyrimethanilCarboxin Fosetyl PyriminobacCarpropamid Gibberellic acid PyriproxyfenChloransulam methyl Glyphosate Pyrithiobac sodium Chlorfluazuron Halofenozide QuincloracChloridazon Hexaconazole QuinmeracChlorimuron Hexaflumuron QuinoxyfenChlorothalonil Ethephon NicosulfuronChlorotoluron Hexythiazox Nitrothal-isopropyl Chlorpropham Hydroprene NorflurazonChlorpyrifos methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl

octylsulphideQuintozene

Chlorsulfuron Hymexazol RimsulfuronChlorthal-dimethyl Imazamethabenzmeth

ylSiduron

Chlozolinate Imazapyr SimazineCinmethylin Imazaquin SpinosadCinosulfuron Imazethapyr SulfometuronClofentezine Imibenconazole SulphurClomeprop Inabenfide TCA (sodium salt) Clopyralid Iprodione TebufenozideCloxyfonac Iprovalicarb TebutamCryolite Isoxaben TecnazeneCycloprothrin Kasugamycin Teflubenzuron

224

Cyclosulfamuron Lenacil TemephosCycloxydim Linuron TerbacilCyhalofop Maleic hydrazide TerbuthylazineCyromazine Mancozeb TerbutrynDaimuron Maneb TetrachlorvinphosDalapon Mefenacet TetradifonDaminozide Mepanipyrim TetramethrinDesmedipham Mepronil ThiabendazoleDiafenthiuron Metazachlor ThidiazuronDichlobenil Methabenzthiazuron Thifensulfuron-methyl Dichlofluanid Methoprene ThifluzamideDiclomezine Methoxychlor Thiophanate-methyl Dicloran Methozyfenozide TiocarbazilDiclosulam Methyldymron Tolclofos-methyl Diethofencarb Metiram TolylfluanidDiflubenzuron Metobromuron TransfluthrinDiflufenican Metosulam TriasulfuronDikegulac Metoxuron TribenuronDimefuron Metsulfuron methyl TrietazineDimethirimol Monolinuron TriflumuronDimethomorph 2-(1-Naphthyl)

acetamideTrifluralin

Dimethyl phthalate 1-Naphthylacetic acid Triflusulfuron-methyl Dinitramine Napropamide TriforineDipropylisocinchomerate

Naptalam Triticonazole

Dithiopyr Neburon ValidamycinDiuron Niclosamide VinclozolinDodemorph ZinebEthalfluralin

225

Annexure 15

Summary of Stakeholder Consultation WorkshopSocial Assessment & Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)Date: 30.03.217

The Stake holder consultation workshop for Social Assessment (SA) and Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Stakeholder were organized by TNRTP and the respective agencies viz., Economic Perspectives Ltd and Center for Environment Education (CEE). The Objective of the consultation is to further strengthen the Framework and also it will help to take adequate support. Welcome note and Inaugural address were given by TNRTP staff and the Project Director. The Project Director requested for Beneficiaries’ inputs, because the beneficiaries are the important stakehholder to decide the type of income generation activities.

Key points in the presentation: Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project will be inaugurated by April

2017. TNRTP is an extension of TNPVP. From July 1 2017 on TNRTP will function in 120 Non PVP blocks. Objective of TNRTP is mainly to uplift the job opportunities and value

addition.

Social Assessment: Group activities are less in the field; the reasons are no working

capital and not getting loan with lesser interest. 65 % of the communities are ready to do business/enterprises

provided with required knowledge, funds & hand holding support. SHGs showed interest on doing Dairy, Floriculture and Food business.

Concerns with middleman interventions in Horticulture and Floriculture were put forth by the beneficiaries.

Farmer’s producers companies & Value addition of Products is the key component to be focused on transforming the Livelihoods of the project beneficiaries.

Differently abled, Psycho social, autistic, neurologically impaired persons are to be included in social assessment for the possibility of catering them in TNRTP

Sugessions on Environmental and Social Management Frame work: Process of Categorization and Responsibility - Business plans will be

categorized into four (red, orange, green and white) based on PCB criteria. And Community Professionals with the help of Block Team

226

will identify the categorization. Adequate training will be given for them to do Environmental Assessment.

About Disposal method of sanitary napkin, since it is not infectious waste it will not be considered as a biomedical waste. The beneficiaries will be trained on proper disposal methods of used napkins. Innovative disposal machines will be explored as part of the Green Enterprises

Carbon foot print of the business activities to be measured During District Diagnostic Studies ESMF components will be

incorporated. This is to ensure that natural resources are being safeguarded and improved.

48 % population of Tamil Nadu is urban. Strengthening of existing Business & promotion is safer than going to totally new business. Both should be environmentally enhancing and should not damage the Environment.

Develop skills and business for Local business. NTFP collection from forest – Training for alternative resource

business can be given to – minimize the presseure on resources and to secure the resources from forests.

Gulf of manner – more fisheries is going on and hence the Resources are getting depleted – We need to search for alternative business –TNRTP to handhold these alternate business.

Women should come out of sterohypic work (Tailoring). Women are already involved successfully in the works like masonry,

courier service, EB meter reading, and Auto driving in the TNPVP districts, such examples will be explored for TNRTP also

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Glimpses:

Inaugural Talk by the PD About TNRTP

Experts Discussion About SA by Economic Perspective

About ESMF by CEE Community Discussion

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List of Participants:

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