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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT &
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for
GOND MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECT (CCA 28,000 ha) MADHYA PRADESH, (Sector 1(c); Cat “A”)
March 2019
Prepared for:
WATER RESOURCES DIVISION NO. 2 SINGRAULI GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH
Prepared by:
R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (NABET Accredited Company)
402, Bestech Chambers Commercial Plaza,
B-Block, Sushant Lok-I, Gurgaon Phone: +91-124-4295383: www.rstechnologies.co.in
QCI Certificate No. : NABET/EIA/1619/SA 075
Laboratory : APEX TESTING AND RESEARCH LABORATORY ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (NABL Accredited Testing Laboratory)
Baseline Data : Winter/ Lean (December 2017) Monitoring Period Pre-Monsoon (May 2018) Monsoon (August 2018)
Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations
List of Accredited Consultant Organizations (Alphabetically) Rev. 74, March 07, 2019 Page 1
List ‘1’ – Accredited EIA Consultant Organizations (ACOs) - as on March 07, 2019#
S. No. Consultant Organization
Scope of Accreditation
As per NABET Scheme Project or Activity as per Schedule of MoEFCC Notification dated September 14, 2006 and subsequent Amendments
Sector Number
Name of Sector Category
1
Aadhi Boomi Mining and Enviro Tech Private Limited (formerly known as Suriya Mining Services) Address:3/216, K.S.V.Nagar, Narasothipatti, Salem-636004 Email:[email protected] Tel.:09842729655, 09443290855 Conditions apply
1 Mining of minerals – opencast only
A 1 (a) (i)
3 River Valley Projects A 1 (c )
7 Mineral beneficiation A 2 (b)
9 Cement Plants A 3 (b)
34 Highways B 7 (f)
38
Building and construction projects
B 8(a)
2
Aakhivi Consultants Address:57 C, Block E5, Shatabdi Vihar, Sector 52, Noida, UP - 201 308
1 Mining of minerals - opencast only
A** 1 (a) (i)
4 Thermal power plants
A** 1 (d)
Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations
List of Accredited Consultant Organizations (Alphabetically) Rev. 74, March 07, 2019 Page 129
S. No. Consultant Organization
Scope of Accreditation
As per NABET Scheme Project or Activity as per Schedule of MoEFCC Notification dated September 14, 2006 and subsequent Amendments
Sector Number
Name of Sector Category
Tel.: 03262350801, 09431777483 Conditions apply
sanctuaries/coral reefs /ecologically sensitive Areas including LNG terminal
28
Isolated storage & handling of hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quality indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000)
B 6 (b)
29 Air ports A 7 (a)
125
R. S. Envirolinks Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Address: 402, Radisson Suites Commercial Plaza, B Block, Sushant Lok 1, Gurgaon – 122009 e. mail: [email protected] Tel.: 0124 – 4295383 09810136853 Conditions apply
1 Mining of minerals- opencast only
A 1 (a) (i)
3 River Valley projects A 1 (c )
27
Oil & gas transportation pipeline (crude and refinery/ petrochemical products), passing through national parks/ sanctuaries/coral reefs /ecologically sensitive Areas including LNG terminal
A 6 (a)
33 Jetties only B 7 (e)
34 Highways A 7 (f)
40 (i) Automobile and Auto Components
- -
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Study for Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
NABET Certificate No. & Issue Date: NABET/EIA/1619/SA075, 15th November 2018
S.No. Functional
Areas Complete name of the Functional Areas
1 AP Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring & Control
2 WP Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts
3 SHW Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management
4 SE Socio-Economics
5 EB Ecology and Biodiversity
6 SC Soil Conservation
7 AQ Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction
8 NV Noise/ Vibration
9 HG Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation
10 LU Land Use
11 RH Risk Assessment & Hazard Management
CONTENTS
SECTION-I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Page No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 1.1
1.2 PROJECT INDENTIFICATION AND PROPONENT 1.1
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 1.1
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.1
1.5 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.2
1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE (EC) PROCESS 1.3
1.7 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1.4
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1
2.2 LOCATION AND CONNECTIVITY 2.4
2.3 LAND REQUIREMENT 2.4
2.4 CATCHMENT AREA OF PROJECT 2.6
2.5 COMMAND AREA OF PROJECT 2.6
2.6 HYDROLOGY 2.6
2.7 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MAIN COMPONENTS OF PROJECT 2.8
2.8 IRRIGATION PLANNING AND CROPPING PATTERN 2.11
2.8.1 Existing Cropping Pattern in Command Area 2.11
2.8.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area 2.11
2.9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 2.12
2.10 PROTECTED AREAS (PA) IN VICINITY 2.14
2.11 PROJECT BENEFITS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2.14
CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.1 GENERAL 3.1
3.2 STUDY AREA 3.1
3.3 DATA COLLECTION 3.5
3.3.1 Data Collected during Field Surveys 3.5
3.3.2 Secondary Data 3.5
3.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.6
3.4.1 Meteorology 3.6
3.4.1.1 Temperature 3.6
3.4.1.2 Rainfall 3.7
3.4.1.3 Relative Humidity 3.7
3.4.1.4 Wind Speed 3.8
3.4.2 Geomorphology 3.8
3.4.3 Soil 3.9
3.4.3.1 Soil Taxonomic Classification 3.9
3.4.3.2 Physico-chemical Properties of Soil 3.11
3.4.3.3 Conclusion 3.15
3.4.4 Ground Water 3.15
3.4.5 Air Environment 3.17
3.4.5.1 Results of AAQ monitoring 3.17
3.4.6 Noise & Traffic Monitoring 3.19
3.4.6.1 Sound Levels 3.19
3.4.6.2 Traffic Density 3.20
3.4.6.3 Conclusion 3.21
3.4.7 Water Environment 3.21
3.4.7.1 Surface Water Quality 3.21
3.4.7.2 Ground Water Quality 3.32
3.4.7.3 Conclusion 3.38
3.4.8 Land use/Land cover 3.38
3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.41
3.5.1 Forest Types in the Study Area 3.41
3.5.2 Floristics 3.41
3.5.2.1 Methodology 3.41
3.5.2.2 Vegetation Profile of the Study Area 3.43
3.5.2.3 Species Composition 3.43
3.5.2.4 Rare Threatened and Endangered Species 3.43
3.5.2.5 Economically Important Plant Species 3.44
3.5.2.6 Community Structure 3.45
3.5.2.7 Dominance 3.61
3.5.2.8 Shannon Weiner Diversity Index (H’) 3.61
3.5.3 Faunal Elements 3.62
3.5.3.1 Mammals 3.62
3.5.3.2 Birds 3.63
3.5.3.3 Herpetofauna 3.64
3.5.3.4 Conservation Status of Fauna 3.65
3.5.4 Protected Area 3.65
3.5.5 Fish Fauna 3.68
3.5.6 Conclusions 3.68
CHAPTER 4: DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1
4.2 STUDY AREA 4.1
4.2.1 Description of District 4.5
4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 4.6
4.3.1 Demographic Profile 4.6
4.3.2 Literacy Profile 4.6
4.3.3 Occupation Pattern 4.6
4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC Survey 4.7
4.4.1 Socio Economic Profile of the Project Affected Villages 4.7
4.4.2 Socio Economic Profile of the Project Benefited Villages 4.11
4.4.3 Villagers Perception Regarding Proposed Project 4.17
4.4.4 Main Findings of the Survey 4.17
CHAPTER 5: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION
MEASURES
5.1 GENERAL 5.1
5.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 5.1
5.2.1 Construction Phase Impacts 5.1
5.2.1.1 Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment 5.3
5.2.1.2 Emissions from various construction sites 5.3
5.2.1.3 Fugitive Emissions from material handling and 5.3
transportation
5.2.2 Operation Phase Impacts 5.2
5.2.3 Mitigation Measures for Air Emissions 5.2
5.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 5.3
5.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts 5.3
5.3.2 Operation Phase Impacts 5.3
5.3.3 Mitigation Measures for Noise 5.3
5.4 WATER RESOURCES 5.4
5.4.1 Construction Phase Impacts 5.4
5.4.1.1 Runoff from construction sites 5.4
5.4.1.2 Mitigation Measures 5.4
5.4.2 Operation Phase Impacts 5.4
5.4.2.1 Changes in flow regime in downstream 5.4
5.4.2.2 Positive Impact on ground water 5.5
5.4.2.3 Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity 5.5
5.4.2.4 Changes in water quality due to increased use of
Fertilizers 5.5
5.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT 5.5
5.5.1 Impact Due to Muck Generation 5.5
5.5.2 Impact due to Waste Generation 5.6
5.5.3 Impact due to Land Requirement and change in land-use 5.7
5.6 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 5.8
5.6.1 Construction and Operation Phase Impacts 5.8
5.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 5.9
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Key Environmental Legislations in India 1.2
Table 2.1: Salient Features 2.1
Table 2.2: Details of Land Requirement 2.4
Table 2.3: Details of Forest Land Requirement 2.4
Table 2.4: Command Area 2.6
Table 2.5: Details of Main Duct Barrel from Dam to Balancing Reservoir 2.8
Table 2.6: Abstract of Rising Main 2.9
Table 2.7: Power Design (Rising Main) 2.9
Table 2.8: Power Design (By Boosting) 2.10
Table 2.9: Power Design (By Gravity) 2.10
Table 2.10: Existing Cropping Pattern in the Command Area 2.11
Table 2.11: Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area 2.12
Table 3.1: Area under different Slope Categories in the Study Area 3.5
Table 3.2: Soil Taxonomic Classes Found in the Study Area with their Description 3.9
Table 3.3: Soil Sampling Locations 3.11
Table 3.4: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil (Winter) 3.13
Table 3.5: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre-monsoon) 3.13
Table 3.6: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil (Monsoon) 3.14
Table 3.7: Sites for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in the Study Area 3.17
Table 3.8: Ambient Air Quality in the study area 3.19
Table 3.9: Equivalent Noise Levels in Study Area 3.20
Table 3.10: Average Daily Traffic in the Study Area 3.21
Table 3.11: Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations 3.23
Table 3.12: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water 3.24
Table 3.13: Class of Water as per CPCB Designated Best Use 3.31
Table 3.14: Ground water sampling locations 3.32
Table 3.15: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water 3.32
Table 3.16: Area Under Different Landuse/ Landcover Classes in the Study Area 3.39
Table 3.17: Forest types found in the Study Area 3.41
Table 3.18: Sampling Locations for Vegetation Mapping 3.42
Table 3.19: List of Commonly Used Plant Species 3.44
Table 3.20: Community Structure –Trees (V1) 3.45
Table 3.21: Community Structure –Shrubs (V1) 3.46
Table 3.22: Community Structure – Herbs (V1) 3.46
Table 3.23: Community Structure –Trees (V2) 3.47
Table 3.24: Community Structure –Shrubs (V2) 3.47
Table 3.25: Community Structure – Herbs (V2) 3.47
Table 3.26: Community Structure –Trees (V3) 3.48
Table 3.27: Community Structure –Shrubs (V3) 3.48
Table 3.28: Community Structure – Herbs (V3) 3.49
Table 3.29: Community structure –Trees (V4) 3.49
Table 3.30: Community structure –Shrubs (V4) 3.49
Table 3.31 Community structure – Herbs (V4) 3.50
Table 3.32: Community structure –Trees (V5) 3.50
Table 3.33: Community structure –Shrubs (V5) 3.51
Table 3.34: Community structure – Herbs (V5) 3.51
Table 3.35: Community structure –Site: V6 (Shrubs) 3.52
Table 3.36: Community structure –Site: V6 (Herbs) 3.52
Table 3.37: Community structure –Site: V7 (Shrubs) 3.53
Table 3.38: Community structure –Site: V7 (Herbs) 3.53
Table 3.39: Community structure –Site: V8 (Shrubs) 3.54
Table 3.40: Community structure –Site: V8 (Herbs) 3.54
Table 3.41: Community structure –Site: V9 (Shrubs) 3.54
Table 3.42: Community structure –Site: V9 (Herbs) 3.55
Table 3.43: Community structure –Site: V10 (Shrubs) 3.55
Table 3.44: Community structure –Site: V10 (Herbs) 3.56
Table 3.45: Community structure –Site: V11 (Shrubs) 3.56
Table 3.46: Community structure –Site: V11 (Herbs) 3.57
Table 3.47: Community structure –Site: V12 (Shrubs) 3.57
Table 3.48: Community structure –Site: V12 (Herbs) 3.58
Table 3.49: Community structure –Site: V13 (Shrubs) 3.58
Table 3.50: Community structure –Site: V13 (Herbs) 3.59
Table 3.51: Community structure –Site: V14 (Shrubs) 3.59
Table 3.52: Community structure –Site: V14 (Herbs) 3.60
Table 3.53: Community structure –Site: V15 (Shrubs) 3.60
Table 3.54: Community structure –Site: V15 (Herbs) 3.61
Table 3.55: Shannon Wiener Species Diversity Index (H’) 3.62
Table 3.56: List of Mammalian Species Reported in the Study Area 3.62
Table 3.57: List of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status
in the study area 3.63
Table 3.58: List of Herpetofauna Reported from the Study Area 3.65
Table 3.59: List of Fish Species Reported from the Study Area 3.68
Table 4.1: List of Villages in Study Area 4.1
Table 4.2: Demographic Profile 4.6
Table 4.3: Literacy Profile 4.6
Table 4.4: Occupational Pattern 4.7
Table 4.5: Demographic Profile of the Project Affected Villages 4.7
Table 4.6: Literacy Profile of the Project Affected Villages 4.8
Table 4.7: Education Facility in Project Affected Villages 4.8
Table 4.8: Medical and Other Facilities in Project Affected Villages 4.8
Table 4.9: Water Sources and Agricultural Crops in Project Affected villages 4.9
Table 4.10: Other Available Amenities/Facilities and Characteristics of Surveyed
Project Affected Villages 4.10
Table 4.11: Demographic Profile of the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages 4.11
Table 4.12: Literacy Profile of the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages 4.12
Table 4.13: Education Facility in the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages 4.13
Table 4.14: Medical and Other Facilities in the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages 4.13
Table 4.15: Water Sources and Agricultural Crops in the Surveyed Project
Benefited Villages 4.14
Table 4.16: Other Available Amenities/Facilities and Characteristics of the
Surveyed Project Benefited Villages 4.16
Table 5.1: Maximum Exposure Periods Specified by OSHA 5.3
Table 5.2: Details of Land Requirement 5.8
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Location Map of Gond Major Irrigation Project 2.5
Figure 2.2: Catchment Area Map of Gopad River 2.7
Figure 2.3: Project Layout Map of Gond Major Irrigation Project 2.13
Figure 2.4: Map Showing Protected Area in the Vicinity of Gond Major 2.15
Irrigation Project
Figure 3.1: Map Showing Study Area 3.2
Figure 3.2: Digital Elevation Map of the Study Area 3.3
Figure 3.3: Relief Map of the Study Area 3.4
Figure 3.4: Slope Map of the Study Area 3.4
Figure 3.5: Average Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature for
the Years 2009-2017 3.7
Figure 3.6: Mean Monthly Average Rainfall and Number of Rainy Days 3.7
Figure 3.7: Monthly Variation in Average Relative Humidity (2009-2017) 3.8
Figure 3.8: Monthly Variations in Wind Speed (2009-2017) Distt. Singrauli
and Sidhi 3.8
Figure 3.9: Soil Map of the Study Area 3.11
Figure 3.10: Map of Study Area Showing Location of Soil and Vegetation
Sampling Sites 3.12
Figure 3.11: Depth to Ground Water Level – pre and post monsoon
(Singrauli District) 3.16
Figure 3.12: Depth to Ground Water Level – pre and post monsoon
(Sidhi District) 3.16
Figure 3.13: Map Showing Locations of Air, Noise and Traffic Monitoring Sites 3.18
Figure 3.14: Map Showing Locations of Surface and Ground Water Sampling Sites 3.22
Figure 3.15: FCC generated from Satellite imagery of the Study Area 3.39
Figure 3.16: Land Use/ Land Cover Map of the study Area 3.40
Figure 3.17: Protected Areas near the Gond Major Irrigation Project 3.66
Figure 3.18: Map of Sidhi Corridor 3.67
Figure 3.19: Fish Species Captured during the Field Survey in Study Area 3.68
Figure 4.1: Map showing villages in the Study Area 4.4
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure I: Approved Scoping and TOR by MOEF&CC, GOI vide its letter No.J-
12011/33/2017-IA-I(R)
Annexure II: Compliance to TOR
Annexure III: Distance of Sanjay Tiger Reserve from Proposed Project
Annexure IV: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Details
Annexure V: List of Angiosperms Species recorded from the Study Area
SECTION-II: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
CHAPTER 1: CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN
1.1 NEED FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT 1.1
1.2 RIVER SYSTEM 1.1
1.3 CATCHMENT AREA 1.2
1.4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE STUDY 1.2
1.4.1 Defining Study Area 1.2
1.4.2 Defining Data Requirement 1.5
1.4.3 Data Acquisition and Preparation 1.5
1.4.3.1 Rainfall Erosivity (R) Factor 1.5
1.4.3.2 Soil Erodibility (K) Factor 1.7
1.4.3.3 Topographic (LS) Factor 1.10
1.4.3.4 Crop Management (C) Factor 1.12
1.4.3.5 Conservation Support Practice (P) Factor 1.14
1.4.4 Output Presentation 1.16
1.5 PRIORTIZATION OF SUB-WATERSHEDS USING SILT YIELD INDEX (SYI)
METHOD 1.18
1.5.1 Erosion Intensity Mapping Unit 1.18
1.5.2 Weightage Value 1.18
1.5.3 Delivery Ratio 1.18
1.5.4 Silt Yield Index 1.19
1.5.5 Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds 1.24
1.6 TREATMENT PLAN 1.25
1.6.1 Area to be taken up for Treatment 1.25
1.6.2 Treatment Measures 1.27
1.6.2.1 Biological Measures 1.27
1.6.2.2 Engineering Measures 1.29
1.6.2.3 Summary of Treatment Measures 1.30
1.7 OTHER COMPONENTS OF CAT PLAN 1.31
1.7.1 Administrative Charges 1.31
1.7.2 Provision for Micro Planning 1.32
1.7.3 Monitoring & Evaluation 1.32
1.74 Contingencies 1.32
1.8 COST ESTIMATE 1.32
CHAPTER 2: COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2.1 GENERAL 2.1
2.2 COMMAND AREA 2.1
2.2.1 Climate of the Command Area 2.1
2.2.2 Irrigation Facilities in the Command Area 2.2
2.2.3 Soil of the Command Area 2.2
2.3 EXISTING CROPPING PATTERN IN COMMAND AREA 2.2
2.4 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN COMMAND AREA 2.2
2.5 PROPOSED WORKS STIPULATED UNDER CAD 2.3
2.5.1 Topographic Survey in Command Area 2.3
2.5.2 On Farm Development Works 2.3
2.5.3 Reclamation of Water Logged Areas 2.4
2.5.4 Ayacut Roads and Communication Networks 2.4
2.5.5 Water Management through WUA 2.5
2.5.6 Farmers Training, Monitoring and Evaluation 2.6
2.6 PROPOSED BUDGET FOR CAD 2.6
CHAPTER 3: BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION PLAN
3.1 BACKGROUND 3.1
3.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND LIKELY IMPACTS 3.1
3.3 BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANCE OF THE AREA 3.1
3.4 CONCERNS OF LOCAL INHABITANTS 3.2
3.5 PLAN OF ACTION 3.2
3.5.1 Development of Grasslands 3.2
3.5.2 Infrastructure Development & Strengthening of Patrolling 3.2
3.5.3 Conservation Measures for RET species 3.3
3.5.4 Awareness Programme/ Establishment of Nature Park 3.3
3.5.5 Conservation and Protection Measures for Elephant
Migration Corridor 3.4
3.5.6 Good Practices 3.4
3.6 SETTING UP OF BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE 3.5
3.7 BUDGETARY ESTIMATES 3.5
CHAPTER 4: FISHERIES CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1
4.2 FISH COMPOSITION & STATUS 4.1
4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1
4.3.1 Fishery Development 4.2
4.3.2 Environmental flow/releases 4.2
4.4 COST ESTIMATES 4.2
CHAPTER 5: REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT PLAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.1
5.2 LAND REQUIREMENT 5.1
5.3 PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES AND FAMILIES 5.2
5.4 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION ACT AND POLICY 5.3
5.5 R&R PACKAGE FOR PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES 5.7
5.5.1 Compensation for Land Owners 5.7
5.5.2 Elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement 5.7
5.5.3 Resettlement of Displaced Families 5.10
5.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR R & R IMPLEMENTATION 5.11
5.7 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5.12
5.7.1 Local Area Development Committee 5.12
5.7.1.1 Aims & Objectives 5.13
5.7.1.2 Institutional Arrangement for Administration of Fund 5.13
5.7.1.3 Functions and Responsibilities of LADC 5.13
5.7.1.4 Execution and Monitoring 5.13
5.7.1.5 Management of Fund and Utilization of Interest Amount 5.14
5.7.2 Preparation of Shelf of Schemes 5.14
5.7.3 Cost Under Human Resource and Local Area Development Plan 5.17
5.7.4 Corporate Social Responsibility 5.17
5.8 MONITORING & EVALUATION 5.17
5.8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines 5.18
5.8.2 Post-Project Monitoring 5.18
5.8.3 Participation of PAFs 5.19
5.9 FINANCIAL PACKAGE 5.19
CHAPTER 6: LANDSCAPING, RESTORATION & GREEN BELT
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1
6.2 LANDSCAPING AND RESTORATION OF CONSTRUCTION AREAS 6.1
6.2.1 Restoration/ Landscaping of Disturbed Areas/Sites 6.1
6.3 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT 6.2
6.4 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 6.4
6.5 COST ESTIMATES 6.4
CHAPTER 7: RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.1
7.2 RESERVOIR AREA 7.1
7.3 NEED FOR RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT 7.2
7.4 TREATMENT MEASURES 7.3
7.4.1 Stabilization of slopes 7.3
7.5 COST ESTIMATES 7.3
CHAPTER 8: MUCK MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1
8.2 QUANTITY OF MUCK TO BE GENERATED 8.1
8.3 DISPOSAL OF MUCK 8.1
CHAPTER 9: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1
9.2 INFLUX OF MIGRANT POPULATION 9.1
9.3 MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE 9.3
9.3.1 Reuse/Recycling 9.3
9.3.2 Storage and Segregation 9.3
9.3.3 Collection and Transportation 9.3
9.3.4 Disposal 9.4
9.3.4.1 Degradable component 9.4
9.3.4.2 Non-Degradable component 9.5
9.3.5 Bio-medical Wastes 9.5
9.4 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT 9.5
CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM
10.1 EXISTING MEDICAL FACILITIES 10.1
10.2 THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH 10.1
10.3 MEDICAL FACILITIES 10.2
10.4 HEALTH EXTENSION ACTIVITIES 10.2
10.5 COST ESTIMATES 10.3
CHAPTER 11: ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.1
11.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES 11.1
11.3 COST ESTIMATES 11.2
CHAPTER 12: GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.1
12.2 GROUNDWATER SCENARIO IN PROJECT AREA 12.1
12.3 DEPENDENCY OF PROJECT ON GROUNDWATER 12.1
12.4 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 12.2
CHAPTER 13: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION
13.1 CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS AND CONSEQUENT SAFEGUARDS 13.1
13.2 AIR POLLUTION 13.1
13.2.1 Impacts of Air Pollution 13.2
13.2.2 Control of Air Pollution 13.2
13.3 NOISE POLLUTION 13.2
13.3.1 Impacts of Noise Pollution 13.2
13.3.2 Control of Noise Pollution 13.3
13.4 WATER POLLUTION 13.3
13.4.1 Impacts of Water Pollution 13.3
13.4.2 Control of Water Pollution 13.4
13.5 WORKERS SAFETY 13.4
13.6 ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY AUDIT 13.5
13.7 COST ESTIMATES 13.5
CHAPTER 14: DAM BREAK MODELING & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
14.1 DAM BREAK PHENOMENON 14.1
14.2 NEED FOR DAM BREAK MODELING 14.1
14.3 PRESENT DAM BREAK MODELING STUDY 14.2
14.4 INTRODUCTION TO DAM BREAK MODELING 14.2
14.5 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING 14.2
14.6 SELECTION OF MODEL 14.3
14.7 MIKE 11 MODEL 14.3
14.7.1 Solution Technique 14.4
14.7.2 Topographical requirement and discretization 14.5
14.8 MIKE 11 MODEL SET-UP 14.5
14.8.1 River channel set-up 14.5
14.8.2 Description of reservoir and appurtenant structures 14.6
14.8.3 Boundary conditions for dam break modeling 14.7
14.9 SPECIFICATIONS OF DAM BREAK STRUCTURES 14.7
14.9.1 Breach development 14.7
14.9.2 Failure modes 14.8
14.10 INITIAL CONDITIONS 14.9
14.11 DAM BREAK SIMULATIONS 14.9
14.12 INPUT DATA REQUIREMENT 14.9
14.12.1 River cross sections 14.9
14.12.2 Reservoir and dam 14.10
14.12.3 Spillway 14.10
14.12.4 Downstream boundary 14.10
14.13 SELECTION OF DAM BREACH PARAMETERS 14.11
14.14 CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR DAM BREAK STUDY 14.12
14.15 DAM BREAK SIMULATION (BREACH WIDTH 44 M, BREACH DEPTH 22 M,
BREACH DEVELOPMENT TIME ONE HOUR) 14.12
14.16 MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL IN THE VIRGIN CONDITION OF THE RIVER DUE
TO OCCURRENCE OF DESIGN FLOOD 14.15
14.17 COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM DISCHARGE AND WATER LEVEL 14.18
14.18 PREPARATION OF INUNDATION MAP 14.21
14.19 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 14.23
14.19.1 Vulnerability Assessment of project 14.23
14.19.1.1 Surveillance & Monitoring 14.23
14.19.2 Disaster Management Plan (DMP) for Project 14.25
14.19.2.1 Disaster Response Plan 14.25
14.19.2.2 Contingency Plan 14.25
14.19.2.3 Awareness and Emergency Preparedness 14.25
14.19.2.4 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) 14.26
14.19.2.5 Emergency Response Cell (ERC) 14.26
14.19.2.6 Functions & Responsibilities of PEC & EMG 14.26
14.19.2.7 Emergency Control Centre (ECC) 14.27
14.19.2.8 Communication System 14.27
14.19.2.9 Emergency Alert System 14.28
14.19.2.10 Emergency Warning and Control System 14.29
14.19.2.11 Health & Medical Response System 14.29
14.19.2.12 Training 14.29
14.19.2.13 Mock Drills& Exercises 14.30
14.19.2.14 Public Information System 14.30
14.19.2.15 Information Dissemination and Safety Procedures & Plan 14.31
14.19.2.16 Safety Procedures & Plan 14.31
14.19.2.17 Evacuation Plans 14.32
14.19.2.18 Notifications 14.32
14.19.3 Financial Outlay for Installation of VSAT Communication System 14.33
14.20 COST ESTIMATES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 14.33
CHAPTER 15: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.1
15.2 WATER QUALITY 15.1
15.3 AIR QUALITY 15.2
15.4 NOISE 15.3
15.5 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 15.3
15.6 MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW 15.3
15.7 MUCK DUMPING 15.3
15.8 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT 15.3
CHAPTER 16: COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION PLAN
16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.1
16.2 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME 16.1
16.3 NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) 16.2
16.4 ABSTRACT OF COST 16.3
CHAPTER 17: COST ESTIMATES 17.1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Names and Codes of Sub-Watersheds Delineated for the Catchment
Area 1.3
Table 1.2: Description of Soil Units in the Catchment Area 1.7
Table 1.3: Soil Erodibility Factor for different soil types in the Catchment Area 1.9
Table 1.4: Area falling under different land use/ land cover classes in Catchment
Area 1.14
Table 1.5: Crop Management Factor used for the Catchment Area 1.14
Table 1.6: Soil Loss Range and Erosion Intensity Categories 1.16
Table 1.7: Area falling under different Erosion Intensity Categories in Catchment
Area 1.16
Table 1.8: Calculation of SYI in Sub-Watersheds in Catchment Area 1.19
Table 1.9: Priority Number as per SYI Classification in Catchment Area 1.24
Table 1.10: Sub-watershed wise treatable area under different Landuse/
Landcover classes in Catchment Area 1.26
Table 1.11: Basis for selection of catchment area treatment measures 1.27
Table 1.12: Sub-Watershed wise Summary of treatment measures 1.30
Table 1.13: Summary of treatment measures and their cost for CAT Plan 1.31
Table 1.14: Estimated Cost of CAT Plan Implementation 1.32
Table 1.15: Estimated cost of CAT Plan Implementation in Madhya Pradesh 1.33
Table 1.16: Estimated cost of CAT Plan Implementation in Chhattisgarh 1.34
Table 2.1: Command Area 2.1
Table 2.2: Existing Cropping Pattern in the Command Area 2.2
Table 2.3: Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area 2.3
Table 2.4: Budget for Additional Activities under CAD 2.6
Table 3.1: Break-up of the Biodiversity Management and Wildlife Conservation
Plan 3.5
Table 4.1: Estimated cost of setting of hatchery 4.2
Table 5.1: Details of Land Requirement 5.1
Table 5.2: Details of Forest Land Requirement 5.2
Table 5.3: Village & Component wise Non-Forest Land Requirement 5.2
Table 5.4: Village Wise List of Project Affected Families 5.3
Table 5.5: Rehabilitation & Resettlement package for affected families 5.10
Table 5.6: Infrastructural Facilities for Resettlement Area 5.11
Table 5.7: Summary of Budgetary Estimates 5.19
Table 6.1: Cost estimates for bio-engineering measures for construction areas 6.2
Table 6.2: Plant species suggested for landscaping and restoration works and
other plantations For Residential Colonies & Office Complex 6.3
Table 6.3: Cost estimates for Green Belt Development 6.3
Table 6.4: Total budget for landscaping of project components 6.4
Table 7.1: Estimated cost of proposed treatment measure 7.3
Table 8.1: Plant Species Suggested for Plantation to Rehabilitate Muck Dumping
Site 8.3
Table 8.2: Financial requirements for implementation of Muck Disposal Plan 8.3
Table 9.1: Calculation of Total Migratory Population 9.2
Table 9.2: Cost Estimate for Solid Waste Management Plan 9.5
Table 10.1: Budgetary estimates for developing health care facilities 10.3
Table 11.1: Financial Provision for Energy Conservation Measures 11.2
Table 13.1: List of relevant BIS Standards 13.4
Table 13.2: Estimated Cost for Implementation of Mitigation and Safety measures 13.6
Table 14.1: Stage-discharge relationship - downstream boundary of 14.10
Table 14.2: Breach Parameters 14.12
Table 14.3: Maximum discharge due to dam breach flood (breach initial width 44
m and breach depth 23 m) 14.12
Table 14.4: Maximum water level due to dam breach flood breach initial width
44 m 14.14
Table 14.5: Maximum discharge due to occurrence of DESIGN FLOOD in virgin
river condition 14.15
Table 14.6: Maximum water level due to occurrence of DESIGN FLOOD in virgin
river condition 14.16
Table 14.7: Comparison of maximum discharge obtained in different cases 14.18
Table 14.8: Comparison of maximum water level obtained in different cases 14.19
Table 14.9: Estimated cost of setting up of satellite communication system and
disaster management plan 14.33
Table 15.1: Water Quality Monitoring Schedule 15.2
Table 15.2: Air Quality Monitoring Schedule 15.2
Table 15.3: Cost Estimates for Environmental Monitoring Programme 15.4
Table 15.4: Matrix of Environmental Monitoring Plan 15.5
Table 16.1: Details of Land Requirement 16.1
Table 16.2: Details of Forest Land Requirement 16.1
Table 16.3: Details of Acquired Revenue Land 16.2
Table 16.4: Cost estimates of Compensatory Afforestation Plan 16.2
Table 16.5: Cost estimates of NPV 16.3
Table 16.6: Total Cost 16.3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Sub-Watershed Map of Catchment Area 1.4
Figure 1.2: Average Annual Rainfall map of the Catchment Area as per TRMM 1.6
Figure 1.3: R Factor Values map of the Catchment Area 1.7
Figure 1.4: Soil Map of Catchment Area 1.9
Figure 1.5: K Factor Value Map of the Catchment Area 1.10
Figure 1.6: Slope Map of Catchment Area 1.11
Figure 1.7: LS Factor Map of Catchment Area 1.12
Figure 1.8: Land use/ Land cover map of the Catchment Area 1.13
Figure 1.9: C Factor value map of the Catchment Area 1.15
Figure 1.10: Erosion Intensity Map of Catchment Area 1.17
Figure 1.11: Sub-watersheds Priority Classification Map of Catchment Area 1.25
Figure 14.1: Layout of channel section with computational net 14.4
Figure 14.2 & 14.3: River set up with dam and spillway 14.6
Figure 14.4: Breach parameters for linear mode 14.8
Figure 14.5: Inundation Map 14.22
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure I: Cost Estimates for CAT Plan
SECTION-III: PUBLIC HEARING ISSUES AND RESPONSE 1-16
SECTION – I
ENVIRONMETAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to assist in the decision making
process and to ensure that the project options under consideration are environmentally
sound and sustainable. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study has been
conducted to identify possible environmental impacts and to suggest ways for mitigating or
minimizing them. The EIA also identifies the possible benefits and adverse impacts on the
environment as a result of construction and operation of the project. The Environment
Management Plan (EMP) provides a plan which, upon implementation, will reduce impacts of
the project and minimize environmental degradation. This minimization may be a result of
implementation of a project alternative or project modifications or environmental protection
measures which simply reduces the severity or magnitude of impacts.
1.2 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND PROPONENT The role of Water Resources Department, Madhya Pradesh is the creation and maintenance
of irrigation potential through construction of water resources projects. It also looks after the
construction, maintenance and regulation of Major, Medium & Minor irrigation projects,
Flood Control and Drainage works.
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT Water Resources Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh proposes to construct an
earthen dam across Gopad River at Jalpani village in Baidhan Block of Tehsil Sarai in District
Singrauli in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Gopad river is a right bank tributary of Son river,
which ultimately joins river Ganga. Catchment area up to the proposed Dam site is 2095 sq
km.
The project proposes construction of a 37.31 m high earthen dam across Gopad River near
Jalpani village to irrigate a total designed area of 28,000 ha of Culturable Command Area
(CCA) and benefiting 147 villages. The creation of reservoir due to construction of dam will
lead to submergence of 1263.401 ha of land, of which, 216.249 ha is unirrigated private land,
347.97 ha is forest land and 699.182 ha is government land. Total 9 villages are coming under
submergence due to proposed scheme. The project is envisaged to have a gross storage
capacity of 100.35 MCM and the live storage capacity of 96.49 MCM.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The general scope of this EIA study is as follows:
Assessment of the existing condition of physico-chemical, ecological and socio
economic aspects of environment;
Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to
activities envisaged during construction and operational phases of the proposed
hydro-electric project.
Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components;
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
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Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to
minimize adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the
proposed project. This includes components like Catchment Area Treatment Plan
(CAT), Green Belt Development Plan, Fisheries development,
conservation/management plan, Muck Disposal Plan, Dam Break Analysis etc;
Formulation of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan as per ‘The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR)’;
Formulation of environmental monitoring plan for construction and operation
phases;
Estimation of Cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan,
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan, Catchment Area Treatment Plan and
Environmental Monitoring Programme.
1.5 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK In the emerging scenario of rapid economic growth, sustainability of existing resources for the
present and future generations requires an integrated approach so that, the existing
resources are optimally utilized without causing undue damage to the environment. To
achieve this objective, the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC),
Government of India has enacted Acts, Legislations, Guidelines and Standards to ensure
sustainable development and conserve the environment. These are required to be compiled
by the Project proponents while executing the development of Project. The Project proponent
thus prepares the EIA report, incorporating management plans to mitigate the adverse
impacts (if any) for perusal of the MoEF&CC. The MoEF&CC in turn evaluates the proposal and
suggests stipulations for mitigation of adverse impacts while granting the clearance for
execution of the Project. The important Environmental legislations laid down for conservation
of environment are presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Key Environmental Legislations in India
Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/
Key Players
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Amendment 1988
To provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and enhancing the quality of water
Controls sewage and industrial effluent discharges
Central and State Pollution Control Boards
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 Amendment 1987
To provide for the prevention and control of air pollution
Controls emissions of air pollutants
Central and State Pollution Control Boards
Forest (Conservation) Act,1980 Amendment 1988
To consolidate acquisition of common property such as forests; halt India’s rapid deforestation and resulting Environmental degradation
Regulates access to natural resources, state has a monopoly right over land; Restriction on de-reservation and using forest for non-forest purpose
State Government and Central Government
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Amendment 1993
To protect wildlife
Creates protected areas (National parks/ sanctuaries) categories of wildlife
Wildlife Advisory Boards; Central Zoo Authorities
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Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/
Key Players which are protected
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
To provide for the protection and improvement of Environment
An umbrella legislation; supplements pollution laws
Central Government nodal agency MoEF, can delegate powers to state departments of Environments
The Right to Fair Compensation & Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project affected people and Social Impact Assessment
Social issues Central Government
EIA Notification 2006 with subsequent amendment
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Protection
Project Developer, State and Central government
(Source: Government of India Publications)
Like many other developmental activities, the proposed Project could also lead to a variety of
adverse environmental impacts. However, by proper planning at the inception stage and by
incorporating appropriate mitigation measures in the planning, design, construction and
operation phases, the adverse impacts can be minimized to a large extent, whereas the
beneficial impacts could be maximized. The main objective of the EIA study is to assess the
positive and negative impacts likely to accrue as a result of the construction and operation of
the proposed Project and to suggest suitable Environmental Management Plans (EMP) to
ameliorate the adverse impacts, if any. A well-designed environmental monitoring
programme covering various critical parameters to be covered in the Project construction and
operation phase would also be required. The present EIA for Gond Major Irrigation Project has
been prepared based on the analysis of baseline data and accordingly Environment
Management Plan has been prepared for seeking Environment Clearance.
The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment,
Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). MoEF&CC formulates environmental policies and
accords environmental and Forest clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control
Board (SPCB) conducts Public hearing and accords Consent to Establish and Consent to
Operate for the project.
The project would need the following clearances before starting construction:
Prior Environmental Clearance from the MoEF&CC/SEIAA
Forest Clearance from MoEF&CC;
Consent to Establish from the Madhya Pradesh State Pollution Control Board;
1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE (EC) PROCESS EC process is laid down in EIA notification of 14th September 2006 and subsequent
amendments; issued by Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change in exercise of
the powers conferred by Environment Protection Act. As per the notification, environment
clearance is a three stage process viz. Scoping, Public Consultation and Appraisal. Project
Categories are defined by culturable command area in an irrigation project or the
generation capacity for hydro-electric projects in EIA notification.
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As per Schedule enclosed with the EIA notification of Sept 2006 and subsequent
amendments, irrigation projects are listed at item 1(c); major projects greater than or equal
to 50,000 ha CCA are category A projects, major projects greater than or equal to 10,000 ha
and less than 50,000 ha CCA are category B1 projects and medium projects greater than
2,000 ha and less than 10,000 ha CCA are category B2 projects (as per amendment to EIA
Notification dated August 14, 2018).
Scoping: This would require submission of an application to SEIAA (for Category B
Projects)/MOEF&CC (for Category A Projects) for issuance of Terms of Reference (TOR) to
undertake EIA study. The application consists of Project Report and duly filled in Form 1
with proposed TOR. On completion and submission of application for approval of TOR to
SEIAA/ MOEF&CC, a technical presentation before the State Expert Appraisal Committee
(SEAC) or EAC of MoEF&CC for Scoping Clearance is made; as the case may be.
This case was submitted for Scoping Clearance to MoEF&CC prior to August 14, 2018
amendment i.e. when CCA of 10,000 ha and greater was considered as Category A project.
The matter was discussed in 9th meeting of EAC held on 24/10/2017 for TOR and Scoping
clearance was accorded by MoEF&CC on November 29, 2017. Scoping Clearance giving
Terms of Reference (TOR) and Compliance to TOR, giving details of coverage of TOR in EIA
study are enclosed as Annexure I & II respectively.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study of Gond Major Irrigation Project has been
carried out with a view to assess the impacts of project on the surrounding area so as to
suggest mitigation and management measures to minimize such impacts. EIA study for such
projects is mandatory as per EIA Notification of September 2006, which describes the
environment clearance procedure.
Public Consultation: On completion of draft EIA/EMP reports and its executive summary,
public consultation is conducted through public consultation process coordinated by State
Pollution Control Board, as stipulated in EIA notification. Project proponent takes lead in
submitting requisite fee and application to State Pollution Control Board.
On successful completion of Public Consultation Process, EIA/EMP reports are updated if
required, incorporating any suggestions/observation made during Public Consultation
process and revised reports are submitted by project proponent to SEIAA/ MOEF&CC for
Appraisal. Video and text of Public Consultation is submitted by State Pollution Control
Board to SEIAA/ MOEF&CC directly.
Appraisal: A detailed presentation is made before SEAC/EAC during final appraisal and
after successful completion; SEAC/EAC recommends the case to SEIAA/ MOEF&CC and EC
letter is issued by SEIAA/ MOEF&CC.
1.7 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT The document for the EIA study for the proposed Project has been presented in this
document. The contents of the document are organized as follows:
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SECTION – I: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report
Chapter-1: Introduction: The Chapter gives brief of the project. The Environmental
Clearance procedure and the related policies, legal and administrative framework for the
same have been summarized in this chapter. The objectives and need for EIA study too
have been covered.
Chapter-2: Project Description: It gives the salient features of the project and also the brief
of major components of the project. In addition, the detail of land requirement for
different components of the project has been covered.
Chapter-3: Description of Environment: It gives the description of the environment
covering study area, study period, methodology, environmental baseline status which is a
compilation of primary and secondary data for various physico-chemical and biological
environmental parameters in the project study area.
Chapter-4: Description of Social Environment: It summarizes socio-economics aspects of
the project study area and project affected as well as benefitted villages.
Chapter-5: Assessment of Impacts: It describes the anticipated positive and negative
impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Gond major
irrigation project. It is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions
of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and
operation of the proposed project. An attempt was made to forecast future environmental
conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which cannot
be quantified, the general approach has been to discuss such intangible impacts in
qualitative terms so that planners and decision makers are aware of their existence as well
as their possible implications.
SECTION – II: Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
The Section-II of the report deals with different Environmental Management Plans
prepared to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts. The contents of the Part-II are
organized as follows:
Chapter-1: Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: CAT plan methodology suggested by
SLUSI has been used and Silt Yield Index (SYI) method has been used for categorization of
sub-watersheds into priority classes. Treatment measures for very severe and severe
categories of sub-watersheds have been formulated. Cost required for implementation of
CAT Plan too has been estimated.
Chapter-2: Command Area Development (CAD) Plan: It gives the details of
implementation schedule with a sample CAD plan.
Chapter-3: Biodiversity Conservation & Management Plan: It delineates the plan for
mitigation of anticipated adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed
project on the biodiversity of the area. The approach for formulation of Biodiversity
Conservation Plan is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA Study for Gond Major Irrigation Project
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negative ones. After suggesting environmental mitigation measures, the cost required for
implementation of various measures is also estimated.
Chapter-4: Fisheries Conservation & Management Plan: It describes the various measures
to be undertaken for the Conservation & Management of the fish fauna.
Chapter-5: Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) Plan: covers the R&R and local area
development Plan for Project Affected Families. R&R plan formulated as a part of this
chapter is based upon the socio-economic status assessed through the surveys conducted.
Chapter-6: Landscaping & Restoration of Quarry & Working Areas: This chapter covers
adverse impact of construction activities on the landscape and suggests measures for
restoration of the disturbed area back to their similar or near-similar pre-construction
conditions and land use. It also includes green belt to be created along reservoir periphery
and around the colony areas.
Chapter-7: Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan: This Chapter describes the possibility of slope
failures, land slips, etc. due to fluctuation in water level along the reservoir periphery. In
order to mitigate the same, Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan and measures for treatment of
existing landslides/ slips, and prevention of further slides by undertaking engineering as
well as biological measures have been suggested. The cost estimation for various activities
involved has also been made.
Chapter-8: Muck Management Plan: It deals with the rehabilitation of muck that is likely to
be generated during the construction of various project components and also suggests
measures for both engineering and biological measures for restoration of muck disposal
sites in environmentally sustainable manner.
Chapter-9: Solid Waste Management Plan: This chapter describes issues related to solid
waste disposal that are likely to accrue during the construction period and also the
formulation of management plan for the same. It also includes labour management plan
for their health and safety.
Chapter-10: Public Health Delivery System: This chapter deals with the basic health care
facilities available in the area and setting up of new infrastructure as well as improvement
of existing infrastructure along with the cost estimates.
Chapter-11: Energy Conservation Measures: It deals with the provisions being made for
the reduction of pressure on the adjoining forest of the project area during the
construction period energy conservation measures like subsidy for fuel wood, etc. along
with the cost of these measures.
Chapter-12: Ground Water Management Plan: This chapter deals with implementation of
plan to provide adequate water in command for irrigation and reduce pressure on ground
water extraction for irrigation.
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Chapter-13: Environmental Safeguards during Construction: This chapter deals with
environmental safeguards during construction activities including road construction.
Chapter-14: Dam Break Modeling & Disaster Management plan: Dam Break Modeling
using MIKE11 model has been conducted. The results of the modeling exercise are outlined
in this Chapter. Disaster Management Plan (DMP) too has been outlined for
implementation in case of Dam Break.
Chapter-15: Environmental Monitoring Plan: This chapter deals with the issues of
implementation of various mitigation measures and environmental management plans
during project construction and operation phases. The environmental monitoring plan has
been suggested to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to
compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases. This
will help the project proponents to formulate remedial measures not foreseen during the
planning stage but arising during these phases and to generate data for further use.
Chapter-16: Compensatory Afforestation Programme: This Chapter discusses various
aspects of Compensatory Afforestation Programme to be implemented by the State Forest
Department.
Chapter-17: Cost Estimates: It summarizes the cost to be incurred for implementation of
the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Environmental Monitoring
Programme.
Chapter-18: This chapter summarizes proceedings of public hearing conducted by M P
Pollution Control Board at Village Jalpani, Tehsil Sarai, District Singrauli and Primary School,
Village Amradandi, Tehsil Kusmi, District Sidhi.
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2.1 INTRODUCTION Gond Major Irrigation project has been conceived by Water Resources Department, Madhya
Pradesh. The Project is proposed on Gopad river near Village Jalpani, Block Baidhan, Tehsil
Sarai of District Singrauli. Earlier two separate projects viz. Jalpani, Nigri and Majhuli were
planned; Gond is planned as a new scheme where these two projects are combined into
single project.
The project consists of construction of side channel spillway earthen dam of 1660 m long
and 37.31 m high (from deepest foundation level) across meandering Gopad river.
Construction of dam will submerge about 1263.401 ha. The proposed channel for diverting
the flood and housing the gate and power house is about 220m wide and 1725m long. The
bed level of channel is proposed at RL-405 m at U/s and 398.00 at D/s end. A diversion
sluice 3.5x3.5 m is provided to facilitate diversion of non-monsoon flow during construction.
Radial gates at (18 x 15 m) will be kept open from June to September end and will be closed
post monsoon, say by middle of October to flush out silt and maintain reservoir capacity.
The catchment area at dam site is 2095 sq.km and yield is 578.39 MCM, which is
substantially higher than live storage of reservoir (96.485 MCM); with this arrangement
neither silt is deposited nor there is any deficiency in capacity of reservoir. The total crop
water requirement is only 118.88 MCM, which can be met with storage even during the
driest period.
The water is delivered to a balancing reservoir at a distance of about 16 km on the bank of
Gopad river. Balancing reservoir has a capacity of 5 MCM (live storage capacity) which also
acts as sedimentary tank for silt. Offtakes from reservoir are planned to provide piped
irrigation network for 28,000 ha CCA. A 4 MW powerhouse is planned near intake structure
to meet the power requirement for irrigation water distribution and lighting, making the
project self-sufficient in terms of power requirement.
Salient features of the project are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Salient Features
1 GENERAL
(a) Name of the Project : Gond Major Project
(b) Type of the Project : Irrigation
(c) Location : Near Village Jalpani
(d) Latitude : 23°53’21”
(e) Longitude : 82°14’35”
(f) River Basin : Ganga
(g) Located on River : Gopad River
(h) Sub Basin : Gopad River Sub Basin
(i) Tehsil : Sarai
Chapter 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA Study of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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(j) District : Singrauli
(k) State : Madhya Pradesh
2 HYDROLOGY
(a) Catchment Area : 2095.00 sq km
(b) Intercepted Catchment Area : 71.57 sq km
(c) Net Catchment Area : 2023.43 sq km
(d) Rain Gauge Stations : Devsar, Kusmi, Bharatpur,
Manendragar and Sonhat
(e) Period of Data Availability : 29 Years, (1984-2012-13)
(f) Gauge & Discharge Site : Bhari (Jhoko) in Sidhi Distt.:- 5815 Sq
km
(g) Period of Data Availability : 23 years (1984-85 to -2006-07)
(h) Rainfall Runoff Equations Developed
(X is Rainfall & Y is Runoff in cm) : -
(i) Available Annual Yield at Dam Site 75% Dependable 578.39 MCM
(j) Number of existing & proposed U/s Project : 7
(k) Planned Utilization by the U/s project : 5.76 MCM
(l) Hydro-meteorology Station : -
3 HYDROLOGY
(a) Record of Observed Floods : Nil
(b) Type of Dam : Intermediate
(c) Design Flood : Probable Maximum Flood
(d) Design Storm Depth : 1 Day PMF of 503.40 mm
(e) Estimated SPF : 17937.72 cumec
(f) Flood Lift : 0.00 m
4 SEDIMENT ESTIMATION
(a) Sediment Rate : (0.75 Ac ft/sq mile/Yr)
(b) Net Catchment Area : 2095 sq km
(c) Sediment Inflow in Reservoir :
25 Years : 258.49 ha-m
50 Years : 516.99 ha-m
75 Years : 775.48 ha-m
100 Years : 1033.98 ha-m
(d) New Zero Elevation (With FRL 423.00 m)
100 yr Sediment : 416.40 m (used to fix Sill Level)
5 PRINCIPAL LEVELS
(a) Lowest Sill Level (LSL) : 408.00 m
(b) Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) : 408.00 m
(c) Full Reservoir Level (FRL) : 423.00 m
(d) Maximum Water Level (MWL) : 423.00 m
(e) Top Bund Level (TBL) : 427.00 m
(f) Dead Storage : 3.87 MCM
(g) Gross Storage : 100.35 MCM
(h) Live Storage : 96.49 MCM
(k) Submergence at FRL : 1263.401 ha
6 IRRIGATION
(a) Gross Command Area : 49,000 ha
(b) Culturable Command Area : 28,000 ha
(c) Annual Irrigation Proposed : 28,000 ha
Rabi : 28,000 ha
(d) Intensity of Irrigation : 100.00%
7 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
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(a) Type of Demand : 5.50 MCM
8 DAM DATA
(a) Type of Dam : Side channel Spillway with Earthen
Dam
(b) Total Length of Dam : 1660.00 m
(c) Barrage
(i) Length of Spill Channel : 1725.00 m
(ii) No. of Gates (including standby) : 09
(iii) Deepest foundation Level : 399.00 m
(iv) Crest Level : 408.00 m
(v) Maximum Height above foundation : 28.00 m
(vi) Peak flood Discharge : 17937.72 cumec
(d) Overflow Dam :
(ii) Length : 40.00 m
(iv) Maximum height above foundation : 28.00 m
(e) Earth Dam
(i) Length of Dam : 1660.00 m
(ii) Maximum height : 37.31 m
9 PENSTOCK PROVISION/HEAD REGULATOR FOR POWER
GENERATION
Size of barrel : (3.00 x 3.00) m
Location : Right Flank
10 CANAL
(a) Main Canal Length (Barrel Duct) : 16.00 km
Total no. of Minors on LBC : Minors
(b) Total GCA : 49,000 ha
(c) Total CCA : 28,000 ha
(d) Head discharge Required : 11.76 cumec
(e) Head discharge Designed : 11.76 cumec
(f) No. of villages benefited : 147
(g) Pipe System : Main, Minor, Sub Minor, Field
Channel and Water Course
11 SUBMERGENCE DETAILS
(a) Private Land :
(i) Irrigated Land : 0.00 ha
(ii) Unirrigated Land : 216.249 ha
(b) Govt. Land : 699.182 ha
(c) Forest area : 347.97 ha
(d) Total submergence area : 1263.401 ha
(e) Total CCA : 28,000 ha
12 ESTIMATE
(a) Land : Rs 18364.639 Lakh
(b) Unit-1 : Rs. 59813.24 Lakh
Unit-2 : Rs. 49954.12 Lakh
Total Cost : Rs. 109767.36 Lakh
(c) Cost Per ha : 3.92
(d) B.C. Ratio : 1.76 @ 10%
13 Name of village coming under submergence :
Jalpani, Amradandi, Langhadol, Kyoti,
Kyurchu, Pura, Bhadeli, Singrawal,
Buchro
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2.2 LOCATION AND CONNECTIVITIY The project is located in the Ganga Sub Basin in Sarai Tehsil of Singrauli district. The
proposed reservoir near Village Jalpani is located at Latitude 23°53’21” and Longitude
82°14’35” and geographically covered under SOI toposheet no. 64I/1. Geographically the
command area is covered under SOI toposheet no. 63H/12, 63H/16, 63L/4, 63L/8, 64I/1 and
64I/5. The dam site is approachable from Sarai at 47 km. The location of the project is
shown in Figure 2.1.
2.3 LAND REQUIREMENT The total land requirement for proposed project is 1442.148 ha; out of which 833.259 ha
is government land, 225.019 ha is private land and 383.87 ha is forest land. Total
1263.401 ha of area will be submerged, out of which 699.182 ha is government land,
216.249 ha is private land and 347.97 ha is forest land. In addition to this 175 ha. of land
will be required on temporary basis for laying of pipeline for distribution of water. The
details are given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Details of Land Requirement
S.
No. Land Use Details
Land Required for Different Components (ha)
Total Area
(ha) Dam
Site
(ha)
Waste
Weir
(ha)
Submergence
(ha)
Power
Generation
(ha)
Canal
(ha)
1 Government Land 40.741 32.35 699.182 60.986 0.00 833.259
2 Private Land
(unirrigated) 0.00 8.77 216.249 0.00 0.00 225.019
3 Forest Land 9.00 10.10 347.97 0.00 16.80 383.87
Total Area (ha) 49.741 51.22 1263.401 60.986 16.80 1442.148
As per the proposal for Stage-I clearance for diversion of forest land submitted to MoEF&CC
vide Proposal No. FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016 dated 23/10/2017, the total forest proposed
to be diverted is 383.87 ha. Out of which, 154.12 ha of forest land under the jurisdiction of
Singrauli Forest Division falls in Singrauli district while the rest 229.748 ha of forest land
under the jurisdiction of Sanjay Tiger Reserve falls in Sidhi district. The details are given in
Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Details of Forest Land Requirement
S.
No. District Division
Forest Land
(ha) Legal Status
1 Singrauli Singrauli
43.60 Reserved Forest
2 110.52 Protected Forest
3 Sidhi Sanjay Tiger Reserve
227.708 Reserved Forest
4 2.04 Protected Forest
TOTAL 383.868
Source: http://forestsclearance.nic.in/viewreport.aspx?pid=FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016
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Figure 2.1: Location Map of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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2.4 CATCHMENT AREA OF PROJECT Gopad River, one of the right bank tributaries of the Son River, emerges from the hills on
the north of Sonhat plateau in Sarguja district of Chattishgarh. It receives water from Goini
and Neur rivers. After that it flows towards north and west in stages and meets with other
rivers such as the Sehra, the Kandas and the Mohan during its course through Singrauli
district. Then the stream merges with the Son near Bardi and joins the Ganges after a long
journey. The catchment area of the project up to the proposed dam site is 2095 km2. The
elevation of the catchment varies from about El. 401.0m to about El. 1048.0m. Length of
Gopad river up to the proposed dam site is around 90.0 km. The catchment area map is
shown in Figure 2.2.
2.5 COMMAND AREA OF PROJECT A command area to be benefited from the project lies downstream of the proposed Gond
reservoir and covers 147 villages. Out of the total 147 villages, 65 villages falls in Majhauli
tehsil of Sidhi district while the rest 82 villages falls in Sarai and Deosar tehsils of Singrauli
district. The proposed Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 28,000 ha is irrigated by piped
irrigation system. The proposed command area is divided into 3 commands namely Jalpani,
Nigri and Majhuali. The details are given in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Command Area
S. No. Command Area GCA (ha) CCA (ha)
1 Jalpani 19340 9959
2 Nigri 11415 8118
3 Majhauli 18245 9923
2.6 HYDROLOGY The discharge data for 29 Years, (1984-2012-13) at protect site is generated by making use
of Rainfall Runoff relation developed for Monsoon months at Bhari (Jhoko) in Sidhi distt.-
5815 Sqkm Gauge & Discharge Site and the Weighted Mean Rainfall at project site. The
adopted 75 % dependable yield as live storage for the Gond Major Irrigation Project is
578.39 MCM.
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Figure 2.2: Catchment Area Map of Gopad River
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2.7 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MAIN COMPONENTS OF PROJECT a. Reservoir and Submergence Area
The reservoir shall impound 9 villages. All the villages are under partial submergence.
(Refer Figure 2.3). During filling and withdrawal operation, the water in reservoir shall
undergo fluctuation between FRL (423.0 m) to Lowest Sill Level (408.0 m). The river banks
are of sound rock in the reservoir area and shall be able to withstand the pore water
pressure changes. Once the size of project components is frozen and the project
completed, there shall be no change in elevation of MWL, FRL, MDDL and LSL. The silt
inflow in reservoir for 100 years has been estimated as 1033.98 ha-m. New zero elevation
(with FRL 423 m) after 100 years sediment is estimated as 416.40 m (used to fix Sill level).
The project area involves submergence of forest, revenue and private land to the tune of
347.97 ha, 699.182 ha and 216.249 ha, respectively.
b. Earthen dam
An Earthen Dam of maximum height 37.31 m and length 1660 (930+420+250+60) m. The
Earth Dam is designed as a homogenous section. The required soil is available in the
reservoir area in full with specified properties of C-φ and unit weights (Refer Figure 2.3).
c. Barrage
Barrage on right flank of 162m (Pier to Pier) in length and 28m in height (measured from
foundation RL of 399m) having capacity to pass the flood discharges 17937.72 cumec is
proposed. Non Over-flow dam of 40 m length on both flanks with a maximum height of
28m above foundation is proposed (Refer Figure 2.3).
d. Irrigation Sluice
Canal System is proposed to take-off from Sluice on right flank of Barrage. Barrel type
Sluice on right flank with 1 vent of (2.50 x 2.80) m opening is proposed (Refer Figure 2.3).
e. Canal System
Maximum discharge required to be released into the canal is 11.55 cumec, including
provision of 10% for future expansion; the pipe system is designed to carry 11.76 cumec of
discharge. The entire command area is proposed to be irrigated through hose pipe system
consisting of main, minor, sub minor, field channel and water course. Bed level of the canal
is kept at RL 408.00 m at commencement. Rabi Crops such as Wheat, Gram & oil seed are
predominantly cultivated in the command area. As per the new guidelines, the irrigation is
designed for Rabi crops. The proposed CCA is 28,000 ha and the intensity of irrigation is
100%. Details of Main Duct barrel from dam to balancing reservoir is given in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5: Details of Main Duct Barrel from Dam to Balancing Reservoir
S. No. Hydraulic Particulars Quantity 1 Required Discharge (Qr) 11.76 2 Designed Discharge (Cd) 11.76 3 Duct Size, (m) 2.8 x 2.8 4 No. of Barrel 1 5 Velocity (m/sec) 1.50 6 Culturable command area (Ha) 28,000 7 Length (Km) 16
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f. Rising Main
Abstract of Rising Main is given in Table 2.6. For layout refer Figure 2.3.
Table 2.6: Abstract of Rising Main
S. No. Particular Length (m)
1 Manufacturing, supplying, laying in position, aligning,
jointing, testing and commissioning of electric resistance
welded/ submerged arc welded mildsteel (Fe-410grade)
rising main pipe of specified diameter and plate thickness
provided with flanges/ outlets wherever required for
connecting to manifold system/ for fixing valves and
provided with 406 micron food grade epoxy for inner lining
and outer lining of polyurethane/ 3LPE/ Shotcrete over 13
gauge 50x50 mm opening size weld mesh including cost of
all materials, machinery, labour, cutting, bending, welding,
cement mortar lining, finishing, curing, conveying to spot,
lowering, aligning, jointing, arranging water for testing,
hydraulic testing at manufacturing site and after laying and
jointing at specified test pressure etc., complete as per
specifications and approved drawings.
a 1800mm Dia. Pipe of 11mm thick 5000
b 1800mm Dia. Pipe of 11 mm thick 7500
c 1100mm Dia. Pipe of 6 mm thick 7500
d 2200mm Dia. Pipe of 12 mm thick 21000
e 1300mm Dia. Pipe of 8 mm thick 3500
f 1900mm Dia. Pipe of 11 mm thick 7500
g. Power Design
Total power requirement for the project is 1921 KW and the total power provided is
2000 KW. The detail of power design is given in Table 2.7 to Table 2.9.
Table 2.7: Power Design (Rising Main)
S. No. Particulars Unit RM + DC
1 CCA ha 28000
2 Duty lit./sec/ha 0.42
3 Discharge Cumecs 11.76
4 Velocity m/s 1.5
5 Length m 16000
6 Size of Gravity main RCC Barrel m 2.8x2.8
7 Area of Gravity main RCC Barrel sqm 7.84
8 Equivalent Dia m 3.16
9 Minimum Elevation Available @ reservoir in Dec/Jan m 414
10 Frictional Loss m 7
11 Energy level available m 407
12 FRL of BR m 407
13 Level of outlet from BR m 403
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Table 2.8: Power Design (By Boosting)
S. No. Command I (Jalpani) Unit RM
1 CCA ha 9960
2 Duty lit./sec/ha 0.42
3 Discharge Cumecs 4.18
4 Average level of command area m 430
5 Length of Rising Main m 5000
6 Velocity in Rising main m/s 1.6
7 Diameter of Rising main m 1.8
8 Friction Loss in RM of command area including bend
and valve losses m 4.29
9 Command area loss i/c Frictional losses m 22.50
10 Provision for exit gradient and filter losses m 1.5
11 Total head required for pressurised irrigation m 28.29
12 Elevation To be pumped m 433.11
13 Head to be pumped m 30.11
14 Power Requirement KW 1670
15 Total Power Requirement i/c of Aux. Power KW 1921
16 Total Power Provided KW 2000
Table 2.9: Power Design (By Gravity)
S.
No. Particulars Unit
Command II
(Nigri) GM1
Command II
(Nigri) GM3
Command III
(Majhauli)
GM4
GM2
1 CCA ha 3400 4720 9920 1464
0
2 Duty lit./sec/ha 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42
3 Discharge Cumecs 1.43 1.98 4.17 6.15
4 Average level of command area m 382 - 360 -
5 Length m 15000 7000 10000 2100
0
6 Velocity m/s 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
7 Diameter of Gravity main m 1.1 1.3 1.9 2.2
8
Friction Loss in GM of command
area including bend and valve
losses
m 22.03 8.72 7.32 14.9
9 Command area losses m - 7 10 -
10 Provision for exit gradient and
filter losses m 1.5 1.5 1.5 -
11 Total head required for
pressurised irrigation m 23.53 17.22 18.82 -
12 Elevation which can be served m 383.51 360.09 358.50 -
13 Command area to be served 382 360 359 -
14 Head to be pumped m 0 0 0 -
15 Power Requirement KW 0 0 0 -
16 Total Power Requirement i/c of
Aux. Power KW 0 0 0 -
17 Total Power Provided KW 0 0 0 -
18 Energy level @ Bifurcation m - - - 392.2
19 Energy Level available @ End m - - - 377.3
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h. Desilting and Anti-corrosion measures in Pipelines
For desilting and anti-corrosion, provision of drain valve at an interval of every 200 m has
been made. In addition, pipes are with polyurethane lining, as anti-corrosion measure.
i. Measures for Leakage and Bursting of Pipelines
Provision of M.S. Pipe having bursting strength of 10 times from head in case of water
logging has been made for Rising Main and Gravity Main. These pipes are not anti-burst
and will burst in case of more than 10 times of pressure only. The joints of M.S. Pipe are
with 3 stages of wielding and will be laid down 2 m from ground surface. Hence, there
won’t be leakage problem in this pipe.
2.8 IRRIGATION PLANNING AND CROPPING PATTERN The criteria for irrigation planning of a water resource project in an area, where
monsoon flow of a seasonal river has to be harnessed, are the 75% dependable yield and
the availability of water for irrigation purpose besides the existing cropping pattern, the
proposed cropping pattern, and the existing modes of irrigation. Based on the proposed
cropping pattern, the water requirement for area proposed for different crops is
computed and month wise requirement is worked out.
Under the proposed scheme, irrigation is planned over 28,000 ha CCA in Rabi season
only.
2.8.1 Existing Cropping Pattern in Command Area
Based upon DPR, the command area under 147 villages is being cultivated in Rabi
and Kharif crop seasons. The total area being cultivated in Kharif and Rabi season is
4000 ha and 20000 ha respectively. During Kharif, paddy and maize crops are being
grown in 3000 ha and 1000 ha respectively. During Rabi, wheat, gram and mustard are
being grown in 8000 ha, 9000 ha and 3000 ha respectively. The existing cropping pattern
is shown in Table 2.10.
Table 2.10: Existing Cropping Pattern in the Command Area
S. No. Kharif Crops Area (ha) Rabi Crops Area (ha)
1 Paddy 3,000 Wheat 8,000
2 Maize 1,000 Gram 9,000
3 Mustard 3,000
Total 4,000 Total 20,000
2.8.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area
At present the area under Rabi crop is 20,000 ha which implies that about 8,000 ha area
is not being sown. Based on the existing cropping pattern and for boosting the
production per hectare emphasis has been laid on development of improved varieties of
wheat and the gram. The crop intensity has been adopted as 100% of the CCA viewing
the availability of water earmarked in the reservoir for irrigation purpose. The proposed
cropping pattern is shown in Table 2.11.
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Table 2.11: Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area
S. No. Rabi Crops Area (ha) Percentage of CCA
1 Wheat-ORD 12,500 44.64
2 Gram 12,500 44.64
3 Mustard 3,000 10.72
Total 28,000 100
2.9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE After commissioning of the project, operation & maintenance shall be carried out of all
components of the project including associated works in accordance with prudent utility
practice. O&M manual shall be prepared and following activities shall be covered during O&M.
i) Whole pipe line system including its structures and maintenance of all pumps and
electro-mechanical components.
ii) Services necessary to maintain the project efficiently maximize the availability of the
water & optimize the useful life of the project.
iii) Providing requisite numbers of qualified personnel to perform the services.
iv) Carrying out maintenance of the total pipe line system and carry out repair and
preventive maintenance in accordance with the requirements.
v) Maintenance or repairs or rectification work in case of any problem or emergency that
may arise while the system is in-operation.
vi) Providing technical and other assistance in solving operational and maintenance problems.
vii) Maintenance of all roads, yards, walkways, the colony, housekeeping and security of
the project.
viii) Suggestions for improvement in the operation and maintenance schedule for better
performance.
ix) Preparation of Annual Operation Plan.
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Figure 2.3: Project Layout Map of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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2.10 PROTECTED AREAS (PA) IN VICINITY Sanjay Tiger Reserve is the nearest protected area from the project site (refer Figure 2.4).
In this regard, a letter was issued by Chief Wildlife Warden (Ref: माचि/2017/4386
dated 28/07/2017 – refer Annexure III) mentioning that the proposed dam site is about
10 km away from Sanjay Tiger Reserve. Eco-sensitive Zone of Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve
which includes Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary was notified
vide gazette notification dated 28/08/2017. The extent of Eco-Sensitive Zone is up to 2
kilometers from the boundary of Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife
Sanctuary, which together constitute the Core Area of the Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve.
2.11 PROJECT BENEFITS AND RECOMMENDATIONS On completion of the Project the following benefits can be derived.
Annual Rabi irrigation of 28,000 ha
Rise in sub-soil water level in the project Area
Development of fisheries in the reservoir
Employment to local labour largely tribes during construction period.
The scheme is proposed in tribal area with low standard of living. The percentage of
submergence of Culturable land to the proposed irrigation is 2.66% which is well within
the WRD norms. The scheme is recommended for implementation due to following
reasons:
Gond Major Irrigation Project is proposed across Gopad River with catchment
area of 2095 Sq. Km.
No better storage site is available in the River
The huge Culturable Command Area of about 28,000 ha spread over 147 villages
mainly comprising small land holding famers will be benefitted.
The area has large population of tribes with very low standard of living
The government is also keen for developing the drought prone region.
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Figure 2.4: Map Showing Protected Area in the Vicinity of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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3.1 GENERAL
This chapter covers the baseline status of physical and biological environment of proposed
Gond Major Irrigation Project covering the description of study area, methodology of
baseline data collection leading to establishment of baseline for valued environmental
components, as identified in the scope.
Base maps of all environmental components are included at appropriate sections. The
study methodology has been defined to address the standard Terms of Reference (TOR)
issued for this assignment by EAC, MoEF&CC, Government of India during the scoping
clearance issued in November 2017.
The baseline data collected during the studies has been divided into the following three
main categories.
Physico-chemical aspects
Ecological aspects
Socio-economic and Demography profile of command area
The baseline data presented in this chapter covers Physical and Biological environment
whereas Socio-economic aspects have been covered in a separate chapter. The baseline
status has been prepared from primary data collected during field surveys undertaken for
the same which was then supplemented with data/information gathered during interaction
with concerned persons of various government departments and available literature and
reports published by various institutions and organizations.
3.2 STUDY AREA The Study Area for assessment of environmental baseline status was delineated as
follows:
The area within 10 km radius of the main project components like proposed
reservoir area, open canal and dam site
Area within 2.5 km buffer on either side of pipeline (water conductor system) in
proposed command area
Command area
Water Conductor System - The water conductor system is the piped network designed to
lift water from the canal and distribute in the command area.
Command Area - The command area is the area of Gond Major Irrigation Project covering
28,000 ha land which will be irrigated by drip/sprinkler irrigation under the proposed
irrigation project. Some of the command area falls outside the study area.
A map of the study area prepared based upon the above criteria is given at Figure 3.1.
Chapter
3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
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Figure 3.1: Map Showing Study Area
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To understand the topography of the study are, Digital Elevation Map, Relief map, and
slope map were prepared from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Advanced Space borne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model
(GDEM) Version 2 data was downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ from which
mask of the study was extracted to prepare above mentioned thematic maps. These maps
are given at Figures 3.2, 3.3 & 3.4. Digital Elevation map shows that elevation in the study
area varies between 304 and 823m. Most of the area in Jalpani command is between 300
and 400m whereas in Majhauli and Nigri commands it is below 400m. Majority of the study
area falls under Moderately sloping to Gently sloping categories (see Table 3.1)
constituting nearly 88% of the study area.
Figure 3.2: Digital Elevation Map of the Study Area
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Figure 3.3: Relief Map of the Study Area
Figure 3.4: Slope Map of the Study Area
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Table 3.1: Area under different Slope Categories in the Study Area Slope Category (Slope in Degrees) Area (Sq km) Area (%) Gently Sloping (Up to 2) 419.82 25.79 Moderately Sloping (2 – 8) 1046.57 62.46 Strongly Sloping (8 – 15) 146.32 7.46 Moderately Steep (15 – 30) 69.34 3.62 Steep (30 – 45) 11.47 0.60 Very Steep (45 – 60) 1.15 0.06 Extremely Steep (60 – 70) 0.03 0.00 Total 1694.71 100
3.3 DATA COLLECTION
As described above, baseline status has been prepared from primary data collected during
field surveys undertaken which was then supplemented with secondary data/information
gathered during interaction with concerned persons of various government departments
and available literature and reports published by various institutions and organizations.
3.3.1 Data Collected during Field Surveys
The Environmental Baseline Chapter comprises of compilation of data on different
environmental parameters both physical and biological environment (surface water,
ground water, soil, ambient air quality, noise, traffic, vegetation, faunal elements including
mammals, birds, herpetofauna) which was collected during field surveys conducted in
three seasons winter/lean (December 2017), Pre-monsoon (May 2018) and monsoon
(August 2018).
Part of the data on physical environment relevant to the study area i.e. on air, noise and
water quality in the study area was provided by Regional Office, Madhya Pradesh Pollution
Control Board (MPPCB), Vindhyanagar, Singrauli for the field monitoring undertaken during
monsoon and winter and for soil analysis by Central Laboratory, MPPCB, Bhopal. The data
provided by MPPCB is based upon the surveys conducted during the month of August 2016
corresponding with monsoon season and in December 2016 which corresponds with
winter/lean season. This data however was supplemented and updated with data collected
during the field surveys conducted conducted during winter (December 2017), Pre-
monsoon (May 2018) and Monsoon (August 2018) wherein the baseline data was collected
on Ambient Air Quality, Noise, Surface as well as Ground water quality.
In addition to data on physical parameters data on biological parameters i.e. flora and
fauna also was collected during these seasonal surveys.
3.3.2 Secondary Data
The published documents were collected from government agencies, scientific studies and
project officials as the secondary information source of the area, required for EIA studies.
Sources and data so collected have been mentioned below:
For soil maps, Soil Atlas by National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning
(NBSS &LUP), Nagpur
District Ground Water Information Booklet of Singrauli and Sidhi Districts by Central
Ground Water Board
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National Ambient Air Quality Series: NAAQMS/36/2012-13, Guidelines for the
measurement of Ambient Air Pollutants
Water Quality Criteria of Central Pollution Control Board
(http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Water Quality_Criteria.php)
For the generation of FCC, Satellite data of LANDSAT 8 bands 3, 4 and 5 were used
Department of Statistics, Singrauli and Sidhi: District Statistical Handbook published
by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
Census of India 2011: Demography of the study area
Madhya Pradesh Forest Department: Forest Working Plan of Singrauli and Sidhi
Forest Divisions
http://intranet.mpforest.gov.in/MPFD15/WPMS/Workingplanlibrary/ViewContent.
aspx?circularid=23&DivId=11203
‘A Revised Survey of the Forest Type of India’ by Champion and Seth (1968) for
forest type classification of the forests in study area
Meteorological Data: The data on meteorology was downloaded from
https://www.worldweatheronline.com which is available for last 9 years
Partial Data on Ambient Air quality Monitoring was provided by State Pollution
Control Board which was supplemented during the field surveys
Partial data on Water Quality and Ambient Air Quality monitoring was obtained
from Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board
Partial Data on Ambient Air quality Monitoring was provided by State Pollution
Control Board which was supplemented and updated during the field surveys
3.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.4.1 Meteorology
The proposed command area of the project lies in Singrauli and Sidhi districts, which
experiences mostly semi-arid condition, sub-tropical zone with long dry season. The south-
west monsoon hit the months of June to September of proposed area maximum rainfall
occurring between these months. The temperature in the command area starts rising in
the month of February and reaches maximum in the month of May and then decreases till
January. May and January are the hottest and coldest months of the year, respectively. In
summer, day temperature remains high throughout, nights are colder and pleasant. The
meteorological data for Singrauli and Sidhi districts was downloaded from online weather
portal https://www.weatheronline.in/.
3.4.1.1 Temperature
The data on temperature of the study area for 9 years from 2009 to 2017 was downloaded
from the online weather portal. The average mean monthly maximum and minimum
temperature was plotted and the same is given at Figure 3.5. According to it average mean
maximum temperature of 41.10C was recorded during the month of May and average
mean minimum temperature of 12.70C during the month of January (reference year 2009-
2017).
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Figure 3.5: Average Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature for the Years 2009-2017
3.4.1.2 Rainfall
The mean annual average rainfall of Singrauli and Sidhi district was recorded as 1360.67
mm (based on data for a period of 2009-2017). Maximum rainfall in the area was recorded
during 2009 with annual rainfall of 1926.59 mm with 101 rainy days. Minimum annual
rainfall was recorded during 2014 with annual average of 877.61 mm. The area receives
maximum rainfall during south west monsoon i.e. between June and September, where
about 91% of the annual average rainfall is received. Only 9% of the annual average rainfall
occurs between October and May (see Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6: Mean Monthly Average Rainfall and Number of Rainy Days
3.4.1.3 Relative Humidity
The Relative Humidity is generally low throughout the year, except during monsoon
months when average relative humidity is close to 82% in the month of August. Summer
are generally the dry months of the year with average relatively humidity as low as 17%
during years 2009-2017. Average mean monthly variation in relative humidity is given at
Figure 3.7.
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Figure 3.7: Monthly Variation in Average Relative Humidity (2009-2017)
3.4.1.4 Wind Speed
The wind speed is higher during the pre-monsoon period as compared to the post-
monsoon period. The average maximum wind speed of 17.8 Kmph is observed during the
month of June. Monthly variation in wind speed during reference years 2009-17 is given at
Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.8: Monthly Variations in Wind Speed (2009-2017) Distt. Singrauli and Sidhi
3.4.2 Geomorphology
Geomorphological description of Singrauli and Sidhi districts is based upon District Ground
Water Information Booklet published in 2013 by Central Ground Water Board, North
Central Region, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. These district exhibits
varied geomorphic units. Singrauli and Sidhi districts are characterized by Kaimur hilly
ranges, the central part hilly ranges and southern hilly ranges. There are three main rivers
that flow in the district i.e. the Son, Gopad and Rihand. The elevation in southern part of
the district varies from 365 to 488m amsl.
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3.4.3 Soil
The state of Madhya Pradesh is endowed with variety of soils ranging from rich clayey to
gravelly. The major groups of soil found in the state can be divided into 4 categories viz. i)
Alluvial Soil, ii) Deep Medium Black Soil, iii) Shallow and Medium Black Soil, and iv) Mixed Red
and Black Soils. The predominant soil type in the project area is Deep Medium Black Soil.
Major crops grown in the study area are wheat, soybean, gram and vegetables.
3.4.3.1 Soil Taxonomic Classification
The soil taxonomic (family) classification map of study area was prepared as per the data
by National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) Nagpur in cooperation
with Department of Agriculture, Government of Madhya Pradesh (1998). Soil map is given
in Figure 3.9.
Majority of soil in the area is classified as Alfisols a Soil Order as per USDA taxonomy
classes. These are typically formed in semiarid to humid areas, typically under a hardwood
forest cover. They have a clay-enriched subsoil. Majority of soil is comprised of Great
Group Haplustalfs with Typic Sub-group. Typic Haplustalfs soil subclass in the study area is
associated with Typic Rhodustalfs and covers maximum study area. It is characterized by
Slightly deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping plateau (slightly dissected) with
moderate erosion. This type of soil is found mainly in the three command areas (refer
Table 3.2 & Figure 3.9).
Table 3.2: Soil Taxonomic Classes Found in the Study Area with their Description
Soil Unit Main Group Sub Group
Area (Sq km)
Area (%)
207
Lithic Ustorthents Extremely shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steep sloping hills with escarpments with very severe erosion and moderately stony; associated with:
Lithic Ustochrepts Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on moderately sloping with severe erosion and slightly stony. 21.61 1.28
214
Lithic Ustorthents Extremely shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils on moderately sloping elongated ridges with severe erosion; associated with:
Lithic Ustochrepts Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils on moderately sloping with severe erosion and strongly stony.
5.39 0.32
230
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on very gently sloping foot hill slopes with lower pediments with moderate erosion; associated with:
Chromic Haplusterts Slightly deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion.
193.96 11.44
586
Lithic Ustorthents Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steep sloping hills and ridges with severe erosion and strong stony; associated with:
Typic Ustorthents Very shallow, excessively drained, loamy- skeletal soils on steeply sloping with very severe erosion and strongly stony. 146.55 8.65
588
Lithic Ustorthents Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils on moderately steep sloping hills and ridges with severe erosion and strong stony; associated with:
Typic Ustorthents Slightly deep, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steep sloping with very severe erosion and strongly stony.
8.26 0.49
590
Lithic Ustorthents Very Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils on very steep sloping hills and ridges with very
Typic Udorthents Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately sloping with severe erosion and moderately stony.
208.01 12.27
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Soil Unit
Main Group Sub Group Area (Sq
km) Area (%)
severe erosion and strong stony; associated with:
596
Typic Udorthents Extremely shallow, excessively drained, loamy soils on steeply sloping isolated hills with pediments with severe erosion and moderately stony; associated with:
Typic Udorthents Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils on steeply sloping with very severe erosion and moderately stony.
1.38 0.08
601
Typic Rhodustalfs Slightly deep, excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steep sloping elongated ridges with severe erosion; associated with:
Lithic Haplustalfs Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steep sloping with very severe erosion.
39.31 2.32
603
Typic Rhodustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently sloping undulating plateau with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Ustorthents Deep, well drained, sandy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion.
41.33 2.44
604
Typic Haplustalfs Slightly deep, well drained, loamy soils on very gently sloping undulating plateau with moderate erosion and slightly stony; associated with:
Typic Ustorthents Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, sandy soils on gently sloping with severe erosion and slightly stony.
23.15 1.37
607
Arenic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently sloping undulating plateau with moderate erosion and slightly stony; associated with:
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion. 12.57 0.74
609
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping undulating plateau with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Ustochrepts Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion. 133.20 7.86
612
Typic Ustochrepts Moderately deep, well drained, loamy soils on moderately sloping rolling plateau with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion and slightly stony.
36.35 2.15
618
Typic Rhodustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently sloping plateau (slightly dissected) with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently sloping with moderate erosion. 108.80 6.42
619
Typic Haplustalfs Slightly deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping plateau (slightly dissected) with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Rhodustalfs Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion. 392.19 23.14
624
Typic Haplustalfs Slightly deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping plateau (slightly dissected) with moderate erosion; associated with:
Lithic Ustochrepts Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping with slight erosion. 16.45 0.97
633
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping undulating plain with moderate erosion; associated with
Typic Rhodustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently sloping with moderate erosion. 216.42 12.77
644
Vertic Ustochrepts Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on very gently sloping plain land with moderate erosion; associated with:
Typic Haplustalfs Deep, well drained, sandy soils on gently sloping with moderate erosion. 89.78 5.30
TOTAL 1694.71 100
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Figure 3.9: Soil Map of the Study Area (refer Table 3.2 for Soil Legend)
3.4.3.2 Physico-chemical Properties of Soil
To assess the soil fertility at different locations in the study area, physical and chemical
characteristics were analyzed from 13 soil samples collected from the study area of the
project (refer Figure 3.10 and Table 3.3). Soil samples were collected with help of Khurpi
from a depth of 15 cm and from surface (top soil) after removing the grasses. Samples
were brought to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis. The soil analysis was carried out
at the Apex Testing and Research Laboratory (NABL accredited Lab.), New Delhi. Results of
analysis are given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.3: Soil Sampling Locations
Site Code Location Characteristics Area
S1 Bhadeli Agricultural Field near river
bank Dam area
S2 Buchro Forest Area near Dam site Dam area S3 Chamrach Agricultural field Nigri Command S4 Sajapani Agricultural field Jalpani Command S5 Sarai Agricultural field Jalpani Command S6 Khajuriha Agricultural field Majauli Command S7 Dhummadol Agricultural field Majauli Command
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Figure 3.10: Map of Study Area Showing Location of Soil and Vegetation Sampling Sites
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The following parameters were analyzed for soil.
Texture - Sand (%), Slit (%) and Clay (%) Alkalinity (mg/l)
Porosity (g/cc) Chloride Content (mg/kg)
Bulk Density (g/cc) Sodium (mg/kg)
Water Holding Capacity (%) Organic Carbon (%)
pH Potassium (kg/ha)
Electrical Conductivity (µmho/cm) Phosphorus (kg/ha)
Calcium (mg/kg) Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Magnesium (mg/kg) Salinity (mg/l)
The bulk density of soil varied from 1.22 to 1.43 (g/cc) and Porosity of the soil samples
varied between 0.40 and 0.50 which is ideal for plant growth (see Table 3.4). The pH values
of soil show that soil in study area is normal in nature.
Table 3.4: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil (Winter)
S. No.
Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1 Texture
Sand (% w/w) 70 69 72 75 70 71 72
Silt (% w/w) 12 13 10 11 10 12 10
Clay (% w/w) 18 18 18 14 20 17 18
2 Porosity (g/cc) 0.48 0.54 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.44 0.48
3 Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.321 1.37 1.659 1.282 1.156 1.128 1.243
4 Water Holding Capacity (%) 26.9 31 30 32 32 29 28
5 pH 6.98 6.94 7.02 7.23 7.23 6.98 7.32
6 Electrical Conductivity (µmhos/cm)
200 137 149 139 120 159 198
7 Calcium (mg/kg) 67.9 110 114.8 154.2 158.3 98.9 86.4
8 Magnesium (mg/kg) 32.5 48.9 30.4 67.2 72.45 52.9 48.8
9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 30 34 28 30 34 39 32
10 Chloride (mg/kg) 44 39 40 53 39 45 54
11 Sodium (mg/kg) 46.6 45.32 39.8 45.6 57.58 48.4 56.39
12 Organic carbon (%) 0.62 0.78 0.78 0.65 0.52 0.58 0.68
13 Phosphorus (kg/ha) 120.2 89.7 98.4 112.1 98.4 78.9 82.8
14 Nitrogen (kg/ha) 80 85 93 95 88 96 87
15 Potassium (kg/ha) 35.7 57.9 54.9 60.3 54 46.8 58.3
16 Salinity (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Table 3.5: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil (Pre-Monsoon)
S. No.
Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1 Texture Sand (% w/w) 67 68 73 70 74 73 71 Silt (% w/w) 13 15 12 14 10 11 12 Clay (% w/w) 20 17 15 16 16 16 18
2 Porosity (g/cc) 0.48 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.52 0.44 0.48 3 Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.466 1.178 1.287 1.595 1.211 1.134 1.332 4 Water Holding Capacity (%) 27 29 31 30 31 28 29
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S. No.
Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
5 pH 6.98 6.94 8.3 8.05 7.3 7.6 7.6 6 Electrical Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 186 63.7 127 49.4 82 91 253 7 Calcium (mg/kg) 16.01 8 16.01 12.01 25.13 6.36 26.78 8 Magnesium (mg/kg) 9.71 4.85 2.42 4.85 5.57 1.81 1.34 9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 8 5 8 3 5 3 2
10 Chloride (mg/kg) 49.98 28.99 54.98 74.97 88.6 88.6 176.8 11 Sodium (mg/kg) 5.7 21.1 9.5 34.1 57.58 18.64 16.29 12 Organic carbon (%) 0.58 0.59 0.51 0.55 0.56 0.61 0.60 13 Phosphorus (kg/ha) 143 132 138 124 109 106 153 14 Nitrogen (kg/ha) 76 78 81 88 72 88 92 15 Potassium (kg/ha) 16.25 6.25 11.35 3.4 40 37.3 36.4 16 Salinity (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Table 3.6: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in the study area (Monsoon) S. No. Test Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1 Texture Sand (% w/w) 72 67 71 70 76 69 71
Silt (% w/w) 9 12 9 8 7 9 10 Clay (% w/w) 19 21 20 22 17 22 19
2 Porosity (g/cc) 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.40 0.46 3 Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.3 1.22 1.23 1.43 1.38 1.3 1.28 4 Water Holding Capacity (%) 25 29.9 32 26 25 30 29 5 pH 7.4 7.5 7.22 7.4 7.8 7.6 7.1 6 Electrical Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 280 334 329 210 290 443 234 7 Calcium (mg/kg) 69.9 75.7 59.7 120.7 67.9 167.3 88.9 8 Magnesium (mg/kg) 45.4 56.4 22.2 49.9 84.8 122 26.7 9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 32 25 19 32 34 24.9 27.8
10 Chloride (mg/kg) 44 44 38 30 37 32 39 11 Sodium (mg/kg) 76.9 66.8 67.9 91.8 110.3 87.8 104.7 12 Organic Carbon (%) 0.71 0.69 0.56 0.53 0.61 0.59 0.64 13 Phosphorus (kg/ha) 25 26 35.9 22 20 20 20 14 Nitrogen (kg/ha) 125 134 120 126 127 120 132 15 Potassium (kg/ha) 76 78 80 75 72 78 82 16 Salinity (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Soil fertility status of the area was assessed based upon soil test results and based upon
Soil Fertility Rating given in table below. Organic matter an important indicator of soil
health is in ‘Medium’ range throughout the study area as it ranges from 0.52 to 0.78%.. The
soil fertility rating in terms of nitrogen concentration is in ‘Low’ range varies from 110
kg/ha to 139 kg/ha and the concentration of potassium also is in ‘Low’ range (72 kg/ha to
86 kg/ha), whereas the concentration of phosphorus ranges between 19 kg/ha and 35.9
kg/ha with fertility rating in ‘Low’ range at 5 sites and in ‘Medium’ range at 8 sites in the
study area.
Soil Fertility Rating as per Soil Fertility Book*
Soil Parameter Low Medium High
Organic Carbon (%) <0.5 0.5 to 0.75 >0.75
Available Nitrogen (kg/ha) <280 280 to 560 >560
Available Phosphorus (kg/ha) <10 10 to 25 >25
Available Potassium (kg/ha) <108 108 to 280 >280
*Source: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India (2011)
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Parameter Season/
Sites S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Organic Carbon (%)
W Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium
PM Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium
M Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
W Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
PM Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
M Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
W High High High High High High High
PM High High High High High High High
M Medium High High Medium Medium Medium High
Potassium (kg/ha)
W Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
PM Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
M Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
W=Winter; PM=Pre-monsoon; M=Monsoon
Based upon Soil Fertility rating Nutrient Index vis-à-vis NPK was calculated as follows:
(Percent samples falling in Low category x 1) + (Percent samples falling in Medium category
x 2) + (Percent samples falling in High category x 3)/100.
Based upon above Nutrient Index Soil Fertility is assessed as follows:
< 1.67 : Low
1.67 – 2.33 : Medium
> 2.33 : High
Parameter
Winter
Pre-Monsoon
Monsoon
Nutrient Index
Fertility Rating
Nutrient Index
Fertility Rating
Nutrient Index
Fertility Rating
Organic Carbon (%) 2.29 Medium 2.00 Medium 2.00 Medium
Nitrogen (kg/ha) 1.00 Low 1.00 Low 1.00 Low
Phosphorus (kg/ha) 3.00 High 3.00 High 2.43 High
Potassium (kg/ha) 1.00 Low 1.00 Low 1.00 Low
The soil fertility based upon Nutrient Index in terms of NPK as above in case of Nitrogen
and Potassium is Low (1.00) while in case of Phosphorus also is High i.e. NI is 3.00.
3.4.3.3 Conclusion The soil of the area is reddish brown and black and the texture of soil in general is
predominantly sandy-loamy. The soil fertility based upon Nutrient Index in terms of NPK as
above in case of Nitrogen and Potassium is Low (1.00) while in case of Phosphorus also is
High i.e. NI is 3.00. Major crops grown in the study area are wheat, soybean, gram and
vegetables.
3.4.4 Ground Water
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), NCR has 22 monitoring station and 5 piezometers in
Sidhi district. Hydrogeological maps of Singrauli and Sidhi districts have been prepared on
the bases of available data by CGWB. To study ground water regime of the area, pre-&
post-monsoon depth to water level maps of the district are used. Study area has been
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superimposed on the maps to get the project specific range of depth to ground water (see
Figures 3.11 & 3.12).
In general, depth to the ground water level in the Singrauli district; during pre-monsoon
ranges from 4.13m – 18.50m bgl; however, entire study area falls in 8-12 m bgl range.
Similarly, for the post-monsoon period, district range of depth to ground water is 2.94 m-
15.17 m bgl, however, study area falls in 5 & 10 m bgl (see Figure 3.11).
In Sidhi district, depth to the ground water level in general during pre-monsoon ranges
from 2.60m – 23.66m bgl; however, entire study area falls in 4 and 12 m bgl range.
Similarly, for the post-monsoon period, district range of depth to ground water is 1.05m-
15.17 m bgl, however, study area falls in less than 10 m bgl (refer Figure 3.12).
Figure 3.11: Depth to Ground Water Level – pre and post monsoon (Singrauli District)
Figure 3.12: Depth to Ground Water Level – pre and post monsoon (Sidhi District)
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CGWB, has concluded that the highest stage of ground water development of Singrauli is
32% and Sidhi district is about 66% which reveals adequate scope for future developments
of ground water for irrigation. However, since depletion of ground water levels is recorded
in ground water monitoring wells over a period, therefore a plan for artificial recharge to
be prepared so that important natural resource is again used to recharge ground water
system through feasible techniques. CGWB, also recommended conjunctive use of surface
& ground water in the area for irrigation.
3.4.5 Air Environment
The ambient air quality monitoring was done at 6 locations in the study area during Winter,
Pre-monsoon and Monsoon seasons by RSET team with the help of team of NABL
accredited laboratory (refer Table 3.7). Map showing sampling locations for Air quality
monitoring in the study area is given at Figure 3.13. Ambient air quality monitoring was
carried out for sulphur dioxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM10 and PM2.5. Air quality
monitoring was carried out conforming to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
Industrial Residential, Rural & Other Areas and Ecologically Sensitive Areas. The monitoring
was done twice a week for 24 h, 4 times in a month at each location in the study area.
From the data obtained for each of the above parameters 98 percentiles were calculated
and percentile values have been given the Table 3.8. Detailed data generated for the above
parameters during monitoring is given in Annexure-IV.
Table 3.7: Sites for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in the Study Area
Site Code Location Remarks Project Area
AQ1 Bhadeli Village Residential Area Submergence Area
AQ2 Jalpani Village Residential Area Dam Area
AQ3 Chamrach Village Residential Area Nigri Command
AQ4 Niwas Village Residential Area Nigri Command
AQ5 Sarai Village Commercial Area Jalpani Command
AQ6 Khajuriha Village Residential Area Majhauli Command
3.4.5.1 Results of AAQ monitoring
Main sources of air pollution in the study area are vehicular traffic and dust arising from village
roads. The air around project site in general is free from any pollution source. The results of
monitoring done are given in Table 3.8.
It can be seen from the perecentile values given in Tables 3.8 that PM2.5 levels ranged
between 16.3 and 25.6 µg/m3 during winter and 12.7 and 23.2 µg/m3 during Pre-monsoon.
PM10 levels ranged between 44.3 and 59.6 µg/m3 during winter and between 42.4 and 58.3
µg/m3 during pre-monsoon at all monitoring locations in the study area. The SOx levels
were between 5.8 and 6.7 µg/m3 and between 4.6 and 6.8 µg/m3, during winter and pre-
monsoon respectively at different locations while NOx levels were between 8.9 and 11.7
µg/m3 and between 6.6 and 9.6 µg/m3, during winter and pre-monsoon respectively at
different locations. During monsoon monitoring concentrations of all the parameters was
quite low.
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Figure 3.13: Map of Study Area Showing Location of Air, Noise and Traffic Monitoring Sites
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Table 3.8: Ambient Air Quality in the study area (unit: μg/m3) – 98 Percentiles
Site/Location PM2.5 PM10 SOx NOx
W PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M
AQ1/Bhadeli Village
16.3 12.7 11.1 44.3 55.2 27.6 6.1 6.8 3.3 11.7 7.4 6.4
AQ2/Jalpani Village
17.3 14.2 9.8 50.2 49.5 23.9 6.1 4.6 2.9 9.6 6.7 4.8
AQ3/Chamrach Village
16.4 14.2 11.2 56.4 56.6 26.8 5.8 5.9 3.4 9.7 6.6 5.0
AQ4/Niwas Village
16.5 15.4 12.6 55.3 57.2 25.2 6.2 6.7 4.3 8.9 7.2 5.1
AQ5/Sarai Village
25.6 23.2 17.9 59.6 58.3 41.1 6.7 5.9 5.0 9.9 9.6 7.4
AQ6/Khajuriha Village
17.6 18.5 14.7 45.7 42.4 33.1 5.8 5.2 4.3 9.2 9.6 8.1
24 h NAAQS 100 60 80 80
It was observed during the air quality monitoring that the vehicles are the only source of air
pollution in the study area mainly in the form of dust emanating from unmetalled rural
roads. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SOx and NOx at all the sites were within the
Residential & Rural area permissible limits prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality
Standard 2009 notified by CPCB.
3.4.6 Noise & Traffic Monitoring
3.4.6.1 Sound Levels While some part of data on sound pressure Level monitoring was provided by Madhya
Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Regional Laboratory, Vindhyanagar, Singrauli however
most of the data on noise was generated during field surveys using digital sound level
meter during day and night to establish baseline.
Monitoring locations were selected keeping in view the project activity area along the
roadside and the location of receptors. The monitoring was carried out during Day time
(7.00 am to 10.00 pm) and Night time (from 10.00 pm to 12.00 am and from 5 am to 7 am).
The monitoring was carried out at 12 locations (refer Figure 3.13). From the data on sound
pressure levels equivalent levels (Leq) for day time (6 am to 10 pm) and night time (10 pm
to 12 am and 5 am to 6 am) were calculated using equation given in CPCB protocol. From
these day-night averages were also calculated using the same CPCB protocol.
The noise level monitoring locations and equivalent levels are given in Table 3.9.
Levels were compared with the Ambient Air Quality Standard in respect of Noise, given in
Schedule as part of The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (amended to
date). It can be seen from the table that noise levels in the study area are within the
threshold levels prescribed by CPCB as major source of noise in the study area is vehicular
movement only.
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Table 3.9: Equivalent Noise Levels in Study Area
Site Code/ Monitoring
location
Leq Day
dB(A)
Leq Night dB(A)
Leq Day and
Night dB(A)
Leq Day
dB(A)
Leq Night dB(A)
Leq Day and
Night dB(A)
Leq Day
dB(A)
Leq Night dB(A)
Leq Day and
Night dB(A)
CPCB Limits
Day Night
Winter Pre-Monsoon Monsoon NT1/ Near
Bhadeli Village
54.4 40.3 46.1 52.4 40.7 46.4 53.4 42.5 48.2 55 45
NT2/ Near Buchro Village
53.4 41.85 47.6 54.1 42.9 48.6 53.3 42.3 48.1 55 45
NT3/ Near Dam site
50.4 41.6 51.1 52.9 41.8 47.5 52.2 41.3 47 55 45
NT4/ Near Laghadol
Village 52.3 40.9 46.6 52.2 40.9 46.7 52.9 42 47.7 55 45
NT5/ Near Mahuagaon
Village 51.1 39.4 45.1 51.2 40.5 46.3 54.4 43.5 49.2 55 45
NT6/ Near Chamrach
Village 50.1 39.9 45.5 50.8 40 45.7 51.2 40.3 46 55 45
NT7/ Near Niwas Village
56.8 45.1 50.8 50.9 40.2 45.9 50.6 39.7 45.4 55 45
NT8 / Near Gondbahra
Village 54.2 42.5 49.2 52.9 42.2 47.9 51.1 40.2 45.9 55 45
NT9/ Near Sarai Village
52.6 40.9 46.6 55.2 44.4 50.1 51.5 40.3 46.1 55 45
NT10/ Near Khajuriha
Village 52.0 40.2 46 54.8 43.9 49.7 55.9 44.6 50.3 55 45
NT11/ Near Dhummadol
Village 51.9 40.1 45.9 53.6 42.9 48.6 55.4 44.1 49.8 55 45
NT12/ Near Kanwar Village
52.9 41.2 46.9 52.5 41.7 47.5 54.8 43.5 49.2 55 45
3.4.6.2 Traffic Density The traffic survey is essential to realistically and accurately assess the prevailing traffic
volumes and travel characteristics by undertaking classified volume count. The objective of
traffic volume count survey is to assess the traffic intensity on the most congested section
of the road under question. Continuous volume counts were manually undertaken during 3
peak hour (8 am to 11 am) and also non-peak hours (12 pm to 3 pm) for two days during
the sampling period for capturing the realistic picture of the current volume and
composition of traffic like Heavy Motor Vehicles, Light Motor Vehicles and Two Wheelers.
This hourly data was then converted into average daily traffic.
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For this state roads and major village roads were considered as nodes for monitoring
movement of traffic. The traffic density recorded at different sites is given in Table 3.10.
Highest traffic density was recorded at Sarai village during winter period while traffic
volume was low at all the locations during the study period.
Table 3.10: Average Daily Traffic in the Study Area Site/Monitoring
location Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon
HMV LMV TW HMV LMV TW HMV LMV TW NT1/ Near Bhadeli
Village 23 77 68 9 27 45 23 32 54
NT2/ Near Buchro Village 27 81 77 14 36 45 23 36 41
NT3/ Near Dam site 36 63 50 9 45 63 14 50 54
NT4/ Near Laghadol Village 32 63 90 14 54 63 18 54 63
NT5/ Near Mahuagaon Village 27 81 99 14 63 72 23 63 72
NT6/ Near Chamrach Village 36 72 90 18 54 63 18 59 63
NT7/ Near Niwas Village 32 77 68 27 54 86 18 63 86
NT8 / Near Gondbahra Village 41 72 81 23 59 72 18 45 72
NT9/ Near Sarai Village 63 95 126 45 81 126 32 54 126
NT10/ Near Khajuriha Village 27 36 104 14 32 59 23 41 50
NT11/ Near Dhummadol
Village 27 27 59 9 27 45 18 18 41
NT12/ Near Kanwar Village 32 50 77 14 32 54 14 23 45
HMV= Heavy Motor Vehicle; LMV= Light Motor Vehicle; TW= Two Wheelers
3.4.6.3 Conclusion
As seen from the results of ambient air quality monitoring the air quality is very good in the
study area and noise levels are also well within permissible limits as per CPCB standards.
This is mainly due to absence of any industrial establishment and traffic in the study area.
3.4.7 Water Environment
The data on water quality has been collected to:
Assess the ground water quality in the study area
Assess the surface water quality for river and few streams/ponds in the study area
of water conductor system
3.4.7.1 Surface Water Quality
Surface water samples were collected from 12 different locations in the study area. The
names of water sampling sites are given in table below and their location is marked on map
given at Figure 3.14 and names of locations are given in Table 3.11.
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Figure 3.14: Map Showing Locations of Surface and Ground Water Sampling Sites
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Table 3.11: Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations
Site Code
Location Source Project Area
SW1 Upstream of river Biniyab bridge, village Bucharo
Biniao Nala Submergence Area
SW2 Near Bhadeli village Gopad River Submergence Area
SW3 Upsteam of Gopad river near village Kavati, district Sidhi 3 km from location
Gopad River Submergence Area
SW4 Upstream Dam side area village Jalpani Gopad River Submergence Area
SW5 Downstream of village Gondipura 200m away from Jalpani dam area
Gopad River Study Area
SW6 Katai village Gopad River Study Area SW7 Near Katai Village Jawar Bowrathala Pond Study Area SW8 Gopad river near Dudhmaniya village Gopad River Nigri Command SW9 Near Sonebarsha village Sehra Nadi Majhauli Commmand
SW10 Gopad river downstream of confluence with Mohan Nadi
Gopad River Study Area
SW11 Near Chamrach village Karaundla Nala Nigri Command SW12 Near Itama village Bardiya Nala Jalpani Command
The results of water quality at different locations in the study area during field surveys in
three seasons are given at Table 3.12.
The pH of water varied from 6.87 to 7.82 during these monitoring studies and in general this
pH range is ideal for irrigation waters. Turbidity was low in general except during monsoon
due to rains. Accordingly Total suspended solids were higher during monsoon. Dissolved
oxygen ranged from 6.3 to 7.8 mg/l at all sampling locations. Chlorides ranged from 9.2 at
SW8 during monsoon to 98.9 mg/l at SW2 during pre-monsoon. Total hardness ranged from
8.4 mg/l at SW12 during pre-monsoon to 89.9 mg/l at SW4 during monsoon. Surface water
collected from different sources in general is Moderaly hard in the study area. Nitrates and
phosphorus values were in low range. All the heavy metals were either not detectable or
were below detectable limits.
BOD ranged from 1.7 to 3.0 mg/l at sampling location while COD ranged from 5.7 to 38.4
mg/l at site located downstream of village Gondipura 200m away from Jalpani dam area
(SW5) both in monsoon as well as winter. At this site Total coliform count too was very high
i.e. 500 MPN/100 ml.
Irrigation Water Quality is mainly assessed as a function of the level of certain quality
parameters. The various parameters for determining irrigation water quality can be
categorized into the following major groups: (a) salinity hazard and (b) permeability and
infiltration problems. The two most common water quality factors that influence the normal
rate of infiltration of water are the salinity of water and the relative concentrations of
sodium, magnesium and calcium ions in water that is also known as the sodium adsorption
ratio (SAR). Irrigation water quality developed by Simsek and Gunduz (2007) based upon
parameters that can have negative impact on soil quality and crop yield.
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the
management of sodium-affected soils. It is calculated using Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium
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Table 3.12: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water
S. No.
Parameters
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature (0C)
29.1 27.5 24.4 30.2 26.8 25.5 29.4 26.9 26.2 30.1 27.1 26.5
2 pH 6.87 7.8 7.81 7.27 7.63 7.65 7.11 7.75 7.76 6.9 7.77 7.78
3 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
7.2 7.5 7.4 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.2
4 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
714.3 517 765.6 630.7 583 841 531.9 514 811.5 452.9 513 514
5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
435.7 469 467 384.7 515 513 324.5 496 495 276.3 472 471
6 Turbidity (NTU) 4.4 15.2 4.2 4.2 16.8 4.6 3.6 15.8 4.1 3.2 17.2 4.7
7 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
24.1 78.1 21.1 22.4 85.5 26.3 22.3 79.5 22.8 17.6 89.9 27.2
8 Chloride (mg/l) 79.4 73.38 78.37 98.9 53.81 53.83 89.4 63.59 63.57 94.2 44.02 44
9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 45.6 56 58 52.4 60 61 60.4 64 65 42.3 56 55
10 Total Hardness (mg/l)
128.14 108 109 158.01 116 114 104.82 124 125 96.72 112 112
11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l)
34.2 25.65 25.67 29.6 25.65 25.66 25.2 28.85 28.84 27.8 24.04 24.03
12 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)
10.4 10.69 10.68 13.6 12.63 12.64 10.2 12.63 11.83 9.2 12.63 12.6
13 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l)
1.2 0.78 0.76 1.4 0.96 0.94 0.98 0.84 0.67 1.10 0.69 0.68
14 Phosphorus (mg/l)
0.89 0.71 0.7 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.27 0.64 0.63 0.32 0.92 0.9
15 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l)
22.2 7 7 19.5 8 8 22.3 7 6.9 24.9 9 9.1
16 Sodium (mg/l) 28.4 22.5 27.3 18.6 28.1 20.9 16.3 22.7 26.4 22.2 23.9 26.2
17 Sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR)
0.64 0.62 0.75 0.43 0.73 0.55 0.46 0.55 0.92 0.60 0.65 0.72
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S. No.
Parameters
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
18 Silicon Dioxide (mg/l)
<1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
19 Silicate (Si) (mg/l)
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
20 Potassium (mg/l)
1.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.7
21 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
22 Oil & Grease (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 23 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL
24 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
25 Arsenic (As) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
26 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
27 Copper (Cu) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
28 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
29 Total Chromium (mg/l)
BDL BDL <0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.6 BDL BDL BDL
30 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
31 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 10.65 BDL BDL BDL
32 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
33 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
2.9 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.4 1.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7
34 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
7.8 28.8 28.7 10.4 19.2 19.1 9.8 9.6 9.7 9.3 19.2 16.1
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S. No.
Parameters
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
35 Total Coliform MPN/100ml
120 110 NIL 167 70 NIL 210 350 7 180 78 6
ND= Not Detectable; BDL= Below Detectable Limit
S. No.
Parameters
SW5
SW6
SW7
SW8
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature (0C)
30.2 28.9 27.1 29.3 28.3 26.1 28.8 28.4 27.2 29.3 27.7 26.1
2 pH 7.2 7.82 7.81 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.9 7.4 7.5 7.4
3 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7.34 7.1 7.2 6.9 6.3 6.8 7.4 6.3 6.3 7.2 6.7 6.8
4 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
522.3 610 925.5 422 240 340 520.4 115 230 600 673 764
5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
318.6 568 568 257.4 146.4 207 317.4 78 140 384 431 489
6 Turbidity (NTU) 3.1 14.4 3.5 3.2 16.8 3.9 5.4 16.9 4.3 3.3 12.8 3.2
7 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
17.4 76.2 18.1 12.6 89.1 14.2 25.4 91.2 15.8 18.3 67.1 17.7
8 Chloride (mg/l) 78.9 78.27 78.25 63.5 38.5 48.2 73.5 9.2 34.2 89.7 91.8 84.5
9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 53.2 68 69 59 39 44 65.6 50 54 67.4 69.8 61.2
10 Total Hardness (mg/l)
92.42 128 129 92.42 78.04 103.48 92.42 52 53.72 109 104 97.5
11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 22.7 27.25 27.26 32.7 19.9 24.5 35.2 17.6 14.6 27.5 28.8 24.5
12 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 8.7 14.58 14.59 9.4 6.9 10.3 11.2 1.9 4.2 9.8 7.8 8.9
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S. No.
Parameters
SW5
SW6
SW7
SW8
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
13 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) 1.21 1.1 1.11 2.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.1 2.5 1.5 0.87 1.3 1.1
14 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.46 0.88 0.87 0.67 0.92 0.42 0.82 0.87 0.33 0.66 0.63 0.55
15 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l) 15.32 11 12 12.1 4.7 5.7 20.3 3.1 3.7 14.2 11.2 12.4
16 Sodium (mg/l) 20.5 21.1 23.2 16.7 17.7 4.3 28.5 16.7 15.9 18.2 21.2 26.7
17 Sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR)
0.65 0.50 0.55 0.40 0.66 0.12 0.61 0.86 0.85 0.49 0.58 0.60
18 Silicon Dioxide (mg/l) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
19 Silicate (Si) (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
20 Potassium (mg/l) 1.2 1.3 1.5 0.93 1.2 0.97 1.2 0.99 0.94 1 1.1 1.4
21 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
22 Oil & Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
23 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 0.22 0.2 <0.1 0.11 0.09 <0.1 BDL BDL
24 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.001 BDL BDL BDL
25 Arsenic (As) (mg/l) BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 0.2 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL
26 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 <0.001 BDL <0.001 <0.001 BDL BDL BDL
27 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL
28 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.09 0.03 BDL BDL BDL
29 Total Chromium BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.05 <0.05 BDL <0.05 <0.05 BDL BDL BDL
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S. No.
Parameters
SW5
SW6
SW7
SW8
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
(mg/l)
30 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
31 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
32 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL
33
Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
1.8 2.8 2.9 2.3 <3.0 <3.0 3 3 <3.0 2.4 3.6 1.9
34
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
9.8 38.4 38.3 8.2 <4.0 <4.0 12.2 <4.0 <4.0 6.8 4.2 5.3
35 Total Coliform MPN/100ml 220 154 6 140 240 10 240 190 14 190 112 89
S. No.
Parameters
SW9
SW10
SW11
SW12
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature (0C)
29.3 27.7 26.1 28.7 27.4 26.1 29.4 27.2 26.9 29 27.9 26.2
2 pH 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.5 7.7 6.98 7.1 7.2
3 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7.2 6.7 6.8 7.5 7.1 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.8 6.78 7.0 6.8
4 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
600 673 764 454 513 654 532 612 723 380 426 503
5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 384 431 489 291 328 419 341 392 463 243 273 322
6 Turbidity (NTU) 3.3 12.8 3.2 2.4 4.1 3.0 3.2 14.5 3.1 2.8 13.1 3.3
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S. No.
Parameters
SW9
SW10
SW11
SW12
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
7 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
18.3 67.1 17.7 10.2 71.5 16.5 12.2 82.1 16.6 8.9 69.9 18.3
8 Chloride (mg/l) 89.7 91.8 84.5 67.3 71.4 68.9 58.4 73.7 65.5 60.8 72.3 62.5
9 Alkalinity (mg/l) 67.4 69.8 61.2 58.9 67.8 67.6 62.6 58.9 65.7 59.8 63.3 61.2
10 Total Hardness (mg/l) 109 104 97.5 112 118 89.2 98.6 96.7 86 103 113 115
11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 28.7 27.4 26.1 29.4 27.2 26.9 29 27.9 26.2 29.4 27.5 26.8
12 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 7.2 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.5 7.7 6.98 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.8 7.7
13 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) 7.5 7.1 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.8 6.78 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.1 7.2
14 Phosphorus (mg/l) 454 513 654 532 612 723 380 426 503 420 510 766
15 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l) 291 328 419 341 392 463 243 273 322 269 326 490
16 Sodium (mg/l) 2.4 4.1 3.0 3.2 14.5 3.1 2.8 13.1 3.3 3.1 16.5 4.5
17 Sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR)
10.2 71.5 16.5 12.2 82.1 16.6 8.9 69.9 18.3 8.4 78.9 17.7
18 Silicon Dioxide (mg/l) 67.3 71.4 68.9 58.4 73.7 65.5 60.8 72.3 62.5 58.9 68.2 62.2
19 Silicate (Si) (mg/l) 58.9 67.8 67.6 62.6 58.9 65.7 59.8 63.3 61.2 63.4 68.3 69.5
20 Potassium (mg/l) 112 118 89.2 98.6 96.7 86 103 113 115 118 127 101
21 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
30.5 32.1 23.2 26.5 25.4 23.1 24.5 28.8 27.8 26.7 27.5 23.2
22 Oil & Grease (mg/l) 8.7 9.3 7.6 7.9 8.1 6.9 10.2 9.9 11.2 12.4 14.1 10.5
23 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) 0.78 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.99 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.11
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S. No.
Parameters
SW9
SW10
SW11
SW12
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
24 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l) 0.65 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.56 0.61 0.52 0.61 0.71 0.48 0.78 0.77
25 Arsenic (As) (mg/l) 18.5 12.4 13.5 20.4 17.6 16.2 15.6 16.8 14.5 14.3 1.24 12.8
26 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) 22.2 22.4 20.9 20.7 19.8 23.7 18.5 22.4 27.4 24.5 23.1 22.9
27 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) 0.57 0.54 0.68 0.60 0.59 0.79 0.53 0.58 0.70 0.63 0.56 0.68
28 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
29 Total Chromium (mg/l)
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
30 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l) 1.1 0.84 .98 0.89 0.79 0.72 0.76 1.1 0.90 1.3 0.95 0.93
31 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
32 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
33 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
<0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL <0.1 BDL BDL
34 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
35 Total Coliform MPN/100ml BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
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concentrations expressed in meq/L. At a given SAR, the infiltration rate increases as salinity
increases or the other way around. Therefore, the SAR and EC are used in combination to
evaluate potential problems. All the samples from the study area have SAR below 10. Based
on the classification given by Todd, 1959; SAR values from the study area is categorised as
excellent class.
Classification for infiltration and permeability parameters for Irrigation water suitability
SAR Rating Suitability
<3 3 – 6 6 – 12 12– 20 >20
EC (µS/cm)
>700 >1200 >1900 >2900 >5000 3 High
700-200 1200-300
1900-500
2900-1300
5000 -2900
2 Medium
<200 <300 <500 <1300 <2900 1 Low
(Source: Simsek and Gunduz, 2007; Spandana et al. 2013)
As seen from the Table 3.12 suitability of water for irrigation in High in general.
The surface water quality in the study area was assessed according to Class of water as per
CPCB Designated best use given at Table 3.13.
The surface water in the study area at all the locations fall under Class ‘B’ i.e. designated
best use of outdoor bathing (organized) according to CPCB, Water Quality Criteria. This is
because of higher count of total coliform i.e. more than 50 MPN/100 ml but is 500
MPN/100 ml, DO is more than 5 mg/l and BOD is less than 3 mg/l.
Table 3.13: Class of Water as per CPCB Designated Best Use
Site Code
Location Winter Pre-
monsoon Monsoon
SW1 Upstream of river Biniyab bridge, village Bucharo B B B SW2 Upstream of Gopad river, village Bhadeli B B B
SW3 Upsteam of Gopad river near village Kavati, district Sidhi 3 km from location
B B B
SW4 Upstream Dam side area village Jalpani B B B
SW5 Downstream village Gondipura 200m away from Japani dam area
B B B
SW6 Gopad river near Katai village B B B SW7 Jawar Bowrathala Pond near Katai Village B B B SW8 Gopad river near Dudhmaniya village B B B SW9 Sehra Nadi near Sonebarsha village B B B SW10 Gopad river downstream of confluence with Mohan Nadi B B B SW11 Karaundla Nala near Chamrach village B B B SW12 Bardiya Nala near Itama village B B B
Water Quality Criteria for designated Best Use by CPCB, New Delhi
Designated-Best-Use Class of water
Criteria
Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection
A
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200C 2mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (Organised) B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or
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Designated-Best-Use Class of water
Criteria
less, pH between 6.5 and 8.5, Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200C 3mg/l or less
Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection
C
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less, pH between 6 and 9, Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries
D pH between 6.5 to 8.5, Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal
E
pH between 6.0 and 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 250C micromhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
3.4.7.2 Ground Water Quality
Ground water monitoring data was undertaken at 12 locations during field surveys in the
study area. The samples were collected from hand pumps (HP), well and tube wells (TW) in
the study area (Table 3.14). The names of sampling points have been shown in table below
and their location in the study area is given at Figure 3.14.
Table 3.14: Ground water sampling locations Site Code Location Remarks
GW1 Dug well water sample of village Bhadeli (Rajpal Singh house) Dug well
GW2 Handpump water of Govt. Middle school, village Bucharo, Singrauli
Hand pump
GW3 Handpump water Govt. Primary school, village Jalpani Hand pump GW4 Handpump water of Primary school, village Langhadol Hand Pump GW5 Nigri village Hand pump GW6 Chamrach village Hand pump GW7 Niwas village Hand pump GW8 Itama Village Hand pump GW9 Sajapani Village Hand pump
GW10 Papal Village Hand pump GW11 Khajuriha Village Hand pump GW12 Sanvarsa Village Hand pump
The resuts of ground water sampling are given at Table 3.15.
Table 3.15: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water
S. No.
Parameters
GW1
GW2 GW3 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature 0C 30.7 29.8 26.2 28.8 27.6 26.8 29.2 28.2 27.6 -
2 pH 6.78 7.37 7.36 7.4 7.58 7.59 7.3 7.78 7.24 6.5-8.5
3 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
420 711 763 340 595 688 635 513 674 -
4 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
256.2 641 586 207.4 558 642 387.4 471 632 2000
5 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
8 12 15 13 10 21 3.2 9 12
6 Chloride (as Cl) 67.7 29.33 29.35 87.8 44.03 44.02 82.4 43.09 24.46 1000
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Parameters
GW1
GW2 GW3 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
(mg/l)
7 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
152 145 148 128.1 167 168 157.1 110 156 600
8 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l)
44 34.13 35.27 34 40.06 40.08 42 23.05 33.66 200
9 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)
10.2 14.53 14.58 10.5 16.54 16.52 12.7 12.61 17.49 100
10 Total Alkalinity (mg/l)
62.4 35 68 54.6 75 72 59.7 55 76 600
11 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l)
51.4 7 38 50.4 61 62 64.5 9.1 74 400
12 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l)
5.9 3.5 3.6 6.4 5.7 5.8 1.8 0.68 6 45
13 Phosphate (mg/l)
0.78 0.04 0.8 0.78 2.4 0.75 0.69 0.9 0.72 -
14 Sodium (mg/l) 45 54 51 53 67 62 48 42 51 -
15 Potassium (mg/l)
0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 -
16 Silicate (Si) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
17 Salinity (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
18 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) 0.14 BDL BDL 0.16 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3
19 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002
20 Oil & Grease (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
21 Residual Sodium Carbonate (meq/l)
1.32 1.3 1.2 1.23 1.4 1.11 1.34 1.1 1.02 -
22 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.003
23 Arsenic (As) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
24 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
25 Copper (Cu) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 1.5
26 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 15
27 Total Chromium (Cr) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
28 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
29 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3
30 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5
S. No.
Parameters
GW4
GW5 GW6 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature 0C 30.2 28.4 27.9 29.4 27.8 27.1 30.4 29.8 27.6 -
2 pH 7.8 7.18 7.19 7.21 7.2 6.9 7.15 7.54 8.0 6.5-8.5
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Parameters
GW4
GW5 GW6 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
3 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
539 608 608 730 348 248 515 434 524 -
4 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 328.8 587 589 445.3 212.28 151.3 314.2 264.7 319.6 2000
5 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
2.1 8 9 2.2 1.4 1.1 2.8 6.7 11.2 -
6 Chloride (as Cl) (mg/l) 85.6 39.12 39.13 60.8 24.4 11.3 88.8 36.9 36.9 1000
7 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
102.3 170 172 154 109.8 96.2 151.2 166.6 198 600
8 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 25 42.27 43.28 33.7 27.2 27.2 36.7 43.2 43.2 200
9 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 9.7 15.24 15.55 17 10.2 6.9 14.5 14.3 21.9 100
10 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 48.3 73 80 71.4 56 106 65.6 34 134 600
11 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l) 42.3 68 86 64.4 28.9 34.8 55.6 40.1 49.4 400
12 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) 3.3 6.6 6.7 5.4 3.2 2.6 4.9 3 3.3 45
13 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.54 0.8 0.89 0.69 1.3 0.76 0.54 2.1 0.43 -
14 Sodium (mg/l) 40 44 39 44 65 62 45 42 31 -
15 Potassium (mg/l) 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 -
16 Silicate (Si) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
17 Salinity (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
18 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) 0.1 BDL BDL <0.01 BDL <0.01 0.03 BDL <0.001 0.3
19 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002
20 Oil & Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
21
Residual Sodium Carbonate (meq/l)
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 0.99 1.15 1.13 1,24 1.26 -
22 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.001 0.003
23 Arsenic (As) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 BDL BDL <0.01 BDL 0.05
24 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 <0.01 0.001
25 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 0.08 1.5
26 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.08 <0.5 15
27 Total Chromium (Cr) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 0.01 0.05
28 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 -
29 Manganese BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 <0.01 0.3
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Parameters
GW4
GW5 GW6 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
(Mn) (mg/l)
30 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 <0.01 0.5
S. No.
Parameters
GW7
GW8 GW9 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature 0C
29.8 28.4 27.3 30.3 28.9 27.8 30.9 29.1 28.2 -
2 pH 7.37 7.2 7.2 6.89 7.3 7.22 7.02 7.1 7.3 6.5-8.5
3 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
476 432 379 454 389 423 564 667 449 -
4 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 290.4 263.5 231.2 276.9 249 271 361 427 287 2000
5 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
3.2 8.9 9.9 1.8 6.2 3.5 2.6 9.8 7.8 -
6 Chloride (as Cl) (mg/l) 54.5 30.5 25.5 98.5 45.5 38.7 70.9 65.2 56.9 1000
7 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
168.4 129.6 144 151 167 194
161 147 163 600
8 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 40.3 31.5 31.5 34.5 35.7 46.1 36.2 35.3 43.1 200
9 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 16.5 12.4 15.9 15.8 18.9 19.3 17.2 14.3 13.5 100
10 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 56.7 42 124 52.1 56 76 54.5 55.9 45.9 600
11 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l) 54.3 28.9 33.3 54.3 45.9 34.9 48.9 38.8 34.8 400
12 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) 2.2 8.5 12.5 4.3 2.1 3.2 5.0 2.1 1.4 45
13 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.59 3.4 0.53 0.65 1.2 1.7 0.78 0.77 0.65 -
14 Sodium (mg/l) 58 42 33 45 42 47 52 45 56 -
15 Potassium (mg/l) 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 -
16 Silicate (Si) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
17 Salinity (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
18 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) 0.04 BDL <0.01 0.08 BDL BDL <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3
19 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002
20 Oil & Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
21
Residual Sodium Carbonate (meq/l)
1.12 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.12 1.22 1.27 -
22 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l) BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.001 BDL BDL BDL 0.003
23 Arsenic (As) (mg/l) BDL <0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
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Parameters
GW7
GW8 GW9 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012) PM M W PM M W PM M W
24 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) BDL <0.001 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
25 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) BDL <0.01 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 1.5
26 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL 0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 15
27 Total Chromium (Cr) (mg/l)
BDL <0.01 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
28 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l) BDL BDL <0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
29 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l) BDL 0.05 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3
30 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL <0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5
S. No.
Parameters
GW10
GW11 GW12 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012)
PM M W PM M W PM M W
1 Temperature 0C 32.3 29.8 27.2 30.4 29.3 28.0 29.4 28.2 27.5 -
2 pH 6.93 7.05 7.3 6.92 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.12 7.22 6.5-8.5
3 Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
770 654 553 440 542 564 620 589 568 -
4 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
493 418 354 282 347 361 397 377 363 2000
5 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
11.1 7.8 5.7 3.3 4.3 5.2 2.9 4.3 3.8
6 Chloride (as Cl) (mg/l) 68.9 65.0 62.3 84.9 73.2 56.9 65.5 67.9 64.2 1000
7 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
163 141 138 133.4 150 138 116 112 134 600
8 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 38 32.1 29.8 26.8 32.3 34.8 27.3 23.9 31.5 200
9 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)
16.6 14.7 15.5 16.2 16.9 12.7 11.7 12.7 13.7 100
10 Total Alkalinity (mg/l)
57.4 61.2 59.7 45.9 45.9 42.8 48.4 43.0 51.9 600
11 Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l) 40.3 41.1 42.8 35.4 37.9 40.9 43.9 42.1 45.8 400
12 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) 5.4 2.2 2.8 1.1 1.5 3.6 6.4 3.5 2.9 45
13 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.59 0.68 0.65 0.45 0.55 0.64 0.74 0.76 0.71 -
14 Sodium (mg/l) 54 62 59 42 43 48 53 53 56 -
15 Potassium (mg/l) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.5 -
16 Silicate (Si) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
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Parameters
GW10
GW11 GW12 Permissible
Limits (IS 10500:2012)
PM M W PM M W PM M W
17 Salinity (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
18 Iron (Fe) (mg/l)
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3
19 Phenolic Compounds (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002
20 Oil & Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
21
Residual Sodium Carbonate (meq/l)
1.29 1.17 1.27 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.34 1.29 1.24 -
22 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.003
23 Arsenic (As) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
24 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
25 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 1.5
26 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 15
27 Total Chromium (Cr) (mg/l)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
28 Chromium-6 (Cr-6) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
29 Manganese (Mn) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3
30 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5
PM= Pre-monsoon; M=Monsoon; W=Winter; BDL= Below Detectable Limits
The pH of ground water samples collected during pre-monsoon varied from 6.78 to 7.8
(see Table 3.23). The Electrical Conductivity varied from low of 340 to highest of 770
(µS/cm) in water sample collected from Papal Village (GW10). Total suspended solids were
quite low indicating low turbidity in water samples. All the heavy metals were either not
detectable or below detectable limits. The concentrations of Nitrate, Phosphorus and
Sulphate were also low. Analysis results of ground water samples were compared with
drinking water standards IS-10500:2012 to assess the status of ground water taken from
tube wells and hand pumps as this water is used for drinking purpose in villages. All the
samples were found within permissible limits except at some location total where TDS is
higher than the permissible limits as per drinking water standards prescribed by CPCB.
In addition to the above Water Quality Index developed for ground water quality by Tiwari
& Mishra (1985) and Singh and Hussain (2016) was also used to assess the ground water
quality in the study area. It is based upon key parameters like Total Dissolved Solids,
Chlorides, Sulphate, Nitrate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and pH. Based upon
WQI range calculated based formula using parameters they have categoried the ground
water into different groups as follows:
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WQI range Water Quality
<50 Excellent water
50-100 Good water
100-200 Poor water
200-300 Very poor water
>300 Water unsuitable for drinking purpose
The WQI calculated for ground water samples collected from different locations in the
study area is given in table below.
Ground Water Quality Index at different sampling locations during
winter, pre-monsoon and monsoon
GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
21.61 22.78 23.38 22.64 26.40 26.79 22.94 20.29 25.59 21.62 25.16 25.64
GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
23.83 20.09 18.63 22.74 21.22 22.72 22.57 21.27 22.15 22.02 20.87 21.50
GW9 GW10 GW11 GW12
PM M W PM M W PM M W PM M W
22.74 21.22 22.72 22.57 20.30 22.15 22.02 20.87 21.50 23.39 21.70 22.19
According to WQI tabulated in table above all the ground water samples fall in Excellent
water quality class.
3.4.7.3 Conclusion
The water quality in the study area in general is good. Except for agricultural activities
there are no sources of pollution of water bodies in the area. Summary of the same is as
follows:
According to BIS standards for Drinking Water (2012) all the ground water samples
collected from the study area fall within permissible limits of the same.
According to WQI all the ground water samples fall in Excellent ground water quality
class.
All the samples of surface water qualify for Class ‘B’ i.e. designated best use of outdoor
bathing (organized) according to Water Quality Criteria of Central Pollution Control
Board.
According to WQI surface water quality in general is in Medium category throughout
the study area.
3.4.8 Land use/Land cover
For the preparation of land use/ landcover map of the study area, digital data on land
use/landcover maps prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) of Dept. of Space with Remote Sensing Applications Centre,
MP Council of Science & Technology as partner were downloaded from their web portal
http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/gis/thematic/index.php. The raster data thus downloaded was
processed in GIS environment for further refinement using information from Landsat 8
data as well as Google Earth. The Landsat 8 satellite data of Path 145 Row 43 dated
30.04.2017 was downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. From Landsat 8 OLI
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TIRS data False Color Composite (FCC) of the study area was generated using bands 3, 4
and 5 and the same is given at Figure 3.15.
The land use/ land cover map of study area is shown at Figure 3.16. Agriculture land
constitutes predominant land use in all the three command areas in the study area (see
Figure 3.16 & Table 3.16). Dense to Open Deciduous forest is predominantly found in area
in and around dam site and upstream catchment.
Table 3.16: Area Under Different Landuse/ Landcover Classes in the Study Area
Landuse/ Land cover Classes Area (Sq km) Area (%)
Deciduous Forest 555.41 32.77
Scrub Forest 140.51 8.29
Scrub Land 180.64 10.72
Agricultural Land 784.13 46.27
Built-up Area 5.41 0.32
Waterbody 27.61 1.63
Total 1694.71 100
Figure 3.15: FCC generated from Satellite imagery of the Study Area
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Figure 3.16: Land Use/ Land Cover Map of the study Area
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3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1 Forest Types in the Study Area
As seen from the land use map of the study area, large part of vegetation is comprised of
forests especially in area upstream of dam and surrounding submergence area. These forests
in the study area can be classified in accordance with the ‘A Revised Survey of the Forest
Types of India’ by Champion and Seth (1968) fall under Dry Tropical Forest type with 2 sub-
types and the same is given in Table 3.17. Forest areas in the study area fall under Singrauli
and Sidhi Forest Divisions under Rewa Circle.
Table 3.17: Forest types found in the Study Area
Major Group Type
Group Forest Type
5 Dry Tropical Forests 5B 5B/C1: Dry plains Sal forest 5/DS1: Dry deciduous scrub forest
3.5.2 Floristics
3.5.2.1 Methodology
The objectives of the present floristic study were as follows:
To prepare an inventory of various plant species found in the study area
To assess the vegetation composition and community structure in the study area in
different land uses
Field surveys were undertaken to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resources
available in the study area of the proposed project. These surveys were undertaken to
assess the community structure and to prepare inventory of plant species occurring in the
study area.
Identification of plants was made with the help of published literature like research papers,
reports and with the help of consultation with local people. To document the natural
resource utilization pattern in the study area consultations were done with people from
the villages located in the area.
Sampling Site Selection
The study has been conducted covering submergence zone, dam site, d/s dam site and
proposed command area. Phyto-sociological surveys of the vegetation were conducted at eight
sampling locations. Selection of sampling sites for vegetation analysis was based on the land
use pattern in the study area viz. Forest, Scrub/grassland and Agriculture to represent all the
land use/land cover classes in the study area.
List of sampling locations is given at Table 3.18 and their location marked on the study area
map is given in Figure 3.10.
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Table 3.18: Sampling Locations for Vegetation Mapping
Site Code Sampling Location Site Characteristics V1 On left bank of the reservoir, near Bhadeli village Open Forest V2 On right bank of the reservoir, near Bhadeli village Open Forest and Agriculture V3 On right bank of river at Dam site, near Jal pani village Open Forest and Agriculture V4 On left bank of river at Dam site, near Jal pani village Open Forest V5 Downstream, near Bhaisa Buda village Open Forest and Agriculture V6 Itama Village Agriculture V7 Sajapani Village Agriculture V8 Niwas Village Agriculture V9 Dhummadol village Agriculture
V10 Sonbarsa Villagve Agriculture V11 Near Laghadol Village Agriculture V12 Near Sarai Village Agriculture V13 Near Papal Village Agriculture V14 Near Nigri Village Agriculture V15 Near Khajuriha Village Agriculture
The inventory of plant species in the study area was prepared by noting and keeping
records of plant species encountered during the field visit. Most of the plant species were
identified in the field itself whereas the species that could not be identified, their
photographs were taken for identification later with the help of available published
literature.
Sampling Methodology
Standard methods of vegetation sampling were used for quantitative analysis of
community structure. For these quadrats (a sampling unit) of different sizes were used
depending upon the habit. For trees quadrat size of 10m x 10m was used and for shrubs
quadrats of 5m x 5m were used while for herbs quadrat size of 1m x 1m was used. In each
quadrat number of individuals of each plant species present was counted. For trees, shrubs
and herbs, 6 quadrats were laid at each sampling site.
The data thus obtained was compiled in tabular form and analysed for different attributes
like density, frequency and basal cover (basal area).
The density was calculated as follows:
Density = Total no. of individuals of a plant species recorded from all quadrats
Total number of quadrats studied
Frequency (%) = Number of quadrats of occurrence of a species x 100
Total number of quadrats studied
For calculation of dominance Basal area/cover of trees was calculated by measuring the
‘cbh’ (circumference at breast height) of each individual tree belonging to different species,
which was then converted into basal area using the formula as follows:
Basal area = π r2 where r value was calculated from cbh using the formula cbh= 2 πr
The data on density and basal cover obtained above was then converted into per ha.
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The Importance Value Index (IVI) for trees was determined as the sum of relative density,
relative frequency and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959).
Diversity Indicies
The index of diversity was computed by using Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (Shannon
Wiener, 1963) as:
H = - Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n)
Where, ni is individual density of a species and n is total density of all the species
The Evenness Index (E) is calculated by using Shannon's Evenness formula (Magurran,
2004).
Evenness Index (E) = H / ln(S)
Where, H is Shannon Wiener Diversity index; S is number of species
3.5.2.2 Vegetation Profile of the Study Area
Administratively the project study area falls in Singrauli and Sidhi Forest Divisions. As
evident from the land use/ land cover map of the area the project study area is mainly
under agricultural farms and settlements. There are very sparse patches of open forests
comprised of mixed deciduous forest. Among the agricultural crops wheat, gram, pigeon
pea, maize, lentil and linseed are most common.
3.5.2.3 Species Composition
During field survey most of the tree and herb species were found in the open and scrub
forest on the left bank of Gopad rivers. Shrubs were mostly found along the bunds of
agricultural farms as weeds of the agricultural fields, edges of roads and along the water
bodies.
During the present study of Gond Major Irrigation project area, in all 118 plant species
of angiosperms belonging to 48 families could be recorded. T h e l i s t o f plant species
recorded from the study area is given at Annexure-V. Fabaceae with 17 species and
Poaceae with 10 species followed by Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae with 6
species each are the most dominant families found in the study area. The taxonomic
classification and nomenclature are as per www.theplantlist.org.
In addition to flowering plants 5 species of pteridophytes were also recorded from the
study area. These are Dryopteris cochleata (Aspidiaceae), Diplazium esculentum
(Athyriaceae), Adiantum capillus (Pteridaceae), Equisetum diffusum (Equisetaceae) and
Pteris vittata (Pteridaceae). These were found mainly in monsoon season.
Among the Bryophytes Funaria hygrometrica of Funariaceae, Lejeunea indica of
Lejeuneaceae, Marchantia polymorpha and Dumortiera hirsuta of Marchantiaceae,
Plagiochasma articulatum of Aytoniaceae and Riccia robusta of Ricciaceae were recorded.
3.5.2.4 Rare Threatened and Endangered Species
None of the plant species found in the study area falls under any of the IUCN Red list of
Threatened Species Version 2018-2. Majority of the 118 species have not been evaluated
or assessed yet by IUCN (2018-2). Out of 18 species that have been assessed, 17 species are
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under Least Concern category (LC), one species is under Data deficient category (DD) (refer
Annexure-V).
3.5.2.5 Economically Important Plant Species
The people of the area use wild plants in their daily life as food, medicine, fiber,
fodder, fuel wood, timber, vegetables, fruits and various minor forest products. Plant
species are used internally for treating stomachic diarrhea, dysentery, cough, cold,
fever, asthma and externally for rheumatism, skin diseases, cuts, boils, fractures and
injuries. The list of plant species used for medicinal purposes by locals in the study area
was compiled from the information collected during the field surveys and published
literature (Singh and Upadhyaya, 2014) and the same is given at Table 3.19.
Table 3.19: List of Commonly Used Plant Species
S. No.
Family Plant name Local name Part/s used
1. Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda Adusa Leaf and leaf smoked 2. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Chauli Root paste 3. Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Chhatiban Stem bark
4. Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea Aak/ Madar Root decoction Leaves Latex
Flower paste
5. Apocynaceae Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dudhi Stem bark decoction Root
powder 6. Asteraceae Tridax procumbens Bhrangraj Leaf paste, Leaf juice
7. Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Semal Flower paste, Flower powder
Root paste, Young fruit 8. Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Salai Stem bark resin 9. Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Arjun Bark powder
10. Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica Baheda Fruit paste, Root paste, Ripe fruit 11. Combretaceae Terminalia tomentosa Saja Bark
12. Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Ratanjot Latex Leaf juice Leaves Seeds
Bark decoction 13. Fabaceae Acacia catechu Khair Bark 14. Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Leaves
15. Fabaceae Butea monosperma Chhiwla Bark decoction, Stem bark, Seed
paste 16. Fabaceae Delonix regia Gulmohar Leaf juice, Dry leaves 17. Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanj Seed oil, Root juice, Seed paste 18. Fabaceae Senna obtusifolia Chirota Leaves decoction 19. Fabaceae Senna occidentalis Chakora Leaves, Seed powder 20. Fabaceae Senna tora Chakaunda Leaf paste
21. Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Imali Ripe fruit, Bark extract, Fruit
juice 22. Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Gamer Root decoction, Leaf decoction 23. Liliaceae Aloe vera Gheekumar Leaf pulp & Leaf juice 24. Liliaceae Asparagus racemosus Shatawar Tuber Boiled, tubers with milk 25. Malvaceae Grewia tiliifolia Dhaman Stem bark, Stem powder 26. Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Bakayan Paste of leaves 27. Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Bargad Young bud, Leaves Latex 28. Moraceae Ficus glomerata Gular Unripe fruit 29. Moraceae Ficus religiosa Peepal Bark infusion, Root ash, Dry fruit
30. Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Munga Crushed Bark boiled in Mustard
oil Leaf & Fruit
31. Myrtaceae Careya arborea Kumbhi Stem bark & flower paste Root
bark paste
32. Myrtaceae Syzigium cumini Jamun Seed powder, Ripe fruit, Leaf
fruit with goat milk
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S. No.
Family Plant name Local name Part/s used
33. Nyctaginaceae Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnava Root, leaves, seeds, juice, leaf
decoction 34. Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Peeli kantilee Yellow latex of floral bud 35. Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica Amla Fruit juice
36. Rubiaceae Neonauclea purpurea (Syn. Anthocephalus chinensis)
Kadam Leaf decoction
37. Rutaceae Aegle marmelos Bel Fruit juice & pulp. Leaf paste,
root bark 38. Rutaceae Feronia limonia Kaitha Ripe fruit
39. Rutaceae Murraya koenigii Meethi Neem
Leaves, Leaf decoction
40. Sapotaceae Madhuca indica Mahua Flower 41. Solanaceae Datura metal Kaladhatura Leaves, Root powder 42. Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana Plant decoction, Leaf paste 43. Verbenaceae Vitex negundo Neergud Decoction of leaf, Root powder 44. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris Gokhru Plant paste, Fruit powder
3.5.2.6 Community Structure
The study area comprises of mixed deciduous dry forest. There are scattered patches of
open forest in the study area and these forests have Shorea robusta, Diospyros
melanoxylon and Butea monosperma as the dominant species in the forest area. In the
command area Acacia nilotica, Terminalia alata, Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta and
Ziziphus spp. are commonly observed along the road side or in bunds of agricultural farms.
Azadirachta indica, Mangifera indica, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Madhuca longifolia,
Dalbergia sissoo, Syzygium cumini and Pongamia pinnata, etc. are the most common tree
species found near the settlements.
The bushes are comprised of shrubs like Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea, Justicia
adhatoda, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Ipomoea carnea and Grewia hirsuta. Commonly
found herbaceous species are invasive species like Argemone mexicana, Alternanthera
philoxeroides, Emilia sonchifolia, Echinops echinatus, Solanum surattense and Xanthium
indicum. Grasses in the area was represented by Saccharum spontaneum, Heteropogon
contortus, Cynodon dactylon and Desmostachya bipinnata.
The description of vegetation structure at different sampling locations is given in the
following paragraphs.
A. Vegetation Sampling near the open forest area and agriculture farms
V1: Near village Bhadeli (Left bank of reservoir)
Sampling site V1 is located on the left bank of Gopad river in proposed reservoir area near
Bhadeli village and characterized as open forest. Among the tree species Shorea robusta,
Lagerstroemia parviflora and Diospyros melanoxylon are the dominant tree species in the
area associated with Schleichera oleosa and Madhuca longifolia (Table 3.20).
Table 3.20: Community Structure –Trees (V1)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI 1 Diospyros melanoxylon 67 83 66.46
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S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI 2 Lagerstroemia parviflora 67 117 76.03 3 Shorea robusta 83 117 78.91 4 Schleichera oleosa 17 17 14.58 5 Madhuca longifolia 50 83 64.02
Among the shrub species Lantana camara is the most dominant shrub in the area during all
three seasons. Ipomoea carnea, Justicia adhatoda, and Calotropis gigantea are other
shrubs recorded at this site (Table 3.21).
Table 3.21: Community Structure –Shrubs (V1) S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha)
Monsoon 1 Calotropis gigantea 67 233 2 Abutilon indicum 67 266 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 200 4 Lantana camara 100 333
Winter 1 Ipomoea carnea 100 566 2 Lantana camara 100 333 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 200 4 Calotropis gigantea 67 233 5 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 266
Pre-monsoon 1 Abultilon indicum 67 133 2 Lantana camara 83 167 3 Justicia adhatoda 50 100 4 Calotropis gigantea 50 133 5 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 100
Among herbs Cynodon dactylon, a grass species was most frequently encountered.
Argemone mexicana and Emilia sonchifolia are the other frequently found species recorded
mostly from the bunds of agricultural farms and scrub land. Heteropogon contortus is the
other common grass species recorded from the area (Table 3.22).
Table 3.22: Community Structure – Herbs (V1) S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%)
Monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Emilia sonchifolia 83 4 Heteropogon contortus 67 5 Datura stramonium 67
Winter 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Achyranthes aspera 67 3 Desmostachya bipinnata 50 4 Cynodom dactylon 100 5 Alternanthera philoxeroides 67
Pre-monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 33 2 Xanthium indicum 67 3 Desmostachya bipinnata 33 4 Cynodom dactylon 100 5 Alternanthera philoxeroides 33
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V2. Near Bhadeli Village (right bank of Gopad river reservoir)
Sampling site V2 is located on right bank of the Gopad river at proposed reservoir area near
Bhadeli village. The sampling area is characterized by agricultural farms and open forest
area.
Among the trees species Diospyros melanoxylon, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Shorea
robusta are dominant species found in the forest area. Syzygium cumini, Bombax ceiba and
Madhuca longifolia are the species recorded near agricultural farms and settlements
(Tables 3.23).
Table 3.23: Community Structure –Trees (V2)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI 1 Diospyros melanoxylon 100 217 93.54 2 Lagerstroemia parviflora 100 183 74.07 3 Shorea robusta 100 133 64.73 4 Syzygium cumini 33 33 16.05 5 Bombax ceiba 17 17 8.50 6 Madhuca longifolia 50 67 43.11
Ipomoea carnea, Justicia adhatoda, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Murraya koenigii and
Pogostemon benghalensis are the dominant shrub species recorded from scrub land and
bunds of agricultural farms (Tables 3.24).
Table 3.24: Community Structure –Shrubs (V2)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 300 2 Murraya koenigii 33 124 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 333 4 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 133
Winter 1 Ipomoea carnea 83 400 2 Justicia adhatoda 100 400 3 Colebrookea oppositifolia 83 200 4 Lantana camara 83 300 5 Calotropis gigantea 50 167 6 Abultilon indicum 50 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Lantana camara 50 133 2 Justicia adhatoda 50 100 3 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 100 4 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 100
Cynodon dactylon is the most dominant grass species among the herbaceous flora at this
site. Echinops echinatus, Argemone mexicana and Solanum surattense were frequently
found in the study area (Table 3.25).
Table 3.25: Community Structure – Herbs (V2)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Argemone mexicana 83 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Echinops echinatus 83 4 Achyranthes aspera 33
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S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) 5 Solanum surattense 83
Winter 1 Argemone mexicana 50 2 Saccharum spontaneum 50 3 Amaranthus viridis 50 4 Xanthium indicum 67 5 Cynodom dactylon 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 50 2 Solanum surattense 50 3 Echinops echinatus 50 4 Cynodon dactylon 100
V3. Near Jalpani village (Right bank of the dam site)
Vegetation at sampling site V3, located near Jalpani Village is characterized by open forest
dominated by Diospyros melanoxylon, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Shorea robusta.
Syzygium cumini and Terminalia alata are associated tree species recorded from the area
(Table 3.26).
Table 3.26: Community Structure –Trees (V3)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI 1 Diospyros melanoxylon 100 283 80.22 2 Shorea robusta 100 317 101.01 3 Lagerstroemia parviflora 100 283 92.01 4 Terminalia alata 33 33 18.39 5 Syzygium cumini 17 17 8.38
Among the shrub species Calotropis gigantea and Justicia adhatoda are predominant species
followed by Lantana camara, Ipomoea carnea and Colebrookea oppositifolia (Table 3.27).
Table 3.27: Community Structure –Shrubs (V3)
S. No. Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Calotropis gigantea 100 566 2 Ipomoea carnea 83 300 3 Grewia hirsuta 83 400 4 Justicia adhatoda 100 500 5 Lantana camara 100 433
Winter 1 Lantana camara 83.3 483 2 Calotropis gigantea 83.3 133 3 Justicia adhatoda 66.7 133 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia 83.3 183 5 Grewia hirsuta 83.3 117
Pre-monsoon 1 Lantana camara 67 167 2 Justicia adhatoda 50 167 3 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 133 5 Grewia hirsuta 50 133
Herbaceous flora is dominated by grass species. Cynodon dactylon is the most frequently
found grass species at this site. Other common herb species found in the area are
Amaranthus viridis, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Desmostachya bipinnata (Table 3.28).
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Table 3.28: Community Structure – Herbs (V3)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Alternanthera philoxeroides 66 2 Argemone mexicana 67 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Desmostachya bipinnata 50 5 Amaranthus viridis 33
Winter 1 Achyranthes aspera 83 2 Saccharum spontaneum 67 3 Cynodom dactylon 100 4 Xanthium indicum 67 5 Emilia sonchifolia 83
Pre-monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Saccharum spontaneum 50 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Emilia sonchifolia 67 5 Solanum surattense 67
V4. Near Jalpani Village (left bank of Gopad river near proposed Dam site)
The sampling site V4 is located at left bank of the proposed Dam site near Jalpani Village in
the study area. The sampling area is predominantly characterized by forest patches near
the river bank. Agricultural farms and scrub land are observed near settlements in the area.
Shorea robusta, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Diospyros melanoxylon are the tree species
recorded from the forest area. Syzygium cumini and Ziziphus jujuba are the species
recorded from scrub land and near settlements (Table 3.29).
Table 3.29: Community structure –Trees (V4)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI 1 Shorea robusta 66.7 150 68.41 2 Lagerstroemia parviflora 75 133 65.23 3 Syzygium cumini 66.7 50 37.29 4 Diospyros melanoxylon 50 200 94.36 5 Ziziphus jujuba 100 33 34.71
Among the shrub species Ipomoea carnea and Lantana camara are the most dominant
species recorded from the area. Ipomoea carnea was observed near water bodies. Other
shrub species recorded from the area are Justicia adhatoda and Colebrookea oppositifolia
(Table 3.30).
Table 3.30: Community structure –Shrubs (V4)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 266 2 Calotropis procera 33 133 3 Ipomoea carnea 67 833 4 Justicia adhatoda 50 233 5 Lantana camara 67 233
Winter 1 Abutilon indicum 83 233 2 Lantana camara 100 433 3 Justicia adhatoda 83 233
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S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 167 5 Ipomoea carnea 83 333
Pre-monsoon 1 Abutilon indicum 50 100 2 Lantana camara 83 167 3 Justicia adhatoda 50 100 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 133 5 Ipomoea carnea 50 233
Herbaceous flora was represented mainly by Cynodon dactylon. Datura stramonium,
Solanum surattense and Argemone mexicana are the other herb species recorded from the
area (Table 3.31).
Table 3.31 Community structure – Herbs (V4)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Solanum surattense 50 4 Datura stramonium 67
Winter 1 Argemone mexicana 83 2 Saccharum spontaneum 33 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Cyperus rotundus 83 5 Xanthium indicum 83
Pre-monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Cynodom dactylon 100 3 Echinops echinatus 50 4 Solanum surattense 50
V5. Near Bhaisa Buda Village (Downstream of proposed Dam site)
The site V5 is located downstream of proposed dam site near Bhaisa Buda Village. This site
is basically composed of both open forest as well as agriculture area. Vegetation is
comprised mainly of trees and herbs. Diospyros melanoxylon, Shorea robusta,
Lagerstroemia parviflora, Ficus elastica and Azadrichta indica are the tree species recorded
from the sampling area (Table 3.32).
Table 3.32: Community structure –Trees (V5)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) IVI
1 Diospyros melanoxylon 83 300 134.4
2 Lagerstroemia parviflora 67 133 60.3
3 Ficus elastica 17 17 39.1
4 Azadirachta indica 33 33 21.4
5 Shorea robusta 50 150 44.8
Shrubs in the area are mainly represented by Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea and
Ipomoea carnea (Table 3.33).
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Table 3.33: Community structure –Shrubs (V5)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Calotropis gigantea 67 300 3 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 233 4 Ipomoea carnea 67 433 5 Lantana camara 100 400
Winter 1 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 2 Lantana camara 83 133 3 Abultilon indicum 67 117 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 83 5 Ipomoea carnea 67 167
Pre-monsoon 1 Lantana camara 67 133 2 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 3 Grewia hirsuta 50 133 4 Ipomoea carnea 67 167
Herbaceous vegetation was dominated by three grasses species. Achyranthes aspera,
Cynodon dactylon, Amaranthus viridis and Argemone mexicana are the species recorded
from the area (Table 3.34).
Table 3.34: Community structure – Herbs (V5)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Argemone mexicana 50 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Achyranthes aspera 50 4 Amaranthus viridis 33
Winter 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Cynodom dactylon 100 3 Saccharum spontaneum 50
Pre-monsoon 1 Argemone mexicana 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Alternanthera philoxeroides 67 4 Eragostris tenella 50
B. Vegetation in and Agricultural fields and Settlements:
Sampling Sites V6 – V15 are characterized by agriculture fields and near settlements.
Sampling sites in the area was dominated by Shrubs and grass species. Trees are rarely
found and are few in numbers and sparsely distributed. Tree species are mostly found near
settlements and along the edges of road outside the sampling area. Madhuca longifolia,
Azadrichta indica, Mangifera indica, Aegle marmelos, Cassia fistula, are the frequently
distributed tree species in the command area. Lantana camara, Colebrookea oppositifolia,
Murraya koenigii, Abultilon indicum, Argemone mexicana and Dendrocalamus strictus are
the dominant shrub species mostly found on the bunds of agricultural field or in fallow land
in the sampling sites.
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V6. Near Itama Village:
The sampling site V6 is located near Itama village in the command area. The sampling area
is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer is comprised of Lantana camara, Murraya koenigii, Abultilon indicum and
Colebrookea oppositifolia (Table 3.35).
Table 3.35: Community structure –Site: V6 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Lantana camara 83 266 2 Colebrookea oppositifolia 33 66 3 Abultilon indicum 66.67 166 4 Murraya koenigii 50 99
Winter 1 Lantana camara 83 233 2 Ricinus communis 50 100 3 Abutilon indicum 50 167 4 Murraya koenigii 33 67
Pre-monsoon 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 33 67 2 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 67 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 167 4 Lantana camara 67 167
Saccharum spontaneum, Desmostachya bipinnata and Cynodon dactylon are the frequently
found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields. Other herb species
reported from the area are Xanthium indicum and Emilia sonchifolia (Table 3.36).
Table 3.36: Community structure –Site: V6 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Saccharum spontaneum 83 2 Desmostachya bipinnata 50 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Emilia sonchifolia 33 5 Xanthium indicum 33
Winter 1 Saccharum spontaneum 67 2 Amaranthus viridis 67 3 Cynodom dactylon 100 4 Emilia sonchifolia 50 5 Xanthium indicum 50
Pre-monsoon 1 Saccharum spontaneum 67 2 Xanthium indicum 50 3 Echinops echinatus 67 4 Cynodon dactylon 100
V7. Near Sajapani Village:
The sampling site V7 is located near Sajapani in the command area. The sampling area is
characterized by agricultural farms and settlement land.
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Shrub layer is comprised of Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea, Ricinus communis and
Justicia adhatoda (Table 3.37).
Table 3.37: Community structure –Site: V7 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Lantana camara 66.67 166 2 Calotropis gigantea 50 99 3 Justicia adhatoda 66.67 133 4 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 99 5 Ricinus communis 33.33 66
Winter 1 Lantana camara 83 200 2 Calotropis gigantea 67 133 3 Ricinus communis 33 67 4 Ziziphus oenoplia 33 67 5 Murraya koenigii 83 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Lantana camara 67 167 2 Colebrookea oppositifolia 33 67 3 Abutilon indicum 67 100 4 Murraya koenigii 33 67
Saccharum spontaneum, Senna tora and Cynodon dactylon are the frequently found herb
species found along the bunds of agricultural fields and near settlements. Other herb species
reported from the area are Datura stramonium and Argemone mexicana (Table 3.38).
Table 3.38: Community structure –Site: V7 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Saccharum spontaneum 83 2 Argemone mexicana 50 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Senna tora 67 5 Datura stramonium 33
Winter 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Argemone mexicana 67 3 Achyranthus aspera 50 4 Echinops echinatus 33 5 Cynodon dactylon 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Saccharum spontaneum 50 2 Desmostachya bipinnata 67 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Xanthium indicum 50
V8. Near Niwas Village:
The sampling site V8 is located near Niwas village in the command area. The sampling area
is characterized by agricultural farms and settlement. No tree species is recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer is comprised mainly of Colebrookea oppositifolia, Calotropis gigantea and
Justicia adhatoda. Other shrubs also present in the area like Ricinus communis and
Ziziphus oenoplia (Table 3.39).
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Table 3.39: Community structure –Site: V8 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 83.33 233 2 Calotropis gigantea 83.33 199 3 Justicia adhatoda 66.67 133 4 Ricinus communis 50 99 5 Ziziphus oenoplia 33.33 66
Winter 1 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 100 2 Lantana camara 100 300 3 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 4 Ricinus communis 33 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Lantana camara 83 133 2 Calotropis gigantea 33 67 3 Justicia adhatoda 50 100 4 Ricinus communis 50 100
Achyranthus aspera, Xanthium indicum, Argemone mexicana and Cynodon dactylon are the
frequently found herb species (Table 3.40).
Table 3.40: Community structure –Site: V8 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Argemone mexicana 50 3 Achyranthus aspera 50 4 Boerhavia diffusa 50 5 Cynodon dactylon 100
Winter 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Argemone mexicana 83 3 Amaranthus viridis 50 4 Cynodon dactylon 100
Pre-monsoon 1 Saccharum spontaneum 67 2 Argemone mexicana 67 3 Cynodon dactylon 100 4 Echinops echinatus 67
V9. Near Dhummadol Village:
The sampling site V9 is located near Dhummadol Village in the command area. The
sampling area is characterized by agricultural farms. Scattered trees of Azadirachta indica
and Madhuca longifolia are found in the sampling area.
Shrub vegetation is comprised mainly of species like Calotropis gigantea and Lantana
camara (Table 3.41).
Table 3.41: Community structure –Site: V9 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Calotropis gigantea 50 99 2 Lantana camara 67 166
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Winter 1 Calotropis gigantea 50 133 2 Lantana camara 67 200 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 167
Pre-monsoon 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 50 100 2 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 3 Ricinus communis 33 67 4 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 100
Xanthium indicum, Saccharum spontaneum, Echinops echinatus and Cynodon dactylon are
the frequently found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields at this site
(Table 3.42). Commelina longifolia and Argemone mexicana are the other herbaceous
species found in this area.
Table 3.42: Community structure –Site: V9 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Saccharum spontaneum 67 4 Datura stramonium 33 5 Commelina longifolia 67 6 Echinops echinatus 50
Winter 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Commelina longifolia 67
Pre-monsoon 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Argemone mexicana 67 3 Cynodon dactylon 100
V10. Near Sonbarsa Village:
The sampling site V10 is located near Sonbarsa village in the command area. The sampling
area is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in
the sampling area.
Shrub layer is comprised of Calotropis gigantea, Justicia adhatoda and Lantana camara
(Table 3.43).
Table 3.43: Community structure –Site: V10 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Monsoon
1 Calotropis gigantea 50 99 2 Justicia adhatoda 50 66 3 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 99 4 Ricinus communis 33.33 99 5 Lantana camara 66.67 133
Winter 1 Lantana camara 83 266 2 Ricinus communis 50 99 3 Calotropis gigantea 67 166 4 Abutilon indicum 50 99
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S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Pre-monsoon
1 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 2 Abutilon indicum 50 100 3 Lantana camara 67 133
Xanthium indicum, Saccharum spontaneum, Echinops echinatus and Cynodon dactylon are
the frequently found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields (Table 3.44).
Table 3.44: Community structure –Site: V10 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Monsoon
1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Achyranthus aspera 67 4 Cyperus rotundus 83 5 Argemone mexicana 50
Winter 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Argemone mexicana 83 4 Echinops echinatus 50
Pre-monsoon 1 Xanthium indicum 50 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Saccharum spontaneum 67
V11 Near Laghadol Village:
The sampling site V11 is located near Laghadol village in the command area. The sampling
area is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in
the sampling area.
Shrub layer was comprised of Lantana camara, Abutilon indicum and Calotropis gigantea in
winter, Ziziphus oenoplia, Ricinus communis, Lantana camara and Calotropis gigantea in
pre-monsoon and Justicia adhatoda, Ziziphus oenoplia, Ricinus communis and Lantana
camara were recorded (Table 3.45).
Table 3.45: Community structure –Site: V11 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Winter
1 Lantana camara 100 300 2 Abutilon indicum 50 167 3 Calotropis gigantea 50 133
Pre-monsoon 1 Calotropis gigantea 67 167 2 Ziziphus oenoplia 17 33 3 Ricinus communis 50 100 4 Lantana camara 50 100
Monsoon 1 Justicia adhatoda 50 76 2 Ziziphus oenoplia 50 88 3 Ricinus communis 33.33 99 4 Lantana camara 66.67 123
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Argemone mexicana, Saccharum spontaneum, Xanthium indicum, Solanum surattense,
Echinops echinatus, Datura stramonium, Commelina longifolia and Cynodon dactylon were
the frequently found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields during
different seasons (Table 3.46).
Table 3.46: Community structure –Site: V11 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Winter
1 Cynodon dactylon 100 2 Argemone mexicana 50 3 Echinops echinatus 50 4 Saccharum spontaneum 67
Pre-monsoon 1 Xanthium indicum 50 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Argemone mexicana 83 4 Solanum surattense 50
Monsoon 1 Cynodon dactylon 100 2 Saccharum spontaneum 67 3 Datura stramonium 33 4 Commelina longifolia 67
V12. Near Sarai Village:
The sampling site V12 is located near Sarai village in the command area. The sampling area
is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer was comprised of Lantana camara, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Justicia
adhatoda, Ricinus communis, Pogostemon benghalensis, Murraya koenigii and Calotropis
gigantea in varying proportions in different seasons (Table 3.47).
Table 3.47: Community structure –Site: V12 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Winter
1 Lantana camara 67 167 2 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 3 Justicia adhatoda 33 67 4 Ricinus communis 33 67
Pre-monsoon 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 167 2 Calotropis gigantea 50 100 3 Justicia adhatoda 33 67 4 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 67
Monsoon 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 100 2 Murraya koenigii 50 124 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 67 4 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 133 5 Ricinus communis 33 67
Argemone mexicana, Cyperus rotundus, Xanthium indicum, Solanum surattense,
Achyranthus aspera, Xanthium indicum and Cynodon dactylon are the frequently found
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herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields in varying proportions during
different seasons (Table 3.48).
Table 3.48: Community structure –Site: V12 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Winter
1 Cynodon dactylon 100 2 Argemone mexicana 50 3 Xanthium indicum 50 4 Solanum surattense 50
Pre-monsoon 1 Cyperus rotundus 33 2 Achyranthus aspera 33 3 Argemone mexicana 83 4 Solanum surattense 50
Monsoon 1 Xanthium indicum 67 2 Cynodon dactylon 50 3 Achyranthus aspera 33 4 Cyperus rotundus 33 5 Argemone mexicana 67
V13. Near Papal Village:
The sampling site V13 is located near Papal village in the command area. The sampling area
is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer was comprised of Lantana camara, Justicia adhatoda, Colebrookea
oppositifolia, Murraya koenigii, Pogostemon benghalensi, Ipomoea carnea, Grewia hirsuta
and Calotropis gigantea in different seasons (Table 3.49).
Table 3.49: Community structure –Site: V13 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Pre-monsoon
1 Lantana camara 67 133 2 Justicia adhatoda 50 133 3 Colebrookea oppositifolia 33 67 4 Calotropis gigantea 67 133
Winter 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 300 2 Murraya koenigii 33 124 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 333 4 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 133
Monsoon 1 Calotropis gigantea 100 500 2 Ipomoea carnea 100 566 3 Grewia hirsuta 100 566 4 Justicia adhatoda 83 400 5 Lantana camara 83 300
Saccharum spontaneum, Echinops echinatus and Cynodon dactylon are the frequently
found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields (Table 3.50). During winter
Achyranthes aspera, Desmostachya bipinnata and Cynodom dactylon were recorded.
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Cynodom dactylon, Desmostachya bipinnata and Saccharum spontaneum were the most
frequently found species during monsoon.
Table 3.50: Community structure –Site: V13 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Pre-monsoon
1 Echinops echinatus 50 2 Cynodon dactylon 67 3 Saccharum spontaneum 50
Winter 1 Achyranthes aspera 67 2 Desmostachya bipinnata 50 3 Cynodom dactylon 100
Monsoon 1 Saccharum spontaneum 50 2 Emilia sonchifolia 33 3 Desmostachya bipinnata 50 4 Cynodon dactylon 100 5 Xanthium indicum 33 6 Achyranthes aspera 33
V14. Near Nigri Village:
The sampling site V14 is located near Nigri village in the command area. The sampling area
is characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species was recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer is comprised of Lantana camara, Senna tora and Abutilon indicum (Table 3.51).
During surveys for herbs and shrubs in winter and monsoon Justicia adhatoda,
Pogostemon benghalensis, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Abultilon indicum, Ipomoea carnea,
Calotropis gigantea, Lantana camara were regularly found at this site.
Table 3.51: Community structure –Site: V14 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Pre-monsoon
1 Lantana camara 67 133 2 Senna tora 33 67 3 Abutilon indicum 67 100
Winter 1 Justicia adhatoda 67 333 2 Pogostemon benghalensis 33 133 3 Colebrookea oppositifolia 67 300
Monsoon 1 Abultilon indicum 50 100 2 Ipomoea carnea 83 400 3 Lantana camara 83 300 4 Justicia adhatoda 100 400 5 Colebrookea oppositifolia 83 200 6 Calotropis gigantea 50 167
Argemone mexicana, Saccharum spontaneum, Desmostachya bipinnata and Cynodon
dactylon are the frequently found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields
(Table 3.52). During winter and monsoon Argemone mexicana, Cynodon dactylon, Echinops
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echinatus, Achyranthes aspera and Solanum surattense were requently found herbaceous
species at this site.
Table 3.52: Community structure –Site: V14 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Pre-monsoon
1 Saccharum spontaneum 50 2 Cynodon dactylon 100 3 Argemone mexicana 50 4 Desmostachya bipinnata 33
Winter 1 Argemone mexicana 83 2 Solanum surattense 83 3 Echinops echinatus 83 4 Cynodon dactylon 100
Monsoon 1 Echinops echinatus 83 2 Argemone mexicana 83 3 Achyranthes aspera 33 4 Cynodon dactylon 100 5 Solanum surattense 83
V15. Near Khajuriha Village:
The sampling site V15 is located Rampur Village in the command area. The sampling area is
characterized by agricultural farms and fallow land. No tree species is recorded in the
sampling area.
Shrub layer was comprised of Lantana camara, Abutilon indicum and Colebrookea
oppositifolia during pre-monsoon sampling (Table 3.53). During winter Ipomoea carnea,
Abutilon indicum and Justicia adhatoda were recorded and during monsoon 4 species were
recorded viz. Calotropis gigantea, Lantana camara, Justicia adhatoda and Murraya koenigii.
Table 3.53: Community structure –Site: V15 (Shrubs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Density (Indiv./ha) Pre-monsoon
1 Lantana camara 83 167 2 Colebrookea oppositifolia 33 67 3 Abutilon indicum 50 100
Winter 1 Ipomoea carnea 83 233 2 Abutilon indicum 100 433 3 Justicia adhatoda 83 124
Monsoon 1 Calotropis gigantea 50 133 2 Lantana camara 67 200 3 Justicia adhatoda 67 167 4 Murraya koenigii 33 124
Xanthium indicum, Solanum surattense, Echinops echinatus and Cynodon dactylon are the
frequently found herb species found along the bunds of agricultural fields during pre-
monsoon sampling (Table 3.54). Saccharum spontaneum, Solanum surattense and
Argemone mexicana were recoded during winter while during monsoon Saccharum
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spontaneum, Echinops echinatus, Xanthium indicum, Commelina longifolia and Cynodon
dactylon were recorded.
Table 3.54: Community structure –Site: V15 (Herbs)
S. No. Name of Species Frequency (%) Pre-monsoon
1 Cynodon dactylon 100 2 Echinops echinatus 67 3 Xanthium indicum 33 4 Solanum surattense 50
Winter 1 Saccharum spontaneum 83 2 Argemone mexicana 33 3 Solanum surattense 100
Monsoon 1 Saccharum spontaneum 67 2 Echinops echinatus 50 3 Xanthium indicum 100 4 Commelina longifolia 67 5 Cynodon dactylon 33
3.5.2.7 Dominance
Based upon the Imporatnce value Index (IVI) given below Diospyros melanoxylon,
Lagerstroemia parviflora and Shorea robusta area the most dominant trees in the project
study area at all the 5 sites wherever the tree cover is present.
Name of Species IVI Values
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 Azadirachta indica - - - - 21.4 Bombax ceiba - 8.5 - - -
Diospyros melanoxylon 66.46 93.54 80.22 94.36 134.4 Ficus elastica - - - - 39.1 Lagerstroemia parviflora 76.03 74.07 92.01 65.23 60.3 Madhuca longifolia 64.02 43.11 - - -
Schleichera oleosa 14.58 - - - -
Shorea robusta 78.91 64.73 101.01 68.41 44.8 Syzygium cumini - 16.05 8.38 37.29 - Terminalia alata - - 18.39 - - Ziziphus jujuba - - - 34.71 -
3.5.2.8 Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H’)
Overall the diversity Index for trees in forested areas ranged from 1.43 to 1.86. Trees
distribution in the area is very sparse and are found at sites located near agriculture/ fallow
land and scrub/ grass land. The vegetation in general is represented by the thorny shrubs
and grasses.
Diversity index for shrub species varied from 0.49 at site V15 to 1.72 at site V4 during
winter, from 0.28 at site V15 to 1.59 at sites VV1 & V3 during pre-monsoon and from 0.24
at site V9 to 1.69 at site V14 durimg monsoon (Table 3.55).
Diversity index for herbaceous species varied from 0.69 at site V15 to 1.60 at site V4 during
winter and from 0.79 at site V15 to 1.58 at sites V3 during pre-monsoon. Diversity of herbs
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during monsoon was better as it varied from minimum of 1.30 at site V5 to highest of 1.74
at site V9 (Table 3.55).
Table 3.55: Shannon Wiener Species Diversity Index (H’)
Sampling Site Code
Trees Shrubs Herbs
W PM M W PM M V1 1.49 1.53 1.59 1.37 1.52 1.49 1.55 V2 1.53 1.69 1.38 1.29 1.57 1.33 1.51 V3 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.59 1.60 1.58 1.55 V4 1.44 1.72 1.56 1.55 1.56 1.34 1.35 V5 1.27 1.58 1.37 1.36 0.88 1.36 1.30 V6 - 1.28 1.29 1.26 1.57 1.35 1.51 V7 - 1.52 1.31 1.56 1.55 1.34 1.54 V8 - 1.24 1.36 1.52 1.36 1.37 1.57 V9 - 0.99 1.37 0.24 1.02 1.02 1.74
V10 - 1.30 1.00 1.59 1.36 0.94 1.58 V11 - 0.89 1.37 1.26 1.32 1.34 1.34 V12 - 1.31 1.57 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.56 V13 - 1.35 1.58 1.29 1.04 1.02 1.69 V14 - 0.71 0.40 1.69 1.35 1.30 1.51 V15 - 0.49 0.28 1.37 0.69 0.79 1.39
3.5.3 Faunal Elements
The fauna of the study area has been compiled with the help of direct sighting during field
survey, supplemented with secondary sources and information provided by local people
during field survey in the study area. For the preparation of checklist of animals, Forest
Working Plan of Singrauli and Sidhi Forest Division was consulted. In addition, data was
compiled from published literature like Prater (1998) for mammals, Daniel (2002) for
reptiles and Ali & Ripley (1983) for birds.
3.5.3.1 Mammals
The sighting of mammals is quite rare. During the field survey a Common langur
(Semnopithecus entellus) and Five-striped Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii) were sighted
in the study area. Besides these, no other wild animal was sighted during field surveys.
Villagers told the survey team about the presence of mammals like Vulpes bengalensis (Fox),
Hystrix indica (Porcupine), Rousettus leschenaultia (Bat), Herpestes edwardsii (Mongoose)
and Lepus nigricollis (Common Hare) in the study area. However, sighting of these species is
rare due to absence of any sufficient vegetation cover and suitable habitat for wildlife.
A list of 17 species of mammals reportedly found in the study area was compiled from
secondary sources as well as found during survey and the same is given at Table 3.56.
Table 3.56: List of Mammalian Species Reported in the Study Area
S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status
IUCN 2018-2 WPA 1972 Order: Artiodactyla
1 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus LC III 2 Chital Axis axis LC III Order: CARNIVORA 3 Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii LC II 4 Fox Vulpes bengalensis LC II
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S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status
IUCN 2018-2 WPA 1972 5 Jungle Cat Felis chaus LC II Order: CETARTIODACTYLA 6 Wild Boar Sus scrofa LC III Order: Eulipotyphla
7 Asian House Shrew Suncus murinus LC V Order: LAGOMORPHA 8 Common Hare Lepus nigricollis LC IV Order: PRIMATES 9 Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta LC II
10 Common Langur Semnopithecus entellus LC II Order: RODENTIA
11 Porcupine Hystrix indica LC IV 12 Field rat Rattus rattus LC V 13 Field Mouse Mus booduga LC IV 14 House Mouse Mus musculus LC IV 15 Five-striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennantii LC IV
Order: Chiroptera
16 Flying fox Pteropus giganteus LC IV 17 Bat Rousettus leschenaulti LC IV
IUCN Ver. 2018-2 - International Union for Conservation of Nature; LC - Least Concern WPA – Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972
3.5.3.2 Birds
To prepare inventory of the birds in the area, species sighted during survey of study area as
well as reported from the study area based upon secondary sources. Birds sighted during
the survey were identified using the field guide of birds by Ali & Ripley (1983), Grimmett et
al. (1998, 2011), Inskipp et al. (1999) and Kazmierczak (2000). The classification and
nomenclature of bird species is as per https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org.
During the field surveys, 22 species of birds were recorded. House sparrow, Common Myna,
Jungle Babbler, House crow, Ringed Dove, Red-wattled Lapwing, Common Kingfisher, Green
Bee eater, Rose ringed Parakeet, Flycatcher, Common Hoopoe, House Swift, Black Drongo
and Cattle Egret were most frequently sighted bird species in the study area. Pond Heron,
Black winged Stilt and Little cormorant were also sighted in the project area.
However according to the inventory of the birds prepared from different secondary
sources, 45 species of bird are reported from the study area. List of bird species
composition and their conservation status has been described in Table 3.57.
Table 3.57: List of birds reported from the study area with their conservation status in the study
area (Species marked as* were sighted during the field survey)
S. No. Birds Name Scientific name IUCN
2018-2 WPA
(1972) Order: Accipitriformes
1 Oriental Honey Buzzard* Pernis ptilorhynchus LC Sch I 2 White Eyed Buzzard* Butastur teesa LC Sch I 3 Crested Serpent Eagle* Spilornis cheela LC Sch I 4 Shikra* Accipiter badius LC Sch I 5 Black Winged Kite* Elanus caeruleus LC Sch I 6 Egyptian Vulture* Neophron percnopterus EN Sch I
Order: Bucerotiformes 7 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris LC Sch IV
Order: Charadriiformes
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S. No.
Birds Name Scientific name IUCN
2018-2 WPA
(1972) 8 Red Wattled Lapwing* Vanellus indicus LC Sch IV 9 River Lapwing* Vanellus duvaucelii NT Sch IV
10 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius LC Sch IV Order: Columbiformes
11 Eurasian Collard Dove Streptopelia decaocto LC Sch IV 12 Spotted Dove* Spilopelia chinensis LC Sch IV 13 Rock Pigeon* Columba livia LC Sch IV
Order: Coraciiformes 14 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis LC Sch IV 15 White Throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis LC Sch IV 16 Green Bee Eater* Merops orientalis LC Sch IV 17 Common Kingfisher* Alcedo atthis LC Sch IV
Order: Corvidae
18 Indian Rufous treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda LC Sch IV Order: Cuculidae LC Sch IV
19 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus LC Sch IV Order: Cuculiformes
20 Southern Coucal* Centropus sinensis LC Sch IV 21 Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius LC Sch IV
Order: Gruiformes
22 White Brested Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus LC Sch IV Order: Passeriformes
23 Rufous Tailed lark* Ammomanes phoenicura LC Sch IV 24 Common Myna* Acridotheres tristis LC Sch IV 25 Black Drongo* Dicrurus macrocercus LC Sch IV 26 White Bellied drongo Dicrurus caerulescens LC Sch IV 27 White Shoulder Petronia Gymnoris xanthocollis LC Sch IV 28 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus LC Sch IV 29 Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus LC Sch IV 30 Indian Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus LC Sch IV 31 House Crow* Corvus splendens LC Sch IV 32 White Browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis LC Sch IV 33 Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii LC Sch IV 34 Ashy Crowed Sparrow lark Eremopterix griseus LC Sch IV 35 Common Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius LC Sch IV 36 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus LC Sch IV
Order: Pelecaniformes 37 Indian Pond Heron* Cinnyris asiaticus LC Sch IV 38 Cattle Egret* Bubulcus ibis LC Sch IV 39 Intermediate Egret* Ardea intermedia LC Sch IV 40 Red Naped Ibis* Pseudibis papillosa LC Sch IV 41 Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger LC Sch IV
Order: Piciformes 42 Copper Smith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala 43 Lesser Goldenback Dinopium benghalense LC Sch IV
Order: Psittaciformes 44 Rose Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri LC Sch IV
Order: Strigiformes 45 Jungle Owlet* Glaucidium radiatum LC Sch IV
IUCN Ver. 2018-2 - International Union for Conservation of Nature; LC - Least Concern WPA – Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (The list has been compiled based on field survey and description given in Forest Working Plan Singrauli and Sidhi Forest Divisions)
3.5.3.3 Herpetofauna
Herpeto-fauna was sampled on the same transects marked for mammals and birds. During
the survey no species of reptiles and amphibians was sighted in the study area. List of
herpetofauna reported from the area are listed in Table 3.58.
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Table 3.58: List of Herpetofauna Reported from the Study Area S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Local Name
1 Python Python molurus Ajgar 2 Tortoise Testudo sp. Kachchua 3 Indian ratel/Honey badger Mellivora capensis Kabar Bijju 4 King cobra Naira tripudians Kala Naag 5 Varanus Lacerta sp. Guhera 6 Viper Vipera russeli Ghora Pachhar 7 Black earth bee Eryx johnii Domuhi 8 Common rat snake Zamenis mucosus Dhaman
(The list has been compiled based on field survey and description given in Forest Working Plan of North Singrauli and Sidhi Forest Division about the study area)
3.5.3.4 Conservation Status of Fauna
As per IUCN Red list of Threatened Species Version 2018-2, all species of mammals
reported from the study have been listed under Least Concern (LC) category (Table 3.56).
According to Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; four mammalian species reported from the
study area are listed as Schedule-II species and two species are listed as Schedule-III while
rest of the species are Schedule-IV species (Table 3.56).
All the birds listed above in the study area most of the species fall under Least Concern
category of IUCN Ver. 2018-2 (Table 3.57). However Egyptian vulture and River lapwing are
listed as Endangered and Near Threatened, respectively in IUCN Redlist. As per the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972, 6 species reported from the study area are listed in Schedule I
species. These are Oriental Honey Buzzard, White Eyed Buzzard, Crested Serpent Eagle,
Shikra, Black Winged Kite and Egyptian Vulture (see Table 3.57). Shikra, Black Winged Kite
and Egyptian Vulture were sighted during the surveys also near the forested areas.
3.5.4 Protected Areas
The proposed Gond Major Irrigation project is located in the vicinity of Protected Areas like
Sanjay National Park, Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary and Guru Ghasidas Wildlife
Sanctuary. According to the Directorate of Sanjay Tiger Reserve (STR) no part of the project
is located within the STR and Core Zone is at least 10 km away from the project (refer
Annexure III). However part of Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve comprised of Sanjay National
Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary falls with the study area of the project (refer
Figure 3.17). However, no part of Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve falls within any of the
command areas and all the project command areas are located outside the Eco sensitive
Zone of Sanjay Tiger Reserve.
The submergence area of the project partially falls within the Eco sensitive Zone of Sanjay
Dubri Tiger Reserve (see Figure 3.17) which requires verification from the office of the STR.
There is an Elephant Migration corridor is known as Sidhi corridor for the migration of
elephants in the vicinity of dam and submergence area. Sidhi migration corridor is known
for migration of elephants from Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Sanjay Dubri National Park and
Guru Ghasidas National Park to Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary passes near the dam site and
submergence area and forests around Jalpani command (refer Figure 3.18). Therefore in
case part of the reservoir falls within the Eco Sensitive Zone of STR, requisite appraoval
shall have to be obtained from the concerned authorities.
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Figure 3.17: Protected Areas near the Gond Major Irrigation Project
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Figure 3.18: Map of Sidhi Corridor
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3.5.5 Fish Fauna
As per the secondary sources and field visit survey was used to collect information on fish
diversity in the study area. According to information provided by locals 8 species are found
in the study area. Most common are Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Xenentodon cancila,
Mastacembelus armatus and Channa punctata. Other species was also recorded from the
area were Walago attu, Clarias batrachus and Chanda nama (Syn. Ambassis nama) (refer
Table 3.59). Some of the fishes captured during the survey are shown at Figure 3.19. The
taxonomic classification and nomenclature of fish species is based upon
www.fishbase.org/.
Figure 3.19: Fish Species Captured during the Field Survey in Study Area
Table 3.59: List of Fish Species Reported from the Study Area
S. No.
Order Family Scientific name Local Name
IUCN 2018-2
CAMP Report (1998)
1 Siluriformes Clariidae Catla catla - LC VU/N
2 Siluriformes Clariidae Clarias batrachus Magur LC VU
(A1a,1c,1d) 3 Siluriformes Siluridae Wallago attu Padin NT LRnt/N 4 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Rohu LC LRnt/N 5 Beloniformes Belonidae Xenentodon cancila LC LRnt/N
6 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus
Bam fish LC -
7 Perciformes Channidae Channa punctata (Syn. Ophiocephalus punctatus)
Karra LC LRnt
8 Perciformes Ambassidae Chanda nama (Syn. Ambassis nama)
Chothiya LC -
LRnt/N=Low Risk near threatened/National; VU=Vulnerable/National; A1a,1c,1d=Population
reduction
As per IUCN all the fish species are under Least Concern category except for Wallago attu
which is under Near Threatened category. As per CAMP Workshop report (1998) Catla catla
and Clarias batrachus are Vulnerable species. Rest of the species are in Low Risk category.
3.5.6 Conclusions The plant life in the project study area especially in the command area is in degraded
condition and its distribution is also very irregular with scattered patches. However,
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vegetation in and around dam and submergence area comprised of dense deciduous
forest. The major conclusions are as follows.
i) The dam site and submergence area are located in the immediate vicinity of the Buffer
Zone of Sanjay National Park.
ii) According to ‘A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India’ by Champion and Seth
(1968) the forests types are under Group 5 Dry Tropical Forests.
iii) The factors responsible for degrdation of forests are anthropogenic activities.
iv) Total numbers of plant species recorded were 115.
v) Shorea robusta, Diospyros melanoxylon and Butea monosperma as the dominant
species in the forest area.
vi) In the command area Acacia nilotica, Terminalia alata, Tectona grandis, and Ziziphus
spp. are common tree species.
vii) Azadirachta indica, Mangifera indica, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Madhuca
longifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Syzygium cumini and Pongamia pinnata, etc. are the most
common tree species found near the settlements.
viii) Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea, Justicia adhatoda, Colebrookea oppositifolia,
Ipomoea carnea and Grewia hirsuta.
ix) There are no RET plant species found in the study area.
x) Mammals are represented by 17 species of which presence of Vulpes bengalensis (Fox),
Hystrix indica (Porcupine), Rousettus leschenaultia (Bat), Herpestes edwardsii
(Mongoose) and Lepus nigricollis (Common Hare) was confirmed by villagers.
xi) None of mammal species are in any RET category.
xii) Birds are represented by 45 species of which 8 were sighted during surveys.
xiii) Egyptian vulture and River lapwing are listed as Endangered and Near Threatened,
respectively in IUCN Redlist (2018-2).
xiv) As per the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, 6 species reported from the study area are
listed in Schedule I species. These are Oriental Honey Buzzard, White Eyed Buzzard,
Crested Serpent Eagle, Shikra, Black Winged Kite and Egyptian Vulture. Shikra, Black
Winged Kite and Egyptian Vulture were sighted during the surveys also near the
forested areas.
xv) The submergence area and forests around Jalpani command area are known as
migration corridor of elephants from Guru Ghasidas WLS.
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PHOTOGRAPHS
River Gopad
A view of the landscape in the study area
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Soil Sampling
Surface Water Sampling
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Ground Water Sampling
Noise & Traffic Monitoring
Flora & Fauna Monitoring
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Birds sighted during the field survey
Oriental Honey Buzzard Southern Coucal
Red Naped Ibis Jungle Owlet
White Eyed Buzzard
Crested Serpent Eagle Black Winged Kite
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4.1 INTRODUCTION For sustainable development, it is important to understand social and economic conditions
of the community in the region, impacts of development on the community, measures to
mitigate negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts. For new development
initiatives, socio economic assessment plays an important role to ensure community
participation and their acceptance of the development activity. It also helps in planning the
activities for local area development.
Gond Major Irrigation Project under the Water Resources Department, Govt. of Madhya
Pradesh has planned to construct dam across the Gopad river and irrigate 28,000 ha of
land in 147 villages. The water will be distributed through canal in the culturable command
area (CCA), spread in 147 villages of Singrauli and Sidhi districts. There are 9 villages which
will be partially affected due to contraction of dam and creation of reservoir.
4.2 STUDY AREA Study area considered for the study of social environment is same as considered for
physical and biological environmental parameters and is explained in previous chapter.
Study area comprises of 246 villages falling under Baidhan and Deosar CD Blocks of
Singrauli district; Kusmi and Majhauli CD Blocks of Sidhi district; and Bharatpur (Janakpur)
and Sonhat CD Blocks of Koriya district. Study area villages include 147 benefited villages
and 9 affected villages also. The villages which are likely to be partially or fully submerged
due to the project have been taken as Project Affected Villages while villages located in the
command area have been termed as Project Benefited Villages. List of study area villages is
given in Table 4.1 and location of study area villages is shown in Figure 4.1.
Table 4.1: List of Villages in Study Area S.
No. Name of Village
Village Category
Command Area
District: Singrauli CD Block: Baidhan
1 Bhadauli Affected NA
2 Bucharo Affected NA
3 Jalpani Affected NA
4 Langhadol Affected NA
5 Pura Affected NA
6 Sigrawal Affected NA
7 Bhaisa Buda Benefited Jalpani
8 Dhummadol Benefited Jalpani
9 Gora Benefited Jalpani
10 Jattha Tola Benefited Jalpani
11 Bajaudi Study Area NA
12 Bhunda Study Area NA
13 Bindul Study Area NA
14 Churipath Study Area NA
15 Dhangarh Study Area NA
16 Digwah Study Area NA
17 Ladbai Study Area NA
S. No.
Name of Village Village
Category Command
Area
18 Lalla Bahara Study Area NA
19 Pondi Dol Study Area NA
20 Pondi Path Study Area NA
21 Rauhal Study Area NA
22 Sajawar Study Area NA
23 Sonhari Study Area NA
24 Tal Study Area NA
CD Block: Deosar
25 Amhatola Benefited Jalpani
26 Amradandi Benefited Jalpani
27 Andhiariya Benefited Jalpani
28 Bandhaura Benefited Jalpani
29 Bandhawa Benefited Jalpani
30 Barhawatola Benefited Jalpani
31 Barka Benefited Jalpani
32 Barkitola Benefited Jalpani
33 Barkoni (Barmani) Benefited Jalpani
34 Bharsedi Benefited Jalpani
35 Bodaratola Benefited Jalpani
Chapter
4
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
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S. No.
Name of Village Village
Category Command
Area
36 Chhirhat Benefited Jalpani
37 Chhiwa Benefited Jalpani
38 Chhotkidol Benefited Jalpani
39 Dahjud Benefited Jalpani
40 Dalapipar Benefited Jalpani
41 Dhauhani Benefited Jalpani
42 Diyagadai Benefited Jalpani
43 dudhiyatola Benefited Jalpani
44 Dudhmaniya Benefited Jalpani
45 Gajradani Benefited Jalpani
46 Gannai Benefited Jalpani
47 Ghaghi Tola Benefited Jalpani
48 Ghoghara Benefited Jalpani
49 Gida Benefited Jalpani
50 Godbahara Benefited Jalpani
51 Hatta Benefited Jalpani
52 Itama Benefited Jalpani
53 Jhundihawa Benefited Jalpani
54 Jhurhanar Benefited Jalpani
55 Jhurhanar Benefited Jalpani
56 Kanhaiyadah Benefited Jalpani
57 Kasaiya Benefited Jalpani
58 Khankhipai Benefited Jalpani
59 Khantola Benefited Jalpani
60 Kodiyadol Benefited Jalpani
61 Koni Benefited Jalpani
62 Lohara Benefited Jalpani
63 Mahrail Benefited Jalpani
64 Naudhiya Benefited Jalpani
65 Parihasi Benefited Jalpani
66 Patharidaha Benefited Jalpani
67 Pokharitola Benefited Jalpani
68 Rokhritola Benefited Jalpani
69 Sajapani Benefited Jalpani
70 Samud Benefited Jalpani
71 Sarai Benefited Jalpani
72 Sarratola Benefited Jalpani
73 Semariatola Benefited Jalpani
74 Shivgarh Benefited Jalpani
75 Tenduha Benefited Jalpani
76 Uphradol Benefited Jalpani
77 Banjari Benefited Nigri
78 Barsera Benefited Nigri
79 Basaha Benefited Nigri
80 Belgaon Benefited Nigri
81 Chachardol Benefited Nigri
82 Chamaridol Benefited Nigri
83 Chhamrachh Benefited Nigri
84 Dhanwahi Benefited Nigri
85 Dhanwani Benefited Nigri
86 Dudhiyatola Benefited Nigri
87 Hardi Benefited Nigri
88 Jhara Benefited Nigri
89 Kacara Benefited Nigri
90 Kakarsiha Benefited Nigri
91 Kasaiya Benefited Nigri
92 Katai Benefited Nigri
93 Katheri Benefited Nigri
S. No.
Name of Village Village
Category Command
Area
94 Kuchwahi Benefited Nigri
95 Mahuagaon Benefited Nigri
96 Nigari Benefited Nigri
97 Niwas Benefited Nigri
98 Papal Benefited Nigri
99 Parasi Benefited Nigri
100 Rajania Benefited Nigri
101 Sutaiha Benefited Nigri
102 Bhikhajharia Study Area NA
103 Gorgi Study Area NA
104 Hariharpur Study Area NA
105 Naya Tola Study Area NA
106 Obari Study Area NA
107 Pondi Study Area NA
108 Purail Study Area NA District: Sidhi CD Block: Kusmi
109 Amradandi Affected NA
110 Keoti Affected NA
111 Kurchu Affected NA
112 Bhadaura Benefited Majhauli
113 Darimadol Benefited Majhauli
114 Gotara Benefited Majhauli
115 Katarwar Benefited Majhauli
116 Pondi Benefited Majhauli
117 Shankarpur Benefited Majhauli
118 Amrola Study Area NA
119 Bailatal Study Area NA
120 Bajwai Study Area NA
121 Bandhadol Study Area NA
122 Belgaon Study Area NA
123 Bendau (Bendo) Study Area NA
124 Bhamarkhoh Abad Study Area NA
125 Bhamraha Study Area NA
126 Bhuimand Study Area NA
127 Butu Study Area NA
128 Chandarsa Study Area NA
129 Dadariha Study Area NA
130 Deori Study Area NA
131 Dhummadol Study Area NA
132 Dhuriya Study Area NA
133 Dihara Study Area NA
134 Gadwahi Study Area NA
135 Gaiwata Study Area NA
136 Ghatitola Study Area NA
137 Ghorbandha Study Area NA
138 Guduwadhar Study Area NA
139 Harrai Study Area NA
140 Jawari Tola Study Area NA
141 Karail Study Area NA
142 Kashkheda Study Area NA
143 Kathautiya Study Area NA
144 Keraha Study Area NA
145 Keshlar Study Area NA
146 Khamgarh Study Area NA
147 Khamhariya Study Area NA
148 Kharsoti Study Area NA
149 Machedhi Study Area NA
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S. No.
Name of Village Village
Category Command
Area
150 Machharkata Study Area NA
151 Majhauli Study Area NA
152 Puraindol Study Area NA
153 Semra Study Area NA
154 Songarh Abad Study Area NA
CD Block: Majhauli
155 Amaha Benefited Majhauli
156 Amahiya Benefited Majhauli
157 Amakholi Benefited Majhauli
158 Amoharadol Benefited Majhauli
159 Bakwa Benefited Majhauli
160 Bandhadol Benefited Majhauli
161 Baniyatola Benefited Majhauli
162 Bhumka Benefited Majhauli
163 Chamrauhi Benefited Majhauli
164 Chandohidol Benefited Majhauli
165 Chhoti Kajuriha Benefited Majhauli
166 Chunguna Benefited Majhauli
167 Chunha Benefited Majhauli
168 Dadar Benefited Majhauli
169 Dalapipar Benefited Majhauli
170 Dhanaur Benefited Majhauli
171 Dhanser Benefited Majhauli
172 Dhummadol Benefited Majhauli
173 Duari Benefited Majhauli
174 Gadwahi Benefited Majhauli
175 Gangei Benefited Majhauli
176 Gharbhara Benefited Majhauli
177 Gijwara Benefited Majhauli
178 Guchibahra Benefited Majhauli
179 Hadwar Benefited Majhauli
180 Hinauta Benefited Majhauli
181 Jamua Benefited Majhauli
182 Jhapari Benefited Majhauli
183 Juner Benefited Majhauli
184 Kamchad Benefited Majhauli
185 Kanwar Benefited Majhauli
186 Khajuriha Benefited Majhauli
187 Kolgarh Benefited Majhauli
188 Ledua Benefited Majhauli
189 Madwas Benefited Majhauli
190 Mahkhor Benefited Majhauli
191 Majhigawan Benefited Majhauli
192 Musamudi Benefited Majhauli
193 Nadaha Benefited Majhauli
194 Nargi Benefited Majhauli
195 Naro Benefited Majhauli
196 Nidhpuri Benefited Majhauli
197 Paipkhara Benefited Majhauli
198 Paniha Benefited Majhauli
199 Parasi Benefited Majhauli
200 Pathraula Benefited Majhauli
201 Phulwa Benefited Majhauli
202 Podi Benefited Majhauli
203 Rampur Benefited Majhauli
204 Sahijanaha Benefited Majhauli
205 Samda Benefited Majhauli
206 Ser Benefited Majhauli
S. No.
Name of Village Village
Category Command
Area
207 Shikra Benefited Majhauli
208 Silwar Benefited Majhauli
209 Siraula Benefited Majhauli
210 Sirauli Benefited Majhauli
211 Sondhiya Benefited Majhauli
212 Sonvarsha Benefited Majhauli
213 Tikri Benefited Majhauli
214 Akauna Study Area NA
215 Akla Study Area NA
216 Araji Belhai Study Area NA
217 Barigawan Study Area NA
218 Barseni Study Area NA
219 Belhai Study Area NA
220 Bhedarhai Study Area NA
221 Choraba Study Area NA
222 Dewai Study Area NA
223 Dhanigawan Study Area NA
224 Dharampura Study Area NA
225 Dudhmaniya Study Area NA
226 Ghodpada Study Area NA
227 Hathgarh Study Area NA
228 Jodauri Study Area NA
229 Kachahariya Study Area NA
230 Kapraula Study Area NA
231 Masurihadol Study Area NA
232 Mauhariya Study Area NA
233 Mudheriya Study Area NA
234 Nachani Mahua Study Area NA
235 Piprad Study Area NA
236 Sulkhan Study Area NA District: Koriya CD Block: Bharatpur (Janakpur)
237 Badgaon Khurd Study Area NA
238 Kamarjee Study Area NA
239 Mongra Study Area NA
240 Muluknar Study Area NA
241 Murkil Study Area NA
242 Naugai Study Area NA
243 Neur Study Area NA
244 Risagada Study Area NA
245 Thiskoli Study Area NA
CD Block: Sonhat
246 Goini Study Area NA
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Figure 4.1: Map showing villages in the Study Area
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4.2.1 Description of District
All project components as well as entire study area falls under Singruli, Sidhi and Koriya
districts. District Singrauli is situated on the north eastern part of the state extending
between latitude 23049’ and 24042’ North and longitudes 81018’ and 82048’ East. The
district is bounded by Sidhi district in the east, Koriya district of Chhattisgarh state in the
south, Sonebhadra district of Uttar Pradesh state in the west and north. The district is
spread across a total geographical area of 5675 sq. Km. According to Census 2011, there
are 3 tehsils, 3 CD blocks and 2 towns in the district. There are total 744 villages in the
district, out of which, 727 villages are inhabited and rest of the 17 villages are un-inhabited.
Total households in the district are 2,42,631 with household size of 4.8. Total population of
the district is 1,178,273, out of which, 613,637 are male 564,636 are female and the sex
ratio of district is 920. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribes percentage population of
the district is 12.79% and 32.59% respectively. Literacy rate of the district is quite good i.e.
60.41%. Total working population of the district is 42.39%, while, the rest 57.61% of the
population is classified are non-workers. Out of the total working population, 29.57% are
main workers, while, 12.82% are marginal workers.
District Sidhi is situated on the north eastern part of the state extending between latitude
23047’ and 24042’ North and longitudes 81018’ and 82049’ East. The district is bounded by
Rewa district in the north, Singrauli in the east, Koriya district of Chhattisgarh state in the
south, Satna and Shahdol districts in the north‐west and south‐west respectively. The
district is spread across a total geographical area of 4851 sq. Km. According to Census
2011, there are 6 tehsils, 5 CD blocks and 4 statutory towns in the district. There are total
1055 villages in the district, out of which, 1025 villages are inhabited and rest of the 30
villages are un-inhabited. Total households in the district are 2,37,200 with household size
of 4.7. Total population of the district is 1,127,033, out of which, 575,912 are male 551,121
are female and the sex ratio of district is 957. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribes
percentage population of the district is 11.6% and 27.8% respectively. Literacy rate of the
district is quite good i.e. 64.4%. Total working population of the district is 40.97%, while,
the rest 59.03% of the population is classified are non-workers. Out of the total working
population, 24.44% are main workers, while, 16.53% are marginal workers.
District Koriya is one of the north-west districts of Chhattisgarh state. The district is
bounded by Shahdol and Sidhi districts of Madhya Pradesh state in the south-west and
north respectively, Bilaspur and Korba districts in the south and Surguja district in the east.
The district is spread across a total geographical area of 6604.25 sq. Km. According to
Census 2011, there are 5 tehsils, 5 CD blocks and 8 towns in the district. There are total 636
villages in the district, out of which, 623 villages are inhabited and rest of the 13 villages
are un-inhabited. Household size of the district is 4.3 persons. Total population of the
district is 658,917, out of which, 334,737 are male 324,180 are female and the sex ratio of
district is 968. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribes percentage population of the
district is 8.31% and 46.18% respectively. Literacy rate of the district is quite good i.e.
70.64%. Total working population of the district is 46.60%, while, the rest 53.40% of the
population is classified are non-workers. Out of the total working population, 56.36% are
main workers, while, 43.64% are marginal workers.
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4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA Study area of Gond Major Irrigation Project comprising of 246 villages is spread over 6 CD
blocks, of which 4 CD Blocks (Majhauli, Kusmi, Deosar and Baidhan) are in Madhya Pradesh
states while 2 CD Blocks (Bharatpur and Sonhat) are in Chhattisgarh.
4.3.1 Demographic Profile
As per Census 2011, total households in the 246 study area villages 62625. Total population
of the study area is 277,023, out of which, 146,004 are male 131,019 are female and the
sex ratio is 897. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribes percentage population is 12.49%
and 38.8% respectively (refer Table 4.2).
Table 4.2: Demographic Profile
Category of Villages
Total Affected Villages
Benefited Villages
Other Study Area Villages
No. of Villages
9 147 80 246 Households
1170 48627 12828 62625
Population Total 5430 214808 56785 277023 Male 2745 114483 28776 146004
Female 2685 100325 28009 131019 Sex Ratio
978 876 973 897
Scheduled Caste
Total 479 28925 5190 34594 Male 229 15205 2600 18034
Female 250 13720 2590 16560
Scheduled Tribe
Total 4676 71005 30926 106607 Male 2359 36160 15643 54162
Female 2317 34845 15283 52445 Source: Census of India: 2011,
4.3.2 Literacy Profile
Literacy profile of the study area is given in Table 4.3. The literate population is 137980, of
which male and female are 86143 and 51837, respectively. Literacy rate is 60.62%, of which
male and female literacy rate is 62.43% and 37.57% respectively.
Table 4.3: Literacy Profile
Category of Villages
Population Aged 7+
Literate Population Literacy Rate (%) Total Male Female Total* Male Female
Affected Villages
4253 1941 1240 701 45.64 63.88 36.12
Benefited Villages
177283 109513 68887 40626 61.77 62.90 37.10
Other Study Area Villages
46091 26526 16016 10510 57.55 60.38 39.62
Total 227627 137980 86143 51837 60.62 62.43 37.57 Source: Census of India: 2011, *: Literacy Rate = No. of Literates/ Population aged 7+ x 100
4.3.3 Occupation Pattern
The occupation pattern in the study area is given in Table 4.4. As per Census data of 2011,
it is observed that 48.07% of the total population has been classified as “Total Workers”. Of
the total workers, 63.42% are classified as “Main Workers” while, 36.58% are classified as
“Marginal Workers”. Of the total population, 51.93% are “Non Workers”.
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Table 4.4: Occupational Pattern
Occupation Pattern Affected Villages
Benefited Villages
Other Study Area Villages
Total
Total Population 5430 214808 56785 277023
Total Worker
Total 2740 102140 28296 133176 % 50.46 47.55 49.83 48.07
Male 1452 61983 15289 78724 Female 1288 40157 13007 54452
Main Worker
Total 1592 66813 16057 84462 % 58.10 65.41 56.75 63.42
Male 951 46611 10101 57663 Female 641 20202 5956 26799
Marginal Worker
Total 1148 35327 12239 48714 % 41.90 34.59 43.25 36.58
Male 501 15372 5188 21061 Female 647 19955 7051 27653
Non Worker
Total 2690 112668 28489 143847 % 49.54 52.45 50.17 51.93
Male 1293 52500 13487 67280 Female 1397 60168 15002 76567
4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY Socio-economic survey of villages located in the project area was carried out on sample
survey basis. The villages which are likely to be partially or fully submerged due to the
project have been taken as Project Affected Villages while villages located in the command
area have been termed as Project Benefited Villages. Under the sample survey, 32 villages
out of the total 147 project benefitted villages and all the 9 project affected villages were
selected, which constitute about 28% sample size.
4.4.1 Socio Economic Profile of the Project Affected Villages
Due to the project 9 villages shall be affected. The demographic profile of the project
affected villages is given in Table 4.5. In the project affected villages studied there are 1229
total number of households with a total population of 5723 comprising of 2889 and 2834
male and females, respectively. The sex ratio is 981 females per thousand males. Langhadol
is the largest village with a population of 1922 whereas Amradandi is smallest with a
population of only 92 persons. Keoti village has the highest sex ratio (1100) and Pura
Village has the least (639). The maximum SC population (16.3 %) and ST population (74.7
%) is in village Langhadol.
Table 4.5: Demographic Profile of the Project Affected Villages
S. No.
Village Name Households Total Population
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes Sex Ratio
T M F T M F T M F 1 Langhadol 417 1922 952 970 314 151 163 1436 704 732 1019 2 Jalpani 59 293 144 149 12 6 6 281 138 143 1035 3 Sigrawal 121 617 314 303 58 27 31 501 251 250 965 4 Bucharo 210 859 410 449 71 31 40 783 377 406 1095 5 Bhadauli 271 1270 658 612 34 18 16 1224 634 590 930 6 Pura 26 100 61 39 0 0 0 89 54 35 639 7 Amradandi 17 92 48 44 0 0 0 85 43 42 917 8 Keoti 25 126 60 66 0 0 0 126 60 66 1100 9 Kurchu 83 444 242 202 2 2 0 432 236 196 835 Total 1229 5723 2889 2834 491 235 256 4957 2497 2460 981
T=Total, M=Male, F=Female
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The literacy profile of the project affected villages is given in Table 4.6. The male and
female literate population in surveyed project affected villages is 1291 and 755,
respectively, which implies that the literacy rate of the project affected area is 48.0 % of
which the male 58.9 % while the female 36.0 %. Pura village has the highest literacy rate
(57.8%) while kurchu Village has the least literacy rate of 18.3%. Jalpani has the highest
female literacy rate also (49.2 %) and Kurchu has the lowest female literacy rate of 11.8%.
Table 4.6: Literacy Profile of the Project Affected Villages
S. No. Village Name Literate Population Literacy Rate (%)
Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 Langhadol 667 402 265 44.7 55.6 34.4 2 Jalpani 118 60 58 51.1 53.1 49.2 3 Sigrawal 252 165 87 51.2 65.0 36.6 4 Bucharo 313 180 133 46.0 55.9 37.0 5 Bhadauli 430 310 120 43.5 59.6 25.6 6 Pura 48 35 13 57.8 71.4 38.2 7 Amradandi 36 23 13 36.7 45.1 27.7 8 Keoti 182 116 66 52.6 65.2 39.3 9 Kurchu 13 9 4 18.3 24.3 11.8 Total 2046 1291 755 48.0 58.9 36.0
The education facilities in the project affected villages are shown in Table 4.7. There are no
secondary or senior secondary school in any of the project affected villages whereas the
primary school facilities are available in all villages. The college facilities are available in the
nearby Singrauli and Sidhi district headquarter.
Table 4.7: Education Facility in Project Affected Villages
S. No.
Education Facility Langhadol Jalpani Sigrawal Bucharo Bhadauli Pura Amradandi Keoti Kurchu
1 Primary School Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2 Middle School Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes
3 Secondary School No No No No No No No No No
4 Senior Secondary School No No No No No No No No No
An available medical facility in surveyed villages is given in Table 4.8. There are 1 Primary health Centre and 1 Maternity & Child welfare facility available in Langhadol village and remaining villages are no medical facility. There are no private MBBS practitioners are available in the area. The data also shows that Public Distribution System (PDS) facility is available in three villages, while in six villages PDS facility is available in nearby villages. Anganwadi and Asha worker facility is available in all the villages. The facility of Veterinary and post office are also not available. There are only one Bank and Police station facility available in Langadol village.
Table 4.8: Medical and Other Facilities in Project Affected Villages S.
No. Medical Facility
Langhadol Jalpani Sigrawal Bucharo Bhadauli Pura Amradandi Keoti Kurchu
1 Community
Health Centre (CHC)
No No No No No No No No No
2 Primary Health Centre (PHC)
Yes No No No No No No No No
3 Primary Health No No No No No No No No No
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA Study of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4.9
S. No.
Medical Facility
Langhadol Jalpani Sigrawal Bucharo Bhadauli Pura Amradandi Keoti Kurchu
Sub Centre (PHSC)
4 Maternity &
Child Welfare (MCW)
Yes No No No No No No No No
5 Private MBBS
Doctor No No No No No No No No No
6 Veterinary
Hospital No No No No No No No No No
7 Anganwadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
8 Asha worker Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
9 PDS Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No
10 Post Office No No No No No No No No No
11 Bank Yes No No No No No No No No
12 Police
Station/Post Yes No No No No No No No No
The availability of water sources in the project affected villages is given in Table 4.9. The
data states that villagers depend on handpump and tube wells for drinking water facility.
For irrigation villagers depend on river Gopad through pumping of water and tube wells as
there are no ponds in the area. Wheat, Rice, Mustard and Pulses are the main crop grown
in the area.
Table 4.9: Water Sources and Agricultural Crops in Project Affected villages
S. No. Village Name Handpump Tube well River Pond Agriculture Crops
1 Langhadol Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
2 Jalpani Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
3 Sigrawal Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
4 Bucharo Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
5 Bhadauli Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
6 Pura Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
7 Amradandi Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
8 Keoti Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
9 Kurchu Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
In addition to available amenities and facilities in the surveyed villages other infrastructure
and characteristics if surveyed villages are given in Table 4.10. Electricity is available in all
the villages. Irrigation is mainly through pumping of water from river, canal and tube wells.
The water level varies from 65 to 90ft in all the villages. Quality of drinking water is good
and there are no cases of malaria reported from the area. Agriculture is main economic
activity while other occupation is labour work. There are cooperative societies in all the
villages and nearest market are available in Sarai and Singrauli.
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Table 4.10: Other Available Amenities/Facilities and Characteristics of Surveyed Project Affected Villages S.
No. Langhadol Jalpani Sigrawal Bucharo Bhadauli Pura Amradandi Keoti Kurchu
1 Water Tank No No No No No Yes No No No
2 River/Canal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
3 Electricity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 River/canal
Pumping No No No No No No No No No
5 Water level in tube wells and open well (ft)
70 65 90 80 85 70 80 65 65
6 Availability of water up to
which month
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
October and November
7 Quality of
drinking water Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good
8 Malaria Cases detected and
treated No No No No No No No No No
9 Economy/
Occupation Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour Agriculture/
Labour
10 Nearest Market
Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli Sarai/Singrauli
11 Cooperative
Society Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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4.4.2 Socio Economic Profile of the Project Benefited Villages
The demographic profile of the surveyed project benefited villages is given in Table 4.11. In
the project benefited villages studied there are 11860 total number of households with a
total population of 51052. The sex ratio is 948 females per thousand males. Nigri is the
largest village with maximum number of households (1442) with a population of 5566
whereas Nargi is smallest with 78 households and a population of only 312 persons. The
population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the surveyed villages is 10.45% and
33.95 %, respectively.
Table 4.11: Demographic Profile of the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S. No.
Village Name Total HH
Total Population
Total Male
Total Female
Sex Ratio
Scheduled Castes
Population
SC Population
(%)
Scheduled Tribes
Population
ST Population
(%)
1 Hatta 426 1914 971 943 971 647 33.8 1023 53.4
2 Sarai 1175 5454 2829 2625 928 638 11.7 1364 25.0
3 Gora 461 2255 1149 1106 963 151 6.7 696 30.9
4 Sajapani 499 2499 1238 1261 1019 142 5.7 2215 88.6
5 Ghaghi Tola 103 566 280 286 1021 0 0.0 552 97.5
6 Pokharitola 358 1549 788 761 966 36 2.3 1162 75.0
7 Ghoghara 320 1443 744 699 940 94 6.5 621 43.0
8 Diyagadai 290 1476 755 721 955 275 18.6 1027 69.6
9 Dadar 631 2646 1346 1300 966 297 11.2 168 6.3
10 Bhaisa Buda 298 1452 710 742 1045 231 15.9 908 62.5
11 Juner 79 289 144 145 1007 0 0.0 11 3.8
12 Mahkhor 390 1798 906 892 985 13 0.7 279 15.5
13 Sonvarsha 243 961 504 457 907 0 0.0 214 22.3
14 Amahiya 148 659 345 314 910 0 0.0 7 1.1
15 Khajuriha 300 1267 639 628 983 146 11.5 602 47.5
16 Parasi 337 1304 699 605 866 54 4.1 58 4.4
17 Sirauli 93 413 216 197 912 0 0.0 125 30.3
18 Naro 364 1424 745 679 911 72 5.1 309 21.7
19 Silwar 742 2932 1501 1431 953 90 3.1 783 26.7
20 Rampur 109 448 242 206 851 0 0.0 213 47.5
21 Nigari 1442 5566 2962 2604 879 664 11.9 1019 18.3
22 Niwas 736 2916 1509 1407 932 360 12.3 324 11.1
23 Papal 532 2298 1187 1111 936 228 9.9 364 15.8
24 Hardi 481 2198 1140 1058 928 50 2.3 548 24.9
25 Mahuagaon 1151 4816 2488 2328 936 570 11.8 440 9.1
26 Rajania 349 1676 800 876 1095 40 2.4 1228 73.3
27 Katheri 262 1184 584 600 1027 20 1.7 1070 90.4
28 Chamaridol 133 551 271 280 1033 275 49.9 148 26.9
29 Nargi 78 312 184 128 696 0 0.0 0 0.0
30 Ledua 87 326 184 142 772 100 30.7 0 0.0
31 Amoharadol 202 749 379 370 976 0 0.0 480 64.1
32 Gannai 960 4711 2389 2322 972 1084 23.0 2432 51.6
Total 13779 60052 30828 29224 948 6277 10.45 20390 33.95
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The literacy profile of the project affected villages is given in Table 4.12. The male and
female literate population in surveyed project affected villages is 18156 and 11896,
respectively, which implies that the literacy rate of the project affected area is 61.1 % of
which the male 72.3 % while the female 49.3 %. Nigari village has the highest literacy rate
(81.1 %) while Ghaghi Tola Village has the least literacy rate of 44.9%. Ledua has the
highest female literacy rate (66.1 %) and Pokharitola has the lowest female literacy rate
of 32.7 %.
Table 4.12: Literacy Profile of the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S. No. Village Name Literate Population Literacy Rate (%)
Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 Hatta 861 554 307 58.1 74.3 41.8 2 Sarai 2852 1702 1150 62.9 72.7 52.5 3 Gora 1056 646 410 56.9 68.7 44.8 4 Sajapani 921 568 353 46.5 58.2 35.1 5 Ghaghi Tola 205 126 79 44.9 55.5 34.3 6 Pokharitola 570 376 194 46.8 60.3 32.7 7 Ghoghara 708 433 275 58.8 69.4 47.4 8 Diyagadai 624 383 241 53.7 66 41.3 9 Dadar 1508 868 640 69.2 78.9 59.3
10 Bhaisa Buda 532 318 214 46 57 35.8 11 Juner 145 92 53 62.2 77.3 46.5 12 Mahkhor 1011 615 396 66.7 79 53.7 13 Sonvarsha 464 277 187 58.7 67.7 49.1 14 Amahiya 402 251 151 73.2 86 58.8 15 Khajuriha 555 347 208 55.1 67.8 42 16 Parasi 748 453 295 65.6 73.5 56.2 17 Sirauli 271 156 115 75.9 85.7 65.7 18 Naro 682 417 265 59.6 72.4 46.7 19 Silwar 1666 991 675 68.1 79 56.6 20 Rampur 238 151 87 68 82.5 52.1 21 Nigari 3138 1977 1161 67.2 79.6 53.1 22 Niwas 1605 942 663 65.3 75.3 54.9 23 Papal 1170 687 483 61.5 70.5 52.1 24 Hardi 1266 742 524 68.5 77.7 58.7 25 Mahuagaon 2546 1492 1054 64.5 73.8 54.8 26 Rajania 758 423 335 56.1 65.8 47.3 27 Katheri 632 367 265 63.3 75.1 52.1 28 Chamaridol 223 137 86 50.5 62.3 38.7 29 Nargi 209 139 70 80.1 90.3 65.4 30 Ledua 224 144 80 79.4 89.4 66.1 31 Amoharadol 311 183 128 51.7 59.6 43.4 32 Gannai 1951 1199 752 50.9 61.8 39.7
Total 30052 18156 11896 61.2 72.3 49.3
The data on available education facilities in the project benefited villages is given in Table
4.13. There are Primary Schools facilities available in all villages and Middle schools in all
the villages except in 3 villages viz. Sonvarsha, Rampur and Amoharadol. The secondary
school facilities available in only 9 villages viz. Sarai, Sajapani, Mahkhor, Nigari, Niwas,
Papal, Mahuagaon, Rajania and Gannai while Senior Secondary schools in only 6 villages
viz. Sajapani, Niwas, Papal, Mahuagaon, Rajania and Gannai.
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Table 4.13: Education Facility in the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S. No. Villages Primary School Middle School Secondary School Secondary School
1 Hatta Yes Yes No No
2 Sarai Yes Yes Yes No
3 Gora Yes Yes No No
4 Sajapani Yes Yes Yes Yes
5 Ghaghi Tola Yes Yes No No
6 Pokharitola Yes Yes No No
7 Ghoghara Yes Yes No No
8 Diyagadai Yes Yes No No
9 Dadar Yes Yes No No
10 Bhaisa Buda Yes Yes No No
11 Juner Yes Yes No No
12 Mahkhor Yes Yes Yes No
13 Sonvarsha Yes No No No
14 Amahiya Yes Yes No No
15 Khajuriha Yes Yes No No
16 Parasi Yes Yes No No
17 Sirauli Yes Yes No No
18 Naro Yes Yes No No
19 Silwar Yes Yes No No
20 Rampur Yes No No No
21 Nigari Yes Yes Yes No
22 Niwas Yes Yes Yes Yes
23 Papal Yes Yes Yes Yes
24 Hardi Yes Yes No No
25 Mahuagaon Yes Yes Yes Yes
26 Rajania Yes Yes Yes Yes
27 Katheri Yes Yes No No
28 Chamaridol Yes Yes No No
29 Nargi Yes Yes No No
30 Ledua Yes Yes No No
31 Amoharadol Yes No No No
32 Gannai Yes Yes Yes Yes
An available medical facility in surveyed benefited villages is given in Table 4.14. There are
no community health centres (CHC), Maternity & Child Welfare (MCW) and private medical
practitioner in any of the villages. Primary Health Centres are available in 7 villages viz.
Sarai, Sajapani, Niwas, Papal, Mahuagaon, Nargi and Gannai and Primary Health Sub-
Centres are available in only 2 villages viz. Pokharitola and Diyagadai. Anganwadi and Asha
worker facility is available in all the villages and Public Distribution System facility is
available in 21 villages, while in remaining villages PDS facility is available in nearby villages.
There are 7 Post office/sub-post offices and 4 Bank facilities available in the benefited
village.
Table 4.14: Medical and Other Facilities in the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S.
No. Villages CHC PHC PHSC MCW
Private
MBBS
Doctor
VH Anganwadi AW PDS PO/SPO Bank
1 Hatta No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No
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S.
No. Villages CHC PHC PHSC MCW
Private
MBBS
Doctor
VH Anganwadi AW PDS PO/SPO Bank
2 Sarai No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 Gora No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 4 Sajapani No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 5 Ghaghi Tola No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 6 Pokharitola No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 7 Ghoghara No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 8 Diyagadai No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 9 Dadar No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No
10 Bhaisa Buda No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 11 Juner No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 12 Mahkhor No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 13 Sonvarsha No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 14 Amahiya No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 15 Khajuriha No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 16 Parasi No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 17 Sirauli No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 18 Naro No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 19 Silwar No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 20 Rampur No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 21 Nigari No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 22 Niwas No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 23 Papal No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes 24 Hardi No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 25 Mahuagaon No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 26 Rajania No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 27 Katheri No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 28 Chamaridol No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No 29 Nargi No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No 30 Ledua No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 31 Amoharadol No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No 32 Gannai No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No
CHC-Community Health Centre; PHC- Primary Health Centre; PHSC- Primary Health Sub Centre; MCW- Maternity & Child Welfare;
VH-Veterinary Hospita; AW- Asha Worker; PDS- Public Distribution System; PO/SPO-Post Office/Sub Post Office.
The availability of water sources in the project affected villages is given in Table 4.15. The
data states that villagers depend on handpump and tube wells for drinking water facility.
For irrigation villagers depend on river Gopad through pumping of water, canal and tube
wells as there are three ponds in the area. Wheat, Rice, Mustard and Pulses are the main
crop grown in the area.
Table 4.15: Water Sources and Agricultural Crops in the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S. No. Village Name Handpump Tube well River Pond Agriculture Crops
1 Hatta Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
2 Sarai Yes Yes No Yes Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
3 Gora Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
4 Sajapani Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
5 Ghaghi Tola Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
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S. No. Village Name Handpump Tube well River Pond Agriculture Crops
6 Pokharitola Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
7 Ghoghara Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
8 Diyagadai Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
9 Dadar Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
10 Bhaisa Buda Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
11 Juner Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
12 Mahkhor Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
13 Sonvarsha Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
14 Amahiya Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
15 Khajuriha Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
16 Parasi Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
17 Sirauli Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
18 Naro Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
19 Silwar Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
20 Rampur Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
21 Nigari Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
22 Niwas Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
23 Papal Yes Yes Yes Yes Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
24 Hardi Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
25 Mahuagaon Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
26 Rajania Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
27 Katheri Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
28 Chamaridol Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
29 Nargi Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
30 Ledua Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
31 Amoharadol Yes Yes Yes No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
32 Gannai Yes Yes No No Wheat Rice Mustard Pulses
In addition to available amenities and facilities in the surveyed villages other infrastructure
and characteristics if surveyed villages are given in Table 4.16. Electricity is available in all
the villages. The water level varies from 40 to 95ft in all the villages. Quality of drinking
water is good and there are no cases of malaria reported from the villages in project
benefited area. Agriculture is main economic activity while other occupation is labour
work. There are cooperative societies in all the villages and nearest market is in Sarai,
Singrauli and Sidhi.
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Table 4.16: Other Available Amenities/Facilities and Characteristics of the Surveyed Project Benefited Villages
S. No.
Villages Water Tank
Electricity Water level in tube wells and open well (ft)
Availability of water up to which month
Quality of drinking
water
Malaria Cases
detected and treated
Economy/ Occupation
Nearest Market Cooperative
Society
1 Hatta No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 2 Sarai No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 3 Gora No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 4 Sajapani No Yes 95 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 5 Ghaghi Tola No Yes 55 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 6 Pokharitola No Yes 75 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 7 Ghoghara No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 8 Diyagadai No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 9 Dadar No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes
10 Bhaisa Buda No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 11 Juner No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 12 Mahkhor No Yes 70 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 13 Sonvarsha No Yes 60 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 14 Amahiya No Yes 40 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 15 Khajuriha No Yes 65 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 16 Parasi No Yes 55 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 17 Sirauli No Yes 60 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 18 Naro No Yes 65 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 19 Silwar No Yes 50 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 20 Rampur No Yes 70 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 21 Nigari No Yes 50 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 22 Niwas No Yes 70 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 23 Papal No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 24 Hardi No Yes 50 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 25 Mahuagaon No Yes 45 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 26 Rajania No Yes 95 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 27 Katheri No Yes 70 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 28 Chamaridol No Yes 85 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 29 Nargi No Yes 80 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 30 Ledua No Yes 95 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Sidhi Yes 31 Amoharadol No Yes 70 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes 32 Gannai No Yes 65 October and November Good No Agriculture/Labour Sarai and Singrauli Yes
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4.4.3 Villagers Perception Regarding Proposed Project
Villager’s opinion was sought during the survey regarding proposed Gond Major Irrigation
Project in the region. The Villagers informed that this Project will be a blessing for the area
because agriculture is the main occupation in the area and they have very fertile soil but
due to limited extraction of ground water and low rainfall, there is acute shortage of water
especially during Rabi season. Lack of irrigation facility results in low income from crop
production. In search of livelihood and better job opportunities people migrate towards the
cities of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh.
According to the villagers, in case of increased availability of water throughout the year, the
yield of the crop can be increased manifold and cash crops like vegetables and flowers can
also be grown here. The availability of water will increase the production of milk as Cattle
Rearing is very popular in this region. Cattle rearing needs lot of water and the proposed
project will facilitate this alternative source of livelihood for the residents of the benefited
villages. They would able to grow cash crops like Vegetables, Tomatoes, Potatoes and other
vegetables. Growing of flowers is also coming up as a new trend in the area so availability of
water will give opportunities to grow flowers which can give instant money to the farmers.
4.4.4 Main Findings of the Survey
Various respondents of surveyed villages were asked that which crop they would like to
take if they have sufficient sources of irrigation. Most of farmers are interested in
summer crop which is not possible in the present scenario due to acute shortage of water
after October-November every year. Villagers also like to grow vegetables and flowers.
Villagers carry drinking water from privately owned tube wells.
Respondents were asked that if they get sufficient water for irrigation then what will be
the cost of irrigation; all the respondents expect that cost of irrigation will reduce, if
Government gives ample water for irrigation.
Respondents were asked whether they are prepared to switch to micro irrigation facility
and prepared to bear the cost of micro irrigation system; all respondents confirmed their
interest in switching to micro irrigation. About the cost, they said that at present they are
paying electricity for the tube-well to the government and in the same manner they can
pay for micro irrigation as they expect the yield to go up many times.
Respondents were asked that if they get sufficient water, then how many crops they
would be able to cultivate in a year. Most of the respondents said, that they will able to
cultivate at least two crops. The analysis indicates that there is more demand for two or
more crops especially for cash crop of vegetables.
The analysis of the data indicates that most of the villagers depend on agriculture.
Because of low productivity the income is low. With increasing cost of living, villagers are
not able to avail good medical and education facilities. This has resulted in increase in
migration of youths and landless agricultural labour in search of employment.
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The findings of the survey indicate that the needy farmers either have to pay a huge
amount to purchase water for irrigation or have to give their land on Adhiya (Hire) to
resourceful persons having ample sources of irrigation. Thereby, substantial reduction in
income in the absence of adequate water supply for irrigation.
The above analysis shows a clear picture that the project will be able to improve quality of
life, paving a path of development for the present and future generation. The increased
yield due to assured irrigation will lead to integrated development of agriculture in the
region.
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PHOTOGRAHS OF VILLAGES SURVEYED
Bhadauli Village Middle School, Bhadauli Village
Primary School, Pura Village Pura Village
Kyurchu Village Middle School Kyurchu Village
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Amahiya Village Primary School Amahiya Village
Aaganwadi, Hatta Village Hatta Village
Aaganwadi, Nigri Village Nigri Village
Aaganwadi, Devsar Village Devsar Village
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Aaganwadi, Hardi Village Hardi Village
Mahua Village Aaganwadi, Mahua Village
Hinauta Village Govt. Primary School Hinauta Village
Govt. Primary School, Khujuriha Village Khujuriha Village
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5.1 GENERAL This chapter deals with environmental and social impacts and identifies and discusses, both
positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed project along with the
mitigation and management measures. Based on the project details and the baseline
environmental status, potential impacts because of construction and operation of Gond
Major Irrigation project have been assessed. Environmental impact assessment has been
done based upon the understanding of the project features/activities, environmental
setting in the area and interaction of project activities with environmental components
leading to generation of likely impacts due to implementation of the project in the
area/region. To ensure that all the negative environmental impacts are mitigated to a large
extent possible with minimum environmental impacts due to implementation of the
project, Mitigation and Management measures have been appropriately formulated and
suggested along with budgetary allocation for all the mitigation and management
measures in next section. Baseline environmental status in the project area, as established
through field studies and based on data obtained from various secondary sources is
discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Project related information has been sourced from project
proponent and from Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project to carry out the impact
assessment during project construction as well as during operation phase.
Impacts and Mitigation/Management Measures are discussed under following heads:
Air Quality
Noise Environment
Water Resources
Land Environment
Terrestrial Ecology
Socio-Economic Environment
Public Health and
Command Area Development
For each of the above, potential adverse/positive impacts along with the recommendations
for mitigation measures have been discussed in the ensuing paragraphs. Wherever
possible, the impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative assessment has been
undertaken.
5.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
5.2.1 Construction Phase Impacts
Irrigation schemes in general do not have much impact on air environment during their
operation, however, due to construction activities such as excavation, movement of
material, operation of construction equipment, storage of material, etc. air pollution do
occur requiring control by mitigation measures.
Chapter
5
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENAL IMPACTS
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5.2.1.1 Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment
The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion of fuel. Normally, diesel
is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted because of combustion of
diesel is SO2. The suspended particulate matter emissions are minimal due to low ash content
in diesel. Depending upon the fuel quality and quantity and rating of DG sets and other
equipment, it is important to provide adequate stack height for emission to be dispersed in the
atmosphere to have minimum increase in Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs).
5.2.1.2 Emissions from various construction sites
The operation of the construction plants during the construction phase is likely to generate
fugitive emissions, which can impact area and surrounding area as well, depending on wind
direction. Such fugitive emissions comprise mainly of the suspended particulate matter.
Various mitigation measures have been recommended to control such emissions and
further reduce their impacts.
5.2.1.3 Fugitive Emissions from material handling and transportation
During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Normally, on
windy days, especially when the environment is dry, some of the stored material can get
entrained in the atmosphere. These emissions will also get deposited on leaf surface, thus
affecting their physiological processes like transpiration, photosynthesis, etc. Although it is
very difficult to eliminate such impact in toto, it is however, possible to reduce its intensity
by implementing mitigation measures as discussed in ensuing text.
5.2.2 Operation Phase Impacts
In an irrigation project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase.
During operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.
5.2.3 Mitigation Measures for Air Emissions
Following are some of the recommendations on mitigation measures.
I. For all major construction activities, curtaining of the site will be done to protect the
surrounding areas from dust emissions.
II. In addition, regular sprinkling of the water will be done on construction sites for
dust suppression.
III. All construction equipment/machinery will be properly maintained and tuned to
minimize emissions.
IV. Mobile DG sets shall be used for lighting only during construction phase and they
should meet emission and noise standards as per guidelines/standards issued by
CPCB.
V. The entire contractor’s vehicle should have valid PUC certificate and same condition
may be enforced on transporters bringing in material for construction.
VI. Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with
proper road repair and maintenance work.
VII. Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and/or swept and unpaved areas
will be sprayed and/or mulched.
VIII. All the construction workers and other staff, who get directly exposed to dust,
should necessarily be provided with dust masks.
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The project authorities will work closely with representatives from the community living
near project area to identify areas of concern and to mitigate dust-related impacts
effectively (e.g., through direct meetings, utilization of construction management and
inspection program, and/or through the complaint response program).
5.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
5.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts
Sources of noise will be the vehicles and equipment for excavation and construction at the
project site. Due to construction activity in the area, noise levels will increase during the
period of construction, however, they will remain limited to the work area mainly where
large-scale construction activity will progress. Additionally, noise levels will increase on
approach roads due to increased traffic.
Impact of noise generation due to operation of construction machines and equipment is
the exposure of workers operating these machines and other who are working in the
surrounding. Such impacts can become significant if they are exposed to high noise for long
hours continuously.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of USA has done substantial work to
establish the impacts of exposure to high noise levels on humans and have established
limits for safe exposure. Continuous exposures to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects
the hearing ability of the workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. Factories Rules
by various state governments has also adopted these limits to check exposure of factory
workers to high noise for longer duration. To prevent impact of high noise exposure on
workers, it is recommended that contractors should enforce standards, recommended by
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), during the construction phase.
Refer Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Maximum Exposure Periods Specified by OSHA
Maximum equivalent continuous noise level dB(A)
Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 hrs/day and 5 days/week
90 8 95 4
100 2 110 ½ 120 ¼
5.3.2 Operation Phase Impacts
No major impacts are envisaged on noise environment during project operation phase.
5.3.3 Mitigation Measures for Noise
Noise will be generated during various construction activities such as excavation,
construction, laying of pipeline, movement of vehicles, operation of construction machines
and equipment, repair and maintenance work, operation of DG sets, etc. Noise levels will
also increase due to increase in traffic. Continuous exposure of workers to high sound levels
may result in annoyance, fatigue, and may cause temporary shift of threshold limit of hearing
and even permanent loss of hearing.
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Following mitigation measures will be implemented to minimize the impact of high noise:
Contractors will be required to maintain proper functioning of equipment and comply
with occupational safety and health standards. DG sets will have a valid Type Approval
Certificate and Conformity of Production certificate as per CPCB guidelines.
All the construction equipment will be required to use available noise suppression
devices and properly maintained mufflers.
Workers in high noise area, will be provided with ear muffs and their use will be
monitored (budgeted under PPE head). Workers exposure (time duration) to high
noise will also be controlled.
Minimize the use of noise producing equipment during night hours to avoid the
disturbance to locals and wild animals of surrounding area.
Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during construction phase of the project. In
case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise levels by the machinery; will
require the contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing
construction.
Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.
5.4 WATER RESOURCES
5.4.1 Construction Phase Impacts
5.4.1.1 Runoff from construction sites
Water is used in construction activities leading to wastewater generation with high
suspended solids. Similarly, effluents due to washing from truck or equipment etc. would
have high concentration of oil and grease. Assessment of quantum of wastewater from
such activities is difficult, however, they can impact the nearby water bodies if surface run
off with high suspended solid is washed into them.
5.4.1.2 Mitigation Measures
Conservation of water should be implemented at construction sites to minimize the
generation of wastewater. With regards to water quality, wastewater from construction
activities would mostly contain suspended impurities and oil and & grease. Adequate care
should be taken so that excess suspended solids in the wastewater are removed before
these are disposed into water body or over land, although effluent is expected to be small
to cause any adverse impact.
5.4.2 Operation Phase Impacts
The major impacts considered as a part of the study are
Changes in flow regime in downstream
Impact on ground water
Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity
Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers
5.4.2.1 Changes in flow regime in downstream
Construction of dam and storage and use of water for irrigation would lead to the
reduction in water discharge in the river stretch downstream of dam. Since water will be
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stored during monsoon and diverted for irrigation, during the lean season i.e. during
winters there will be decrease in flow in the river in the stretch of the river downstream of
the dam.
Available annual 75% dependable total yield at dam site as 578.39 MCM. There are 7
upstream projects for which water allocation (u/s commitment) is 5.76 MCM. Hence net
available yield is 572.63 MCM. Approximately 95% of the yield is contributed by monsoon
flow and only about 5% yield will be come from non-monsoon period.
Therefore, to mitigate the impact of reduced flow or drying up of the river downstream of
the dam; the project is designed with live storage/proposed utilization of 96.49 MCM, and
remaining water from monsoon contribution will be continuously discharged for
downstream and upstream users. The quantum works out to be 476.14 MCM or almost
83% of the water available in pre-project conditions. Therefore, no additional environment
flow is required to be released during monsoon period.
To ensure that downstream conditions do not change substantially during non-monsoon
period, 80% of discharge of non-monsoon period is recommended to be released as
environmental flow.
5.4.2.2 Positive Impact on ground water
Improved availability of irrigation water in the area shall lead to reduced extraction of
ground water for irrigation and domestic uses. Although, at present the stage of ground
water development in study area falls in safe category, however, continuous extraction for
irrigation is not recommended. The project, by providing water for irrigation will reduce
the extraction of ground water and bring a positive impact on this count.
5.4.2.3 Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity
The project is designed to carry out irrigation in command area through sprinkler / drip
irrigation system; problem of water logging and salinity is not envisaged.
5.4.2.4 Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers
The fertilizer dose is likely to increase once irrigation is introduced in the command area. Under
the best farming practices in case of flood irrigation, only 40-50% of the applied fertilizers are
used by the crop and the balance finds its way into the aquatic environment through drainage
runoff which causes eutrophication of water bodies. But since, piped irrigation (drip/sprinkler)
system has been planned in the proposed project, this possibility is minimal.
5.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT
5.5.1 Impact Due to Muck Generation
For construction of different components of the project surface excavation in earth mixed
with boulders, soft/disintegrated rock and hard rock would be carried out. The excavation
shall result in large quantity of excavated material i.e. muck which shall have to be
evacuated, disposed of and roller compacted or laid on mild slopes pari-passu with the
excavation work, to such designated areas where the muck piles do not substantially
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interfere with either environment / ecology or the river flow regime and cause turbidity
impairing the quality of water. The disposal of muck has to be scientifically planned
keeping in view the pecuniary aspects necessitating nearness to the generating
component of work, which understandably reduce the travel time of dumpers,
interference to surface flow and ground water aquifer, and disposition of habitation.
The construction of dam and water conductor system for conveyance of water up to farm
level would involve about 19,51,538 cum of soil and rock excavation after assuming 25%
swell factor. Most of the muck of total excavation material is expected to be used for
backfilling, producing coarse and fine aggregate for concrete production and in fillings for
developing areas for construction facilities. However, total quantity of muck need to be
disposed is about 5,37,855 cum.
Muck, if not securely transported and dumped at pre-designated sites, can have serious
environmental impacts, such as:
Can be washed away into the main river which can cause negative impacts on the
aquatic ecosystem of the river.
Can lead to impacts on various aspects of environment. Normally, the land is cleared
before muck disposal. During clearing operations, trees are cut, and undergrowth
perishes as a result of muck disposal.
In many of the sites, muck is stacked without adequate stabilisation measures. In such
a scenario, the muck moves along with runoff and creates landslide like situations.
Many a times, boulders/large stone pieces enter the river/water body, affecting the
benthic fauna and other components of aquatic biota.
Normally muck disposal is done at low lying areas, which get filled up due to stacking of
muck. This can sometimes affect the natural drainage pattern of the area leading to
accumulation of water or partial flooding of some area which can provide ideal
breeding habitat for mosquitoes.
Muck disposal needs to be carefully planned else it becomes a major impact from
construction of project. Therefore, a Muck Management Plan is prepared including the
restoration of areas, by implementing biological and engineering measures with budget
and is discussed as part of EMP.
5.5.2 Impact due to Waste Generation
Construction activities are associated with 3 types of waste generation:
Construction and Demolition Waste
Hazardous Waste
Municipal Solid Waste from labour camps/colonies
There will be an influx of technical staff, laborers and other service providers into the
project area. Sewage and solid waste will be generated from the colonies. It is very
essential that from the planning stage, sewage management and solid waste disposal
facilities should be conceptualized to maintain the health of the people and the
environment. The main sources of wastes in case of the proposed project can be divided
into following categories:
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Municipal waste from residential areas
Solid wastes from labour camps
Bio-medical wastes from Dispensary
Construction and demolition waste
The solid waste is primary problem during the construction phase of the project as
during operation phase, people working on dam operation will be staying in permanent
colony. Solid waste generated from temporary and permanent colonies during
construction and operation phase will be disposed off as per Solid Wastes Management
Rules, 2016.
Solid Waste from Labour Colony
About 500 workers (labour and staff) would be engaged temporarily during peak
construction period. Proper sanitary facilities would be provided at the labour colonies.
In the absence of proper solid waste management plan, there can be serious
impacts of land and water pollution due to indiscriminate disposal. In addition,
there will be odour issues and health impacts. Therefore, for maintaining the
cleanliness of the labour colony and to restrict from disposing the solid waste into the
river, no dumping of solid waste should be allowed near any water body or nalla. A solid
waste management plan is prepared as part of EMP.
Solid Waste from Permanent Colony
The project authority, as principal waste generator, shall, within the territorial area
of the project complex/ colony, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions
of Solid Wastes Management Rules, 2016, issued by MOEF vide S.O.1357 (E) dated 8th,
April 2016, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
Any municipal solid waste generated in the project complex/ project colony/ labour
colony, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the duties set forth under
clause 4 (1) through 4(3) and clause 20 in respect of landfill.
Construction Waste
Apart from the municipal solid waste in labour colony of project area, a lot of waste is
expected to be generated on account of construction activities mainly consisting of
cement bags, iron scrap, packing material, etc. It is expected that most of the iron
scrap and packing material would be recycled since it has reuse value and hence, it is
proposed that stipulations should be imposed on suppliers and contractors to take
away the scrap and packing materials.
Hazardous and Biomedical Waste
Hazardous waste will be generated from construction activities in terms of empty
containers of construction chemicals, drums of oil and grease used in construction
equipment. Similarly, Biomedical Waste will be generated from first aid posts created for
labour. As the waste quantum is not expected to be very large, on site treatment and
disposal is not recommended. Such wastes should be collected and stored separately in
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specially designated bins/areas and disposed at regular intervals to authorised vendors
only.
5.5.3 Impact due to Land Requirement and change in land-use
For the development of Gond Major Irrigation Project, land would be acquired for
construction of project components, submergence area, muck dumping, quarrying,
construction camps and colony, etc. Total land required for the construction of proposed
project activities is approximately 1442.148 ha (Table 5.2).
Table 5.2: Details of Land Requirement
S.
No. Land Use Details
Land Required for Different Components (ha) Total Area
(ha) Dam
Sheet
Waste
Weir Submergence
Power
Generation Canal
1 Government Land 40.741 32.35 699.182 60.986 0.00 833.259
2 Private Land
(unirrigated) 0.00 8.77 216.249 0.00 0.00 225.019
3 Forest Land 9.00 10.10 347.97 0.00 16.80 383.87
Total Area (ha) 49.741 51.22 1263.401 60.986 16.80 1442.148
Major impact of land acquisition is permanent change of landuse, which is unavoidable.
Additionally, land acquisition has impacts on local population by way of loss of their
agriculture land and hence livelihood and also impact on flora and fauna by way of loss of
forest land and clearing of vegetation on acquired land. Mitigation and management of
such impacts is discussed as part of EMP.
5.6 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
5.6.1 Construction and Operation Phase Impacts
i) Flora
During project construction phase, labour population is likely to congregate near various
construction sites. It can be assumed that the technical staff likely to congregate will be of
higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as
fuel. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel
wood for whom kerosene and other fuels like cooking gas could be provided. Overall there
will be marginal increase in population at various construction sites, of which major
populations may be inclined to use fuel wood which may have adverse impact on flora.
Hence, to minimize such impacts, community kitchens and use of kerosene and cooking gas
have been recommended.
The project construction would require acquisition of 383.87 ha of forest land. All the
vegetation will be cleared for construction of project component. This is a permanent
impact and can only be compensated by Compensatory Afforestation.
ii) Fauna
Sanjay Tiger Reserve is the nearest protected area from the project site (refer Figure
2.4). In this regard, a letter was issued by Chief Wildlife Warden (Ref: माचि/2017/4386
dated 28/07/2017 – refer Annexure III) mentioning that the proposed dam site is about
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10 Km away from Sanjay Tiger Reserve. Eco-sensitive Zone of Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve
which includes Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary was notified
vide gazette notification dated 28/08/2017. The extent of Eco-Sensitive Zone is up to 2
kilometers from the boundary of Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife
Sanctuary, which together constitute the Core Area of the Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve.
The Elephant Migration corridor for the migration of elephants from Guru Ghasidas
National Park to Bagdara Sanctuary area is located near the dam site and submergence
area. Therefore, area is rich in wildlife and project construction and operation can have
serious irreversible impacts on the wildlife habitat and their migration between
protected areas. It is recommended that a separate wildlife management plan should be
prepared in consultation with expert agency and local forest department to ensure that
project construction and operation should not interfere with the migratory routes and
habitat of wildlife in surroundings.
5.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Construction phase of projects is generally associated with impacts related to labor
congregation in an area, where labour camps/colonies are constructed and such phase is
expected to last for 3 years. Keeping in view the health concerns and reduces the impact of
sanitation and hygiene of local area, where temporary labour camps will be set up;
following minimum facilities are proposed at these locations:
• Potable drinking water
• Temporary shelters with sanitation facilities
• Mobile toilets
• Crèche for female workers
• First aid facilities
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), as required
Positive Impacts
The entire project has been designed to benefit the farmers and bring about positive
change by providing water for irrigation which will have many cascading positive impacts
not only on the farmers but also on other non-farming local population. The scheme in
general will bring about prosperity in the area leading to improved quality of life.
A number of marginal activities and jobs would be available to local skilled and unskilled
workers during construction phase and also more employment opportunities will be
available to locals during operation phase with increased income of farmers. The command
area will have increased demand for services like schools, hospital transportation,
communication etc. This will further generate employment.
Participation in Water Users Association (WUA) and increased interaction with different
Irrigation Department personnel and officials will add to awareness. Piped irrigation is a
new technology for the community of this area for which training of different durations on
different related aspects will be considered.
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Negative Impacts
Project would require acquisition of 225.019 ha of private land leading to displacement of
162 families. These families will be resettled and rehabilitated as per the provisions of The
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013.
In addition, influx of workers and floating population during project construction phase can
lead to cultural clashes, law and order concerns and health issues. Such impacts are best
managed by involving NGOs, local panchayat/community leaders and local administration.
Project construction may bring about some changes in the socio-economic environment of
the area including increased threats to the health of the community. Possible threats to
public health are briefly discussed below along with the management measures.
Chances of spread of new diseases in the area due to migrant workers.
Chances of increase in respiratory troubles due to increase in suspended particles
during the construction phase are expected mainly for the labour.
Chances of occurrence of gastroenteritis, cholera and typhoid in the labour camp.
Possibility of some site accidents cannot be ruled out and therefore, use of PPEs
should be strictly followed and provisions should be made for emergency medication
and ambulance
Workers health and hygiene issues need to be addressed to minimize the impact on
this count especially for female workers with/without child(ren).
ANNEXURES
Annexure I
Annexure - II
ToR Compliance - Gond Major Irrigation Project
S. No
Clause in ToR Compliance
A Physical and Chemical Environment 1 Geological and Geophysical Aspects and
Seismo-Tectonics:
Physical Geography, Topography, Regional Geological aspects and structure of the catchment.
Tectonics, Seismicity and History of past earthquakes in the area. A site-specific study of earthquake parameters will be done. The results of the site-specific earthquake design shall be sent for approval of the NCSDP (National Committee of Seismic design parameters, Central Water Commission, New Delhi for large dams.
Landslide zone or area prone to landslide existing in the study area should be examined.
Presence of important economic mineral deposit, if any.
Justification for location & execution of the project in relation to structural components (dam height).
Impact of project on geological environment.
Chapter 2 Project Description Chapter 3 Baseline Environment Chapter 5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts
2 Meteorology, Air and Noise Meteorology (viz., Temperature, Relative
Humidity, wind speed/direction etc.) to be collected from nearest IMD station.
Ambient Air Quality with parameters viz., Suspended ParticuLate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended ParticuLate Matter (RSPM) i.e., suspended particulate materials <10-microns, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), in the study area at 6 locations.
Existing noise levels and traffic density in the study area at 6 locations.
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.4.1 Section 3.4.5 Section 3.4.6
3 Soil Characteristics Soil classification, physical parameters
(viz., texture, porosity, bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical parameters (viz. pH, electrical conductivity, Magnesium, calcium, total alkalinity, chlorides, sodium, potassium,
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.4.3
organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, SAR, nitrogen and salinity, etc.,) (6 locations).
4 Remote sensing and GIS Studies Generation of thematic maps viz., slope
map, drainage map, soil map, land use and land cover map, etc. Based on these, thematic maps, an erosion intensity map should be prepared.
New Configuration map to be given in EIA report
EMP Chapter 1 CAT Plan Figure 1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.10
5 Water Quality History of the ground water table
fluctuation in the study area. Water quality for both surface water and
ground water for (i)Physical parameters'(pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, TSS); (ii)Chemical parameters (Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD, COD, NO2, PO4, CI, SO4, Na, K, Ca Mg, Silica, Oil & Grease, phenolic compounds, residual sodium carbonate); (iii)Bacteriological parameters (MPN, Total coliforms) and (iv) Heavy Metals (Pb, As, Hg, cd, cr-6, total Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe).
Delineation of sub and micro-watersheds, their locations and extent based on the All India Soil and Land Use Survey of India (AISLUS), Department of Agriculture, Government of India. Erosion levels in each micro-watershed and prioritization of micro-watershed through silt yield index (SYI) method of AISLUS.
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.4.4 Section 3.4.7 EMP Chapter 1 CAT Plan Section 1.4.1
B Water Environment & Hydrology Hydro-Meteorology of the project viz.
precipitation (snowfall, rainfall), temperature, relative humidity, etc. Hydro-meteorological studies in the catchment area should be established along-with real time telemetry and data acquisition system for inflows monitoring.
Run-off, discharge, water availability for the project, sedimentation rate, etc.
Basin characteristic’s Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and
flash floods, if any, should be documented.
For estimation of Sedimentation Rate, direct sampling of river flow is to be done during the EIA study. The study should be conducted for minimum one
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.4.1 Section 3.4.4 EIA Chapter 1 Project Description Section 2.1
year. Actual silt flow rate to be expressed in ha-m km2 year-1.
Set-up a G&D monitoring station and a few rain gauge stations in the catchment area for collecting data during the investigation.
Flow series, 10 daily with 90%, 75% and 50% dependable years discharges.
A table of 10-daily water discharges corresponding to 90% dependable year showing the intercepted discharge at the barrage, the environmental flow to be released and the other flow releases downstream of the barrage and spills to be provided in hydrology section of EIA.
Norms for release of Environmental flow i.e. 30% in monsoon, 20% in lean season and 25% in non-monsoon & non-lean season to be followed corresponding to 90% dependable year. A site-specific study on minimum environmental flow should be carried out.
Hydrological studies/data as approved by CWC shall be utilized in the preparation of EIA/ EMP report. Actual hydrological annual yield may also be given in the report.
A minimum of 1 km distance from the top of the reservoir to the tail race tunnel should be maintained between upstream and downstream projects.
C Biological Environment Flora:
Characterization of forest types (as per Champion and Seth method) in the study area and extent of each forest type as per the Forest Working Plan.
Documentation of all plant species i.e. Angiosperm, Gymnosperm, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes (all groups).
General vegetation profile and floral diversity covering all groups of flora including lichens and orchids. A species wise list may be provided.
Assessment of plant species with respect to dominance, density, frequency, abundance, diversity index, similarity index, importance value index (IVD, Shannon Weiner index etc. of the species to be provided. Methodology used for calculating various diversity indices along with details of locations of quadrates, size of quadrates etc. to be
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.5.2
reported within the study area in different ecosystems.
Existence of National park, Sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve etc. in the study area, if, any, should be detailed.
Economically important species like medicinal plants, timber, fuel wood etc.
Details of endemic species found in the project area.
Flora under RET categories should be documented using International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) criteria and Botanical Survey of India's Red Data list along-with economic significance. Species diversity curve for RET species should be given.
Biodiversity study, a sub-component of EIA study, is to be carried out by associating a reputed organization/ institution as recommended by WII, Dehradun or by ICFRE, Dehradun.
Cropping pattern and Horticulture Practices in the study area.
Fauna: Fauna study and inventorisation should
be carried out for all groups of animals in the study area. Their present status along with Schedule of the species.
Documentation of fauna plankton (Phyto and zooplankton), periphyton, benthos and fish should be done and analyzed.
Information (authenticated) on Avi-fauna and wildlife in the study area.
Status of avifauna their resident/ migratory/ passage migrants etc.
Documentation of butterflies, if any, found in the area.
Details of endemic species found in the project area.
RET species-voucher specimens should be collected alongwith GPS readings to facilitate rehabilitation. RET faunal species to be classified as per IUCN Red Data list and as per different schedule of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Existence of barriers and corridors, if any, for wild animals.
Compensatory afforestation to compensate the green belt area that will be removed, if any, as part of the proposed project development and loss of biodiversity.
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.5.3
Collection of primary data on agricultural activity, crop and their productivity and irrigation facilities components.
D Aquatic Biology Documentation of aquatic fauna like
macro-invertebrates, zooplankton, phyto-planktons, benthos etc.
Fish and fisheries, their migration and breeding grounds.
Fish diversity composition and maximum length & weight of the measured populations to be studied for estimation of environmental flow.
Conservation status of aquatic fauna.
EIA Chapter 3 Description of Environment, Section 3.5.4
E Socio-economic Environment Collection of baseline data on human
settlements, health status of the community and existing infrastructure facilities for social welfare including sources of livelihood, job opportunities and safety and security of workers and surroundings population.
Collection of information with respect to social awareness about the developmental activity in the area and social welfare measures existing and proposed by project proponent.
Collection of information on sensitive habitat of historical, cultural and religious and ecological importance.
The socio-economic survey/ profile within 10 km of the study area for demographic profile; Economic Structure; Developmental Profile; Agricultural Practices; Infrastructure, education facilities; health and sanitation facilities; available communication network etc.
Documentation of demographic, Ethnographic, Economic Structure and development profile of the area.
Information on Agricultural Practices, Cultural and aesthetic sites, Infrastructure facilities etc.
Information on the dependence of the local people on minor forest produce and their cattle grazing rights in the forest land.
List of all the Project Affected Families with their names, age, education, land holdings, other properties, occupation, source of income, land and other
EIA Chapter 4 Description of Social Environment
properties to be acquired, etc. In addition to socio-economic aspects of
the study area, a separate chapter on socio-culture aspects based upon study on Ethnography of the area should be provided.
G Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures The adverse impact due to the proposed
project should be assessed and effective mitigation steps to abate these impacts should be described.
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment
1 Air Environment Changes in ambient and ground level
concentrations due to total emissions from point, line and area sources.
Effect on soil, material, vegetation and human health.
Impact of emissions from DG set used for power during the construction, if any, on air environment.
Pollution due to fuel combustion in equipment and vehicles
Fugitive emissions from various sources Impact on micro climate
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment Section 5.2
2 Water Environment Changes in surface and ground water
quality. Steps to develop pisci-culture and
recreational facilities Changes in hydraulic regime and
downstream flow. Water pollution due to disposal of
sewage Water pollution from labor colonies/
camps and washing equipment.
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment Section 5.4
3 Land Environment Adverse impact on land stability,
catchment of soil erosion, reservoir sedimentation and spring flow (if any) (a) due to considerable road construction/widening activity (b) interference of reservoir with the inflowing stream (c) blasting for commissioning of HRT, TRT and some other structures.
Changes in land use / land cover and drainage pattern
Immigration of labour population Quarrying operation and muck disposal Changes in land quality including effects
of waste disposal. River bank and their stability Impact due to submergence.
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment Section 5.5
4 Biological Environment Impact on forests, flora, fauna including
wildlife, migratory avi-fauna rare and endangered species, medicinal plants etc.
Pressure on existing natural resources. Deforestation and disturbance to
wildlife, habitat fragmentation and wild animal's migratory corridors.
Compensatory afforestation-identification of suitable native tree species for compensatory afforestation and green belt.
Impact on fish migration and habitat degradation due to decreased flow of water.
Impact on breeding and nesting grounds of animals and fish.
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment Section 5.6
5 Socio – Economic Aspects Impact on local community including
demographic profile. Impact on socio-economic status. Impact on economic status. Impact on human health due to water /
water borne disease Impact on increase traffic. Impact on Holy Places and Tourism. Impacts of blasting activity during
project construction which generally destabilize the land mass and leads to landslides, damage to properties and drying-up of natural springs and cause noise pollution will be studied. Proper record shall be maintained of the baseline information in the post project period.
Positive and negative impacts likely to be accrued due to the project are listed.
EIA Chapter 5 Anticipated Impact Assessment Section 5.7
H Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
1 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan should be prepared micro-watershed wise. Identification of free draining/ directly draining catchment based upon Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology and Sediment Yield Index (SYI) Method of AISLUS, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of India coupled with ground survey. Areas or watersheds falling under 'very severe' and 'severe' erosion categories should be provided and required to be treated. Both biological as well as engineering measures should be proposed
EMP Chapter 1 CAT Plan
in consultation with State Forest Department for areas requiring treatment. Year-wise schedule of work and monetary allocation should be provided. Mitigation measures to check shifting cultivation in the catchment area with provision for alternative and better agricultural practices should be included.
2 Command area Development(CAD) Plan details of implementation Schedule with a sample CAD plan
EMP Chapter 2 Command Area Development Plan
3 Compensatory Afforestation in lieu of the forest land required for the project needs to be proposed. Choice of plants should be made in consultation with State Forest Department including native and RET species, if any.
EMP Chapter 16 Compensatory Afforestation Plan
4 Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation & Management Plan for conservation and preservation of endemic, rare and endangered species of flora and fauna to be prepared in consultation with State Forest Department
EMP Chapter 3 Biodiversity Management and Wildlife Conservation Plan
5 Fisheries Conservation & Management Plan-Fish fauna inhabiting the affected stretch of river, a specific fisheries management plan should be prepared for river and reservoir.
EMP Chapter 4 of Fisheries Conservation and Management Plan
6 Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan needed to be prepared on the basis of findings of the socio-economic survey coupled with the outcome of public consultation held. The R&R package shall be prepared after consultation with the representatives of the project affected families and the State Government. Detailed budgetary estimates are to be provided. Resettlement site should be identified. The plan will also incorporate community development strategies. R&R Plan is to be formulated as per land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act, 2013 which came into force w.e.f. 1.1.2014
EMP Chapter 5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
7 Green Belt Development Plan along the periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach road, canals etc. Local plant species must be suggested with physical and financial details. Local plant species suitable for greenbelt development should be selected
EMP Chapter 6 Landscaping, Restoration & Green Belt Development Plan
8 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan for stabilization of land slide/land slip zones if any, around the reservoir periphery to be prepared. Suitable engineering and biological measures for treatment of the
EMP Chapter 7 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan
identified slip zones to be provided with physical and financial schedule.
9 Muck Disposal Plan- suitable sites for dumping of excavated material should be identified in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board and Forest Department. All Muck disposal sites should be minimum 30 m away from the HFL of river. Plan for rehabilitation of muck disposal sites should also be given. The L- section/ cross section of muck disposal sites and approach roads to be given. The plan shall have physical and financial details of the measures proposed.
EMP Chapter 8 Muck Management Plan
10 Plan for Restoration of quarry sites and landscaping of colony areas, working areas, roads, etc.
EMP Chapter 6 Landscaping, Restoration & Green Belt Development Plan
11 Study of Design Earthquake Parameters: A site specific study of earthquake parameters should be done. Results of the site-specific earthquake design parameters should be approved by National Committee of Seismic Design Parameters, Central Water Commission (NCSDP) New Delhi.
NA
12 Dam Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan: The outputs of Dam Break Model should be illustrated with appropriate graphs and maps clearly bringing out the impact of Dam break scenario. Provision for early warning systems should be provided
EMP Chapter 14 Dam Break Modeling and Disaster Management Plan
13 Water, Air and Noise Management Plans to be implemented during construction and post construction periods.
EMP Chapter 13 Environmental Safeguards during Construction
14 Mitigating measures for impacts due to Blasting on the structures in the vicinity.
NA
15 Ground Water Management Plan EMP Chapter 12 Ground Water Management Plan 16 Public Health Delivery Plan including the
provisions of drinking water supply for local community
EMP Chapter 10 Public Health Delivery System
17 Labour Management Plan for their Health and Safety.
EMP Chapter 9 Solid Waste Management Plan EMP Chapter 10 Public Health Delivery System EMP Chapter 11 Energy Conservation Measures EMP Chapter 13 Environmental Safeguards during Construction
18 Sanitation and Solid-waste management plan for domestic waste from colonies and labour camps etc.
EMP Chapter 9 Solid Waste Management Plan
19 Local Area Development Plan to be formulated in consultation with the Revenue Officials and Village Panchayats. Local skill development schemes should be given. Details of various activities to be
EMP Chapter 5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
undertaken along with its financial out lay should be provided.
20 Environmental Safeguards during construction activities including Road Construction.
EMP Chapter 13 Environmental Safeguards during Construction
21 Energy Conservation Measures EMP Chapter 11 Energy Conservation Measures 22 Environmental Monitoring Programme with
physical & financial details covering all the aspects of EMP. A summary of cost estimate for all the plans, cost for implementing all Environmental Management Plans
EMP Chapter 15 Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Chapter 17 Cost Estimates
I In the EMP, a sample CAD plan for a distributary outlet command is also included. Such a plan is to show the alignment of irrigation and drainage channels. The components of the On Farm Development (OFD) works to be undertaken may be clearly mentioned along with a time schedule for their completion vis-&-vis the progress of irrigation development.
EMP Chapter 3 Fishery Conservation & Management plan.
J Additional Conditions 1 Three (3) season’s data should be collected
for the entire project. EMP Chapter 3 Fishery Conservation & Management plan.
2 A detailed irrigation management plan should be worked out so that at least 10% of the CCA would be covered by micro-irrigation scheme
EIA Chapter 2 Project Description
3 The issue of conjunctive irrigation may also be considered in the project right from the formulation stage
EIA Chapter 2 Project Description
4 Land acquired for the project shall be suitably compensated in accordance with the law of the land with the prevailing guidelines. Private land shall be acquired as per provision of Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in land acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
EMP Chapter 5 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
5 The project involves about 356.967 ha of forest land. Forest clearance should be obtained as per the prevailing norms of FC Act, 1980.
EIA Chapter 2 Project Description
6
The Sanjay Tiger Reserve National Forest is within 10 km radius of the project site. If required, wildlife clearance from Standing Committee on NBWL is to be obtained.
EIA Chapter 2 Project Description
Annexure III
Annexure-IV Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Details
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a Week
Monitoring Schedule in December 2017
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
AQ 1 Bhadeli Village
1 3-12-2017 to 4-12-2017 14.5 44.3 5.6 10.0
2 6-12-2017 to 7-12-2017 15.4 42.0 5.8 10.7
1 10-12-2017 to 11-12-
2017 14.2 41.6 6.0 11.7
2 13-12-2017 to 14-12-
2017 15.4 44.0 5.2 10.0
1 17-12-2017 to 18-12-
2017 16.5 43.4 5.6 11.4
2 20-12-2017 to 21-12-
2017 14.5 42.8 6.1 10.7
1 24-12-2017 to 25-12-
2017 14.8 41.7 6.0 11.2
2 27-12-2017 to 28-12-
2017 14.2 40.9 5.7 11.0
98 Percentile values 16.3 44.3 6.1 11.7
AQ2 Jalpani Village
1 3-12-2017 to 4-12-2017 16.7 50.2 5.6 8.9
2 6-12-2017 to 7-12-2017 15.6 48.7 5.4 9.6
1 10-12-2017 to 11-12-
2017 17.3 48.6 5.5 9.2
2 13-12-2017 to 14-12-
2017 15.6 47.2 5.8 8.8
1 17-12-2017 to 18-12-
2017 16.3 49.6 6.1 9
2 20-12-2017 to 21-12-
2017 17 50 6 8.6
1 24-12-2017 to 25-12-
2017 15.3 48.2 6.1 9
2 27-12-2017 to 28-12-
2017 16.9 47.2 5.8 9.5
98 Percentile values 17.3 50.2 6.1 9.6
AQ3 Chamrach
1 4-12-2017 to 5-12-2017 15.4 54.3 5.2 7.8
2 7-12-2017 to 8-12-2017 14.2 54.5 5.5 7.8
1 11-12-2017 to 12-12-
2017 14.5 56.5 5.7 8.8
2 14-12-2017 to 15-12-
2017 16.5 53.4 5.1 8.9
1 18-12-2017 to 19-12-
2017 14.8 52.3 5.5 8.4
2 21-12-2017 to 22-12-
2017 15.6 55.5 5.8 9.7
1 25-12-2017 to 26-12-
2017 15.6 51.3 5.4 9.5
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a Week
Monitoring Schedule in December 2017
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
2 28-12-2017 to 29-12-
2017 15.8 50.8 5 7.9
98 Percentile values 16.4 56.4 5.8 9.7
AQ4 Niwas
1 4-12-2017 to 5-12-2017 16.5 54.3 5.5 8.7
2 7-12-2017 to 8-12-2017 15.4 49.5 5.4 8.9
1 11-12-2017 to 12-12-
2017 16.5 52.4 5.6 8.8
2 14-12-2017 to 15-12-
2017 14 55.4 6.2 8.7
1 18-12-2017 to 19-12-
2017 16.5 49.5 5.6 8.4
2 21-12-2017 to 22-12-
2017 14.1 50.56 5.4 8
1 25-12-2017 to 26-12-
2017 15.4 54.3 5.4 7.9
2 28-12-2017 to 29-12-
2017 16.5 54.5 6 7.3
98 Percentile values 16.5 55.3 6.2 8.9
AQ5 Sarai Village
1 5-12-2017 to 6-12-2017 22.3 58.7 5.7 9.9
2 8-12-2017 to 9-12-2017 24.3 56.5 5.5 8.7
1 12-12-2017 to 13-12-
2017 25.4 59.8 5.8 8.9
2 15-12-2017 to 16-12-
2017 23.4 57.6 6.7 9
1 19-12-2017 to 20-12-
2017 21.2 54.4 6.5 9.6
2 22-12-2017 to 23-12-
2017 24.3 55.5 5.4 9.7
1 26-12-2017 to 27-12-
2017 25.4 56.5 5.6 8.9
2 29-12-2017 to 30-12-
2017 25.6 55.6 6.2 9.4
98 Percentile values 25.6 59.6 6.7 9.9
AQ6 Khajuriha
Village
1 5-12-2017 to 6-12-2017 17.5 45.4 5.4 8.9
2 8-12-2017 to 9-12-2017 15.4 44.4 5.5 8.8
1 12-12-2017 to 13-12-
2017 15.4 43.4 5.2 8.6
2 15-12-2017 to 16-12-
2017 16.5 39.8 4.8 7.3
1 19-12-2017 to 20-12-
2017 17.3 38.9 5.5 7.6
2 22-12-2017 to 23-12-
2017 14.2 44.5 5.7 7.8
1 26-12-2017 to 27-12-
2017 16.5 45.7 5.5 8
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a Week
Monitoring Schedule in December 2017
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
2 29-12-2017 to 30-12-
2017 17.6 43.4 5.8 9.2
98 Percentile values 17.6 45.7 5.8 9.2
Permissible Limit
24 h NAAQS 2009 60 100 80 80
December 2017 (98 Percentile Readings (Sampling done twice a week for 4 weeks)
Site Location PM2.5 PM10 SOx NOx
AQ1 Bhadeli Village 16.3 44.3 6.1 11.7
AQ2 Jalpani Village 17.3 50.2 6.1 9.6
AQ3 Chamrach Village 16.4 56.4 5.8 9.7
AQ4 Niwas Village 16.5 55.3 6.2 8.9
AQ5 Sarai Village 25.6 59.6 6.7 9.9
AQ6 Khajuriha Village 17.6 45.7 5.8 9.2
24 h NAAQS 2009 60 100 80 80
Monitoring schedule
Starting time 8.30 am
Ending time 8.30 am next day
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in May 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
AQ 1 Bhadeli Village
1 1-4-2018 to 2-4-2018 12.7 51.2 6.6 7.2
2 4-4-2018 to 5-4-2018 11.1 55.3 6.2 7.0
1 8-4-2018 to 9-4-2018 10.8 53.4 6.6 7.0
2 11-4-2018 to 12-4-
2018 11.5 52.4 6.4 6.7
1 15-4-2018 to 16-4-
2018 12.2 54.3 6.8 7.3
2 18-4-2018 to 19-4-
2018 12.4 54.5 6.5 6.9
1 22-4-2018 to 23-4-
2018 12.7 54.5 6.7 7.4
2 25-4-2018 to 26-4-
2018 11.8 53.4 6.6 7.2
98 Percentile values 12.7 55.2 6.8 7.4
AQ2 Jalpani Village
1 1-4-2018 to 2-4-2018 14.2 44.5 4.5 6.3
2 4-4-2018 to 5-4-2018 12.3 45.4 4.2 6.4
1 8-4-2018 to 9-4-2018 10.9 48.7 4.5 6.6
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in May 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
2 11-4-2018 to 12-4-
2018 14.2 49.5 4.6 6.2
1 15-4-2018 to 16-4-
2018 13.8 44.5 4.2 5.8
2 18-4-2018 to 19-4-
2018 13.5 45.8 4 6.6
1 22-4-2018 to 23-4-
2018 14.2 49.2 4.4 6.2
2 25-4-2018 to 26-4-
2018 12.8 47.5 4.5 6.7
98 Percentile values 14.2 49.5 4.6 6.7
AQ3 Chamrach
1 2-4-2018 to 3-4-2018 14.2 55.6 5.4 6.2
2 5-4-2018 to 6-4-2018 13.5 56.3 5.6 6.5
1 9-4-2018 to 10-4-
2018 12.5 56.7 5.6 6.6
2 12-4-2018 to 13-4-
2018 13.8 55.4 5.4 6.4
1 16-4-2018 to 17-4-
2018 13 53.5 5.2 6.4
2 19-4-2018 to 20-4-
2018 14.2 52.4 5.3 6.5
1 23-4-2018 to 24-4-
2018 12.8 55.4 5.9 6.2
2 26-4-2018 to 27-4-
2018 14 52.3 5.6 6.6
98 Percentile values 14.2 56.6 5.9 6.6
AQ4 Niwas
1 2-4-2018 to 3-4-2018 15.4 56.4 5.2 7.2
2 5-4-2018 to 6-4-2018 14.5 54.3 5.4 6.7
1 9-4-2018 to 10-4-
2018 14.5 55.5 5.5 6.9
2 12-4-2018 to 13-4-
2018 15.4 57.2 5.1 7
1 16-4-2018 to 17-4-
2018 14.8 55.6 6.5 7.2
2 19-4-2018 to 20-4-
2018 15.4 56.8 5.5 6.7
1 23-4-2018 to 24-4-
2018 14.6 57.2 5.7 7.2
2 26-4-2018 to 27-4-
2018 15.2 55.3 6.7 6.7
98 Percentile values 15.4 57.2 6.7 7.2
AQ5 Sarai Village
1 3-4-2018 to 4-4-2018 20.3 55.4 5.2 7.7
2 6-4-2018 to 7-4-2018 23.2 55.6 4.8 7.4
1 10-4-2018 to 11-4-
2018 20.4 57.5 5 8.9
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in May 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SOx NOx
2 13-4-2018 to 14-4-
2018 22.3 58.3 5.6 9.6
1 17-4-2018 to 18-4-
2018 22.8 58.2 5.3 7.8
2 20-4-2018 to 21-4-
2018 22.3 55.4 5.9 8.4
1 24-4-2018 to 25-4-
2018 23.2 56.5 4.8 8.8
2 27-4-2018 to 28-4-
2018 20.3 55.6 5.1 9.4
98 Percentile values 23.2 58.3 5.9 9.6
AQ6 Khajuriha Village
1 3-4-2018 to 4-4-2018 15.6 40.5 4.8 8.6
2 6-4-2018 to 7-4-2018 16.7 39.5 5.2 8.9
1 10-4-2018 to 11-4-
2018 18.5 40.4 4.9 9
2 13-4-2018 to 14-4-
2018 18.2 41.5 5 9.6
1 17-4-2018 to 18-4-
2018 17.8 42.4 5.2 9.4
2 20-4-2018 to 21-4-
2018 18 39.5 4.7 8.2
1 24-4-2018 to 25-4-
2018 17.4 42.4 4.9 8.9
2 27-4-2018 to 28-4-
2018 15.6 38.8 4.5 9.5
98 Percentile values 18.5 42.4 5.2 9.6
Permissible Limit 24 h NAAQS 2009 60 100 80 80
Monthly (98 Percentile Readings (Sampling done twice a week for 4 weeks)
Site Location PM2.5 PM10 SOx NOx
AQ1 Bhadeli Village 12.7 55.2 6.8 7.4
AQ2 Jalpani Village 14.2 49.5 4.6 6.7
AQ3 Chamrach Village 14.2 56.6 5.9 6.6
AQ4 Niwas Village 15.4 57.2 6.7 7.2
AQ5 Sarai Village 23.2 58.3 5.9 9.6
AQ6 Khajuriha Village 18.5 42.4 5.2 9.6
Monitoring schedule
Starting time 8.30 am
Ending time 8.30 am next day
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in August 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NO2
AQ 1 Bhadeli Village
1 4-8-2018 to 5-8-2018 10.4 25.2 3.1 6.1
2 7-8-2018 to 8-8-2018 9.0 27.4 3.2 6.2
1 11-8-2018 to 12-8-2018 10.4 25.2 3.0 6.4
2 14-8-2018 to 15-8-2018 9.0 25.2 2.9 5.7
1 18-8-2018 to 19-8-2018 10.1 25.8 3.3 6.2
2 21-8-2018 to 22-8-2018 10.9 27.7 3.4 6.4
1 25-8-2018 to 26-8-2018 11.1 26.8 3.1 5.8
2 28-8-2018 to 29-8-2018 9.2 27.4 2.9 5.5
98 Percentile values 11.1 27.6 3.3 6.4
AQ2 Jalpani Village
1 4-8-2018 to 5-8-2018 8.3 22.6 2.9 4.7
2 7-8-2018 to 8-8-2018 9.8 23.9 2.6 4.4
1 11-8-2018 to 12-8-2018 8.9 21.6 2.3 4.5
2 14-8-2018 to 15-8-2018 8.3 22.6 2.4 4.5
1 18-8-2018 to 19-8-2018 9.9 21.2 2.8 4.7
2 21-8-2018 to 22-8-2018 8.3 23.4 2.9 4.8
1 25-8-2018 to 26-8-2018 9.6 23.3 2.7 4.6
2 28-8-2018 to 29-8-2018 9.3 22.3 2.6 4.4
98 Percentile values 9.8 23.9 2.9 4.8
AQ3 Chamrach
1 5-8-2018 to 6-8-2018 10.4 26.8 3.2 4.7
2 8-8-2018 to 9-8-2018 10.2 25.0 3.1 5.0
1 12-8-2018 to 13-8-2018 11.2 25.8 2.9 4.4
2 15-8-2018 to 16-8-2018 10.1 26.6 3.2 4.7
1 19-8-2018 to 20-8-2018 10.5 25.6 2.8 4.5
2 22-8-2018 to 23-8-2018 10.9 23.6 2.9 4.4
1 26-8-2018 to 27-8-2018 10.9 24.4 3.1 4.2
2 29-8-2018 to 30-8-2018 10.4 26.0 3.4 4.9
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in August 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NO2
98 Percentile values 11.2 26.8 3.4 5.0
AQ4 Niwas
1 5-8-2018 to 6-8-2018 12.6 22.1 3.8 4.9
2 8-8-2018 to 9-8-2018 11.4 25.0 4.0 4.6
1 12-8-2018 to 13-8-2018 11.4 25.3 4.3 5.1
2 15-8-2018 to 16-8-2018 12.2 22.0 3.9 5.0
1 19-8-2018 to 20-8-2018 11.4 23.6 3.8 4.5
2 22-8-2018 to 23-8-2018 12.6 23.6 3.5 4.9
1 26-8-2018 to 27-8-2018 11.4 21.8 3.6 5.1
2 29-8-2018 to 30-8-2018 12.2 24.5 4.1 4.7
98 Percentile values 12.6 25.2 4.3 5.1
AQ5 Sarai Village
1 6-8-2018 to 7-8-2018 17.9 40.4 4.6 7.3
2 9-8-2018 to 10-8-2018 16.9 38.2 4.5 6.8
1 13-8-2018 to 14-8-2018 15.1 40.6 5.0 6.5
2 16-8-2018 to 17-8-2018 16.2 41.2 4.3 7.4
1 20-8-2018 to 21-8-2018 17.1 39.0 4.4 6.9
2 23-8-2018 to 24-8-2018 17.9 40.4 4.9 6.5
1 27-8-2018 to 28-8-2018 17.2 39.6 5.0 6.7
2 30-8-2018 to 31-8-2018 16.1 38.5 4.7 7.3
98 Percentile values 17.9 41.1 5.0 7.4
AQ6 Khajuriha Village
1 6-8-2018 to 7-8-2018 13.3 3.2 4.1 7.6
2 9-8-2018 to 10-8-2018 14.7 33.1 4.3 8.2
1 13-8-2018 to 14-8-2018 14.2 32.3 3.9 7.3
2 16-8-2018 to 17-8-2018 13.6 30.9 3.6 7.0
1 20-8-2018 to 21-8-2018 14.2 31.5 4.1 6.9
2 23-8-2018 to 24-8-2018 14.6 32.4 4.0 7.2
Monitoring Location
No. of samplings in a
Week
Monitoring Schedule in August 2018
Parameters (μg/m3)
PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NO2
1 27-8-2018 to 28-8-2018 13.5 33.0 3.7 7.2
2 30-8-2018 to 31-8-2018 13.8 31.1 3.9 6.7
98 Percentile values 14.7 33.1 4.3 8.1
Permissible Limit 24 h NAAQS 2009 60 100 80 80
August 2018 (98 Percentile Readings (Sampling done twice a week for 4 weeks)
Site Location PM2.5 PM10 SOx NOx
AQ1 Bhadeli Village 11.1 27.6 3.3 6.4
AQ2 Jalpani Village 9.8 23.9 2.9 4.8
AQ3 Chamrach Village 11.2 26.8 3.4 5.0
AQ4 Niwas Village 12.6 25.2 4.3 5.1
AQ5 Sarai Village 17.9 41.1 5.0 7.4
AQ6 Khajuriha Village 14.7 33.1 4.3 8.1
24 h NAAQS 2009 60 100 80 80
Monitoring schedule
Starting time 8.30 am
Ending time 8.30 am next day
Annexure-V
List of Angiosperms Species recorded from the Study Area along with their
conservation status according to OUCN Redlist Version 2018-2 accessed in
February 2019
S. No. Family Name of the Species Common name IUCN (2018-2)
1 Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda Adhusa NE
2 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera NE
3 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides NE
4 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis LC
5 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis NE
6 Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica NE
7 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Aam DD
8 Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris LC
9 Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea NE
10 Apocynaceae Calotropis procera Madar Safed NE
11 Araliaceae Schefflera stellata NE
12 Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus NE
13 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides NE
14 Asteraceae Conyza stricta NE
15 Asteraceae Echinops echinatus Utkarara NE
16 Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia Hirenkuri NE
17 Asteraceae Vernonia aspera Sahdevi NE
18 Asteraceae Xanthium indicum NE
19 Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma NE
20 Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum NE
21 Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Salai NE
22 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa Bhang NE
23 Cannabaceae Trema orientalis Jibhi LC
24 Caryophyllaceae Plumbago zeylanica NE
25 Celastraceae Cassine glauca NE
26 Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa Hurhur NE
27 Combretaceae Terminalia alata Saja NE
28 Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Arjun NE
S. No. Family Name of the Species Common name IUCN (2018-2)
29 Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica NE
30 Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Harra NE
31 Commelinaceae Commelina longifolia NE
32 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea NE
33 Cyperaceae Cyperus diformis NE
34 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus LC
35 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma LC
36 Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica NE
37 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta Sal LC
38 Ebenaceae Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu NE
39 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ciliata NE
40 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta NE
41 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neriifolia NE
42 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neriifolia Sehdu NE
43 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis Sindur NE
44 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis NE
45 Fabaceae Acacia catechu Khair NE
46 Fabaceae Acacia leucophloea Imli NE
47 Fabaceae Acacia nilotica Babul LC
48 Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck Kala Siris NE
49 Fabaceae Albizia procera NE
50 Fabaceae Bauhinia malabarica LC
51 Fabaceae Bauhinia purpurea Shisham LC
52 Fabaceae Cassia fistula Amltas NE
53 Fabaceae Dalbergia sissoo NE
54 Fabaceae Delonix regia Gulmohr LC
55 Fabaceae Erythrina variegata Hadua LC
56 Fabaceae Flemingia macrophylla NE
57 Fabaceae Indigofera linnaei NE
58 Fabaceae Melilotus indicus NE
59 Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata LC
60 Fabaceae Prosopis cineraria Khejri NE
S. No. Family Name of the Species Common name IUCN (2018-2)
61 Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Imli LC
62 Fabaceae Butea monosperma Karanj NE
63 Gentianaceae Exacum pedunculatum NE
64 Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica NE
65 Lamiaceae Colebrookea oppositifolia Ameda NE
66 Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea NE
67 Lamiaceae Pogostemon benghalensis NE
68 Lamiaceae Tectona grandis Sagaun NE
69 Lamiaceae Vitex negundo NE
70 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia parviflora Sidha NE
71 Lythraceae Woodfordia fruticosa LC
72 Malvaceae Abultilon indicum NE
73 Malvaceae Bombax ceiba Semal NE
74 Malvaceae Grewia hirsuta NE
75 Malvaceae Sida acuta NE
76 Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Neem LC
77 Menispermaceae Tinospora cordifolia NE
78 Moraceae Ficus bengalensis NE
79 Moraceae Ficus elastica NE
80 Moraceae Ficus hispida NE
81 Moraceae Ficus racemosa Gular NE
82 Moraceae Ficus religiosa Pipal NE
83 Moringaceae Moringa oleifera NE
84 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini Jamun NE
85 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia crispa NE
86 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa NE
87 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Teenpatti NE
88 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Sawaranshiri NE
89 Papaveraceae Fumaria indica Pitpapra NE
90 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica Aonla NE
91 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus NE
92 Poaceae Apluda mutica NE
S. No. Family Name of the Species Common name IUCN (2018-2)
93 Poaceae Cenchrus ciliaris LC
94 Poaceae Cymbopogon martinii Musale NE
95 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Dub NE
96 Poaceae Dendrocalamus strictus NE
97 Poaceae Desmostachya bipinnata LC
98 Poaceae Eragrostis cilianensis NE
99 Poaceae Eragrostis gangetica NE
100 Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum
101 Poaceae Senna tora NE
102 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Ber NE
103 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia NE
104 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus rugosa NE
105 Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia Haldu NE
106 Rubiaceae Mitragyna parvifolia NE
107 Rutaceae Aegle marmelos Bel NE
108 Rutaceae Limonia acidissima Kaitha NE
109 Rutaceae Murraya koenigii aadhil NE
110 Salicaceae Casearia elliptica Berri NE
111 Salicaceae Salix tetrasperma NE
112 Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Kusum NE
113 Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mahua NE
114 Simaroubaceae Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh NE
115 Solanaceae Datura stramonium Datura NE
116 Solanaceae Solanum surattense Kateri NE
117 Urticaceae Boehmeria macrophylla NE
118 Verbenaceae Lantana camara NE
IUCN 2018-2- Redlist Conservation Status; LC = Least Concern; LR/LC = Low Risk; DD=Data Deficient; NE = Not Evaluated
SECTION – II
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
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1.1 NEED FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT
It is a well-established fact that reservoirs formed by dams on rivers are subjected to
sedimentation. The process of sedimentation embodies the sequential processes of
erosion, entrainment, transportation, deposition and compaction of sediment. The steady
erosion and sediment in reservoir reduces its capacity, and thus affecting the water
availability for the designated use. The eroded sediment from catchment when deposited
on streambeds and banks causes braiding of river reach. The removal of top fertile soil
from catchment adversely affects the land productivity in the area. Thus, a well-designed
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the above mentioned
adverse effects of soil erosion. Soil erosion can be defined as detachment, transportation
and deposition of soil particles from one place to other by means of transporting agent like
air, water or animals. Soil erosion is mainly affected by rainfall intensity and runoff, slope
gradient and length, soil erodibility and vegetation cover (landuse pattern). Therefore,
study of erosion and sediment yield from catchments are of great importance. Soil erosion
leads to:
loss in production potential
reduction in infiltration rates
reduction in water-holding capacity
loss of nutrients
increase in tillage operation costs
reduction in water supply
To control the rate of soil erosion in the catchment, Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) is an
ineluctable part. The CAT plan pertains to preparation of a management plan for treatment
of erosion prone areas through adequate preventive measures. An effective CAT plan is a
key factor to make the project eco-friendly and sustainable. Thus, a well-designed
Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the above mentioned
adverse process of soil erosion. CAT plan essentially consist of following steps.
1. Calculation of soil erosion using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), combined
with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies.
2. Prioritizing the areas for treatment using Silt Yield Index (SYI).
3. Planning of suitable erosion control measures.
4. Cost estimation for CAT plan.
1.2 RIVER SYSTEM Gopad River, one of the right bank tributaries of the Son River, emerges from the hills on
the north of Sonhat plateau in Sarguja district of Chattishgarh. It receives water from Goini
and Neur rivers. After that it flows towards north and west in stages and meets with other
rivers such as the Sehra, the Kandas and the Mohan during its course through Singrauli
Chapter 1 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN
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district. Then the stream merges with the Son near Bardi and joins the Ganges after a long
journey.
1.3 CATCHMENT AREA The catchment area of the project up to the proposed dam site is 2095 km2. The elevation
of the catchment varies from about El. 397.0m to about El. 1048.0m. Length of Gopad river
up to the proposed dam site is around 90.0 km.
1.4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE STUDY The various steps, covered in the study, are as follows:
Defining study area
Defining data requirement
Data acquisition and preparation
Output presentation
The above mentioned steps are briefly described in the following paragraphs:
1.4.1 Defining Study Area
As stated above, purpose of the study is preparation of CAT plan for the catchment of
Gond Major Irrigation Project. Hence, study area is defined as catchment area of Gond
Major Irrigation Project. In order to plan watershed management and to formulate action
plans it requires sub-watershed delineation, therefore, catchment area was further
delineated into sub-watersheds. For the delineation of sub-watershed, Watershed Atlas of
India prepared by Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI) has been referred.
Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI) has Watershed Atlas of India under digital
environment using GIS and produced a Digital Watershed Atlas (DWA) where the
delineation and codification of watersheds in the country has been undertaken in GIS
environment. The delineation for DWS has been done in seven stages starting with Water
Resource Regions and their subsequent division and subdivisions into Basins, Catchments,
Sub-catchments, Watershed, Sub watershed and Micro-watersheds in decreasing size of
the delineated hydrologic unit.
As per Watershed Atlas of India, the catchment area of Gond Major Irrigation Project falls
in 37 sub-watersheds. Out of these 37 sub-watersheds, 35 sub-watersheds falls completely
within the catchment area while 2 sub-watersheds fall partially within the catchment area.
Of the 37 sub-watersheds, 27 sub-watersheds falls in Chhattisgarh state, 8 falls in Madhya
Pradesh state while 2 falls in both the states. The nomenclature of sub-watersheds has
been assigned as follows: Ganga Region (2); Left Bank of Ganga Basin (2A); Son Catchment
(2A5); Gopad Sub-Catchment (2A5F); Biniao (2A5F7), Bijadur & Pairi (2A5F8) and Herdrona
& Neur (2A5F9) Watersheds; and 37. The detail of sub-watersheds delineated for the
catchment area is given below (Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1).
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Table 1.1: Names and Codes of Sub-watersheds Delineated for the Catchment Area
S. No
Water Resource
Region Basin Catchment
Sub-Catchment
Watershed Sub-
Watershed Code
Sub-Watershed Area (ha)
1.
Ganga (2)
Left Bank of Ganga (2A)
Son (2A5) Gopad (2A5F)
Biniao (2A5F7)
2A5F7k 2205.53 2. 2A5F7m 4911.74 3. 2A5F7n 3250.22 4. 2A5F7p 4353.51 5. 2A5F7q 3775.74 6. 2A5F7r 1645.90 7.
Bijadur & Pairi (2A5F8)
2A5F8a* 4130.55 8. 2A5F8a^ 1644.69 9. 2A5F8b 4129.30 10. 2A5F8c 6156.70 11. 2A5F8d 6015.13 12. 2A5F8f 6513.38 13. 2A5F8g 8265.08 14. 2A5F8h 8567.20 15. 2A5F8j 6575.29 16. 2A5F8k 5240.46 17. 2A5F8m 5646.20 18. 2A5F8n 6343.01 19. 2A5F8p 6747.67 20. 2A5F8q 3637.12 21. 2A5F8r 5109.26 22. 2A5F8s 8667.04 23. 2A5F8t 4342.15 24. 2A5F8u 5843.53 25. 2A5F8v 6475.59 26. 2A5F8w 9369.92 27.
Herdrona & Neur
(2A5F9)
2A5F9a 1922.48 28. 2A5F9b 5417.16 29. 2A5F9c 6321.40 30. 2A5F9d* 4618.43 31. 2A5F9d^ 1943.03 32. 2A5F9f 4375.57 33. 2A5F9g 5775.51 34. 2A5F9h 5717.36 35. 2A5F9j 5000.93 36. 2A5F9k 7161.64 37. 2A5F9m 10213.59 38. 2A5F9n 6503.10 39. 2A5F9p 4967.89
TOTAL 209500.00
Note: * Part of sub-watershed falling in Madhya Pradesh
^ part of sub-watershed falling in Chhattisgarh
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Figure 1.1: Sub-Watershed Map of Catchment Area
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1.4.2 Defining Data Requirement
Soil loss has been calculated through RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model which is
computed by the following equation:
Soil Loss (A) = R*K*LS*C*P
Wherein;
A = Soil loss (Tons/ha/year)
R is Rainfall & Runoff Erosivity Factor (MJ mm/ha-1/h-1/year-1), which depends upon the annual
average rainfall in mm. Data required for R factor is rainfall intensity.
K is Soil Erodibility Factor (Tons/ha/h/ha-1/MJ-1/mm-1), which depends on the organic matter,
texture permeability and profile structure of the soil. Also, it is a constant value for each soil type.
Data required for K factor is soil type.
LS is Topographic Factor (dimensionless) which depends upon flow accumulation and steepness
and length of slope in the area. Data required for LS factor is slope length and slope gradient.
C = Vegetation Cover and Crop Management Factor (dimensionless), which is the ratio of bare
soil to vegetation and non- photosynthetic material. It is a constant value for each land use
category. Data required for C factor is land use/ land cover.
P is Conservation Supporting Practice Factor (dimensionless), which takes into account specific
erosion control practices like contour bunding, bench terracing etc.
1.4.3 Data Acquisition and Preparation
The base map of study area as already discussed was prepared from Survey of India Toposheets
at 1:50,000 scale. The data on various aspects was collected from different sources. The rainfall
data in the Study area was procured from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) of
NASA from their website https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/trmm. Soil map of the
study area was prepared from soil map of Madhya Pradesh procured from Regional Centre
of National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), New Delhi.
For the preparation of DEM and preparation of Slope map, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) 3 Arc-Second Global Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) data has been used. For the
preparation of land use/ land cover, map prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC),
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) of Dept. of Space with Remote Sensing Applications
Centre, MP Council of Science & Technology and Chhattisgarh Council on Science & Technology
as partners has been used.
1.4.3.1 Rainfall Erosivity (R) Factor
R factor is a function of the falling raindrop and rainfall intensity and is estimated as the product
of the kinetic energy (E) of the raindrop and the maximum intensity of rainfall (I30) over duration
of 30 min in a storm. The erosivity of rain is calculated for each storm, and these values are
summed up for each year.
In this study, the storm wise rainfall data were not available for the computation of rainfall
erosivity factor (R); therefore, the relationship between seasonal value of R and average rainfall
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has been used. The rainfall erosivity factor has been defined as R = 81.5 + 0.38X, where, R is the
average seasonal erosivity factor (MJ mm/ha-1/h-1/year-1), and X is the annual average rainfall
(mm).
For the estimation of rainfall erosivity in the catchment area, average rainfall of 10 years has
been taken from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data (Figure 1.2). In the
absence of site specific periodic data, TRMM data from the year 1998 to 2009 has been used for
the calculation of R factor for both the periods i.e. prior and post implementation of CAT plan. As
can be seen in the Figure 1.2, the catchment area comprises of two average annual rainfall
ranges i.e. 1000-2000 mm/year and 500-1000 mm/year. Similarly, catchment area was divided
into two zones and was assigned with X values 1500 mm and 750 mm for the average annual
rainfall range of 1000-2000 mm/year and 500-1000 mm/year respectively. The R factors thus
arrived are 366.5 and 651.5 for the zones having average annual rainfall range of 500-1000
mm/year and 1000-2000 mm/year respectively and zones have been shown on study area map
given at Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.2: Average Annual Rainfall map of the Catchment Area as per TRMM
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Figure 1.3: R Factor Values map of the Catchment Area
1.4.3.2 Soil Erodibility (K) Factor
The K factor is an expression of the inherent erodibility of the soil or surface material at a
particular site under standard experimental conditions. It is a function of the particle-size
distribution, organic-matter content, structure, and permeability of the soil or surface
material. Prior to deciding the K values, soil map for the area is prerequisite. Soil map
procured from NBSS&LUP, Nagpur was digitized. The dominant soil unit is 590 (34.80%),
which is characterised by very Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy-skeletal soils
on very steep sloping hills and ridges with very severe erosion and strong stony. Equally
prominent type in the study area is soil unit 609 (33.87%), which is characterised by deep,
well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping undulating plateau with moderate erosion. Soil
map has been shown in Figure 1.4. The legend for soil unit classes is given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2: Description of Soil Units in the Catchment Area
Soil
Unit Description Soil Taxonomy Area (ha)
Area
(%)
586
Very Shallow, somewhat excessively drained,
loamy soils on moderately steep sloping hills
and ridges with severe erosion and strong
stony; associated with:
Very shallow, excessively drained, loamy-
skeletal soils on steeply sloping with very
severe erosion and strongly stony.
Lithic
Ustorthents
Typic
Ustorthents
1251.65 0.60
588 Very Shallow, somewhat excessively drained,
loamy-skeletal soils on moderately steep
Lithic
Ustorthents 6887.93 3.29
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Soil
Unit Description Soil Taxonomy Area (ha)
Area
(%)
sloping hills and ridges with severe erosion and
strong stony; associated with:
Slightly deep, somewhat excessively drained,
loamy soils on moderately steep sloping with
very severe erosion and strongly stony.
Typic
Ustorthents
590
Very Shallow, somewhat excessively drained,
loamy-skeletal soils on very steep sloping hills
and ridges with very severe erosion and strong
stony; associated with:
Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy
soils on moderately sloping with severe erosion
and moderately stony.
Lithic
Ustorthents
Typic
Udorthents
72895.99 34.80
596
Extremely shallow, excessively drained, loamy
soils on steeply sloping isolated hills with
pediments with severe erosion and moderately
stony; associated with:
Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained,
loamy-skeletal soils on steeply sloping with very
severe erosion and moderately stony.
Typic
Udorthents
Typic
Udorthents
5560.37 2.65
601
Slightly deep, excessively drained, loamy soils
on moderately steep sloping elongated ridges
with severe erosion; associated with:
Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy
soils on moderately steep sloping with very
severe erosion.
Typic
Rhodustalfs
Lithic
Haplustalfs
12052.42 5.75
607
Deep, well drained, sandy soils on very gently
sloping undulating plateau with moderate
erosion and slightly stony; associated with:
Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently
sloping with moderate erosion.
Arenic
Haplustalfs
Typic
Haplustalfs
14356.38 6.85
609
Deep, well drained, loamy soils on gently
sloping undulating plateau with moderate
erosion; associated with:
Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on gently
sloping with moderate erosion.
Typic
Haplustalfs
Typic
Ustochrepts
70953.10 33.87
624
Slightly deep, well drained, loamy soils on
gently sloping plateau (slightly dissected) with
moderate erosion; associated with:
Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on gently
sloping with slight erosion.
Typic
Haplustalfs
Lithic
Ustochrepts
1903.22 0.91
644
Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on
very gently sloping plain land with moderate
erosion; associated with:
Deep, well drained, sandy soils on gently
sloping with moderate erosion.
Vertic
Ustochrepts
Typic
Haplustalfs
23638.95 11.28
TOTAL 209500.00 100
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Figure 1.4: Soil Map of Catchment Area
(For details of Soil Unit legend refer Table 1.2)
As per the soil map of the catchment area, the soil can be classified in four major categories.
Slightly deep to deep with moderate erosion have low K values i.e. 0.15 because of high
infiltration resulting in low runoff even though these particles are easily detached. Slightly
deep to deep with severe erosion have moderate K value i.e. 0.20, because they are less
susceptible to particle detachment and they produce runoff at moderate rates. Very shallow
with severe erosion have slightly high K value i.e. 0.25. Extremely shallow to very shallow
with very severe erosion have high K value i.e. 0.325. Various classes of soil and the values of
K are shown in Figure 1.5 and given in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Soil Erodibility Factor for different soil types in the Catchment Area
S.
No. Soil Unit Soil Type Erosion Intensity K Value
1 609, 624, 644 Slightly deep to deep Moderate erosion 0.15
2 601, 607 Slightly deep to deep Severe erosion 0.20
3 586, 588 Very shallow Severe erosion 0.25
3 590, 596 Extremely shallow to very
shallow Very severe erosion 0.325
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Figure 1.5: K Factor Value Map of the Catchment Area
1.4.3.3 Topographic (LS) Factor
The LS factor is an expression of the effect of topography, specifically hill slope length and
steepness, on rates of soil loss at a particular site. The value of ‘LS’ increases as hill slope
length and steepness increase, under the assumption that runoff accumulates and
accelerates in the down-slope direction. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Slope of a
particular area is prerequisite for LS factor. As already discussed, SRTM data has been used
for DEM and the sae DEM has been used for the preparation of slope map. The slope map
in degrees prepared for the catchment area is given at Figure 1.6. As can be seen from the
figure, in the catchment area, the slope ranges from 0° to more than 60°. Though a
marginal area fall under more than 60°slope. The LS factor prepared for the catchment area
is given at Figure 1.7.
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Figure 1.6: Slope Map of Catchment Area
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Figure 1.7: LS Factor Map of Catchment Area
1.4.3.4 Crop Management (C) Factor
The C factor is an expression of the effect of surface cover and roughness, soil biomass, and
soil-disturbing activities on rates of soil loss at a particular site. The value of C decreases as
surface cover and soil biomass increase, thus protecting the soil from rain splash and
runoff. In the present study, the land use/land cover map prepared from Landsat Data has
been used in the allocation of C factor for different land use classes.
For the present study, land use/land cover maps prepared by National Remote Sensing
Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) of Dept. of Space with Remote
Sensing Applications Centre, MP Council of Science & Technology and Chhattisgarh Council
on Science & Technology as partners has been used; Google Earth was also referred.
The classified land use/ land cover map of the catchment area is shown as Figure 1.8. The
land use/ land cover pattern of the catchment area has been given in Table 1.4. As can be
seen from the map and table, the land use/ land cover pattern can be classified into six
classes, out of these seven classes, open forest agricultural land covers the maximum area
i.e. 85.36%, rest all the other classes are in the order of 10%.
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Figure 1.8: Land use/ Land cover map of the Catchment Area
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Table 1.4: Area falling under different land use/ land cover classes in Catchment Area
Land use/ Land cover Classes Area (ha) Area (%)
Open Forest 178838.83 85.36
Scrub Forest Land 3150.68 1.50
Scrub Land 6233.81 2.98
Fallow Land 2306.25 1.10
Agricultural Land 13010.18 6.21
Settlement 1356.49 0.65
Waterbody 4603.75 2.20
Total 209500.00 100
Table 1.5 describes the cover management factors used in the model under different land
use/land cover categories and the same is shown in the map of cover management factors given
at Figure 1.9.
Table 1.5: Crop Management Factor used for the Catchment Area
S. No. Land use/ Land cover Type C Value
1 Open Forest 0.02
2 Scrub Forest 0.03
3 Scrub Land 0.03
4 Fallow Land 0.05
5 Agricultural Land 0.01
6 Settlement & Waterbody 0.00
1.4.3.5 Conservation Support Practice (P) Factor
The P factor is an expression of the effects of supporting conservation practices, such as
contouring, buffer strips of vegetation, and terracing, on soil loss at a particular site. It is
the ratio of soil loss with specific support practice to the corresponding loss with up- or
down-slope cultivation. In the present study, the P factor has been considered as 1.
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Figure 1.9: C Factor value map of the Catchment Area
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1.4.4 Output Presentation
A thematic map for soil loss of the catchment area has been prepared using RUSLE model
mentioned in the above section. The catchment area was then demarcated into different
soil erosion intensity mapping units or classes based upon the extent of soil loss (see Table
1.6 & Figure 1.10). The catchment area under different Erosion Intensity categories is given
in Table 1.7. As can be seen from the figure and table, around 44% of the catchment area is
prone to less than 1 tons/ha/annum soil erosion, i.e. under negligible erosion intensity
category. Around 6% of its area is prone to Severe and Very Severe soil erosion.
Table 1.6: Soil Loss Range and Erosion Intensity Categories
S.
No.
Soil loss in
tons/hectare/annum
Erosion Intensity
Category
1 <1 Negligible
2 1-5 Slight
3 5-10 Very Low
4 10-20 Low
5 20-40 Moderate
6 40-80 Severe
7 >80 Very Severe
Total
Table 1.7: Area falling under different Erosion Intensity Categories in Catchment Area
Erosion Intensity Category Area (ha) Area (%)
Negligible 92228.55 44.02
Slight 37477.40 17.89
Very Low 25017.62 11.94
Low 24352.79 11.62
Moderate 19280.17 9.20
Severe 9187.23 4.39
Very Severe 1956.24 0.93
Total 209500.00 100
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Figure 1.10: Erosion Intensity Map of Catchment Area
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1.5 PRIORTIZATION OF SUB-WATERSHEDS USING SILT YIELD INDEX (SYI) METHOD `Silt Yield Index’ (SYI), method has been used for prioritization of sub-watersheds in the
catchment for treatment. The Silt Yield Index (SYI) is defined as the Yield per unit area and
SYI value for hydrologic unit is obtained by taking the weighted arithmetic mean over the
entire area of the hydrologic unit by using suitable empirical equation. The Silt Yield Index
Model (SYI) considers sedimentation as product of erosivity, morphometry and delivery
ratio of a particular sub-watershed and was conceptualized by Soil and Land Use Survey of
India (SLUSI) as early as 1969 and has been operational since then to meet the
requirements of prioritization of smaller hydrologic units within river valley project
catchment areas. Silt yield index (SYI) was calculated using following empirical formula:
SYI = (Ai * Wi ) * Di * 100 ; where i = 1 to n
Aw
where,
Ai = Area of ith unit (EIMU)
Wi = Weightage value of ith mapping unit
n = No. of mapping units
Aw = Total area of sub-watershed.
Di = Delivery ratio
1.5.1 Erosion Intensity Mapping Unit
Erosion Intensity Mapping Units (EIMU) are demarcated and defined as per the soil erosion
intensity map prepared above. Various EIMU categories, such as Very Severe, Severe,
Moderate, Low, Very Low, and Negligible & Slight (clubbed together), were then used to
calculate sub-watershed-wise SYI. Erosion Intensity Mapping Units (EIMU) is a composite
expression of physiography, land use, and conservation practices adopted. While
computing soil erosion intensity in a catchment all the factors (physiography, land use, and
conservation practices) are already taken into consideration. Therefore, EIMUs are
assumed as per the soil erosion intensity in the sub-watershed.
1.5.2 Weightage Value
Each erosion intensity unit is assigned a weightage value. When considered collectively, the
weightage value represents approximately the comparative erosion intensity. A basic
factor of K = 10 was used in determining the weightage values. The value of 10 indicates a
static condition of equilibrium between erosion and deposition. Any addition to the factor
K (10+X) is suggestive of erosion in ascending order whereas subtraction, i.e. (10-X) is
indicative of deposition possibilities. The weightage value assigned to erosion mapping unit
in a sub-watershed ranges from 11-20.
1.5.3 Delivery Ratio
Delivery ratios were adjusted for each of the erosion intensity unit. The delivery ratio
suggests the percentage of eroded material that finally finds entry into reservoir or river/
stream. Delivery ratios are assigned to all erosion intensity units depending upon their
distance from the nearest stream. The criteria adopted for assigning the delivery ratio are
as follows:
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Nearest Stream Delivery ratio
0 - 0.9 km 1.00
1.0 - 2.0 km 0.95
2.1 - 5.0 km 0.90
5.1 - 15.0 km 0.80
15.1 - 30.0 km 0.70
1.5.4 Silt Yield Index
The area of each of the mapping units is computed and silt yield indices of individual sub-
watersheds are calculated using the equations mentioned above. The SYI values for
classification of various categories of erosion intensity rates are given in Table 1.8.
Table 1.8: Calculation of SYI in Sub-Watersheds in Catchment Area
Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
2A5F7k
1 0.27 20 5.45
0.9 1159
2 16.06 20 321.20 3 90.07 18 1621.32 4 193.16 16 3090.56 5 244.65 14 3425.09 6 1661.32 12 19935.80
Total
2205.53
28399.42
1159
2A5F7m
1 63.62 20 1272.45
0.9 1184
2 164.59 20 3291.84 3 266.36 18 4794.55 4 340.81 16 5453.00 5 457.69 14 6407.68 6 3618.66 12 43423.95
Total
4911.74
64643.47
1184
2A5F7n
1 0.09 20 1.81
0.85 1074
2 8.63 20 172.68 3 67.67 18 1218.04 4 201.67 16 3226.68 5 390.61 14 5468.52 6 2581.55 12 30978.60
Total
3250.22
41066.33
1074
2A5F7p
1 36.73 20 734.61
0.8 1120
2 206.75 20 4135.06 3 507.66 18 9137.93 4 642.03 16 10272.53 5 562.87 14 7880.23 6 2397.45 12 28769.45
Total
4353.51
60929.82
1120
2A5F7q
1 81.47 20 1629.34
0.8 1199
2 364.23 20 7284.69 3 721.70 18 12990.58 4 657.71 16 10523.36 5 384.98 14 5389.75 6 1565.65 12 18787.78
Total
3775.74
56605.50
1199
2A5F7r
1 8.26 20 165.23
0.9 1257 2 75.56 20 1511.17 3 183.60 18 3304.85 4 255.80 16 4092.86 5 224.16 14 3138.31
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Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
6 898.51 12 10782.09 Total
1645.90
22994.51
1257
2A5F8a
1 18.91 20 378.25
0.9 1151
2 69.97 20 1399.36 3 154.43 18 2779.73 4 227.22 16 3635.45 5 358.08 14 5013.15 6 3301.95 12 39623.35
Total
4130.55
52829.28
1151
2A5F8a
1 13.43 20 268.56
0.9 1229
2 60.24 20 1204.84 3 136.60 18 2458.88 4 227.01 16 3632.10 5 204.47 14 2862.52 6 1002.94 12 12035.33
Total
1644.69
22462.23
1229
2A5F8b
1 8.71 20 174.19
0.9 1168
2 64.71 20 1294.16 3 219.84 18 3957.12 4 326.29 16 5220.65 5 419.13 14 5867.81 6 3090.62 12 37087.46
Total
4129.30
53601.39
1168
2A5F8c
1 26.15 20 522.91
0.9 1226
2 222.35 20 4446.94 3 570.93 18 10276.69 4 759.01 16 12144.21 5 763.01 14 10682.13 6 3815.26 12 45783.10
Total
6156.70
83855.99
1226
2A5F8d
1 65.77 20 1315.48
0.9 1279
2 357.01 20 7140.13 3 797.77 18 14359.77 4 926.84 16 14829.43 5 727.47 14 10184.60 6 3140.28 12 37683.34
Total
6015.13
85512.75
1279
2A5F8f
1 41.38 20 827.66
0.9 1252
2 300.49 20 6009.74 3 729.52 18 13131.33 4 928.46 16 14855.38 5 807.46 14 11304.50 6 3706.07 12 44472.81
Total
6513.38
90601.43
1252
2A5F8g
1 65.18 20 1303.53
0.9 1231
2 394.92 20 7898.32 3 765.20 18 13773.58 4 890.81 16 14253.01 5 1037.55 14 14525.72 6 5111.43 12 61337.14
Total
8265.08
113091.30
1231
2A5F8h
1 76.03 20 1520.63
0.9 1223
2 372.13 20 7442.63 3 737.42 18 13273.58 4 895.64 16 14330.19 5 1031.09 14 14435.22 6 5454.89 12 65458.67
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Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
Total
8567.20
116460.91
1223
2A5F8j
1 64.71 20 1294.28
0.9 1242
2 358.54 20 7170.80 3 610.29 18 10985.16 4 762.46 16 12199.35 5 858.20 14 12014.78 6 3921.09 12 47053.05
Total
6575.29
90717.41
1242
2A5F8k
1 87.28 20 1745.57
0.9 1244
2 311.80 20 6235.96 3 495.33 18 8915.90 4 562.57 16 9001.05 5 580.14 14 8121.93 6 3203.35 12 38440.23
Total
5240.46
72460.65
1244
2A5F8m
1 62.42 20 1248.39
0.9 1294
2 416.80 20 8335.93 3 853.54 18 15363.78 4 810.24 16 12963.83 5 604.95 14 8469.27 6 2898.25 12 34779.01
Total
5646.20
81160.20
1294
2A5F8n
1 146.48 20 2929.52
0.9 1351
2 717.39 20 14347.78 3 1191.30 18 21443.46 4 972.47 16 15559.46 5 573.67 14 8031.38 6 2741.71 12 32900.48
Total
6343.01
95212.07
1351
2A5F8p
1 58.30 20 1166.06
0.85 1197
2 279.31 20 5586.28 3 798.55 18 14373.82 4 1170.01 16 18720.16 5 943.19 14 13204.71 6 3498.31 12 41979.69
Total
6747.67
95030.72
1197
2A5F8q
1 40.27 20 805.44
0.8 1180
2 317.91 20 6358.17 3 648.72 18 11676.94 4 610.93 16 9774.81 5 399.68 14 5595.46 6 1619.62 12 19435.43
Total
3637.12
53646.26
1180
2A5F8r
1 3.47 20 69.36
0.8 1053
2 63.01 20 1260.22 3 294.71 18 5304.71 4 525.18 16 8402.84 5 760.45 14 10646.31 6 3462.45 12 41549.38
Total
5109.26
67232.82
1053
2A5F8s
1 217.29 20 4345.82
0.8 1144
2 689.86 20 13797.22 3 1071.18 18 19281.16 4 1115.77 16 17852.35 5 888.45 14 12438.25 6 4684.49 12 56213.90
Total
8667.04
123928.70
1144
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Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
2A5F8t
1 100.66 20 2013.29
0.85 1153
2 285.87 20 5717.35 3 303.57 18 5464.26 4 271.66 16 4346.63 5 385.59 14 5398.22 6 2994.80 12 35937.56
Total
4342.15
58877.30
1153
2A5F8u
1 91.62 20 1832.41
0.8 1178
2 560.98 20 11219.58 3 1021.79 18 18392.29 4 859.85 16 13757.65 5 560.01 14 7840.07 6 2749.28 12 32991.37
Total
5843.53
86033.37
1178
2A5F8v
1 82.13 20 1642.57
0.8 1101
2 306.54 20 6130.76 3 654.87 18 11787.63 4 752.10 16 12033.52 5 696.12 14 9745.65 6 3983.84 12 47806.11
Total
6475.59
89146.24
1101
2A5F8w
1 23.76 20 475.17
0.8 1072
2 182.53 20 3650.64 3 661.82 18 11912.72 4 1244.88 16 19918.13 5 1276.72 14 17874.14 6 5980.20 12 71762.40
Total
9369.92
125593.20
1072
2A5F9a
1 27.55 20 550.95
0.9 1252
2 107.84 20 2156.72 3 202.93 18 3652.65 4 229.50 16 3671.97 5 228.86 14 3204.11 6 1125.81 12 13509.67
Total
1922.48
26746.07
1252
2A5F9b
1 42.44 20 848.76
0.8 1058
2 149.39 20 2987.88 3 282.60 18 5086.77 4 507.48 16 8119.67 5 689.69 14 9655.59 6 3745.57 12 44946.84
Total
5417.16
71645.51
1058
2A5F9c
1 10.48 20 209.68
0.85 1126
2 102.29 20 2045.73 3 414.41 18 7459.33 4 696.74 16 11147.81 5 864.96 14 12109.49 6 4232.52 12 50790.28
Total
6321.40
83762.33
1126
2A5F9d
1 88.18 20 1763.68
0.8 1095
2 215.57 20 4311.46 3 364.32 18 6557.73 4 489.88 16 7838.01 5 621.62 14 8702.68 6 2838.86 12 34066.27
Total
4618.43
63239.82
1095 2A5F9d 1 24.07 20 481.49 0.8 1135
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Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
2 116.30 20 2325.92 3 236.11 18 4249.94 4 308.25 16 4931.96 5 235.20 14 3292.81 6 1023.10 12 12277.19
Total
1943.03
27559.32
1135
2A5F9f
1 77.22 20 1544.36
0.85 1194
2 267.71 20 5354.15 3 495.44 18 8917.86 4 537.94 16 8607.03 5 549.15 14 7688.09 6 2448.12 12 29377.41
Total
4375.57
61488.90
1194
2A5F9g
1 2.23 20 44.57
0.85 1117
2 52.89 20 1057.85 3 335.72 18 6042.90 4 627.95 16 10047.25 5 827.73 14 11588.29 6 3928.98 12 47147.76
Total
5775.51
75928.61
1117
2A5F9h
1 26.02 20 520.34
0.85 1137
2 159.79 20 3195.76 3 452.70 18 8148.52 4 604.25 16 9668.07 5 621.40 14 8699.53 6 3853.21 12 46238.55
Total
5717.36
76470.77
1137
2A5F9j
1 63.44 20 1268.76
0.85 1161
2 255.09 20 5101.73 3 438.21 18 7887.71 4 508.71 16 8139.37 5 542.34 14 7592.73 6 3193.15 12 38317.80
Total
5000.93
68308.10
1161
2A5F9k
1 57.38 20 1147.52
0.8 1079
2 248.01 20 4960.14 3 555.69 18 10002.44 4 792.19 16 12675.05 5 847.66 14 11867.18 6 4660.72 12 55928.66
Total
7161.64
96580.98
1079
2A5F9m
1 32.51 20 650.12
0.85 1088
2 166.06 20 3321.29 3 338.05 18 6084.98 4 600.74 16 9611.91 5 1080.07 14 15121.01 6 7996.14 12 95953.73
Total
10213.59
130743.04
1088
2A5F9n
1 16.85 20 336.94
0.85 1130
2 137.92 20 2758.41 3 376.37 18 6774.71 4 746.82 16 11949.04 5 974.82 14 13647.52 6 4250.32 12 51003.85
Total
6503.10
86470.47
1130
2A5F9p 1 3.48 20 69.62
0.8 1051 2 40.21 20 804.14
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Sub-Watershed
EIMU EIMU Area (hectare)
(EA)
Weightage factor (WF)
Silt Yield (SY) = EA *
(WF)
Delivery Ratio (DR)
SYI = (SY*DR*100)/SA
3 233.21 18 4197.80 4 571.77 16 9148.34 5 793.73 14 11112.25 6 3325.49 12 39905.87
Total
4967.89
65238.02
1051
1.5.5 Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds
The sub-watersheds are subsequently rated into various categories corresponding to their
respective SYI values. The criteria followed for priority categorization of sub-watersheds
depending upon their SYI values is given below and the priority classification of individual
sub-watershed is given in Table 1.9 and Figure 1.11.
Priority categories SYI Values
Very high > 1300
High 1200-1299
Medium 1100-1199
Low 1000-1099
Very Low <1000
Table 1.9: Priority Number as per SYI Classification in Catchment Area
S. No.
Sub-Watershed
SYI Priority Priority Number
1 2A5F7k 1159 Medium 3 2 2A5F7m 1184 Medium 3 3 2A5F7n 1074 Low 4 4 2A5F7p 1120 Medium 3 5 2A5F7q 1199 Medium 3 6 2A5F7r 1257 High 2 7 2A5F8a 1151 Medium 3 8 2A5F8a 1229 High 2 9 2A5F8b 1168 Medium 3
10 2A5F8c 1226 High 2 11 2A5F8d 1279 High 2 12 2A5F8f 1252 High 2 13 2A5F8g 1231 High 2 14 2A5F8h 1223 High 2 15 2A5F8j 1242 High 2 16 2A5F8k 1244 High 2 17 2A5F8m 1294 High 2 18 2A5F8n 1351 Very High 1 19 2A5F8p 1197 Medium 3 20 2A5F8q 1180 Medium 3 21 2A5F8r 1053 Low 4 22 2A5F8s 1144 Medium 3 23 2A5F8t 1153 Medium 3 24 2A5F8u 1178 Medium 3 25 2A5F8v 1101 Medium 3 26 2A5F8w 1072 Low 4 27 2A5F9a 1252 High 2 28 2A5F9b 1058 Low 4 29 2A5F9c 1126 Medium 3 30 2A5F9d 1095 Low 4
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S. No.
Sub-Watershed
SYI Priority Priority Number
31 2A5F9d 1135 Medium 3 32 2A5F9f 1194 Medium 3 33 2A5F9g 1117 Medium 3 34 2A5F9h 1137 Medium 3 35 2A5F9j 1161 Medium 3 36 2A5F9k 1079 Low 4 37 2A5F9m 1088 Low 4 38 2A5F9n 1130 Medium 3 39 2A5F9p 1051 Low 4
Figure 1.11: Sub-watersheds Priority Classification Map of Catchment Area
1.6 TREATMENT PLAN
1.6.1 Area to be taken up for Treatment
Area under severe and very severe erosion intensity category in all the 37 sub-watersheds
will be taken up for treatment. To arrive at such an area, first of all area under severe and
very severe erosion intensity category was extracted for each sub-watershed, which comes
out to be 11143.47 ha. Thereafter, area under severe and very severe erosion intensity
category falling inside proposed submergence area was excluded, the area thus arrived at is
11072.30 ha.
Lastly, area under severe and very severe erosion intensity category (11072.30) falling
under settlements, agricultural land and waterbody classes of land use/ land cover have
been excluded as they are not being disturbed. The sub-watershed wise and land use/ land
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cover wise area thus arrived at and considered as treatable area is 11053.024 ha (or say
11053 ha) and is presented below in Table 1.10. Out of the total 11053 ha to be treated, it is
proposed to treat 2842 ha by biological measures and the rest 8211 ha by engineering
measures.
Table 1.10: Sub-watershed wise treatable area under different Landuse/ Landcover
classes in Catchment Area Sub-
Watersheds Land use/ Land cover Classes Wise Area (ha) Total Area
(ha) Open Forest Scrub Forest Land Scrub Land Fallow Land 2A5F7k 0.70 5.01 3.53 4.36 13.60 2A5F7m 212.48 1.11 8.10 3.75 225.44 2A5F7n 2.19 0.50 4.28 0.60 7.57 2A5F7p 235.81 1.80 0.00 3.80 241.41 2A5F7q 440.71 1.74 0 0.15 442.60 2A5F7r 80.18 0 0.04 0.58 80.80 2A5F8a 87.88 0.12 0 0.27 88.27 2A5F8a 72.91 0 0 0 72.91 2A5F8b 72.71 0 0 0 72.71 2A5F8c 243.38 0.13 0.45 2.93 246.89 2A5F8d 418.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 418.96 2A5F8f 332.85 0.18 2.45 4.48 339.96 2A5F8g 456.72 0.00 0.00 0.09 456.81 2A5F8h 444.05 0.00 0.00 1.01 445.06 2A5F8j 419.01 0 0 0.6 419.61 2A5F8k 395.73 0 0 1.36 397.09 2A5F8m 474.18 0 0.29 0 474.47 2A5F8n 856.55 0 1.32 0 857.87 2A5F8p 335.31 0 0 0 335.31 2A5F8q 355.62 0 0 0.61 356.23 2A5F8r 65.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.85 2A5F8s 899.20 0.21 0.36 0.24 900.01 2A5F8t 383.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 383.54 2A5F8u 648.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 648.09 2A5F8v 386.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 386.15 2A5F8w 198.18 0 0 6.36 204.54 2A5F9a 128.65 0 5.41 0 134.06 2A5F9b 173.7 0 16.66 0 190.36 2A5F9c 111.41 0 0.09 0.44 111.94 2A5F9d 277.6 0.72 23.4 0 301.72 2A5F9d 139.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 139.64 2A5F9f 340.57 0.00 0.57 1.64 342.78 2A5F9g 54.11 0.08 0.27 0.18 54.64 2A5F9h 180.24 0.00 0.60 3.41 184.25 2A5F9j 315.83 0 0.26 0.62 316.71 2A5F9k 302.17 0 0 0.09 302.26 2A5F9m 195.63 0.71 0.09 0.23 196.66 2A5F9n 151.36 1.26 0.71 0.07 153.40 2A5F9p 26.72 16.18 0 0.17 43.07
Total 10916.57 29.75 68.88 38.04 11053.24
The period for implementing CAT plan interventions including maintenance has been taken
as 9 years. It is proposed to establish nursery, other entry point activities and implement
treatment measures in sub-watershed falling under very high priority in the first year itself,
followed by implementation of treatment measures in sub-watershed falling under high
priority in second year, sub-watershed falling under medium priority in third year and sub-
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watershed falling under low priority in fourth year. Maintenance period will be subsequent
5 years.
1.6.2 Treatment Measures
Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a given
geographical area so as to enable sustainable production. It implies changes in land use,
vegetative cover, and other structural and non-structural action that are taken in a
watershed to achieve specific watershed management objectives. The overall objectives of
watershed management programme are to:
increase infiltration into soil;
control excessive runoff;
manage & utilize runoff for useful purpose.
The basis of site selection for different engineering treatment measures under CAT are
given in Table 1.11.
Table 1.11: Basis for selection of catchment area treatment measures
Treatment measure Basis for selection
Afforestation Open forest and Scrub forest land
Energy Plantation Scrub land
Staggered Trenches Fallow land
Brushwood Check Dams Gullies formed around the streams
Dry Stone Masonry Check Dams In the streams of 3rd and 4th order
Gabion Check Dams Wherever loose boulders are not stable in particular
stretch of a stream
1.6.2.1 Biological Measures
The biological measures would comprise of:
Afforestation
Energy Plantation
Staggered Trenches
Development of nurseries
1.6.2.1.1 Afforestation
A well stocked forest is the best insurance against soil loss as well as for ecological
rehabilitation. It is therefore proposed to increase the vegetation cover in the tract. For
this, patches of open forest and scrub forest land falling under sever and very severe
erosion intensity category shall be brought under afforestation. The locality factors
prevalent in the area such as fires, grazing etc. are fairly adverse to the establishment of
plantations. Thus special and intensive efforts are needed to ensure the success of
afforestation work. Owing to the above enumeration factors, the plantation will require
higher levels of maintenance also. This will include raising of multi-tier mixed vegetation of
suitable local species. 1100 plants per hectare will be planted under this scheme. Planting
will be done in pits. Earth work should be done well in advance. Plants should be healthy
with strong stems. Planting should be done in June when the water supply starts. RCC
fence posts with 4 strand barbed wire fencing, interlaced with thorny bushes will be done
in the plantation areas. Further, it is assessed that it is essential to make provision for soil
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and moisture conservation measures in the areas proposed for afforestation. Provision had
been made for undertaking various necessary soil and moisture conservation measures in
these areas. Provision is also made for five years maintenance of afforestation undertaken
as part of the catchment area treatment. The unit cost for afforestation including
maintenance cost for five years is estimated to be Rs 74,400 per ha consisting of Rs 56,400
for afforestation and Rs 18,000 for maintenance for five years. The detailed break-up of
item-wise cost for afforestation is furnished in Annexure I. The area to be brought under
afforestation and its unit cost is given at Table 1.12.
1.6.2.1.2 Energy Plantation
Energy plantation scheme is essential for a continuous supply of fuel and fodder. It can be
easily carried out and it is economical to carry out. Agricultural land will not be used for
energy plantation, instead, fallow land falling under severe and very severe erosion
intensity category will be used for energy plantation. 1100 plants per hectare will be
planted under this scheme. The plantation will be maintained for subsequent three years.
Wooden fence posts with 4 strand barbed wire fencing, interlaced with thorny bushes will
be done in the plantation areas. The unit cost for energy plantation including maintenance
cost for three years is estimated to be Rs. 69,560 per ha consisting of Rs. 51,900 for
plantation and Rs. 17,660 for maintenance for three years. The detailed break-up of item-
wise cost for energy plantation is furnished in Annexure I. The area to be brought under
energy plantation and its unit cost is given at Table 1.12.
1.6.2.1.3 Staggered Trenches
Staggered trenches with plantation will be constructed for treatment of scrub land for
detention and conservation of rain water and eroded soil. Run-off water from mixed crop
strips will flow through staggered trenches in silvi-horticultural strip, resulting in settling of
sediments and arrest of run-off water to recharge soil profile and ground water. Staggered
contour trenches will be constructed in rows spaced at 5 m, with a spacing of 3.30 m within
the rows. In the alternate row, the trenches will be located directly below one another. The
trenches in successive rows will be staggered, with the trenches in the upper row and inter-
space in the lower row being directly below each other. After every 5 rows of staggered
trenches on contours, one continuous trench will be laid out to arrest escaped run-off water.
The trenches may be of trapezoidal in section with side slope of 1:1 for stability purposes.
Each trench will be followed by a bund on the downstream side, with 1.00 m top width, 0.85
m height and 1.1 side slopes. These bunds will be constructed by the excavated materials
from the trenches. As per design, there will be 180 trenches of 5.00 m (length) x 0.50 m
(depth) x 0.45 m (width) per hectare and their capacity to conserve run-off volume will be
202.5 cum. As this storage will be available reportedly during monsoon period, their total
storage capacity will be about 5 times of above volume. In accordance to rate analysis, cost
for constructing staggered trenches works out to Rs. 13,950 per hectare. Details of design
and cost analysis per ha estimate have been provided in Annexure I. The area to be brought
under staggered trenches suggested and its unit cost is given at Table 1.12.
1.6.2.1.4 Development of Nurseries
Nursery is defined as an area where plants are raised for eventual planting out in the forest
area or elsewhere selected for afforestation in field. Nursery should preferably be
rectangular or square in shape with well laid out beds, separated by main paths, around
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the fence and within the Nursery for the movement of small machinery, wheel barrows,
etc. Nursery should be properly fenced; 5 to 7 strands barbed wire (with criss-cross barbed
wire), with distance of strands closer below the ground and gradually increasing upwards.
It should have gate for day to day labour movements. Nursery should have Mali’s quarter,
tool shade, store, and labour shed, with in nursery or just adjoining it for constant
supervision and better success of the nursery. Water supply should have assured from
perennial water sources/ springs/ streams throughout the year.
Some of the important points for nursery raising are:-
Nature of Nursery (Permanent or Temporary), Choice of site (Preferably Northern Aspect),
Lay-out of nursery (Flat or Terraced), Dimensions of beds, Soil Preparations, Level & Edging,
Inoculation with mycorrhiza (if required), Inputs in the soil (Forest Manure/ Farm Yard
Manure), Pre-germination (Treatment), Method of Sowing (Line/ Broadcasting), Quality of
Seed, Time of Sowing (Pre Monsoon/ Post Monsoon), Protection/ Covering the seed
against birds & Rodents, Shading, Protection from Frost, Protection from rain & hail, Types
of shade (Polythene/ Brush wood/ Grass), Hardening off (Permeability/ Texture of soil),
Watering and damping off (Drainage/ Aeration), Weeding & soil working, Herbicides for the
nursery Hoeing/ weeding etc.
A provision of Rs. 20.00 lakh has been made for establishment of a 2 new nurseries and Rs.
8.00 lakh as maintenance cost for 4 subsequent years.
1.6.2.2 Engineering Measures
The engineering treatment measures require less time to be put in place and can provide
quick solutions. These would comprise mainly of Brushwood check dams, Dry stone
masonry check dams and Gabion check dams.
1.6.2.2.1 Brushwood Check Dams
Brushwood check dams are very feasible where vegetative material for construction is
abundant. Brushwood check dams can only be constructed in small gullies not deeper than
1m depth. As material required for construction of these types of dam is available locally
these can be constructed faster and in very short span of time thereby effectively reducing
the erosion in early phase of Project. The numbers of check dams are estimated using
number of first order streams in an area under severe and very severe erosion intensity,
and constructed at an interval of 100 m. The detailed break-up of item-wise cost is
furnished in Annexure I. The number of brushwood check dams suggested and its unit cost
is given at Table 1.12.
1.6.2.2.2 Dry Stone Masonry Check Dams
Dry stone masonry check dams can be made of boulder piled up across the gulley and
along the banks if they are locally available. Such structures for damming a gulley or a
stream to refine the flow velocity and to control bank erosion are called dry stone
masonry/ loose bolder check dams. The detailed break-up of item-wise cost is furnished in
Annexure I. The number of dry stone masonry check dams suggested and its unit cost is
given at Table 1.12.
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1.6.2.2.3 Gabion Check Dams
If dry stone masonry check dams are considered not to be stable in a particular reach of
the stream, Gabion structure can be installed. This is not very much encouraged therefore
with proper judgment about the site conditions these structures may be installed. The
detailed break-up of item-wise cost is furnished in Annexure I. The number of gabion check
dams suggested and its unit cost is given at Table 1.12.
1.6.2.3 Summary of Treatment Measures
Sub-Watershed wise areas identified for treatment with different treatment measures is
given in Table 2.12. The total cost required for the treatment of 11053 ha by the means of
different treatment measures is Rs. 2775.35 lakh. The summary of treatment measures
and their cost is given in Table 1.12.
Table 1.12: Sub-Watershed wise Summary of treatment measures
S. No.
Sub-Watershed
Administrative Jurisdiction
Afforestation (ha)
Energy Plantation
(ha)
Staggered Trenches
(ha)
Brushwood Check Dams
(No)
Dry stone Masonry Check
Dams (No)
Create Wire Check Dams
(No)
1 2A5F7k Madhya Pradesh
1 4 4 18 12 9
2 2A5F7m Madhya Pradesh
53 8 4 41 27 20
3 2A5F7n Madhya Pradesh
1 4 1 27 18 13
4 2A5F7p Madhya Pradesh
59 0 4 36 24 18
5 2A5F7q Madhya Pradesh
111 0 0 31 21 16
6 2A5F7r Madhya Pradesh
20 0 1 14 9 7
7 2A5F8a Madhya Pradesh
22 0 0 34 23 17
8 2A5F8a Chhattisgarh 18 0 0 14 9 7
9 2A5F8b Chhattisgarh 18 0 0 34 23 17
10 2A5F8c Chhattisgarh 61 0 3 51 34 25
11 2A5F8d Chhattisgarh 105 0 0 50 33 25
12 2A5F8f Chhattisgarh 83 2 4 54 36 27
13 2A5F8g Chhattisgarh 114 0 0 68 46 34
14 2A5F8h Chhattisgarh 111 0 1 71 47 35
15 2A5F8j Chhattisgarh 105 0 1 54 36 27
16 2A5F8k Chhattisgarh 99 0 1 43 29 22
17 2A5F8m Chhattisgarh 119 0 0 47 31 23
18 2A5F8n Chhattisgarh 214 1 0 53 35 26
19 2A5F8p Chhattisgarh 84 0 0 56 37 28
20 2A5F8q Chhattisgarh 89 0 1 30 20 15
21 2A5F8r Chhattisgarh 16 0 0 42 28 21
22 2A5F8s Chhattisgarh 225 0 0 72 48 36
23 2A5F8t Chhattisgarh 96 0 0 36 24 18
24 2A5F8u Chhattisgarh 162 0 0 48 32 24
25 2A5F8v Chhattisgarh 97 0 0 54 36 27
26 2A5F8w Chhattisgarh 50 0 6 78 52 39
27 2A5F9a Madhya 32 5 0 16 11 8
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S. No.
Sub-Watershed
Administrative Jurisdiction
Afforestation (ha)
Energy Plantation
(ha)
Staggered Trenches
(ha)
Brushwood Check Dams
(No)
Dry stone Masonry Check
Dams (No)
Create Wire Check Dams
(No)
Pradesh
28 2A5F9b Madhya Pradesh
43 17 0 45 30 22
29 2A5F9c Chhattisgarh 28 0 0 52 35 26
30 2A5F9d Madhya Pradesh
70 23 0 38 26 19
31 2A5F9d Chhattisgarh 35 0 0 16 11 8
32 2A5F9f Chhattisgarh 85 1 2 36 24 18
33 2A5F9g Chhattisgarh 14 0 0 48 32 24
34 2A5F9h Chhattisgarh 45 1 3 47 32 24
35 2A5F9j Chhattisgarh 79 0 1 41 28 21
36 2A5F9k Chhattisgarh 76 0 0 59 40 30
37 2A5F9m Chhattisgarh 49 0 0 85 56 42
38 2A5F9n Chhattisgarh 38 1 0 54 36 27
39 2A5F9p Chhattisgarh 11 0 0 41 27 21
Total (Madhya Pradesh) 412 61 14 300 201 149
Total (Chhattisgarh) 2326 6 23 1434 957 717
Total 2738 67 37 1734 1158 866
Table 1.13: Summary of treatment measures and their cost for CAT Plan
Treatment Measures Quantity Unit Cost (Rs)* Total Cost (Rs.)
Afforestation (Ha) 2,738 74,400 20,37,07,200
Energy Plantation (Ha) 67 69,560 46,60,520
Staggered Trenches (Ha) 37 13,950 5,67,765
Nurseries (including maintenance) 2 14,00,000 28,00,000
Brushwood Check Dams (Nos) 1,734 2,200 38,14,800
Dry Stone Masonry Check Dams (Nos) 1,158 29,260 3,38,83,080
Gabion Check Dams (Nos) 866 32,450 2,81,01,700
TOTAL 27,75,35,065
Note*: Unit Cost has been taken as per the cost norms given in Annexure I
1.7 OTHER COMPONENTS OF CAT PLAN
Apart from the biological and engineering treatment measures in the catchment area there
are other aspects of the CAT Plan to be addressed and their cost included in the overall
cost estimate of the plan. The charges for operational support, forest protection, social
mobilization, documentation and publication, monitoring and evaluation and providing
environmental services are some of the integral ingredients which have to be considered
and included while formulating the CAT plans.
1.7.1 Administrative Charges
For an efficient management of forest resources, it is essential that operational support to
the Forest Department is adequately developed. Similarly, in remote localities there are no
places for shelter for the staff, people and trekkers. Therefore, a budgetary provision of Rs
138.77 lakh has been kept for this component. Out of which, Rs 23.94 lakh has been kept
for Madhya Pradesh and Rs 114.82 lakh has been kept for Chhattisgarh.
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1.7.2 Provision for Micro Planning
The year-wise areas requiring treatment measures have been suggested but have not been
marked. The spatial location of specific treatment to be carried out in the catchment area
would require extensive detailing during the implementation of CAT and a provision for
micro-planning has been made in the total CAT financial allocation. For this purpose a
provision of Rs 55.51 lakh is being made. Out of which, Rs 9.58 lakh has been kept for
Madhya Pradesh and Rs 45.93 lakh has been kept for Chhattisgarh.
1.7.3 Monitoring & Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation will be undertaken as a part of project management. A process
of self-evaluation at specified intervals of time will ensure the field level verification of
suggested treatment measures and efficacy of the CAT plan.
The year-wise areas requiring treatment measures have been suggested but have not been
marked. The spatial location of specific treatment to be carried out in the catchment area
would require extensive detailing during the implementation of CAT and a provision for
micro-planning has been made in the total CAT financial allocation. Thereafter, annual
work plan would be prepared well in advance after undertaking initial ground surveys
during micro-planning, specifying physical and financial targets, sites, locations and
beneficiaries of each component of the project activity. Month-wise work schedule of
various items of each component for the financial year would also be prepared in advance
and its timely implementation would be ensured. Monthly progress report on all activities
would be submitted by the Range Officers to Divisional Forest Officer. The monitoring
committee shall be constituted at the project level for this purpose which too would
monitor on a regular basis the quality and quantity of works being carried out under the
CAT plan area.
A provision of Rs 83.26 lakh has been made for this component. Out of which, Rs 14.37
lakh has been kept for Madhya Pradesh and Rs 68.89 lakh has been kept for Chhattisgarh.
1.7.4 Contingencies
A provision of Rs 277.54 lakh has been kept under this component for some leeway to
adjust any unforeseen expenditure. Out of which, Rs 95.77 lakh has been kept for Madhya
Pradesh and Rs 459.30 lakh has been kept for Chhattisgarh.
1.8 COST ESTIMATE The estimated cost of implementation of CAT plan is Rs. 3330.42 lakh and is given at Table
1.14. Out of which, Out of which, Rs 574.65 lakh has been kept for implementation of CAT
plan in Madhya Pradesh (Table 1.15) and Rs 2755.78 lakh has been kept for
implementation of CAT plan in Chhattisgarh (Table 1.16).
Table 1.14: Estimated Cost of CAT Plan Implementation
S. No.
Item Rate (Rs)
Unit Target
Physical Financial (Rs) I Biological Measures 1 Afforestation i) Creation 56,400 Ha 2,738 15,44,23,200.00
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S. No.
Item Rate (Rs)
Unit Target
Physical Financial (Rs) ii) Maintenance for 5 years 18,000 Ha 2,738 4,92,84,000.00 2 Energy Plantation i) Creation 51,900 Ha 67 34,77,300.00 ii) Maintenance for 3 years 17,660 Ha 67 11,83,220.00 3 Staggered Contour Trenches i) Creation 13,950 Ha 37 5,16,150.00 ii) Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 51,615.00 4 Nursery Development i) Creation of 2 nurseries LS 20,00,000.00 ii) Maintenance for 4 years LS 8,00,000.00 SubTotal I (1+2+3+4) 21,17,35,485.00 II Engineering Measures 5 Brushwood Check Dams 2,000 No 1,734 34,68,000.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 3,46,800.00 6 Check Dams (DRSM) 26,600 No 1,158 3,08,02,800.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 30,80,280.00 7 Gabion Check Dams 29,500 No 866 2,55,47,000.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 25,54,700.00
Sub Total II (5+6+7) 6,57,99,580.00
A Treatment Cost (Sub Total I + II) 27,75,35,065.00
III Administrative Measures 8 Administrative Charges @5% of Total 1,38,76,753.25 9 Micro planning @2% of Treatment Cost 55,50,701.30
10 Monitoring & Evaluation Cost @3% of Treatment Cost
83,26,051.95
11 Contingencies @10% of Treatment Cost 2,77,53,506.50 B Sub Total III 5,55,07,013.00
Total CAT Plan Cost (A + B) 33,30,42,078.00
Table 1.15: Estimated cost of CAT Plan Implementation in Madhya Pradesh
S. No.
Item Rate (Rs)
Unit Target
Physical Financial (Rs) I Biological Measures 1 Afforestation i) Creation 56,400 Ha 412 2,32,36,800.00 ii) Maintenance for 5 years 18,000 Ha 412 74,16,000.00 2 Energy Plantation
i) Creation 51,900 Ha 61 31,65,900.00 ii) Maintenance for 3 years 17,660 Ha 61 10,77,260.00 3 Staggered Contour Trenches
i) Creation 13,950 Ha 14 1,95,300.00 ii) Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
19,530.00
4 Nursery Development
i) Creation of 2 nurseries LS
10,00,000.00
ii) Maintenance for 4 years LS
4,00,000.00 SubTotal I (1+2+3+4)
3,65,10,790.00
II Engineering Measures
5 Brushwood Check Dams 2,000 No 300 6,00,000.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
60,000.00
6 Check Dams (DRSM) 26,600 No 201 53,46,600.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
5,34,660.00
7 Gabion Check Dams 29,500 No 149 43,95,500.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 4,39,550.00
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S. No.
Item Rate (Rs)
Unit Target
Physical Financial (Rs) Sub Total II (5+6+7) 1,13,76,310.00
A Treatment Cost (Sub Total I + II) 4,78,87,100.00
III Administrative Measures 8 Administrative Charges @5% of Total 23,94,355.00 9 Micro planning @2% of Treatment Cost 9,57,742.00
10 Monitoring & Evaluation Cost @3% of Treatment Cost
14,36,613.00
11 Contingencies @10% of Treatment Cost 47,88,710.00 B Sub Total III 95,77,420.00
Total CAT Plan Cost (A + B) 5,74,64,520.00
Table 1.16: Estimated cost of CAT Plan Implementation in Chhattisgarh
S. No.
Item Rate (Rs)
Unit Target
Physical Financial (Rs) I Biological Measures 1 Afforestation i) Creation 56,400 Ha 2,326 13,11,86,400.00 ii) Maintenance for 5 years 18,000 Ha 2,326 4,18,68,000.00 2 Energy Plantation
i) Creation 51,900 Ha 6 3,11,400.00 ii) Maintenance for 3 years 17,660 Ha 6 1,05,960.00 3 Staggered Contour Trenches
i) Creation 13,950 Ha 23 3,20,850.00 ii) Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
32,085.00
4 Nursery Development
i) Creation of 2 nurseries LS
10,00,000.00
ii) Maintenance for 4 years LS
4,00,000.00 SubTotal I (1+2+3+4)
17,52,24,695.00
II Engineering Measures
5 Brushwood Check Dams 2,000 No 1,434 28,68,000.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
2,86,800.00
6 Check Dams (DRSM) 26,600 No 957 2,54,56,200.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost
25,45,620.00
7 Gabion Check Dams 29,500 No 717 2,11,51,500.00 Maintenance Cost @ 10% of the cost 21,15,150.00
Sub Total II (5+6+7) 5,44,23,270.00
A Treatment Cost (Sub Total I + II) 22,96,47,965.00
III Administrative Measures 8 Administrative Charges @5% of Total 1,14,82,398.25 9 Micro planning @2% of Treatment Cost 45,92,959.30
10 Monitoring & Evaluation Cost @3% of Treatment Cost
68,89,438.95
11 Contingencies @10% of Treatment Cost 2,29,64,796.50 B Sub Total III 4,59,29,593.00
Total CAT Plan Cost (A + B) 27,55,77,558.00
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2.1 GENERAL The Command Area Development Plan (CAD) must be implemented in a holistic manner
with irrigation project so that irrigation potential created gets utilized with improvement
in water use efficiency, increase in agricultural productivity and production and to bring
sustainability in the irrigated agriculture in a participatory environment. The main
objective is reducing the gap between irrigation potential created and that utilized. The
programme aims at enhancing agricultural production and productivity in irrigated
commands by judicious and equitable distribution of the available irrigation water with
active involvement of farmers through participatory irrigation management (PIM).
2.2 COMMAND AREA A command area to be benefited from the project lies downstream of the proposed Gond
reservoir and covers 147 villages. Out of the total 147 villages, 65 villages falls in Majhauli
tehsil of Sidhi district while the rest 82 villages falls in Sarai and Deosar tehsils of Singrauli
district. The proposed Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 28,000 ha is irrigated by piped
irrigation system. The proposed command area is divided into 3 commands namely
Jalpani, Nigri and Majhuali. The details are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Command Area
S. No. Command Area GCA (ha) CCA (ha)
1 Jalpani 19340 9959
2 Nigri 11415 8118
3 Majhauli 18245 9923
2.2.1 Climate of the Command Area
Climate is the principal aspect of the physical environment affecting agriculture. The
characteristics of the soil - the essential medium for plant growth, are largely the product
of present and past climates and the vegetation that has flourished in them. It consists of
the elements like rainfall, temperature, length of growing session, sunlight, frost, fog
conditions, hailstorms and winds. All these elements of weather have direct and indirect
influence on the cropping pattern of a region. Consequently, the expression of agriculture,
the cultivable area, the spatial and temporal cropping pattern and above all strategy of
farm economy and its ecology depend on climatic conditions.
The year is divided into three main seasons i.e. (1) Summer Season (middle of March to
middle of June), (2) Rainy Season (middle of June to September), (3) Winter Season
(October to middle of March).
The climate of command area experiences mostly semi-arid condition, sub-tropical zone
with long dry season. The south-west monsoon hit the months of June to September,
maximum rainfall occurring between these months. The temperature in the command area
Chapter
2
COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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start rising in the month of February and reaches maximum in the month of May and then
decrease till January. May and January are the hottest and coldest months of the year
respectively. In summer, through day temperature remains high, nights are colder and
pleasant. The normal maximum temperature received during the month of May is 41.1º C
and minimum during the month of January around 12.7ºC. The Relative Humidity is
generally low throughout the year, except during monsoon months when average relative
humidity is close to 82% in the month of August. Summer are generally the dry months of
the year with average relatively humidity as low as 17%. The wind speed is higher during
the pre-monsoon period as compared to the post-monsoon period. The average maximum
wind speed of 17.8 Kmph is observed during the month of June. The area receives
maximum rainfall during south west monsoon i.e. between June and September, where
about 91% of the annual average rainfall is received. Only 9% of the annual average rainfall
occurs between October and May.
2.2.2 Irrigation Facilities in the Command Area
The proposed command area at present is not being facilitated by surface (gravity
canal) or ground water source (tube wells) by state agency. The prevalent practice of
irrigation in some chunks in the command is by river pumping and harnessing
underground water through private tube wells /wells.
2.2.3 Soil of the Command Area
The main functions of the soils, from agricultural point of view, are to give mechanical
support to plants and store and supply the required nutrients and water for plant growth.
These functions of the soil depend on its physical, chemical and biological characteristics.
Among physical properties texture and structure are very important which determine such
characteristics of soil as water absorbing and retentive capacity and movement of air and
water. Chemical and biological properties determine its fertility status. The soil of the
command area has already been described in Chapter 3 of EIA report.
2.3 EXISTING CROPPING PATTERN IN COMMAND AREA Based upon DPR, the command area under 147 villages is being cultivated in Rabi
and Kharif crop seasons. The total area being cultivated in Kharif and Rabi season is
4000 ha and 20000 ha respectively. During Kharif, paddy and maize crops are being
grown in 3000 ha and 1000 ha respectively. During Rabi, wheat, gram and mustard are
being grown in 8000 ha, 9000 ha and 3000 ha respectively. The existing cropping pattern
is shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Existing Cropping Pattern in the Command Area
S. No. Kharif Crops Area (ha) Rabi Crops Area (ha)
1 Paddy 3,000 Wheat 8,000
2 Maize 1,000 Gram 9,000
3 Mustard 3,000
Total 4,000 Total 20,000
2.4 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN COMMAND AREA At present the area under Rabi crop is 20,000 ha which implies that about 8,000 ha area
is not being sown. Based on the existing cropping pattern and for boosting the
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production per hectare emphasis has been laid on development of improved varieties of
wheat and the gram. The crop intensity has been adopted as 100% of the CCA viewing
the availability of water earmarked in the reservoir for irrigation purpose. The proposed
cropping pattern is shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Proposed Cropping Pattern in Command Area
S. No. Rabi Crops Area (ha) Percentage of CCA 1 Wheat-ORD 12,500 44.64 2 Gram 12,500 44.64 3 Mustard 3,000 10.72
Total 28,000 100
2.5 PROPOSED WORKS STIPULATED UNDER CAD The various components of works underlined in the revised guidelines for CAD&WM
programme issued by the Government of India, MoWR, River Development and Ganga
Rejuvenation SP Wing, New Delhi, dated 17th September, 2015 in conjunction with the
guidelines issued by the MPWRD have been followed along with the cost norms
suggested therein.
The command area development programme is an integrated action plan tailor made
to accomplish the desired benefits due to irrigation through efficacy in the system
with equitable distribution of water to the fields of stake holders on pro rata basis in the
command of a specific project without degrading the command. It also includes such
programme which are necessary for facilitating marketing of the produce. The other
term Water Management connotes judicious and efficient management of the water
resource created by participatory irrigation management by users by inculcating in
them a sense of belongingness and ownership of the system created. The latter is
achieved by formulating Water User’s Association for management and water
distribution below outlet among beneficiaries. Besides formation of WUA, Distributary
and Project Committee shall be formulated to dwell on the matters touching and
arising from the regulation, operation, and maintenance of the system under their
administrative jurisdiction. All aspects need to be taken up in an integrated and
coordinated manner to achieve the envisaged objectives of raising food grains
production to meet the increasing need for growing population.
2.5.1 Topographic Survey in Command Area
Topographical survey is carried out departmentally by the technical staff in the total
command area of the project for fixing alignment of distribution network. The work of
carrying out topographical and cadastral survey for command area including alignment
of canal/ distributary/minors by using Total Station, DGPS etc., with minimum of 20
readings per ha to generate 30mx30m grid and 0.5m contour interval. The topography
survey has been carried out as part of DPR preparation and its cost is considered in DPR
cost.
2.5.2 On Farm Development Works
This comprises laying of distribution network and micro irrigation through sprinklers/drip
irrigation. This is an important activity under the programme for efficient utilization of
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irrigation water. Again the activity is considered as part of the DPR and its cost is built into
DPR cost.
2.5.3 Reclamation of Water Logged Areas
The command area is well dissected with streams of up to 5th order like Gopad river,
Sehra Nadi, Karaundla Nala, Bardiya Nala, Dhamar Nala, Mahan Nala, Bandha Nala, Jurni
Nala etc. Around 95% of the command area is below 10% slope. Thus, it is having good
surface drainage and suitable outlets are available for discharging the surface flow
resulting from rainfall excess. The problem of water logging is not encountered in the
command area and there is no occasion for development of surface/sub-surface drainage
for reclaiming the water-logged area. Besides, the soil of the command is neutral and the
water for irrigation has low SAR and shall be applied in small depth as compared to the
paddy, the salinity problem is not expected. At present no salinity problem is witnessed in
the area.
2.5.4 Ayacut Roads and Communication Networks
A well-connected network of service roads is necessary to provide access to the fields of
farmers, movement of bullock carts, tractors and for transport of seeds, fertilizers and
agricultural produce to the markets besides, for movement of equipment and materials for
maintenance and repairs by the O&M organization. Improved communications in and
around command area are necessary for integrated development of the project. These
may be achieved by
Ayacut Roads, which are necessitated within the command for transportation of
inputs to agriculture and produce.
Link Roads, which connect command area to Ayacut roads and inter alia include
works related to strengthening and reconstruction of existing roads to make them
compatible with latest norms.
Transmittal of messages from command area
This site is also connected with district head quarter Sidhi and Waidhan via NH-75 and SH-
55. MDRs, link roads under PMGSY run across the command area. However, the
strengthening and reconstruction of some roads shall be needed for expeditious transport
besides construction of new roads. In general, the following criteria shall be adopted for the
development of road network:
To provide all-weather road access within a distance of 1.5 Km from almost all parts
of irrigated area
To provide all-weather access to each village having population of 1500 and above.
To include roads located outside the command area boundaries to the extent
necessary and to link the network to market centres, railway stations, villages or
administrative headquarters to have full impact on development of command are
To limit the total provisions of roads to the minimum necessary subject to
organization of the above criteria
To provide minimum number of bridges or causeways necessary to comply with IRC
requirements, which specify the acceptable interruptions to traffic appropriate to
each category of road
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To allocate construction priorities in such a manner as to enable road w works to be
completed well in advance of the commencement of constructions of irrigation
distribution network system.
All the Ayacut roads are classified as village roads and relevant IRC standards (IRC:64-1990),
specifications and code of practice for village roads are adopted for design and construction
of roads. Requirement of road construction has been assessed as part of DPR and its is part
of the DPR cost.
2.5.5 Water Management through WUA
After creation of an irrigation resource in a region it is of paramount importance to chalk
out a schedule of irrigation deliveries with details of the mode and duration of supplies
drawn up for regulation of irrigation in the command area of an irrigation system.
In order to develop participatory irrigation management through stake holders or farmers’
organization, the M.P Government promulgated “Madhya Pradesh Sinchai Prabandhan Me
Kishan Ki Bhagidari Adhiniyam, 1999”.
Under Chapter –II of the Act the power has been vested in the District Collector to cause
notification to
Delineation of water users’ area and constitution of an association
Delineation of Distributary area and constitution of the Distributary
Committee
Delineation of Project area and construction of project committee
The District Collector shall make arrangements for the election of President and members
of the Managing Committee of the Water Users’ Association by direct election. There
shall be a Managing Committee for every Distributary Committee and a Project
Committee called by its distinct name for every project area. All the Presidents, of the
Distributary Committees in the project area so long as they hold such office, shall constitute
the general body for the Project Committee.
The Project Committee shall have two nominated members, one of whom shall act as a
coordinator between various departments and farmers’ associations and who will be an
Executive Engineer of Water Resources Department and second member will act as
Advisor who will be from Agriculture or Ayacut Department.
The objects of the farmers’ organization shall be to promote and secure distribution of
water among its users; adequate maintenance of the irrigation system, efficient and
economical organization of water to organization agricultural production, to protect the
environment, and to ensure ecological balance by involving the farmers, inculcating a
sense of ownership of the irrigation system in accordance with the water budget and the
operational plan.
In view of the command area being three in numbers, it is proposed to have Farmers
Organization to comprise of three project committees. Further, as the commands are
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sub divided into 10 sub-commands therefore, there shall be 10 WUAs for command
of each minor and each shall have four territorial constituencies.
One-time functional grant shall be payable to the elected/registered WUAs @ Rs. 500/ha.
Thus, on this account, functional grant for 28,000 ha works out to be Rs. 140.00 lakh. The
infrastructure grants for 10 WUAs @ Rs. 3 lakh works out to be Rs. 30 lakh.
2.5.6 Farmers Training, Monitoring and Evaluation
Training camps are organized in villages to educate the farmers on water management and
crop management. This is important activity for educating the farmers to adopt modern
technologies for achieving higher production with regulated water supply. Various
activities viz. farmers training, monitoring, evaluation, demonstration on micro irrigation,
mechanized land leveling, water use efficiency shall be covered under farmers training
programme. The cost on this head @ Rs. 1000/ha works out to be Rs. 280.00 lakh.
2.6 PROPOSED BUDGET FOR CAD Most of the activities under CAD form part of DPR and their cost budgeted therein. Budget
for two additional components viz. grants to WUA and Farmers training is given below in
Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Budget for Additional Activities under CAD
S. No. Item Cost (Rs Lakh)
7 One-time financial grant to WUAs 140.00
8 One-time Infra-Structure grant to WUAs 30.00
9 Training, Monitoring and Evaluation 280.00
Grand Total 450.00
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3.1 BACKGROUND Habitat degradation that happens due to anthropogenic pressures leading to land use
/land cover changes, and activities like hunting and poaching, and invasion of exotic species
are main threats to the native biodiversity and wildlife. Most of these phenomena are
related to activities like population growth, increasing agricultural practices, urbanization,
road construction and other developmental activities. The rapid development phase in
recent years has led to additional pressures on biodiversity which as a result not only poses
threats to wildlife but also leads to increasing incidences of man – wildlife conflicts in many
areas of India. The biodiversity conservation plan therefore needs to face such challenges
and devise strategies to mitigate such threats to the biodiversity and wildlife of the area.
The biodiversity management plan is based upon the understanding of diversity and
distribution of floral and faunal species gathered during preparation of baseline,
identification of existing threats to biodiversity, concerns of local inhabitants and impacts
of developmental activities on animal and plant species.
3.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND LIKELY IMPACTS The proposed project comprises of construction of earthen dam, open channel, balancing
reservoir and water conductor system which is a piped network designed to distribute
water in the command area. The command area of Gond Major Irrigation Project covering
28000 ha land will be irrigated by drip/sprinkler irrigation. Construction of various project
components like dam, reservoir, pumping station, etc. and related activities like
transportation, material handling, muck generation and disposal, etc. lead to high level of
noises, high concentration of particulate matter, and influx of migrant labourers. All these
activities can cause adverse impacts on the biodiversity of the project and its adjoining
areas unless such impacts are mitigated and managed. Likely impacts are discussed in EIA
study report.
3.3 BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANCE OF THE AREA As per biogeographic classification of India, the study area is covered under 6A Deccan
Penninsular Central Highlands. As per the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, 6 species
reported from the study area are listed in Schedule I species viz. Oriental Honey Buzzard,
White Eyed Buzzard, Crested Serpent Eagle, Shikra, Black Winged Kite and Egyptian
Vulture. In addition, there are a few plant species like Dalbergia latifolia, Azadirachta
indica (Tree), Justicia adhatoda (Shrub), which are having medicinal importance and are
under threats.
As discussed in Baseline Chapter the project is in the vicinity of the Sanjay Tiger and part of
Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve is located within the study area of the project. Sanjay National
Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary form a part of Bandhavgarh-Sanjay-Guru
Ghasidas-Palamau landscape which is one of the four potential Tiger meta-population
Chapter
3
BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT & WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN
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landscape. Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary provides corridor
connectivity with Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve for Tigers and corridor connectivity for wild
elephants of Palamau Tiger Reserve. The Elephant Migration corridor known as Sidhi
corridor comprises of migration of elephants from Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Sanjay
Dubri National Park and Guru Ghasidas National Park to Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary and
passes through forested patches near the dam site and submergence area and forests
around Jalpani command. Sanjay National Park and Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary
harbours populations of Tiger, Panther, Sloth bear, Cheetal, Sambhar, Four horned
antelopes, Chinkara, Barking Deer and Wild Pig.
The proposed biodiversity and conservation plan are focused mainly on the issues
discussed above.
3.4 CONCERNS OF LOCAL INHABITANTS Usually the livelihood of villagers is associated to forests and forest resources. However,
animal hunting and poaching for food, games and trophies is not reported from the zone of
influence of proposed project. It would be worthy to mention that a few species like Wild
Boar, Indian Hare, are reported to raid agricultural land and reportedly damage the crops,
which results in the man – wildlife conflicts. To control such conflicts, this issue is also
needed to address in biodiversity management plan.
3.5 PLAN OF ACTION The management and conservation strategies may affect the traditional rights of local
people. Taking these concerns into account, the involvement of local people in formulation
of effective management plan would be helpful in its implementation. Considering all
factors related to local people, biodiversity of the region, size of the project and magnitude
of the impacts, the present biodiversity management plan is proposed for the project.
3.5.1 Development of Grasslands
Jackal, Peacock, Common Indian Hare, etc. are grassland dwellers and forage around the
cultivated lands. Common Indian Hare reportedly invades cultivated fields and damages
the standing crops of local people. To prevent the crops from these animals, to control the
animal raids, and to avoid the man-animal conflicts and to protect these species, there is
need of more grasslands in the area. The development of grasslands can be achieved by
joint forest management mechanism by involving local people. Such grasslands can be
developed on the government and community lands. The development of new grasslands
would be beneficial to local people and would control the animal raids on private
agricultural lands. This programme would be implemented by Forest Department having a
sound Joint Forest Management mechanism. The detailed plan of action for this plan
would be formulated by forest department. Total financial outlay for this plan is Rs.
50,00,000 only.
3.5.2 Infrastructure Development & Strengthening of Patrolling
To protect the biodiversity of the zone of influence, improvement in infrastructure facilities
is warranted. In this plan project authorities would assist State Forest Department in
strengthening the infrastructures, so that State Forest Department can contribute to the
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biodiversity protection of this area. This plan will be implemented in the zone of influence
of proposed project. Project authorities would provide one time grant to State Forest
Department to improve the infrastructure for the conservation of biodiversity. To improve
the vigilance, to monitor the wildlife movement, and to check the poaching, State Forest
Department shall be provided with grant to build necessary facilities like watch towers,
check posts and patrolling paths and also grant for purchase of equipment like, cameras,
binoculars, sleeping bags, search lights, health kits etc. Patrolling parties need to be
equipped with Wireless communication system for more efficient system. Project
authorities would provide funds to State Forest Department. Total financial outlay under
this head would be Rs. 25,00,000 only.
3.5.3 Conservation Measures for RET species
As already discussed, six Schedule I bird species are found in and around the project area.
Therefore, a conservation plan has been suggested for them. Schedule I species like Black
shouldered kite, and Shikra have been listed under Least Concern category in IUCN Redlist
2018-2. An Eco-park has been proposed for their protection. In addition, hunting should be
checked with the help of forest department.
3.5.4 Awareness Programme/ Establishment of Nature Park
An effective wildlife conservation plan is a participatory management, involving the local
communities in the conservation strategies. This approach requires a comprehensive
awareness programme on the significance, benefits and sustainable utilization of
biodiversity and forest resources. The awareness programme would focus on the
protection of avifauna species and small mammalian species.
For the preservation and conservation of biodiversity and wildlife in the area a Nature Park
is proposed to be established. Generally, most instruction in ecology and environment in
schools and colleges comes from textbooks. However, this form of education rarely results
in action. For any awareness programme to be successful people and children especially
need to go into nature to study the flora, fauna, and ecosystems and into the environment
to observe environmental problems, e.g., pollution, deforestation, and conservation
processes. There is a need to evoke love and curiosity for nature, so people can become
aware of the environment and motivated to take action to preserve it. Well-conceived
interpretive facilities with basic environmental information are needed in natural areas to
help people identify plants and animals and learn about their characteristics and their
interrelationships. They must incite joy and curiosity in what people can see rather than in
what they cannot see. Nature Park will have trails and walks for use by the visitors as an
important support mechanism for the environmental education process and
complementing the educational possibilities in more innovative ways.
The awareness programme would take certain issues like prevention of forest fire, to avoid
the man-wildlife conflicts, not to damage the eggs/nets of bird species. Awareness
programme can be implemented by organising the public meetings with the help of NGOs
and Forest Department, distributing pamphlets, posters and hoardings, etc.
The Nature Park would play an important role as creation of vegetation belt and cover in
otherwise degraded landscape in the study area and act as a check against possible dust
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and noise pollution in the area and in creating awareness among the people. The Nature
Park can be used for walks, jogging, and other activities. Most importantly avenue
plantation at the boundaries of park can act as a natural barrier and the park area can
become roosting places for birds. The important plant species which are suggested to be
planted in the proposed park are Dalbergia sissoo, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna,
and Senna auriculata because of their height. The height of first branches of Dalbergia
sissoo and Azadirachta indica can offer better protection to birds from predators like stray
dogs and humans. The budget heads include development of a nursery, collection of seeds
and plant species, small laboratory and staff. The Park may be setup with the help of Forest
Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh. Total budget estimated for awareness
programme is Rs.1,00,00,000 only.
3.5.5 Conservation and Protection Measures for Elephant Migration Corridor
Elephant is included under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Some of the
activities to mitigate Man-Elephant conflict, improvement of Elephant Habitat, restoration
of Elephant Corridors and various awareness programmes are suggested under this plan.
These are:
(a) Improvement of habitats / corridors by enrichment plantation/eco-restoration
(b) Removal of invasive species
(c) Creation of water bodies
(d) Fire protection measures
(e) Eco-restoration of corridors/migration routes and paths including acquisition and
relocation
(f) Soil and water conservation measures
(g) Awareness programme among the local villagers are taken to minimize conflict with
wild elephants
3.5.6 Good Practices
Project authorities would follow a few precautionary and good practices in the project
areas. Such types of practices are not expensive but play a vital role in protecting the
biodiversity. The important safeguard measures as good practices are given below:
i. Project authorities shall organise a training programme for the workers. All project
workers must be aware of importance of biodiversity and all such types of activities
related to endangering the wildlife including plants and animals. All project workers
must be aware of presence of a few threatened and Schedule species in the area and
legal consequences of hunting, poaching of animals and harvesting of forest
produces.
ii. Each project worker shall be provided with an identity card and would not be allowed
to enter in the forest, grassland and protected areas without a valid permission.
iii. Project authorities will be bound by rules and regulation of Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 of India and any others rule and guidelines, stipulated by the state Government.
iv. Project workers will be discouraged to plant any alien and/or invasive species in the
camp and colony areas, which may spread in the forest areas. State Forest
Department can provide the list of such plant species. Project authorities would
ensure to uproot all existing alien/invasive species from the colony and other working
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areas. Restriction shall be imposed on the disposal of any types of pesticide, poison
and other toxic material in the forest areas.
v. Project authorities should control the noise pollution from the construction activities
especially during night time and in proximity to forest areas.
Total budget allocated for the implementation of good practices is Rs. 5,00,000 only.
3.6 SETTING UP OF BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE To monitor the implementation of proposed Biodiversity Management and Wildlife
Conservation plan, a biodiversity management committee (BMC) would be constituted for
the project. The committee shall follow the guidelines of National Biodiversity Authority,
State Biodiversity Board and State Forest Department. The Biodiversity Management
Committee of the project comprises the following members:
Chief Wildlife Warden/his/her representative Chairman
Project Director /his/her representative Member Secretary
Divisional Forest Officer Member
Chief (Environment), Project Member
Renowned wildlife expert (1 or 2 Nos) Member(s)
Local Body’s Representatives from at least 3 villages Member(s)
Representative of a well-known local NGO Member
Chairman will have right to assign different tasks to different members for proper
functioning of plan. Also, the number of members of committee mentioned above may be
increased or decreased or changed as per need. Project authorities would provide funds
and facilities for the functioning of committee. Total financial outlay for the functioning of
BMC is Rs. 5,00,000 (Five lakh) only.
3.7 BUDGETARY ESTIMATES Total budget allocated for the Biodiversity Management and Wildlife Conservation Plan for
the Project would be Rs. 1,85,00,000 (Rs. One hundred and Oriental Honey Buzzard eighty-
five lakh only). Break-up of the budget is given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Break-up of the Biodiversity Management and Wildlife Conservation Plan
S. No. Particulars Total Budget (in Rs.) 1 Development of Grasslands 50,00,000 2 Awareness Programme/Establishment of Nature Park 1,00,00,000 3 Infrastructure Development, Equipment, etc. 25,00,000 4 Good Practices 5,00,000 5 Biodiversity Management Committee 5,00,000 Total Budget 1,85,00,000
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
The construction of dam across Gopad river shall lead to creation of reservoir resulting in
submergence area of 1263.401 ha of land. The formation of reservoir would bring about
significant changes in the riverine ecology, as the river will transform from a fast-flowing
water system to a quiescent lacustrine environment. Such an alteration of the habitat
would bring changes in physico-chemical and biotic characteristics of river water. The fish
community will be one of most affected biotic communities due to habitat alteration in
downstream as well as upstream section. The fishes in the riverine profile shows spatial
and temporal variation depending on water depth, velocity of current, substrate, water
discharge, physico-chemical conditions, etc. Among the biotic communities, certain species
are able to survive the transitional phase and adapt to the altered habitat. There are other
species amongst the biotic communities, which for various reasons are unable to
acclimatize to the changed environment. Under such conditions some of the biotic
communities may disappear in the early years of impoundment of water.
During the operation of the project, flow in Gopad river downstream of dam would be
considerably reduced. It will lead to drying of riverbed and very little water will remain in
the river restricted mainly in the central portion. The low flow in river will affect the
aquatic habitat. The condition will be more critical during the lean season when volume of
water is significantly reduced in the main river; therefore provision of ecological releases
are made to mitigate such impacts.
The conservation of fishes under such conditions is one of important task because they
typically use different habitats along the river stretch for spawning, feeding, shelter and
growth.
4.2 FISH COMPOSITION & STATUS As per the secondary sources and field visit survey was used to collect information on fish
diversity in the study area. According to information provided by locals 8 species are
found in the study area. Most common are Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Xenentodon cancila,
Mastacembelus armatus and Channa punctata. Other species was also recorded from the
area were Wallago attu, Clarias batrachus and Chanda nama (Syn. Ambassis nama). Local
fisherman use cast net, drag nets and gill net for harvesting of fish.
4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES To mitigate the adverse impact of Gond Major Irrigation project on the aquatic ecology of
the area, the following measures shall be adopted to protect and preserve existing aquatic
life:
Development of reservoir fishery
Releasing /ensuring minimum Environment flow in the river
Chapter
4
FISHERIES CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
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4.3.1 Fishery Development
The proposed reservoir will present an opportunity to develop fishery in the area as
fisheries are not well developed in the project area and large-scale fishing is not being
practiced. The proposed reservoir will provide opportunity for commercial fishery
development. Overall, this would improve the availability of fish for local population and
may play an important role in the growth of local economy.
It is proposed that the reservoir and river stretch downstream and upstream of the
proposed dam be stocked with fingerlings. It is proposed to implement supplementary
stocking programme for the project area. The setting up of fish hatchery will be executed
by the Department of Fisheries, Government of Madhya Pradesh and funds for the same
shall be provided by the project proponent.
4.3.2 Environmental flow/releases
Available annual 75% dependable total yield at dam site as 578.39 MCM. There are 7
upstream projects for which water allocation (u/s commitment) is 5.76 MCM. Hence net
available yield is 572.63 MCM. Approximately 95% of the yield is contributed by monsoon
flow and only about 5% yield will be come from non-monsoon period.
Therefore, to mitigate the impact of reduced flow or drying up of the river downstream of
the dam; the project is designed with live storage/proposed utilization of 96.49 MCM, and
remaining water from monsoon contribution will be continuously discharged for
downstream and upstream users. The quantum works out to be 476.14 MCM or almost
83% of the water available in pre-project conditions. Therefore, no additional environment
flow is required to be released during monsoon period.
To ensure that downstream conditions do not change substantially during non-monsoon
period, 80% of discharge of non-monsoon period is recommended to be released as
environmental flow.
4.4 COST ESTIMATES The cost required for non-recurring expenditure i.e. developing of hatchery, office
complex, laboratory etc. shall be Rs. 21.10 lakh. The dimension of the hatching nurseries
and rearing unit and their approximate cost is given in Table 4.1. The total recurring
expenditure for 3 years will be Rs.35.73 lakh. Thus, total cost for fish hatchery and farm will
be Rs. 62.50 lakh after adding 10% escalation of cost.
Table 4.1: Estimated cost of setting of hatchery
S. No.
Particulars Dimensions/
Rate (Rs.) Amount
(Rs. in lakh) A. Captital – Non-recurring Expenditure 1. Construction of Hatchery (Hatchery building (one concrete hall
with provision of hatching troughs each with 4 trays) for production of fingrines-1 No.
15mx6mx5m 7.30
2. Nursery ponds -10 No. 5mx2mx1m 1.20 3. Rearing Ponds -4 No. 10mx5mx2m 2.10 4. Stocking Ponds -2 No. 30mx10mx3m 4.70 5. Office Complex, with all infrastructure and separate provision
for store and two laboratories and fish feed room etc. -1 No. 8m x6 m 3.80
6. Watchmen hut -1 No. 1.00
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S. No.
Particulars Dimensions/
Rate (Rs.) Amount
(Rs. in lakh) 7. Other items like Dragnet, wide mouth earthen pots, bucket,
bamboo patches etc. Lump Sum 1.00
Total A 21.10 B. Recurring Expenditure 1. Salaries (For 3 years)
Farm Manager -1 No. 25000/- per month
9
Farm cum Reservoir Assistant-1 No. 20000/- per month
7.2
Farm Attendants-2 Nos. 8000/- per month
7.2
Chowkidar-1 No. 7000/- per month
2.88
2. Fish seed (carried over seed with A V. Weight 25 gm each 10,000 nos.)
Lump Sum 0.25
3. Fish food (rice bran oil cake) 1:1 Lump Sum 1.0 4. Nursery and Rearing tanks management (Lime, natural
fertilizer, wages nursery and etc.) Lump Sum
1.8
5. Brooders tank management (Lime, fertilizer, artificial food, prophylactic measures, netting and etc.)
Lump Sum 1.0
6. Training and research Lump Sum 1.5 7. Maintenance for 5 years 50000/ year 1.5 8. Travel & transport – 5 years 50000/ year 1.5 9. Contingency & miscellaneous expenditure 30000/ year for
3 years 0.9
Total B 35.73 TOTAL A+B 56.83 GRAND TOTAL (After adding 10% escalation of cost) 62.50
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5.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed Gond Major Irrigation Project of Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Department,
Government of Madhya Pradesh would be located on Gopad River in Sarai Tehsil of District
Singrauli in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The project proposes construction of a 37.31 m
high dam across Gopad River near Jalpani village to irrigate a total designed area of 28,000
ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). The project is envisaged to have a live storage
capacity of 96.49 MCM, of which, 5.50 MCM is reserved for domestic water supply.
The construction and operation of Gond Major Irrigation will result in a range of impacts to
the social and human environments of the project area. One of major impact of such
development requiring land acquisition is loss of land of local population in project area.
Such impacts cannot be fully mitigated, however, the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
has been prepared to comprehensively address the issues arising out of land acquisition,
assessment of land/house/asset coming under acquisition, estimation of extent of loss and
compensation to be offered in line with The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR). The R&R plan
has been prepared keeping in view the following objectives:
To compensate families whose land or other assets are acquired for the project.
To create better living conditions and to improve the quality of life of Project Affected
Families in particular and also of other people residing in the project area.
To contribute to the overall development of the project affected areas.
To create good rapport with the local people for long-term relationship and mutual
benefits.
5.2 LAND REQUIREMENT The total land requirement for proposed project is 1442.148 ha; out of which 833.259 ha
is government land, 225.019 ha is private land and 383.87 ha is forest land. Total
1263.401 ha of area will be submerged, out of which 699.182 ha is government land,
216.249 ha is private land and 347.97 ha is forest land. In addition to this 165 ha. of land
will be required on temporary basis for laying of pipeline for distribution of water. The
details are given in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Details of Land Requirement
S.
No. Land Use Details
Land Required for Different Components (ha) Total Area
(ha) Dam
Sheet
Waste
Weir Submergence
Power
Generation Canal
1 Government Land 40.741 32.35 699.182 60.986 0.00 833.259
2 Private Land
(unirrigated) 0.00 8.77 216.249 0.00 0.00 225.019
3 Forest Land 9.00 10.10 347.97 0.00 16.80 383.87
Total Area (ha) 49.741 51.22 1263.401 60.986 16.80 1442.148
Chapter 5 REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT PLAN
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The total forest proposed to be diverted is 383.87 ha. Out of which, 154.12 ha of forest
land under the jurisdiction of Singrauli Forest Division falls in Singrauli district while the
rest 229.748 ha of forest land under the jurisdiction of Sanjay Tiger Reserve falls in Sidhi
district. The details are given in Table 5.2. Proposal for Stage-I clearance for diversion of
forest land i.e. 383.87 ha has been submitted to MoEF&CC vide Proposal No.
FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016 dated 23/10/2017.
(http://forestsclearance.nic.in/viewreport.aspx?pid=FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016).
Table 5.2: Details of Forest Land Requirement
S.
No. District Division
Forest Land
(ha) Legal Status
1 Singrauli Singrauli
43.60 Reserved Forest
2 110.52 Protected Forest
3 Sidhi Sanjay Tiger Reserve
227.708 Reserved Forest
4 2.04 Protected Forest
TOTAL 383.868
5.3 PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES AND FAMILIES A detailed survey was carried out for the land which will come under submergence or
otherwise need acquisition for setting up of project along with the identification of
families who will get affected due to loss of land and/or houses. Total 9 villages shall be
affected due to acquisition of land for various components of proposed Gond Major
Irrigation project. The total non forest land required for the project is 1058.278 ha. Out
of which, 833.259 ha is government land and 225.019 ha is private land. The non forest
land falls in Kusmi tehsil of Sidhi district and Sarai and Mada tehsils of Singrauli district.
The village wise details of non forest land requirement is given in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3: Village & Component wise Non-Forest Land Requirement
S.
No. District Tehsil Village
Government
Land (ha)
Private
Land (ha) Total (ha)
1
Sidhi Kusmi
Kyoti 64.658 21.510 86.168
2 Amradandi 98.505 12.538 111.043
3 Kyurchu 6.100 0.010 6.11
4
Singrauli
Sarai Jalpani 127.806 8.770 136.576
5 Langhadol 84.535 25.056 109.591
6
Mada
Pura 33.727 5.904 39.631
7 Bhadeli 298.503 124.387 422.89
8 Singrawal 104.108 12.274 116.382
9 Buchro 15.317 14.570 29.887
TOTAL 833.259 225.019 1058.278
There are 162 project affected families, who are identified as the families whose land
and/or houses will be acquired for the project. Also, 2 government schools, 1 each at
Amradandi village in Sidhi district and at Langhadol village in Singrauli district will be
affected. Detail about project affected families is given in Table 5.4.
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Table 5.4: Village Wise List of Project Affected Families
District Tehsil Village No. of SC Families
No. of ST Families
No. of OBC Families
No. of Gen. Families
Total
Sidhi Kusmi Kyoti - 31 - 04 35 Amradandi - 08 - - 08 Kyurchu - - - - -
Total (Sidhi District) 43
Singrauli
Sarai Jalpani 0 10 - - 10 Langhadol - 33 - - 33
Total (Sarai Tehsil) 43
Mada
Buchro 04 - - - 04 Singrawal - 05 05 - 10 Bhadeli - 51 08 02 61 Pura - 01 - - 01
Total (Mada Tehsil) 76 Total (Singrauli District) 119 Grand Total (Total of Sidhi & Singrauli Districts) 162
Government School, Village Amradandi, Sidhi 01 Government School, Village Langhadol, Singrauli 01
5.4 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION ACT AND POLICY The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR) has been made effective from January 01, 2014. As
per Chapter 1, para 1(2) of the Act, the Act extends to whole of India except the State of
Jammu and Kashmir. For the purpose of R&R awards, provisions/compensations as per the
new Act have been adopted. Following key definitions have been taken from RFCT_LARR,
2013:
(a) "Administrator" means an officer appointed for the purpose of rehabilitation and
resettlement of affected families under sub-section (l) of section 43;
(b) "affected area" means such area as may be notified by the appropriate Government
for the purposes of land acquisition;
(c) ‘’affected family" includes-
(i) a family whose land or other immovable property has been acquired;
(ii) a family which does not own any land but a member or members of such
family may be agricultural labourers, tenants including any form of tenancy or
holding of usufruct right, share-croppers or artisans or who may be working in
the affected area for three years prior to the acquisition of the land, whose
primary source of livelihood stand affected by the acquisition of land;
(iii) the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have lost any
of their forest rights recognized under the Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 due to
acquisition of land;
(iv) family whose primary source of livelihood for three years prior to the
acquisition of the land is dependent on forests or water bodies and includes
gatherers of forest produce, hunters, fisher folk and boatmen and such
livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land;
(v) a member of the family who has been assigned land by the State Government
or the Central Government under any of its schemes and such land is under
acquisition;
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(vi) a family residing on any land in the urban areas for preceding three years or
more prior to the acquisition of the land or whose primary source of livelihood
for three years prior to the acquisition of the land is affected by the
acquisition of such land;
(d) "agricultural land" means land used for the purpose of--
(i) agriculture or horticulture;
(ii) dairy farming, poultry farming, pisciculture, sericulture, seed farming breeding
of livestock or nursery growing medicinal herbs;
(iii) raising of crops, trees, grass or garden produce; and
(iv) land used for the grazing of cattle;
(e) "appropriate Government" means,-
(i) in relation to acquisition of land situated within the territory of, a State, the
State Government:
(ii) in relation to acquisition of land situated within a Union territory (except
Puducherry), the Central Government;
(iii) in relation to acquisition of land situated within the Union territory of
Puducherry, the Government of Union territory of Puducherry;
(iv) in relation to acquisition of land for public purpose in more than one State,
the Central Government, in consultation with the concerned State
Governments or Union territories; and
(v) in relation to the acquisition of land for the purpose of the Union as may be
specified by notification, the Central Government:
Provided that in respect of a public purpose in a District for an area not
exceeding such as may be notified by the appropriate Government, the
Collector of such District shall be deemed to be the appropriate Government;
(f) "Authority" means the Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Authority established under section 5l;
(g) "Collector" means the Collector of a revenue district, and includes a Deputy
Commissioner and any officer specially designated by the appropriate Government to
perform the functions of a Collector under this Act;
(h) "Commissioner'' means the Commissioner for Rehabilitation and Resettlement
appointed under sub-section (l) of section 44;
(i) "cost of acquisition" includes-
(i) amount of compensation which includes solatium, any enhanced
compensation ordered by the Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Authority or the Court and interest payable thereon and any
other amount determined as payable to the affected families by such
Authority or Court;
(ii) demurrage to be paid for damages caused to the land and standing crops in
the process of acquisition;
(iii) cost of acquisition of land and building for settlement of displaced or
adversely affected families;
(iv) cost of development of infrastructure and amenities at the resettlement
areas;
(v) cost of rehabilitation and resettlement as determined in accordance with the
provisions of this Act:
(vi) administrative cost,-
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(A) for acquisition of land, including both in the project site and out of project
area lands, not exceeding such percentage of the cost of compensation as
may be specified by the appropriate Government;
(B) for rehabilitation and resettlement of the owners of the land and other
affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be
acquired or other families affected by such acquisition;
(vii) cost of undertaking 'Social lmpact Assessment study';
(j) "company" means-
(i) a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956. Other than a
Government company:
(ii) a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under any
corresponding law for the time being in force in a State;
(k) "displaced family" means any family, who on account of acquisition of land has to be
relocated and resettled from the affected area to the resettlement area;
(l) "entitled to act" in relation to a person, shall be deemed to include the following
persons, namely:
(i) trustees for other persons beneficially interested with reference to any such
case, and that to the same extent as the person beneficially interested could
have acted if free from disability;
(ii) the guardians of minors and the committees or managers of lunatics to the
same extent as the minors, lunatics or other persons of unsound mind
themselves, if free from disability, could have acted:
Provided that the provisions of Order XXXII of the First Schedule to the Code of Civil
Procedure, I908 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply in the case of persons interested
appearing before a Collector or Authority by a next friend, or by a guardian for the
case, in proceedings under this Act:
(m) "family" includes a person, his or her spouse, minor children, minor brothers and
minor sisters dependent on him:
Provided that widows. divorcees and women deserted by families shall be considered
separate families:
Explanation.-An adult of either gender with or without spouse or children or
dependents shall be considered as a separate family for the purposes of this Act.
(n) "holding of land" means the total land held by a person as an owner, occupant or
tenant or otherwise;
(o) "infrastructure project" shall include any one or more of the items specified in clause
(b) of sub-section ( /) of section 2;
(p) "land" includes benefits to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth or
permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth:
(q) "landless" means such persons or class of persons who may be, -
(i) considered or specified as such under any State law for the time being in
force; or
(ii) in a case of landless not being specified under sub-clause (i), as may be
specified by the appropriate Government;
(r) "land owner" includes any person, -
(i) whose name is recorded as the owner of the land or building or part thereof,
in the records of the authority concerned; or
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(ii) any person who is granted forest rights under the Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights)Act, 2006 or under
any other law for the time being in force; or
(iii) who is entitled to be granted Patta rights on the land under any law of the
State including assigned lands: or
(iv) any person who has been declared as such by an order of the court or
Authority;
(s) "local authority" includes a town planning authority (by whatever name called) set up
under any Iaw for the time being in force, a Panchayat as defined in article 243 and a
Municipality as defined in article 243P, of the Constitution;
(t) "marginal farmer" means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to one
hectare or irrigated land holding up to one-half hectare;
(u) "market value" means the value of land determined in accordance with section 26;
(v) "notification" means a notification published in the Gazette of lndia or, as the case
may be, the Gazette of a State and the expression "notify" shall be construed
accordingly;
(w) "patta" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the relevant Central or Slate
Acts or rules or regulations made thereunder;
(x) "person interested" means-
(i) all persons claiming an interest in compensation to be made on account of the
acquisition of land under this Act;
(ii) the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers, who have lost any
forest rights recognized under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional
Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006;
(iii) a person interested in an easement affecting the land;
(iv) persons having tenancy rights under the relevant State laws including share-
croppers by whatever name they may be called; and
(v) any person whose primary source of livelihood is likely to be adversely
affected;
(y) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(z) "project" means a project for which land is being acquired, irrespective of the
number of persons affected;
(za) "public purpose" means the activities specified under sub-section (l) of section 2;
(zb) "Requiring Body" means a company, a body corporate, an institution, or any other
organisation or person for whom land is to be acquired by the appropriate
Government, and includes the appropriate Government, if the acquisition of land is
for such Government either for its own use or for subsequent transfer of such land is
for public purpose to a company, body corporate, an institution, or any other
organisation, as the case may be, under lease, license or through any other mode of
transfer of land;
(zc) "Resettlement Area" means an area where the affected families who have been
displaced as a result of land acquisition are resettled by the appropriate Government;
(zd) "Scheduled Areas, means the Scheduled Areas as defined in section 2 of the
Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996;
(ze) “small farmer” means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to two
hectares or with an irrigated land holding up to one hectare, but more than the
holding of a marginal farmer.
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5.5 R&R PACKAGE FOR PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES Rehabilitation and Resettlement benefits to be given to the project affected families have
been discussed in Schedule I, II and III of RFCT_LARR. Applicability of the provision of the
Act for R&R benefits is briefly discussed below:
5.5.1 Compensation for Land Owners
The following components shall constitute the minimum compensation package to be
given to those whose land is acquired and to tenants referred to in clause (c) of Section 3 in
a proportion to be decided by the appropriate Government.
S. No.
Component of compensation package in respect of land
acquired under the Act Manner of determination of value
1 Market value of land To be determined as provided under section 26.
2 Factor by which the market value is to be multiplied in the case of rural areas
1.00 (one) to 2.00 (Two) based on the distance of project from urban area, as may be notified by the appropriate Government
3 Factor by which the market value is to be multiplied in the case of urban areas
1 (One)
4 Value of assets attached to land or building
To be determined as provided under section 29
5 Solatium
Equivalent to one hundred per cent of the market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 for rural areas pot serial number 3 for urban areas plus value of assets attached to land or building against serial number 4 under column (2)
6 Final award in rural areas
Market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column (2).
7 Final award in urban areas
Market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 3 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column (2).
8 Other component, if any, to be included
5.5.2 Elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement
In addition to compensation for land, the second schedule provides following elements of
rehabilitation and resettlement entitlements for all the affected families (both land owners
and families whose livelihood is primarily dependent on land acquired).
S. No.
Elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Entitlements Entitlement/ provision
1. Provisions of housing units in case of displacement
(1) If a house is lost in rural areas, a constructed house shall be provided as per the Indira Awas Yojana specifications. If a house is lost in urban areas, a constructed house shall be provided, which will be not less than 50 sq mtrs in plinth area.
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S. No.
Elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Entitlements Entitlement/ provision
(2) The benefits listed above shall also be extended to any affected family which is without homestead land and which has been residing in the area continuously for a period of not less than three years preceding the date of notification of the affected area and which has been involuntarily displaced from such area:
Provided that any such family in urban areas which opts not to take the house offered, shall get a one-time financial assistance for house construction, which shall not be less than one lakh fifty thousand rupees:
Provided further that if any affected family in rural areas so prefers, the equivalent cost of the house may be offered in lieu of the constructed house:
Provided also that no family affected by acquisition shall be given more than one house under the provisions of this Act.
Explanation- The houses in urban areas may, if necessary, be provided in multi-storied building complexes.
2. Land for Land In the case of irrigation project, as far as possible and in lieu of compensation to be paid for the land acquired, each affected family owning agricultural land in the affected area and whose land has been acquired or lost, or who has, as a consequence of the acquisition or loss of land, been reduced to the status of a marginal farmer or landless, shall be allotted, in the name of each person included in the records of rights with regard to the affected family, a minimum of one acre of land in the command area of the project for which the land is acquired:
Provided that in every project those persons losing land and belonging to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes will be provided land equivalent to land acquired or two and a one-half acres, whichever is lower.
3 Offer for Developed Land In case the land is acquired for urbanization purposes, twenty per cent of the developed land will be reserved and offered to land owning project affected families, in proportion to the area of their land acquired and at a price equal to the cost of acquisition and the cost of development.
Provided that in case the land owning project affected family wishes to avail of this offer, an equivalent amount will be deducted from the land acquisition compensation package payable to it.
4 Choice of Annuity or Employment
The appropriate Government shall ensure that the affected families are provided with the following options: (a) Where jobs are created through the project, after
providing suitable training and skill development in the required field, make provision for employment at a rate not lower than the minimum wages provided for in any other law for the time being in
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S. No.
Elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Entitlements Entitlement/ provision
force, to at least one member per affected family in the project or arrange for a job in such other project as may be required; or
(b) One time payment of 5 lakh rupees per affected family; or
(c) Annuity policies that shall pay not less than 2000 rupees per month per family for 20 years, with appropriate indexation to the consumer price index for agricultural labourers
5 Subsistence grant for displaced families for a period of one year
Each affected family which is displaced from the land acquired shall be given a monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to 3000 rupees per month for a period of one year from the date of award.
In addition to this amount, the schedule castes and the scheduled tribes displaced from scheduled areas shall receive and amount equivalent to 50000 rupees.
In cases of displacement from the scheduled areas, as far as possible, the affected families shall be relocated in a similar ecological zone, so as to preserve the economic opportunities, language, culture and community life of the tribal communities.
6 Transportation cost for displace families
Each affected family which is displaced shall get a one time financial assistance of 50000 rupees as transportation cost for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle.
7 Cattle shed / Petty shops cost Each affected family having cattle or having a petty shop shall get one time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may, by notification, specify subject to a minimum of 25000 rupees for construction of cattle shed or petty shop as the case may be.
8 One time grant to artisan, small traders and certain others
Each affected family of an artisan, small traders or self employed person or an affected family which owned non agricultural land or commercial, industrial or institutional structure in the affected area, and which has been involuntarily displaced from the affected area due to land acquisition , shall get one time assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may, by notification, specify subject to a minimum of 25000 rupees
9 Fishing rights In cases of irrigation or hydel projects, the affected families may be allowed fishing rights in the reservoirs, in such manner as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government
10 One time Resettlement Allowance
Each affected family shall be given a onetime “Resettlement Allowance” of 50000 rupees only
11 Stamp duty and registration fee
(1) The stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the Requiring Body.
(2) The land for house allotted to the affected families shall be free from all encumbrances.
(3) The land or house allotted may be in the joint names of wife and husband of the affected family.
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Keeping in view the above provisions, R&R Package has been developed for Project
Affected Families; and same is given at Table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Rehabilitation & Resettlement package for affected families
Clause No. as per II
Schedule
Provision as per " LA, R&R Act, 2013" No. of Eligible Families
Rate as per " LA, R&R Act,
2013"
Cost (for eligible
families) as per the ACT
5 Subsistence grant for Displaced Families for a period of one year
Each affected family which is displaced from the land acquired shall be given a monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to three thousand rupees per month for a period of one year from the date of award.
162 Rs. 36,000.00
per family 58,32,000.00
6 Transportation cost for displaced families
Each affected family which is displaced shall get a one-time financial assistance of fifty thousand rupees as transportation cost for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle.
162 Rs. 50,000.00
per family 81,00,000.00
7 Cattle shed/petty shops cost Each affected family having cattle or
having a petty shop shall get one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may, by notification, specify subject to a minimum of twenty-five thousand rupees for construction of cattle shed or petty shop as the case may be.
162 Rs. 25,000.00
per family 40,50,000.00
10 One-time Resettlement Allowance Each affected family shall be given a
onetime “Resettlement Allowance” of 50000 rupees only
162 Rs. 50,000.00
per family 81,00,000.00
11 Stamp Duty and registration fee The stamp duty and other fees
payable for registration of the land allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the Requiring Body (approximately Rs. 5,000.00 per family)
162 Rs. 5,000.00 8,10,000.00
Total 2,68,92,000.00
*Cost of land as per market value including assets and solatium is in addition to the above budget and will be assessed by Collector
5.5.3 Resettlement of Displaced Families
As 162 families will be involuntarily displaced, a plan needs to be prepared to resettle these
families in a new village/colony with adequate infrastructure. For resettlement of
populations, infrastructural facilities and basic minimum amenities are to be provided at
the cost of the Requisitioning Authority to ensure that the resettled population in the new
village or colony can secure for themselves a reasonable standard of community life and
can attempt to minimise the trauma involved in displacement. A reasonably habitable and
planned settlement would have, as a minimum, the following facilities and resources, as
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appropriate are proposed. Detailed breakup of the development activities are given in
Table 5.6:
Table 5.6: Infrastructural Facilities for Resettlement Area
S. No.
Proposed Activity Budgetary
Estimate (Rs)
1 Roads within the resettled villages and an all-weather road link to the nearest pucca road, passages and easement rights for all the resettled families be adequately arranged.
1,00,00,000.00
2 Proper drainage and sanitation 45,00,000.00 3 Assured sources of safe drinking water 15,00,000.00 4 Provision of drinking water for cattle 2,00,000.00 5 Grazing land 2,00,000.00 6 Two Fair Price Shops 2,00,000.00 7 One Panchayat Ghar 4,00,000.00 8 Burial or cremation ground 1,00,000.00
9 Electric connections for households and common lighting preferably solar
74,00,000.00
10 Anganwadi's providing child and mother supplemental nutritional services
5,00,000.00
11 Primary School 12,00,000.00 12 Playground for children 2,00,000.00 13 Two community centre 10,00,000.00 14 Two Place of worship and chowpal/tree platform 4,00,000.00 15 Animal Husbandry Centre 2,00,000.00
TOTAL 2,80,00,000.00
5.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR R & R IMPLEMENTATION RFCT_LARR, 2013 defines the process of implementation of R&R Plan and institutional
arrangement in Chapter VI. It is proposed to follow the Act for implementation of R&R plan as
similar procedure is adopted in other projects in state. The procedure covers the following:
1. Where the appropriate Government is satisfied that there is likely to be involuntary
displacement of persons due to acquisition of land, then, the State Government shall by
notification appoint in respect of that project, an officer not below the rank of Joint
Collector or Additional Collector or Deputy Collector or equivalent official of Revenue
Department to be the Administrator for Rehabilitation and Resettlement. The
Administrator shall, with a view to enable him to function efficiently and to meet the
special time-frame, be provided with such powers, duties and responsibilities as may be
prescribed by the appropriate Government and provided with office infrastructure and
be assisted by such officers and employees who shall be subordinate to him as the
appropriate Government may decide. Subject to the superintendence, directions and
control of the appropriate Government and the Commissioner for Rehabilitation and
Resettlement, the formulation, execution and monitoring of the Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Scheme shall vest in the Administrator.
2. The state government shall appoint an officer of the rank of Commissioner or Secretary
of that Government for Rehabilitation and Resettlement of affected families under this
Act, to be called the Commissioner of Rehabilitation and Resettlement. The
Commissioner shall be responsible for supervising the formulation of rehabilitation and
resettlement schemes or plans and proper implementation of such schemes or plans.
The Commissioner shall also be responsible for the post-implementation social audit in
consultation with the Gram Sabha in rural areas and municipality in urban areas.
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3. Where land proposed to be acquired is equal to or more than one hundred acres, the
appropriate Government shall constitute a Committee under the chairmanship of the
Collector to be called the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Committee, to monitor and
review the progress of implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement scheme
and to carry out post-implementation social audits in consultation with the Gram Sabha
in rural areas and municipality in urban areas. The Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Committee shall include, apart from officers of the appropriate Government, the
following members, namely:-
a) representative of women residing in the affected area;
b) representative each of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes residing in
the affected area
c) representative of a voluntary organisation working in the area
d) representative of a nationalised bank
e) Land Acquisition Officer of the project;
f) Chairpersons of the panchayats or municipalities located in the affected area or
their nominees
g) Chairperson of the District Planning Committee or his nominee;
h) Member of Parliament and Member of the Legislative Assembly of the concerned
area or their nominees
i) representative of the Requiring Body
j) Administrator for Rehabilitation and Resettlement as the Member- Convener
5.7 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN The project developer would aim at the improvement in the living standards of inhabitants in the
project area not only by being a catalyst for development but also by developing infrastructure in
the area. The infrastructure development will be in addition to the rightful compensation to the
project affected families. Besides, meeting the mandatory requirement, certain works relating to
social welfare and community development are also considered in consultation with local
authorities and representatives of Gram Panchayats of project affected area where in the project
area is covered, so that more acceptability for implementation of the plan is achieved. The
irrigation projects are primarily welfare projects of the state and inter-alia include such works like
command area development which bring about overall development of project area. A provision
of 0.5% of the capital cost of project shall be made for local area development activities to be
financed by the project developer as corporate social initiative.
As large-scale investment is being made in the area by way of construction of project, benefits
should each to the local population so that there is remarkable improvement in their quality of
life. Provisions will be made by the project proponent for the infrastructure development
programme in the project area as per the needs of the local population. Thus, the proposed Local
Area Development strategy should be formulated by keeping in view the existing facilities and
giving due consideration to the views of the local people.
5.7.1 Local Area Development Committee
The entire contribution towards Local Area Development Activities to be maintained in the shape
of Local Area Development Fund (LADF), which will be administered by a committee, called Local
Area Development Committee (LADC) comprising of various stakeholders including Government
departments, project developers and local members from project affected areas.
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5.7.1.1 Aims & Objectives
A special provision of Local Area Development Fund (LADF) under the State Policy has been made
to carry out Local Development Activities to ensure that while the projects are developed in the
State, the local communities in the project area also benefit in the process by way of enhanced
development at project cost. Further allocation of such resources also needs to be based on pre-
determined objective parameters. The people of the affected area should be aware of the
allocations likely to flow to them so that on the one hand gainful infrastructure and local
development activities can be planned well in advance and on the other hand local communities
develop an interest in expeditious completion of projects.
5.7.1.2 Institutional Arrangement for Administration of Fund
The fund will be administered by a committee called Local Area Development Committee (LADC)
which will be constituted as under: -
1 Deputy Commissioner of concerned district Chairman 2 Chairman, Zila Parishad concerned district Member 3 Representative of the Project Developer Member
4 District level officers of PWD, Irrigation, Forest, Rural Dev. Departments
Member
5 Representatives of Block Samiti Member 6 Pradhan(s) of all affected Panchayat(s) Member 7 Additional Divisional Magistrate Member Secretary
5.7.1.3 Functions and Responsibilities of LADC
The LADC is entrusted with, but not limited to, the following activities in its jurisdiction and will
be subject to directions of State Government from time to time: -
a) Realization of contributions to LADF from project promoters as per norms fixed by the State
Government.
b) Overall management, control and administration of LADF including documentation and
maintenance of accounts.
c) Approval of shelves of schemes and finalization of Annual Action Plan in respect of each
project, allotment of funds to executing agencies.
d) Monitoring and supervision of implementation of schemes under LADC.
e) Review the progress of all administrative and statutory clearances and removal of local
hurdles, if any, settlement of local issues to facilitate timely execution of the project.
5.7.1.4 Execution and Monitoring
The schemes sanctioned shall be executed by Gram Panchayat concerned or by Government
Department or by project authorities. LADC may also decide the agency for the execution of
schemes. Govt. departments executing the works will not levy Departmental Charges if such
scheme is mandated to be executed in normal course and LADF should be treated as one of the
source of funding. The funds for sanctioned schemes would be released to the executing agency
in installments. The Executing Agency shall furnish accounts along with Utilization Certificate and
Completion Certificate to the LADC which after consolidating the details will submit the
Certificates to Project Developer as well as to Secretary Water Resource to Govt. of MP. The
progress of LAD activities shall be monitored regularly by LADC.
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5.7.1.5 Management of Fund and Utilization of Interest Amount
The interest earned on the funds deposited in LADF will become Part of LADF. The interest
earned may be used by LADC to cover cost for organizing LADC meetings, monitoring, office
expenses, audit, hiring experts/technical staff to check LADF works or hire services of experts for
quality assurance, dispute resolution etc. without any obligation on the State Government. The
assets created under LADF shall belong to the institutions for which they are constructed or to
Panchayat as the case may be. The funds of LADF would be kept in a joint account in Post Office
or nationalized bank. The deposits will be managed efficiently to secure best interest income. The
account of LADC shall be operated jointly by the chairman and Member Secretary of the
concerned LADC. The LADF would be subject to Audit and instructions of State Government as
issued from time to time.
5.7.2 Preparation of Shelf of Schemes
The Member Secretary, LADC will inform the concerned Panchayat about the tentative
amount that will be available for each project affected Panchayats.
A comprehensive shelf of projects for the entire amount would then be prepared by
Panchayat and approved by the Gram Sabha along with a yearly plan. The annual plan may
be again discussed in Gram Sabha/Gram Panchayat every year and altered if required. The
shelf as approved by Gram Sabha would then be sent to the Member Secretary of concerned
LADC. While preparing the shelf of schemes preference may be given in the following order
a. Income generating activities/assets - First Priority
b. Renovation/special repairs/maintenance of existing infrastructure – Second Priority.
c. New Infrastructural Schemes – Third Priority.
Note: Purchase of vehicle shall not be included in any schemes.
The shelves given by the various Project Affected Panchayats would be placed before the
LADC in its full meeting. The LADC will discuss and approve the schemes. LADC, however,
shall not change the Gram Sabha Priorities. The shelves of schemes for beyond Panchayat
level category shall be prepared by Block Samities or Zila Parishad in consultation with
Project Developers and the same shall be approved by LADC. The LADC shall be the final
authority to determine the Category of a scheme and allocation of funds. While preparing
the shelf, the Panchayat will follow the following:
Priorities: -
New Infrastructural Schemes: - Drinking water/irrigation/school buildings/health
centres/pucca roads/pucca paths, markets, bus stand, solid waste disposal, sanitation,
Community Centers, MM Bhawan, Panchayat Bhawan, sanitation waste disposal,
Creation of income generating assets for Panchayat, Creation of community places of
worship, cremation/burial – First Priority.
Renovation/special repairs/maintenance of existing infrastructure i.e. buildings like
school/health sub centres/community halls/roads/paths/water supply and irrigation
schemes/places of worship, shops/other income generating assets of Panchayats,
Panchayat Bhawan, MM Bhawan – Second Priority.
Soil – conservation / watershed / landscaping / parks / playgrounds / kuccha-paths /
flood protection works and retaining walls – 3rd Priority.
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Following activities are proposed under the local area development plan, however exact
schemes will be formulated by LADC.
A. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:
a) Training Courses
The willing and eligible youth from project affected families shall be imparted education and
training through technical institutes conducting diploma courses and ITI certificates with a
view to absorb them in the project construction and operation.
b) Tailoring, Knitting& Embroidery Training Centers
To create sustainable and long-term job opportunities & generate income levels among the
project affected and other local families; tailoring, knitting and embroidery centers shall be
opened in consultation with the local panchayats. Necessary equipment/kit, sewing
machines along with raw material and instructors shall be made available at subsidized rate.
Arrangements shall be made through government agencies to sell the products to M.P.
Handloom Department and other private/ state agencies involved in the trade.
c) Computer Courses
Computer training center at any appropriate place in consultation with local panchayats shall
be opened to train eligible candidates from either sex to help them to avail job opportunities
within and outside the project. Infrastructure and equipment for training courses along with
instructor shall be provided.
d) Income Generating Activities/Projects
Capacity building programmes would be implemented for the development of skills in dairy
farming, horticulture and host of other income generating activities.
e) Vocational Training
Creating institutions to impart vocational training for acquiring and upgrading technical skills
with a view to enhance employability. Establishing partnerships with District Administration
and various Non- Governmental Organizations to assist gainful self-employment schemes for
the unemployed youth in the area, such programs would include:
Organization of training programs in driving of 4 Wheelers,
Welding and fabrication,
Repair of TVs, Radio and other electronic gadgets.
B. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
a) Community Centers:
To facilitate project affected people to organize marriages/ other social functions community
centers at places selected by the locals shall be constructed & provided with required
furniture, tent house facilities and guard.
b) Hospital Facilities:
The project Hospital facilities shall be extended to the project affected persons free of cost.
Ambulance and provision of life support system shall be made to meet emergencies.
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c) Sports and other activities:
The project proponent will endeavor to promote sports activities in affected Panchayats. For
promotion of sports, the corporation will go by the collective decision of all project
developers in the district. Facilities for different games shall be provided to inculcate interest
for sports amongst the youths.
d) Setting up of Recreation Facilities
There is a need to set up recreation facilities like development of gym, parks, etc. near the
project area.
e) Assistance to Schools:
The schools in the project affected villages shall be provided with computers, furniture,
library etc. to develop these Institutions as model Institutions.
f) Development of concrete paths from Village to Road heads &drainage system:
The affected villages shall be connected with the roads through concrete paths, wherever
required. Effective drainage system shall be developed in the villages.
g) Community Toilets:
Community toilets shall be constructed in the project affected villages in association with
panchayats and proper maintenance shall be ensured.
h) Enhancing Medicare in Govt. hospital:
The Govt. Medicare system at m nearby PHC shall be improved by providing the latest
equipment in consultation with hospital authorities.
i) Development of Graveyard/Cremation Center
On the request of PAF development of cremation center shall be carried out at suitable
location in consultation with the gram Panchayat / district authority.
C. SOCIAL SERVICES
a) Widow Grant:
One-time financial grant of Rs. 10000.00 shall be given to the widows, under BPL category in
the project affected villages, in the presence of Panchayat Sarpanches and Panches.
b) Assistance to Physically Handicap:
One-time financial assistance of Rs. 10000.00 in cash shall be provided to the physically
handicapped in the project affected Villages in presence of Panchayat Sarpanches and Panches.
c) Assistance for female marriages:
An amount of Rs. 10000.00 shall be provided to the project affected family under BPL
category, for the marriage of female in the family.
d) Medical Camps:
Medical Camps shall be organized every three months in the project affected Villages and
free medicines shall be provided to the patients.
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e) Assistance to Critically ill:
As a goodwill gesture assistance of Rs. 10,000.00 shall be made available to the critically ill
persons in the project affected Villages.
5.7.3 Cost Under Human Resource and Local Area Development Plan
A fund under the name, LADF, will be created for development of infrastructure in the
project area. The project authorities will contribute 0.5% of the direct and indirect charges of
project cost (Rs. 109767.36 lakh) towards this fund i.e. Rs. 548.8368 lakh towards creation of
local area development fund to undertake works under corporate social responsibility.
5.7.4 Corporate Social Responsibility
The MoEFCC vide O.M. dated 11.8.2014 had issued guidelines on Environmental
Sustainability and CSR related issues. The Paragraph 4 of the Office Memorandum reads as
follows:
“Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 deals with. Corporate social responsibility and
Schedule-VII of the Act lists out the activities which may _be included by companies in their
CSR Policies. The activities relating to "ensuring environmental sustainability", are listed in
this schedule. Further, Ministry of Corporate Affairs has also notified the Companies
(Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014”.
The Paragraph 5 of the Office Memorandum reads as follows:
“The concept of CSR as provided for in' the Companies Act, 2013 and covered under the
Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2074 comes into effect only in case
of companies having operating projects and making net profit as also subject to other
stipulations contained in the aforesaid Act and Rules. The environment clearance given to a
project may involve a situation where the concerned company is yet to make any net profit
and / or is not covered under the purview of the aforesaid Act and Rules. Obviously, if such
cases, the provisions of aforesaid Act and Rules will not apply.”
In the wake of the fact that the Project is being manned by Water Resources Department of
Government of Madhya Pradesh and so it does not attract the provisions either under
Companies Act, 2013, or the Corporate Social Responsibility Policies issued by the concerned
Ministry. It is worthwhile to note that irrigation projects are primarily welfare projects of the
state and inter-alia include such works like command area development which bring about
overall development of project area. The projects are intended as social welfare measure for
meeting ever-increasing demand for increasing in food and fibre production, due to spiral
rise in population, along with opportunity for opening vista of employment in rural areas by
harnessing the available water resources to the optimum. The irrigation works are neither
profit making nor these are planned as revenue generating to the state exchequer.
5.8 MONITORING & EVALUATION Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) must be simultaneous with the implementation of
Rehabilitation Plan. It requires specialized skill for application of general project monitoring
procedures to the process of land acquisition and rehabilitation. Conventional monitoring,
normally carried out by the Government machinery, often misses focus on certain vital
aspects and does not identify certain shortcomings, which may otherwise prove very
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important. While the conventional government monitoring will continue, an external M&E
agency will also be engaged to help in proper monitoring of land acquisition and
rehabilitation plans. The main purpose of involving such an agency is to bring the problems
and difficulties faced by the PAFs to the notice of Administrator R&R on a regular basis for
their redress as well as to help in formulating and undertaking corrective measures. The
external Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) agency can submit half yearly reports on the
progress of implementing Rehabilitation Master Plan (RMP) along with suggestions and
corrective measures required for improvement in the implementation of Rehabilitation Plan.
For Land Acquisition and rehabilitation plan, M&E system will consist of:
Administrative monitoring;
Socio-economic performance and
Impact evaluation.
Administrative monitoring will be conventionally carried out by the Land Acquisition Officer
of project authorities, Resettlement Commissioner and other concerned government
agencies/departments. The focus will be on physical (like number of land holders affected,
area identified for allotment to Village Level Committee, etc.) and financial (like
compensation paid, payment to M&E agency, office establishment cost, etc.) parameters.
The socio-economic monitoring, which will be carried out concurrently is the crux of M&E
exercise to provide interim measures based on the field level situations. This along-with
impact evaluation at the end of plan period will be carried out by the M&E agency. While
covering the affected community, monitoring will focus on the vulnerable groups like
women, physically handicapped, etc. The household information collected through the
socio-economic survey will form the benchmarks for comparison. However, these
benchmarks will be supplemented in order to create new reference points against
performance, effects and objectives.
5.8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines
Monitoring of the progress of R&R is important because of the sensitivity of these issues.
The objective of monitoring is to assess the progress of resettlement activity, to identify
difficulties, ascertain problem areas, and provide indication for the need of calling
attention to some specific issues at an early stage. Following tasks have to be performed by
the group at different stages of the project:
Establish baseline information on individual PAFs and their pre-project standards of
living, health conditions, nutritional patterns, etc. This should precede the
implementation of R&R package in general after the completion of the project.
The planning of the monitoring studies could cover disbursement of compensation
and grants.
After the completion of the project, a few sensitive indicators using 100% survey
techniques should be undertaken mainly to understand how effective the R&R plan
and project economic development package has been in reality.
5.8.2 Post-Project Monitoring
It is suggested that the monitoring be conducted by an independent agency not connected
with the project. Therefore, an independent consultant having experience in R&R studies in
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similar areas, i.e. central states and not connected with the project can be appointed for
monitoring the project.
5.8.3 Participation of PAFs
Involvement of affected communities in planning and implementation of rehabilitation
programmes according to their felt needs and socio-economic conditions is of vital importance.
To obtain co-operation, participation and feedback, PAFs need to be systematically informed
and consulted during preparation and implementation of R&R plan about their options and
rights. In the proposed project, co-operation and participation of PAFs in this process could be
ensured through their involvement in each of the following stages.
As a part of participatory planning, community meetings should be held on a routine basis
to explain about the project and the benefits of the project. Direct communication with the
PAFs will negate the politicization of the R&R Process. The communication with the PAFs
can be through the Village Level Committee.
The Consultant/Expert Agency will review the rehabilitation and resettlement programme
every year till the completion of the project. A total provision of Rs. 50.00 lakh has been
kept in the cost estimate for this purpose.
5.9 FINANCIAL PACKAGE The summary of the financial requirement for implementation of the Rehabilitation and
Resettlement plan and Economic Development Package is Rs. 11.48 crore as per the
summary given below at Table 5.7.
Table 5.7: Summary of Budgetary Estimates
S. No. R&R Components Cost (Rs in crore) 1 Rehabilitation Grant 2.6892 2 Infrastructure in Resettlement Area 2.8000 3 Local Area Development Plan 5.4884 3 Monitoring and Evaluation 0.5000
Total 11.4776
*Cost of land as per market value including assets and solatium is in addition to the above budget and will be assessed by Commissioner
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Chapter LANDSCAPING, RESTORATION & GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6
6.1 INTRODUCTION The proposed Gond Major Irrigation Project on River Gopad would require construction of
various project components and infrastructural facilities such as Dam, Pump houses, Open
Canal, Distribution chambers and residential colonies for its staff, offices; contractor’s and
labour colonies in addition to various access roads and other structures.
During construction phase of the project, number of temporary construction sites and
working areas will come up. In addition to this, mining for construction material will also be
carried out. To restore these areas to its original landscape as much as possible and retain
its aesthetic values following restoration measures have been suggested. In addition
avenue plantations around the colonies and working sites will be carried out.
6.2 LANDSCAPING AND RESTORATION OF CONSTRUCTION AREAS The proposed project would involve construction of dam, canal, residential and staff
colonies, roads, etc. These activities will result either in the modification or destruction of
the existing landscape of the area. It is therefore imperative that after the project work and
related activities are over restoration work should be carried out in these disturb areas to
bring them back to their similar or near-similar pre-construction conditions and land use.
Different project related activities will require acquisition of government as well as private
land. The acquired land will also be used for dumping of muck and other garbage from the
colony area. In addition to the habitat disturbance, project related activities will also result
in the accumulation of large amounts of dumps at various construction sites, which need to
be either relocated or as an alternative can be utilized for landscaping. Restoration success
will, however largely depend on the topography of the area, the type of constructional
activities and their detrimental effects on the terrain and the natural habitats.
6.2.1 Restoration/ Landscaping of Disturbed Areas/Sites
The construction activities like roads, quarry sites, colonies, batching plants, etc. will
change the existing land use/ land cover in the region. After completion of the construction
work, these areas are required to be restored to their original condition. Various
engineering and biological measures have been suggested for the restoration of proposed
project affected areas.
Setting up of infrastructure for construction including colonies for labor will lead to clearing
of the vegetation and forests. The forest land may also be cleared for the movement of
heavy equipments required for different project related activities which would lead to the
fragmentation and destruction of the habitats at these sites.
Following measures would be adopted at for the rehabilitation and landscaping of colony
areas and construction sites.
On completion of construction area will be restored by proper leveling
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Retaining walls will be built to avoid the landslides and slips. Slopes will be covered with
geotextiles.
The open area will be covered with the vegetation. Ornamental plants and trees will be
planted in rows along the roads and lanes.
Parks and play grounds for children would be developed on the restored land.
The estimated cost of restoration of construction is 30.00 lakh (see Table 6.1).
Table 6.1: Cost estimates for bio-engineering measures for construction areas
S. No. Item of work Quantity Rate/ unit
(in Rs.) Amount
Rs. (In lakh ) 1 Leveling of the area 5 ha 50000/ha 2.50
2 Covering the slopes with geo-textiles like coir, etc.
5000 sq m 500/sq.m 25.00
3 Grass seeding Lump sum
2.50 Total 30.00
6.3 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT
Green belt development will comprise of plantations at various places like alongside roads
and around the periphery of reservoir rim. The green belt is proposed to be developed
within the project area around reservoir periphery, along the network of approach roads,
residential areas and other working areas restored. The strategy worked out for
development of green belt consists of the following:
Generally local/indigenous fast-growing trees shrubs should be planted.
The species should form a dense crown cover.
The trees should be protected by plantation of non-palatable shrub species to avoid
browsing by animals.
Placement of tree guards should be provided to save avenue plantation.
Against biotic interference, thorn fencing around the plantation and circular trench
around the planting pit should be followed.
Before development of green belt in surrounding of project area extensive survey shall be
undertaken to observe the vegetation type. Soil characteristics were also kept in mind.
Based on the survey and environmental conditions suitable plant species have been
proposed for green belt development. The supply of seedlings for green belt development
shall be maintained through the forest department nursery.
It is proposed that extensive plantation in land around the periphery of dam and reservoir
will be taken up besides road side plantation along approach roads. In areas, wherever
private land falls along the periphery of the project area the plantation will be done by
distributing saplings free of cost to villagers, so that they are motivated to take up
plantation in their land.
A list of indigenous trees found suitable for development of green belt around the
project area is given in Table 6.2.
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Table 6.2: Plant species suggested for landscaping and restoration works and other
plantations For Residential Colonies & Office Complex
S. No. Family Name of species Trees
1 Fagaceae Castanopsis hystrix 2 Altingiaceae Altingia excelsa 3 Meliaceae Toona ciliata 4 Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeck 5 Rosaceae Pyrus communis 6 Fabaceae Cassia fistula 7 Morus alba
Shrubs 1 Fabaceae Indigofera spp. 2 Liliaceae Asparagus racemosus 3 Myrsinaceae Ardisia macrocarpa 4 Poaceae Bambusa tulda 5 Rosaceae Rosa spp. 6 Rosaceae Rubus ellipticus 7 Rutaceae Murraya paniculata 8 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum
Herbs 1 Lamiaceae Ocimum sanctum 2 Musaceae Musa balbisiana 3 Poaceae Eleusine coracana 4 Zingiberaceae Alpinia allughas 5 Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale 6 Zingiberaceae Hedychium spicatum
For Roadside/Avenue Plantation
S. No. Family Name of species Trees
1 Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica 2 Combretaceae Terminalia spp. 3 Fagaceae Castanopsis hystrix 4 Hamamelidaceae Exbucklandia populnea 5 Magnoliaceae Michelia champaca 6 Meliaceae Toona ciliata 7 Mimosaceae Albizia spp. 8 Rosaceae Cassia fistula 9 Rosaceae Pyrus communis
Shrubs 1 Araliaceae Brassaiopsis aculeata 2 Cyatheaceae Alsophila spinulosa 3 Fabaceae Indigofera spp. 4 Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea robusta 5 Liliaceae Asparagus racemosus 6 Poaceae Bambusa tulda 7 Rosaceae Rosa spp. 8 Rutaceae Murraya paniculata
Table 6.3: Cost estimates for Green Belt Development
S. No. Green Belt Development Cost
(Rs. in lakh) 1 Roadside plantation 15.00 2 Green belt around dam and Reservoir periphery 25.00 Total 40.00
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6.4 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The landscaping and restoration plan will be implemented with help of landscaping experts
and in consultation with State Horticulture Department as well as concerned Forest
Division and the coordination and funding will be provided by the project proponent for
successful implementation of this plan.
6.5 COST ESTIMATES The estimated cost for the restoration works, landscaping of working areas, road side
plantations, and creation of green belt around reservoir and colonies and working sites
would be Rs. 70.00 lakh (Table 6.4).
Table 6.4: Total budget for landscaping of project components
S. No. Item Amount
(Rs. In lakh)
1. Cost estimates for bio-engineering measures for construction areas
30.00
2. Green belt Development 40.00 TOTAL 70.00
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7.1 INTRODUCTION
The Gond Major Irrigation project is proposed on the Gopad River and total extent of the
reservoir is about 1263.401 ha. The total gross storage volume at FRL (El. 423.0) is 100.35
MCM and the Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) has is at El. 408.0 m. During operation
reservoir level would fluctuate between FRL and MDDL level, and in addition at FRL the
water movement due to waves induced by wind. It makes the slopes along the reservoir
prone to slips and minor slides due to repeated water level fluctuation and charging of slips
and soil erosion along the reservoir periphery. Therefore, the susceptible slopes along the
reservoir would require treatment to avoid any slope failure.
7.2 RESERVOIR AREA Within the submergence area up to tailend of reservoir at left bank soil was classified
under Lithic Ustorthents class described as very shallow loamy soils on moderately steep
sloping hills and ridges with severe erosion. Most of the area along the reservoir at left
bank is pre dominantly categorized under open deciduous forest (Figures 7.1 and 7.2).
Similarly, at right bank and along the bank soil was categorized under Typic Haplustalfs
type and described as slightly deep loamy soils on gently sloping plateau with moderate
erosion. The main land use along the right bank of reservoir is river bed agriculture (Figures
7.1 and 7.3).
Figure 7.1: View of right and left bank of Gopad river
Chapter 7 RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT
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Figure 7.2: Left Bank view of proposed reservoir area
Figure 7.3: Right bank view of proposed reservoir
7.3 NEED FOR RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT The reservoir would lead to submergence of more than 1263.401 ha of land at FRL. Two
types of factors e.g. internal factors and external factors are responsible for sliding in such
water spread conditions. The reduction in the shearing strength of the rocks, the water
content of the rock masses, change in their mineralogical composition and meteorological
character, structural features and the state of stress are some of the important internal
factors. External factors include mainly vibrations either naturally by an earthquake or
artificial due to heavy traffic and rock blasting. The rock mass which had not before
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experienced the flow of river shall be subjected to hydraulic conditions apart from many
other direct and indirect factors responsible for instability of land masses. The water level of
the reservoir will fluctuate during operational period. However, the variation is not very
frequent and does not last over a considerable long period/duration, there are little
chances of sudden draw down of water in the reservoir, yet due to presence of loose
material at the banks of reservoir sliding cannot be ruled out.
7.4 TREATMENT MEASURES A combination of engineering as well as biological measures have been suggested for slope
stability and control of landslides in the reservoir area. The slides observed in the reservoir
area and the places where mass movement has been noted can be treated by biological
and engineering methods depending upon the cause of land slips and soil erosion and its
disposition with respect to the reservoir LSL. These would be controlled by engineering
means by constructing retaining walls, wire bolsters along with wire mesh treatment in the
submergence zone in combination with biological measures such as planting of shrubs and
spraying of seeds, brush layering in the non-submergence zone i.e. above the MWL.
Various proposed measures both engineering and biological depending upon the slide
characteristics have been described below:
7.4.1 Stabilization of slopes
For stabilization and restoration of slopes and landslips gabion walls are proposed. Wire
bolster, wire mesh and plantation of deep rooted fast growing tree species and shrubs
followed by spray of seeds are proposed in the non-submergence zone. Above the
submergence zone retaining walls of varying lengths have been proposed. Below the
submergence zone, retaining wall and gabion walls would be provided. Retaining walls of 2
m and 5 m length respectively would also be provided to modify the slope cause landslips
just above the submergence zone. The depletion zone shall be treated with shrub and tree
plantation. The rocky surface shall be reinforced with wire mesh. This treatment shall be
clubbed with Green Belt development and part cost has already been included in the same.
7.5 COST ESTIMATES The cost of various activities for protection works for under reservoir rim treatment plan is
Rs. 50.00 lakh. As details of quantities of various treatments are not available presently, an
estimated cost of each proposed treatment measure is given in table below. Cost of
plantation is already estimated under Green belt development plan.
Table 7.1: Estimated cost of proposed treatment measure
Type of work Total cost Rs. In lakh
Construction of Gabion walls, Gabion basket works to protect landslips and unstable slopes 25.00
Catchwater drains, side channels and protection walls 10.00 Benching, Contour bunding and terracing 15.00 Plantation works* -- Total 50.00
* Cost towards this is already considered under CAT plan
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8.1 INTRODUCTION
Large quantity of material would be excavated due to construction of dam, canal, and
distributary network. Muck generation is considered a significant impact on land
environment as the project involves laying of underground pipelines of MS and HDPE of
various diameters. The excavation shall result in large quantity of excavated material i.e.
muck which shall have to be evacuated and disposed of in a planned manner so that it
takes a least possible space and is not hazardous to the environment.
8.2 QUANTITY OF MUCK TO BE GENERATED The proposed system is a closed conduit system for conveyance of water up to farm level.
To understand the impact of muck generation, quantification of this impact was carried out
by calculating the muck volume which shall be generated from excavation of earth for laying
of pipeline, adding a swell factor of 25% to the muck generated and subtracting the quantity
of back filling. The resultant quantum is the muck generation requiring disposal.
For calculation of the trench volume, depth is taken 1 m plus pipe dia; bottom width is
taken as 9 cm more than the pipe dia on each side and top width is taken as ½ of the
trench depth in addition to the bottom width i.e. ¼ depth on each side. Muck expected to
be generated from pump houses and sub-stations construction has also been added. Muck
from dam’s foundation has been computed assuming depth of foundation considering 9 m
foundation depth with 2:1 upstream face slope and 1.5:1 downstream face slope and 6.5 m
top width.
Muck generated from dam’s foundation:
1660 m (length of dam) * 9 m (foundation depth) * 104.5 m (side face of dam) =
15,61,230 cum
Assuming swell factor of 25%, total muck to be disposed off = 19,51,538 cum
Muck from rising main and gravity main:
105 km (approximate length) * 3.09 (depth of trench) * ((2.0+0.09+0.09) (bottom width of
trench) + (3.725+2.18) (top width of trench))/2
Total quantity of muck excavated = 8,32,620 cum
Total quantity of muck with swell factor of 25% = 10,40,775 cum
Backfill quantity = 5,02,920 cum
Muck requiring disposal = 5,37,855 cum
8.3 DISPOSAL OF MUCK Muck generated from dam’s foundation after assuming swell factor of 25% has been
estimated as 19,51,538 cum which is substantial amount; however, most of the muck
generated will be utilized during the construction of earthen dam, producing coarse and
fine aggregate for concrete production and in fillings for developing areas for construction
facilities.
Chapter 8 MUCK MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Muck requiring disposal from laying pipe line network especially rising and gravity mains
has been estimated as 5,37,855 cum. In addition, some muck will also be generated while
lying distributary network and field channels. The total muck so generated will be utilized
for refilling of the trenches and the approach road proposed to be constructed along the
canal.
For laying of the pipeline network in command area, muck generation will be along the
linear route of pipeline. Care will be taken that top fertile soil is kept aside and will be used
for re-filling the top area after laying of pipe line. The surplus soil requiring disposal will be
spread on low lying farmers field with their consent. Balance muck will be managed by
spreading along the route in the low lying areas. As the topography is undulating, such low
lying areas are available along the route. Any further surplus muck, shall be laid in the
community undulating area of the connected villages, backfilling/ reclaiming of pits in
designated borrow area with the consent of concerning Gram-panchayat or Janpad
Panchayat. The muck may also be used by nearby Gram Panchayats for construction of
village roads etc.
Therefore, muck generated from the construction work and laying of pipeline, though of
significant quantity can be managed without creating a serious impact on this count. For
management, transportation and temporary storage of muck, a lump sum provision of
capital expenditure of Rs. 95 lakh has been made to ensure proper management.
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9.1 INTRODUCTION
The construction of the proposed Gond Major Irrigation Project will involve different
categories of manpower like labour, technical staff, other officials and service providers.
Most of these technical and non- technical workers will be temporary and will leave the
region as soon as the construction phase of the project is over, which is estimated as 3
years. Some of the workers will be accompanied by their families. The total population of
workers and their families has been estimated as approximately 1050 persons during peak
construction time. These people will be living in temporary and permanent colonies/
settlements. The main sources of wastes in case of the proposed project can be divided
into following categories:
Municipal waste (includes commercial and residential wastes generated in either
solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes and bio-medical
wastes)
Construction and demolition debris (C&D waste)
Bio-medical waste (waste generated by health-care and veterinary establishments)
Hazardous waste (generated from construction machinery and equipment)
e-Waste (computer parts, Printer cartilages, electronic parts, etc.).
Solid Waste Management is one of the essential requirement for public health and aesthetic
surroundings. Therefore, the removal of any scattered and littered waste is important. This
also brings to focus the necessity of synergy in the design, construction and maintenance of
roads, surface (storm water) drains and storage, collection and transport of solid waste.
Solid waste generated from temporary and permanent colonies in construction as well as
operation phase requires special management to dispose off as warranted under the Solid
Wastes Management Rules (SWM) 2016. For that an efficient waste management system
will be required to put in place to keep the environment of the region clean and healthy.
These colonies and temporary settlements will also require adequate water supply for
drinking and cleaning.
The project authorities will ensure sewage treatment from the colonies of labours and
workers, water supply, cleaning of the colony area and solid waste disposal. Dwellings will
be provided with septic tanks and soak pits along with water supply for drinking and other
daily needs for each and proper waste disposal by adopting various disposable methods.
9.2 INFLUX OF MIGRANT POPULATION At the time of peak construction work in the project, maximum of 500 persons may be
engaged, most of these will be from the local population. Around 350 nos. of the work
force, which will include technical, non-technical and service class, will come from outside.
Chapter 9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
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To calculate the human pressure during the peak construction of the project the, the peak
migrant population has been calculated as approximately 1050 persons (Table 9.1). This
population is expected to reside in the project area at any given time.
Table 9.1: Calculation of Total Migrant Population (Peak time)
Migrant Population of Labourers
Total labour force 350
Married labourers (80% of 350) 280
Single labourers (20% of 350) 70
Husband and wife both working (90% of 280) 252
Number of families where both husband and wife work (280/2)
140
Number of families where only husband work (10% of 280)
28
Total number of labourer’s families 168
Total Migrant Population of Labourers (168 x 5 + 70) 910
Total technical staff 20
Married technical staff 10
Single technical staff 10
Total migrant population of technical staff (10x5+10) 60
Migrant Workforce (Labour plus Technical) 970
Service Providers
Total service providers (approx. 2% of total migrant workforce)
20
Married service providers (50% as assumed) 10
Single service providers 10
Total migrant population of service providers (10 x 5 + 10)
60
1030 Say 1050
approximately
Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/capita/day,
depending upon the region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste
generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year in India (Annepu, 2012). State-wise data
show that Madhya Pradesh average is about 400 gm/capita/day. It is assumed for the
estimation of quantum of waste generation, for the purpose of preparation of solid waste
management plan, that migrant labour population will follow the local pattern. Therefore,
when project will go for construction, about 400 gram/capita/day is expected to be
generated. Further, the peak labour population is estimated to be 500 persons and it is also
expected that locals in the proximity will also use solid waste management facilities;
keeping this in view, the plan is prepared for about 1500 persons.
For 1500 persons an estimated amount of about 219 tons/annum (0.4 kg x 1500 individuals
x 365 days = 219 ton) of solid waste will be generated. A figure of 220 tonnes per annum
has been taken to prepare the solid waste management plan. This waste will be collected,
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segregated and disposed off in line with the provisions laid down in Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016.
9.3 MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE The project authority shall, within the territorial area of the project complex/ colony, be
responsible for the implementation of the provision of Solid Wastes Management.
Adequate facilities for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste will be
developed. Any solid waste generated in the project complex/ project colony/ labour
colony, shall be managed and handled appropriately. Various aspects of solid waste
management include:
Reuse/Recycling
Storage/Segregation
Collection and Transportation
Disposal
9.3.1 Reuse/Recycling
Project proponent will explore opportunity to recycle the waste generated at the project
site, in this context project will identify authorized vendors for recycling or disposal of used
batteries, used oil and used oil filters (as these are hazardous waste).
Bio-degradable waste will be disposed by composting and the manure generated will be
provided to local community for cultivating vegetables and flowers and other agricultural
activities.
9.3.2 Storage and Segregation
In the labour colony, provisions shall be made to separately store the degradable and non-
degradable solid waste. Two different coloured bins will be supplied to each labour family,
who will segregate the waste generated in their household. Green and Biodegradable
waste is to be deposited in one container and non-biodegradable waste in another
container. In case of canteens and community kitchens also, two different coloured dust
bins will be used for separately storing the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
generated. A sustained awareness programme will be conducted to educate workers
about the segregation of degradable and biodegradable wastes.
9.3.3 Collection and Transportation
The project authorities shall prohibit littering of solid wastes in the area under their control
by resorting to following collection practices:
Organizing house-to-house collection of solid waste on regular pre-informed timing by
using tractor mounted trolley.
Collected waste from residential areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-
driven containerized carts or other small vehicle
Collection of wastes from office complexes and commercial areas
Construction / demolition wastes or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off
Wastes from vegetable and fruit shops and meat shops shall be separately collected
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Solid waste collected shall be disposed-off at a common storage point. Three trucks will be
commissioned to collect the solid waste and dispose the same at sites designated for
disposal of solid waste.
9.3.4 Disposal
The solid waste will be transported for disposal at the designated landfill sites. The landfill
shall have impervious clay at the bottom most layers. The second layer shall be impervious
liner (Geo membrane), third layer will be of sand, after that well compacted solid waste is
to be put over the sand, then again a layer of clay, finally a layer of soil. Vegetation shall be
grown on the topmost layers. It will give a good aesthetic view of landfill.
9.3.4.1 Degradable component
The bio degradable portion of the solid waste would be disposed off by composting. The
degradable portion is expected to be about 50% of degradable portion of solid waste will
be generated. Composting process takes around 45 days to mature.
A pit of 2m x 1.75m x 1m deep (effective depth for waste disposal is considered 50 cm, after
keeping provision of bottom layer and free board) size can take 1.75 m3 (around 500 Kg) of
compostable waste. Therefore, 45 pits would be needed to store the biodegradable
waste with 45 days retention time, however, a provision of 50 pits should be kept. The
total area required would be almost two times the pit area as some area in between pits
will be required for transportation and stacking of waste. Hence, total area required will be
350m2. The pits will be covered with GI sheets. Additional 350m2 would be kept for storage
for compost plus screening and other activities.
The pits to be constructed will have around 25 cm of bottom lining consisting of about 5
cm thick stone grit over which 15 cm thick coarse sand followed by 15 cm thick earth lining
will be done. The refuse along with animal dung will have to be laid in layers of 5 to 10 cm
thickness. The pit will be then watered on alternate days. There after waste is laid in 5 to
10 cm thick layers twice in a week till the whole pits filled up. Every week the waste will
need to be turned up and water will have to be sprinkled every day to keep adequate
moisture. The process will take around 45 days where after the composted waste from the
pits taken out and after drying it is screened with screens having 2 mm dia holes. The
screened compost would be filled in plastic bags and used as good manure especially for
cultivation of vegetables and flowers.
9.3.4.2 Non-Degradable component
The non-degradable portion (about 110 tons /annum) such as plastic bottles, cans, etc.
shall be segregated and transported to dispose at designated sites. The details of land fill
site are given as below:
Waste Generation: 110 tons per annum
Design Life: 3 years (construction phase)
Total Waste Generation in 3 Years: 330 tons
Volume of waste: 508 m3 (assumed density = 0.65 tonnes/m3)
Provision of daily cover, liner, etc: 100 m3 (20% approx.)
Total Volume: 608 m3 say (625 m3)
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Pits of Size (LxWxD): 16m x 16m x 3m (effective depth 2.7 m)
A provision of additional 50% of the total area, for accommodating infrastructure
facilities wi l l be included while working out requirement of space. The liner system will
comprise of the following layers below the waste:
0.30m thick drainage layer comprising of coarse sand or gravel
0.2m thick protective layer of sandy silt
1.50mm thick HDPE geo-membrane
1m thick clay layer/amended soil layer, comprising of local soil
9.3.5 Bio-medical Wastes
Biomedical waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings. It may include waste like scrap, anatomical waste, culture media, discarded
medicines, chemical waste, syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be serious threat to human health if not managed in
a scientific and discriminate manner. In proposed project, biomedical waste will be
generated from first aid posts and other medical establishments in the area. As the
quantity of biomedical waste generated is not expected to be very significant requiring
separate incineration, it is proposed to have a tie up with district hospital or private
hospital in Baidhan to treat/ dispose-off biomedical waste generated from project activities
in their facility. Provision has been made in Local Area Development Plan to upgrade
medical facilities in the area; handling of biomedical waste generated from such facilities
will also be included as part of upgrading component as the existing facilities are not in
place.
9.4 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT The total budget in order to manage the solid waste generated from this population,
provisions for community toilets for labours and nearby villagers as well as septic tanks and
soak pits, has been proposed as Rs. 75.70 lakh (Table 9.2).
Table 9.2: Cost Estimate for Solid Waste Management Plan
S. No. Item Cost
(Rs. lakh) 1 Cost of land*
2
Construction at composting site and land fill site - digging of pits, construction of pits, boundary wall, drainage, lining, etc. 10.00
3 Reclamation and stabilization of land fill and composting site 8.00
4 Manpower cost for 3 persons @ Rs. 10,000 per person per month for 3 years
10.80
5 One covered truck for conveyance of solid waste to landfill site @ Rs. 12.50 lakhs per truck
12.50
6 1 tractors with trolleys @ Rs. 10.00 lakh per tractor with trolley 10.00
7 Running, operation and maintenance of trucks and trolleys including drivers salaries @ (Rs. 20,000 per vehicle per month for 1 vehicle)
14.40
8 Awareness programme/ Periodical Training for waste disposal and Management
5.00
9 Tools & Implements 5.00 Total Cost (Rs. lakh) 75.70
* Cost of land is taken in DPR
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Chapter PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM
10
10.1 EXISTING MEDICAL FACILITIES Medical services at secondary level play a vital and complimentary role to the tertiary and
primary health care systems and together form a comprehensive district based health care
system.
In the study area most of the villages are not covered by the primary health facilities.
Primary Health Sub-centers in some of the villages provide basic medical facilities. The
district hospital at Baidhan provides all the basic medical facilities and also works as
referral center for complicated cases. Besides District Hospital, private hospitals and clinics
also provide basic health services primarily to the inhabitants of project areas.
10.2 THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH Project construction and operation will bring about several changes in the socio-economic
environment of the area including increased threats to the health of the community.
Possible threats to public health are briefly discussed below along with the management
measures.
i) New Diseases due to Migratory Population
During the project construction period there will be further increase in the population of
this region, particularly around the project area. The peak labour force population during
the construction period is estimated to be around 1050. These migrant workers and their
family members may be the potential carriers of new diseases hitherto
unknown/unreported from the project area. Diseases like AIDS, VDs, gastroenteritis, etc.
are some of the potential risks to human inhabitants of this area. The present available
health services in the area would be insufficient to cater influx of outside population in this
area. Therefore, it would be obvious for the project authorities and their contractors to
have all the laborers including their family members registered, quarantined, and
vaccinated against common diseases like malaria, TB, etc. The project authorities will hold
screening camps for the laborers, where rapid blood tests will be conducted for diseases
like AIDS, TB, etc. and health card will be issued. Only after valid certification a labour or his
family members will be registered with the contractor. The project authorities would
ensure that the contractors follow this strict quarantine procedure and this clause would
be included in the award of the contract/works. Adequate medical facilities will be
provided by the project authorities for this purpose in addition to strengthening the
existing medical facilities in the area.
ii) Chances of increase in water borne diseases as malaria, and dengue are high if
there is a stagnant water body in the vicinity, which are generally created during
construction phase. Therefore, proper monitoring, control and management needs to be
done to prevent outbreak of water-borne diseases.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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iii) Chances of increase in respiratory troubles due to increase in suspended particles
during the construction phase. Air pollution control measures need to be strictly
implemented at construction sites and directly exposed workers need to be provided with
dust masks to minimize this impact.
iv) Chances of occurrence of gastroenteritis, cholera and typhoid in the labour
camps. The project should make proper arrangements for maintaining high hygienic
conditions in the colonies and labour camps, by providing good sanitation and drinking
water facilities. Medicine should be distributed free of cost to the labour during
construction period as and when required.
10.3 MEDICAL FACILITIES A population of about 1050 nos. is likely to congregate during the peak construction phase.
It is recommended that the following medical facility should be provided by the developer
to ensure safe and healthy operations during the entire construction phase:
Two fully equipped ambulance to provide pre-hospital care to accident victims. The
ambulance should always be stationed near major construction sites or the sites where
risky operations are taking place. The ambulance should be equipped with lifesaving
equipment, drugs along with trained manpower and communication system. Typically,
the ambulance should have equipment such as Fornoflex Chair/COT, Ventilator,
Vacuum splint kit (Adult), Scoops Stretcher, Oxygen Cylinder with accessories,
Resuscitation bag (Adult), Suction pump, Spine board, siren/beacon, Emergency light
with public address system, Wireless equipment, additional battery, First Aid bag, BP
instrument, stethoscope, etc. Free service of ambulance will be provided for the patient
of the nearby villages in the project area.
Two first-aid posts need to be established; location can be decided based on major
construction sites and can be shifted as per needs during the construction phase. The
first aid posts will have essential medicines including dressing material, stretcher, wheel
chair, ORS packets, etc. The first aid post can be housed in temporarily erected
structure and should be managed by one Health Assistant and assisted by one dresser/
first aid attendant. A visiting doctor can attend First Aid post regularly at a fixed time.
First aid post also provides medical facilities to the local peoples in the area.
As the existing medical facilities in the area are not adequate, budget provisions have
been made for strengthening existing Hospital, and PHCs in the area.
10.4 HEALTH EXTENSION ACTIVITIES The health extension activities will have to be carried out in the villages situated within the
study area. It is important to inculcate hygienic sanitary habits especially with respect to
water pollution by domestic wastes.
A medico needs to be engaged to make regular visits to these villages and organize health
promotional activities with the active participation of the local village leaders, NGOs and
available local health functionaries. The health functionaries would undertake the
following tasks as a part of health promotional activities:
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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Organize awareness programs and medical camps to make people aware about the
common diseases in the region. This should include poster campaign, awareness
camps, medical camps for health check-ups and vaccination/ treatment, etc.
Collect water samples to ascertain the potability of water from different sources so as
to monitor regular disinfection of drinking water sources.
Maintain close surveillance on incidence of communicable diseases in villages.
Maintain close liaison with the community leaders and health functionaries of different
departments, so that they can be mobilized in case of an emergency.
Close interaction to be maintained with health department functionaries of the state
government.
10.5 COST ESTIMATES Budgetary estimates for public health delivery system have been worked out as Rs. 130.00
lakh, as per the break up given at Table 10.1.
Table 10.1: Budgetary estimates for developing health care facilities
Sl. No. Particulars Amount (Rs. lakh)
1 Ambulance : 2 no. with all the basic Medicare facilities and
small DG set, etc. to cater for villages in the project area 30.00
2 Budget for running the ambulances including driver, fuel and
maintenance for 3 years @ 10 lakhs per annum 30.00
3 First aid posts (2) including sheds, furniture and basic
equipment 10.00
4
Budget for running the first aid posts @ Rs. 5 lakhs per
annum per post including cost of medico, consumables, etc.
for 3 years
30.00
5 Budget for strengthening existing medical facilities 15.00
6 Budget for Health Awareness/ Vaccination Camps @ Rs. 5.00
lakhs per annum for 3 years 15.00
Total (Rs. lakh) 130.00
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11.1 INTRODUCTION
As discussed in the earlier chapters, the proposed project would remain under construction
for about 3 years and it is estimated that migrant population during peak construction
phase will be of the order of 1050 persons. It is the general tendency of the migrant
laborers to use forest wood for the fuel and other domestic uses, especially when it is
easily available. This would create serious biotic pressure on the nearby forest. To mitigate
such impacts, various management measures need to be put in place and strictly
implemented.
Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) are to be planned and implemented during
construction phase either directly by developer or through contractor to reduce the pressure
on natural resources in the project area and minimize impacts on this count. These measures
can affect a variety of resources mainly forest, from negative impact of fuel wood collection
by stakeholders as well as by labors during construction period. To mitigate such impacts,
feasible measures will be adopted to help minimize pressure on forest. These are briefly
discussed in the ensuing text.
11.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Renewable natural resources like Forests should be protected/ cared to enhance quality of
life and can also to be used and replenished for the future use. In study area, supply of
cooking gas and kerosene is available in all the villages, but fuel wood is the dominant source
of energy due to easy availability; therefore there is need to reduce the pressure on the
natural forests for wood. With an estimated migrant population of 1050 persons in the area,
the existing facilities will become insufficient for supply of kitchen fuel for the migrant
population during the construction of the project. Fuel for cooking is an essential
requirement and in the absence of adequate fuel availability they will resort to tree cutting
for use of fuel wood. The project authorities would need to make adequate arrangements for
supply of kitchen fuel.
Provisions for Kitchen Fuel
The demand for kitchen fuel will increase due to the population coming from outside for
the construction and other related work of the project. Project authority should provide
kitchen fuel and make arrangement for community kitchen, canteen and efficient cooking
facilities, as briefly discussed below.
Community kitchen: The project developer would make sufficient arrangement for the
establishment of at least two community kitchens. These will be established near the project
colonies. The kitchen should provide food to the labour at subsidized rates. The facility
should maintain proper hygiene while preparing and supplying food, with adequate
arrangement for waste collection and disposal. In addition, two canteens are also proposed
for labour near major construction sites to provide tea/snacks at subsidized rates.
Chapter 11 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
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Kitchen fuel: During the construction period of the project, many families may prefer cooking
on their own instead of using community kitchen. In the absence of fuel for cooking, they
would resort to tree cutting and using wood as fuel. To avoid such a situation, the project
authority should make LPG and/or kerosene available to these migrant workers. The supply of
LPG and kerosene can be ensured on regular basis at subsidized rates.
It is estimated that about 50% of married labour families and all the technical and
supervisory staff would prefer doing their own cooking. Additional connections would be
needed for community kitchens, Project Affected Families and other interested local
families. Based on this, it is estimated that a total of 100 LPG connections would be needed
for locals, labour and community kitchen. Therefore, developer will coordinate with the
LPG storage depot/ Kerosene depot to ensure regular supply of LPG cylinders/ Kerosene in
the project area during construction period.
Efficient cooking facilities: Project authority should also take measures for reducing the fuel
consumption. The authority should provide solar cookers and pressure cookers to the
families of migrant workers as well to local villagers. Accordingly, budget has been allocated
for the supply of solar cookers. This facility will also increase the work efficiency of migrant
workers and they will also get proper daily diet.
Solar Lantern: Provision of solar lantern has also been made in the project budget and these
will be distributed free of cost to labor camps and villagers for use.
Awareness Programmes on Energy Conservation: Special awareness programmes against
tree cutting should be held, which should concentrate on the awareness of labor families
and villagers on environment conservation and sustainable development for the future
generations. Thus, issues like saving trees, electricity and water should be covered in such
programmes.
11.3 COST ESTIMATES A total grant of Rs. 110.00 lakh has been assigned towards the provision of kitchen fuel,
and other facilities including establishment of community kitchen or canteens for the
migrant workers (Table 11.1).
Table 11.1: Financial Provision for Energy Conservation Measures
Sl. No. Particulars Amount
(Rs. In lakh)
1 Upgradation of LPG Depot 5.00
2 Connection cost of 100 connections @ Rs. 5000.00 per connection 5.00
3 Distribution of Pressure Cooker and Solar Lantern 20.00
4 Community Kitchen (2 No.) – capital cost (Rs. 2.00 lakhs per kitchen) and running cost for 3 years @ Rs. 10 lakh per kitchen per annum
64.00
5 Canteen (2 No.) – capital cost (Rs. 5.00 lakh) and running cost/subsidy @ Rs. 2.00 lakh/year for 3 years
11.00
6 Community Awareness Programme 5.00
Total (Rs. lakh) 110.00
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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12.1 INTRODUCTION
The dependability on ground water in the absence of surface water has exponentially
increased in the agriculture sector which accounts for 92% of annual water draft for
irrigation. This has led to indiscriminate abstraction of groundwater resource in the country
without regards to recharging capacities of aquifers. The grim situation in some parts of the
country has necessitated to adapt to sustainable groundwater strategy for country in
holistic manner. There is urgent need for coordinated efforts by various Governments and
non-governmental agencies, social service organizations and the stakeholders for evolving
implementable plan for effective management of this precious natural resource. The
effective management inter-alia includes a combination of supply side measures on the
scientific computation of ground water availability and future and the demand side aspects
involving measures to control and conserve the available resources for current and future
demands viewing the population increase. The supply side measure is also called structural
measures and is aimed at scientific development and augmentation of ground water
resources through artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting, besides study of hydro-
geology that govern the yields of aquifers and behavior of ground water levels under
abstraction stress. The demand side measures call for judicious utilization of resources for
ensuring their long-term sustainability through involvement of stakeholders. The highly
diversified hydro geologic settings and variations in the availability of ground water
resources from one part of the country to other call for a holistic approach in evolving
suitable management strategies. The effective management of available groundwater
resource requires an integrated approach, combining both supply side and demand side
measures.
12.2 GROUNDWATER SCENARIO IN PROJECT AREA CGWB, in their study has concluded that the highest stage of ground water development of
Singrauli is 32% and Sidhi district is about 66% which reveals adequate scope for future
developments of ground water for irrigation. However, since depletion of ground water
levels is recorded in ground water monitoring wells over a period, therefore a plan for
artificial recharge to be prepared so that important natural resource is again used to
recharge ground water system through feasible techniques. CGWB, also recommended
conjunctive use of surface & ground water in the area for irrigation.
12.3 DEPENDENCY OF PROJECT ON GROUNDWATER The project per se, does not envisage conjunctive use of ground water. However, the very
fact that some chunks in command area at present are being irrigated by harnessing
ground water through private tube wells/pump sets, their use cannot be ruled out by their
existence in the exigency of draught or during rain failure in the catchment area of river as
the farmers will resort to these means to protect their crops if such situation may arise.
There shall be ground water recharge during field application of water during Rabi. The
ground water situation shall improve and shall facilitate easier pumping during April/May
for growing Kharif Crops.
Chapter 12 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
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12.4 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN Implementation of the project will result in providing adequate water in command for
irrigation and reduce pressure on ground water extraction for irrigation.
Ground water management can be implemented by creating awareness and adequate
training of locals/farmers. The sustainable management of groundwater is feasible only if
users understand its occurrence cycle, limited availability and need to conserve for future
when the recharge is low. There is a need to empower farmers in monitoring and
managing groundwater resource in their hydrological unit. The farmers can be trained to
collect data which are important for understanding the local aquifers, installation of rain
gauge and its daily observation, fortnightly measurement of groundwater levels in their
well and measurement of pump well discharge and upkeep of data in register. Thus, the
farmers can bring their water use in line with groundwater availability. An estimate of the
aquifer budget gives the farmer an element on the risk of their cropping systems and
provides information in time before the planting of post-monsoon crops. Village-wise
participatory groups just on the lines of WUAs shall be formed in the command area of the
project and trained for carrying out the activities mentioned.
The plan shall be implemented through the state Water Resource Department in close
association with CGWB and the following broad parameters shall be included and the cost
shall be funded by the State and Center
Aquifer mapping
Strengthening of groundwater monitoring observation wells
Training and capacity building
Participatory groundwater management
Groundwater Assessment, regulation, information dissemination etc.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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13.1 CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS AND CONSEQUENT SAFEGUARDS
Irrigation projects like Gond, involves construction of dam and other associated
infrastructure, water conductor and distribution system, access roads, etc. The project
construction period is planned for 3 years and various construction related impacts are
envisaged during this period, which are discussed under impact assessment chapter.
Though these impacts are considered temporary and are not expected to last beyond the
construction phase, in the absence of adequate mitigation and management measures,
such impacts can become serious and affect not only construction workers but also
surrounding population.
Management of construction-related impacts would be the responsibility of the project
proponent (through its contractors, as and where relevant, and as described in the EMP).
Muck generation, its transportation and disposal is one of the major construction phase
impact and has been dealt in separate chapter for its management. Similarly, a separate
plan is proposed to mitigate construction phase impacts due to sanitation and solid waste
generation from workers colonies and one for energy conservation measures to mitigate
the impacts of indiscriminate tree cutting by workers for fuel wood.
Other construction phase impacts are generation of air pollution, noise pollution and waste
water generation from construction and associated activities such as transportation
handling and storage of materials, etc. are discussed in this chapter along with mitigation
measures.
Air and water are two major environmental factors that are directly affected by any kind of
construction activity The major air pollutants, which could be generally, released during
various construction activities of proposed projects and vehicular movements are
Particulate Matter (PM), SOx and NOX.. During construction period generation and release
of effluents, oil and grease from diesel generator sets, vehicles and other machinery etc.
cause water pollution and affect the quality of surface as well ground water. In addition to
that the construction activities also generate noise due to the use of heavy machinery,
heavy vehicles, blasting, etc. which has serious impacts on humans as well as the wildlife of
the area.
13.2 AIR POLLUTION The various sources causing air pollution during the construction phase are as follows.
Particulate Matter (PM): Various activities such as, crushing, transportation of material
in open trucks, open dumping in muck disposal sites, vehicle movements, operation of
Diesel Generator Sets, etc.
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx): SOx is released into the air from vehicular exhaust, Diesel
Generator Sets, coal burning chulas etc.
Chapter 13
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx): Motor vehicles and fuel burning are generally responsible for
the release of oxides of nitrogen into the ambient air.
13.2.1 Impacts of Air Pollution
The various impacts of air pollution associated with PM, SO2 and NOx are as under:
Impacts of PM: High quantities of PM in the ambient air can cause emphysema,
bronchial asthma, and eye-irritation and in some cases can also result in cancer. PM
containing lead particles (emitted from automobiles) is considered responsible for
anemia as it affects haemoglobin formation. Lead is also a proven carcinogen. Dust
coating on leaves of plants reduces photosynthesis and reduces plant growth.
Impacts of SOx: The oxides of Sulphur cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the
respiratory tract. Higher concentrations may cause bronchitis. Plants are particularly
sensitive to high concentrations of SO2 and suffer from chlorosis, metabolic inhibition,
plasmolysis and even death.
Impacts of NOx: Oxides of nitrogen can combine with haemoglobin to reduce the
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. This can cause irritation of alveoli of the lungs
and high concentrations may even cause acute bronchitis.
13.2.2 Control of Air Pollution
For the control of air pollution during construction phase of the project, it is suggested that
it should be made mandatory for the contractor/s engaged in the construction works to
ensure the following conditions:
The crushers should be provided with scrubbers, so as to minimize the release of PM
into the atmosphere.
The chimneys of the Diesel Generator Sets should be kept at height as per environment
protection rules. The DG sets should be properly maintained.
Regular water sprays at the crushing sites, quarrying/excavation, dumping sites as well
as on roads should be ensured. Necessary clause shall be incorporated in the
contractor’s agreement.
Masks should be provided to the workers and staff.
Ambient Air quality shall be monitored seasonally during the construction phase at
different locations with the help of any reputed agencies.
13.3 NOISE POLLUTION Various sources of noise pollution in the project area during the construction phase include
vehicular movement, operation of heavy machinery, crushing, aggregate processing plants,
diesel generator sets, etc.
13.3.1 Impacts of Noise Pollution
Noise is generally harmful and is considered to be a serious health hazard. It has far-
reaching consequences and has many physical, physiological as well as psychological
effects on human beings and animals. Continuous exposure to noise may result in
temporary or permanent shifting of the hearing threshold depending upon the level and
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duration of exposure. The immediate and acute effect of noise causes impairment of
hearing (total deafness). The major impacts of noise pollution are given as under:
It causes headache and increased heart beat.
It causes anxiety, eye-strain, memory loss and muscular strain.
It also causes fatigue, loss of sleep and emotional disturbance.
In case of wild animals the noise pollution has been observed to interfere with their
breeding efficiencies.
13.3.2 Control of Noise Pollution
Since continuous exposure to noise is lethal, it is essential to control the noise pollution.
Various measures for control of noise pollution in the project area are suggested below:
Diesel Generator sets are to be placed in acoustic enclosures to reduce the noise.
Ear protection aids such as ear plugs, earmuffs, etc., must be provided to the workers
who have to work in the noise prone area.
Proper and regular maintenance/lubrication of machines should be done.
Noise producing machines (such as crushers, aggregate processing plants, etc.) should
be provided with sound barriers.
Quieter machines and vehicles with high quality silencers should be used.
Afforestation around the residential colonies and office complexes should be done as
proposed under the Afforestation Programmes.
Ambient noise should be estimated periodically at different locations.
13.4 WATER POLLUTION Various sources of water pollution in the project area during the construction phase
include disposal of effluents with high turbidity from crushers commissioned at various
sites and effluents from construction sites like Dam, Intake, channels, sewage disposal from
labour camp, excavation and other land clearing activities, washing of oil, grease and other
chemical from diesel generator sets, vehicles and other machinery etc.
13.4.1 Impacts of Water Pollution
Water pollution is harmful and is considered to be a serious health hazard. It has far-
reaching consequences and effects on human beings and animals also. The effect can be
felt not only in the area but also the surface and ground water quality in the area. The
affect may be of temporary or permanent nature. The major impacts of water pollution are
given as under:
The construction of civil and allied structures could lead to stockpiling and excavation
activity on site, thereby exposing the base soil to erosion. The runoff from this site and
also from muck disposal sites may contain high quantity of Suspended Solids which
shall add to the inorganic load of stream. The impact of runoff may not be very
significant except during rainy season.
During construction phase, waste water, sewage etc shall be generated from the
labour camp. If disposed untreated, this would substantially deteriorate the quality of
ground water as well as water quality of Gopad river with respect to BOD, TDS, TSS, E.
coli etc.
The oil and grease released from the project related activities may also change the
physico-chemical characteristics of water.
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13.4.2 Control of Water Pollution
To avoid deterioration of water quality of the receiving water body following measures are
suggested
During Construction phase provision of septic tank/ soak pit of adequate capacity for
labour camp so that it can function properly for the entire duration of construction
phase
Construction of settling tank to settle the suspended impurities from various sources
before discharging into the main stream
During project operation, suitable treatment facilities need to be created to treat the
sewage generated from the colony
Provision of sedimentation cum grease traps at the outer mouth of drains located along
workshops, fuel filling stations, diesel generator rooms etc. so as to prevent entry of
contaminants to the water bodies.
Oil interceptors shall be provided for refueling areas, vehicle parking, washing areas
etc. All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed off in accordance with
MPPCB guidelines.
Schedule of monitoring and finical provision for monitoring of Ambient Air quality, Ambient
Noise level and surface & Ground water quality during construction phase and first three
year of operational phase in the project area is given under Environmental Monitoring
Plan.
13.5 WORKERS SAFETY Apart from pollution aspect from construction sites and construction activities, another
major concern during construction work is related to workers safety. Many of the
construction activities involves significant risk of accidents where workers at site can get
severely affected in the absence of adequate safety measures and emergency response.
First aid posts and ambulances have proposed separately as first responders during an
accident/emergency situation.
Contractors need to have a workers safety plan in place, identifying the risk operations
areas, risks involved, precautions required to be taken and requirement and use of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs). Work instructions should be boldly displayed for
workers working in such area. Provision of adequate number of PPEs such as safety
belts/harness, helmets, gum boots, etc and enforcing their use should be contractors
responsibility with supervision from project authority/developer.
Table 13.1 gives list of BIS Standards related to safety aspects during various stages of
construction, installation, erection of different components and appurtenance of river
valley projects, including inspection, observation and maintenance aspects from safety
consideration. Relevant codes should be used to ensure safety of workers at sites.
Table 13.1: List of relevant BIS Standards
IS No. Title
1 IS 10386 (Part 1):1983
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 1 General aspects
2 IS 10386 (Part 2):1982
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 2 Amenities, protective clothing and equipment
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IS No. Title
3 IS 10386 (Part 3):1992
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects Part 3 Plant & machinery
4 IS 10386 (Part 4):1992
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects Part 4 Handling, transportation and storage of explosives
5 IS 10386 (Part 5):1992
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 5 Electrical aspects
6 IS 10386 (Part 6):1983
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 6 Construction
7 IS 10386 (Part 7):1993
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 7 Fire safety aspects
8 IS 10386 (Part 8):1995
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects Part 8 Excavation
9 IS 10386 (Part 9):1998
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects Part 9 Canals and cross drainage works
10 IS 10386 (Part 10):1983
Safety code for construction, operation and maintenance of river valley projects: Part 10 Storage, handling, detection and safety measures for gases, chemicals and flammable liquids
13.6 ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY AUDIT As the operations are large, it is important to ensure that all the mitigation measures
remain in place for the entire duration of the project. To ensure the same it is proposed
that a rapid audit will be carried out every three months and a detailed third party audit
every year to take corrective and preventive measures for control of pollution and ensuring
workers safety. At the beginning of the project, with the help of environmental and safety
experts, SOPs, Work Instructions and formats/templates will be prepared to keep records
of environmental and safety performance.
The audit scope will include review of all the documents/formats filled up to substantiate
environmental and safety performance of the project; any complaints/concerns received
from local population and developer/contractor’s response; training imparted to workers
and staff and results of such programs; records of implementation of various mitigation
and management measures as per approved EIA/EMP reports; results of environmental
monitoring and accident records; physical inspection of the sites and the area; interaction
with workers and staff, etc. Regular audits will ensure that there is continual improvement
in environmental and safety performance of the project.
13.7 COST ESTIMATES Various mitigation and management measures have been discussed above to reduce the
impacts of air, noise and water pollution and implement safety measures to ensure that
impacts on these counts are reduced to minimum possible during the entire construction
phase. To implement such measures, it is important to prepare a budget of such measures
and include in the project cost so that lack of fund should not be a constrain in their
implementation.
Some of the measures suggested have already been covered under other heads of
environmental management; therefore, an estimate of only additional cost is given below
in Table 13.2.
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Table 13.2: Estimated Cost for Implementation of Mitigation and Safety measures
S. No.
Particulars Amount (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Air Pollution control measures for 3 years @ 5 lakh/year 15.00 2 Water Pollution Control Measures (lump sum) 25.00
3 Procuring and replenishing the stock of PPEs during the construction phase (lump sum)
30.00
5 Training and Awareness programs for local residents, contractors labour, drivers, cleaners, etc. @ Rs. 5 lakh per annum for 3 years
15.00
6 Internal audit (every 3 months) and third party detailed audit (every year) @ Rs. 15.00 lakh per annum for 3 years
45.00
Total 130.00
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14.1 DAM BREAK PHENOMENON
Dam break may be summarized as the partial or catastrophic failure of a dam leading to
the uncontrolled release of water. Such an event can have a major impact on the land and
communities downstream of the breached structure. A dam break may result in a flood
wave up to tens of meters deep travelling along a valley at quite high speeds. The impact of
such a wave on developed areas can be sufficient to completely destroy infrastructure.
With such destructive force comes an inevitable loss of life, if advance warning and
evacuation was not possible.
14.2 NEED FOR DAM BREAK MODELING The extreme nature of dam break floods means that flow conditions will far exceed the
magnitude of most natural flood events. Under these conditions, flow will behave
differently to conditions assumed for Normal River flow modeling and areas will be
inundated, that are not normally considered. This makes dam break modeling a separate
study for the risk management and emergency action plan.
The objective of dam break modeling or flood routing is to simulate the movement of a
dam break flood wave along a valley or indeed any area downstream that would flood as a
result of dam failure. The key information required at any point of interest within this flood
zone is generally:
Travel time of flood water
Peak water level – extent of inundation
Peak discharge
Duration of flooding
The nature, accuracy and format of information produced from a dam break analysis will
be influenced by the end application of the data.
Emergency Planning
To reasonably prepare an emergency plan, it will be necessary for the dam break analysis
to provide:
Inundation maps at a scale sufficient to determine the extent of and duration of
flooding
Timing of the arrival and peak of the flood wave
Development Control
Development control will focus mainly on the extent of possible inundation resulting from
different failure scenarios. Consideration may also be given to the characteristics of the
population at risk.
Chapter
14
DAM BREAK MODELING & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
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14.3 PRESENT DAM BREAK MODELING STUDY The present study for Gond Project comprises of the following hydrodynamic simulations
due to occurrence of:
DESIGN FLOOD with Dam break with initial reservoir level at FRL of the dam
DESIGN FLOOD without dam in place (virgin condition)
The study comprises of:
1. Prediction of outflow hydrograph due to dam breach
2. Routing of dam breach flood hydrograph through the downstream valley to get the
maximum water level and discharge along with time of travel at different locations
of the river downstream of the dam
3. Channel routing the design flood hydrograph through the downstream valley in the
virgin condition of River i.e. without Dam to get the maximum discharge and water
level at different locations of the river downstream of the dam
14.4 INTRODUCTION TO DAM BREAK MODELING Generally, dam break modeling can be carried out by either i) scaled physical hydraulic
models, or ii) mathematical simulation using computer. A modern tool to deal with this
problem is the mathematical model, which is most cost effective and reasonably solves the
governing flow equations of continuity and momentum by computer simulation.
Mathematical modeling of dam breach floods can be carried out by either one dimensional
analysis or two dimensional analysis. In one dimensional analysis, the information about
the magnitude of flood, i.e., discharge and water levels, variation of these with time and
velocity of flow through breach can be had in the direction of flow. In the case of two
dimensional analysis, the additional information about the inundated area, variation of
surface elevation and velocities in two dimension can also be assessed.
One dimensional analysis is generally accepted, when valley is long and the flood wave
characteristics over a large distance from the dam are of main interest. In the instant case,
as these valleys are long and the flood wave characteristics over a large distance from the
dam are of main interest, one dimensional modeling was adopted.
14.5 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING
The essence of dam break modeling is hydrodynamic modeling, which involves finding
solution of two partial differential equations originally derived by Barre De Saint Venant in
1871. The equations are:
i. Conservation of mass (continuity) equation
(∂Q/∂X) + ∂(A + A0) / ∂t - q = 0
ii. Conservation of momentum equation
(∂Q/∂t) + { ∂(Q2/A)/∂X } + g A ((∂h/∂X ) + Sf + Sc ) = 0
where, Q = discharge;
A = active flow area;
A0 = inactive storage area;
h = water surface elevation;
q= lateral outflow;
x = distance along waterway;
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t = time;
Sf = friction slope;
Sc = expansion contraction slope and
g = gravitational acceleration.
14.6 SELECTION OF MODEL Selection of an appropriate model to undertake dam break flood routing is essential to
ensure the right balance between modeling accuracy and cost (both in terms of software
cost and time spent in developing & running the model). In the instant case, MIKE 11
model developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute has been selected for the present study
because of its wide acceptability in India and abroad.
14.7 MIKE 11 MODEL The core of the MIKE 11 system consists of the HD (hydrodynamic) module, which is
capable of simulating unsteady flows in a network of open channels. The results of a HD
simulation consist of time series of water levels and discharges. MIKE 11 hydrodynamic
module is an implicit, finite difference model for unsteady flow computation. The model
can describe sub-critical as well as supercritical flow conditions through a numerical
description, which is altered according to the local flow conditions in time and space.
Advanced computational modules are included for description of flow over hydraulic
structures, including possibilities to describe structure operation. The formulations can be
applied for looped networks and quasi two-dimensional flow simulation on flood plains.
The computational scheme is applicable for vertically homogeneous flow conditions
extending from steep river flows to tidal influenced tributaries.
The following three approaches simulate branches as well as looped systems.
i) Kinematic wave approach: The flow is calculated from the assumption of balance
between the friction and gravity forces. The simplification implies that the
Kinematic wave approach cannot simulate backwater effects.
ii) Diffusive wave approach: In addition to the friction and gravity forces, the
hydrostatic gradient is included in this description. This allows the user to take
downstream boundaries into account, and thus, simulate backwater effects.
iii) Dynamic wave approach: Using the full momentum equation, including
acceleration forces, the user is able to simulate fast transients, tidal flows, etc., in
the system.
Depending on the type of problem, the appropriate description can be chosen. The
dynamic and diffusive wave descriptions differ from kinematic wave description by being
capable of calculating backwater effects. The solution algorithm for the different flow
descriptions is identical in the inner programme structure, implying that the user does not
have to distinguish between the different computational levels, when running the
program. In the instant case, dynamic wave approach was adopted for a better simulation.
Hydrodynamic module utilizes a space staggered grid consisting of alternating h and Q
points, i.e., points where water levels (h) and discharges (Q) are computed sequentially.
Topographic data are entered at the h points, and discharge relations are evaluated at Q
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points. During simulations, the complete non-linear equations of open channel flow are
solved numerically at the grid points at specified time intervals for the given boundary
conditions.
14.7.1 Solution Technique
In order to obtain a stable solution to the finite difference scheme, two conditions viz. (i)
Velocity condition and (ii) Courant condition have to be satisfied.
(i) Velocity condition: (V.∆t/∆x) ≤ 1-2
(ii) Courant condition: Cr = [(V+√(g.d)).∆t]/∆x ≤ 10-15
Cr is the Courant number, v is the cross-sectional mean velocity, g is the acceleration due to
gravity, d is the mean depth, ∆t is the time step, ∆x is the space step (the distance between
adjacent h-points)
The most important considerations determining the selection of space and time steps for a
particular model application are the expected wave lengths and duration of the wave
period, and the ability to adequately resolve the channel topography. The space step
length must be chosen ensuring a sufficient number of points along the channel axis to
resolve the expected waves. The wavelength is determined by the wave period and the
speed of propagation. A second concern is the adequate resolution of rapid changes in
topography along the channel axis, and this may require extra grid points. The time step
must be selected so that all expected significant wave periods are adequately resolved in
time. As the duration of tidal waves is generally shorter than flood waves, the time step of
a hydrodynamic model, which simulates tidal flows requires a shorter time step than that
used in flood wave computations.
The solution to the combined system of equations at each time step is performed in a
computational grid consisting of alternative Q-point and h-point, i.e. points where the
discharge “Q” and water level “h” respectively, are computed at each time step. A typical
layout of channel section with computational net is shown in Figure 14.1.
Figure 14.1: Layout of channel section with computational net
The computational grid is generated by the model on the basis of the user requirements.
Q-points are always placed midway between neighbouring h-points, while the distance
between h-point may differ. The discharge will, as a rule, be defined as positive in the
positive x-direction (increasing chainage).
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14.7.2 Topographical requirement and discretization
MIKE 11 HD is a physical modeling system, and hence, data related to the detailed physical
characteristics of the study area must be obtained, if realistic results are to be expected.
Topographic data are necessary to provide an adequate geometrical and topographical
description of the river system, flood plains, and all important structures.
First, the layout of the channel network is determined, and all significant channels
identified, including the locations of the main channel confluences and bifurcations. Flood
cells subject to inundation must be delimited, and the network of discharge exchange
between the flood cells and the main river channels need to be identified.
Cross-sections are required at regular intervals along the river. These must extend up to
the river bank to encompass any natural or man-made river embankments. In the model
schematization, the available cross-sections are placed at h-points. The cross-sections
should be representative of the entire channel reach between the adjacent Q-points.
Hence, channels which exhibit highly irregular cross-sectional variations require denser
grid, and hence, have greater data requirements.
Possible sources of data for the topographical input include contour maps, hydrographic
charts, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, etc. However, in the majority of cases,
sufficiently detailed information can only be obtained from controlled field surveys. It is
essential that all topographical data levels relate to a common fixed reference level,
preferably mean sea level.
Besides topographic data, hydrometric data are necessary to enable the model to be
calibrated against actual events, and thus, provide a basis for verification of the chosen
schematization. Hydrometric data are also required at the model boundaries for any
subsequent operation of the model. The main types of hydrometric data required are
water levels and discharges.
14.8 MIKE 11 MODEL SET-UP
The Dam Break Module in MIKE 11 simulates the outflow hydrograph resulting from the
failure of a dam. The model set-up consists of a single or several channels, reservoirs, dam
break structures and other auxiliary dam structures such as spillways, bottom outlets etc.
As the flood propagation due to the dam break will be of highly unsteady nature, the river
course needs to be described accurately through the use of as many cross-sections as
possible, particularly where the cross-section is changing rapidly. Further, the cross-
sections should extend as far as possible to cover the highest modelled water level, which
normally will be in excess of the highest recorded flood level. If the modelled water level
exceeds the highest level in the cross-section for a particular location, MIKE 11 will
extrapolate the processed Data as a vertical wall, and this will give conservative results.
14.8.1 River channel set-up
The river channel set-up for dam break modeling is the same as for the HD model except
that the dam break structure is located in a separate reservoir branch, which contains 3
calculation points, i.e., two h-points and one Q-point. If a spillway is added to the dam, it
can be described as a separate branch with 3 calculation points. The dam and spillways are
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located at a Q-point. The river set-up with a dam and, with dam and spillway are shown in
Figure 14.2 and Figure 14.3 respectively.
Figure 14.2 & 14.3: River set up with dam and spillway
14.8.2 Description of reservoir and appurtenant structures
Reservoir
To obtain an accurate description of the reservoir storage characteristics, the reservoir is
normally modelled as a single h-point in the model. This will usually correspond to the
upstream boundary of the model, where also the inflow hydrograph is also specified.
The description of the reservoir storage is entered in the processed data. The surface
storage area of the dam is described as a function of the water level and it is entered as
additional flooded area. The lowest water level given for the reservoir should be
somewhere below the final breach elevation of the dam.
The cross-sectional area is set to a large finite value and is used only for calculating the
inflow head loss into the breach. The inflow head loss can be calculated as:
∆H = (Vs2 /2g) Ci [1-(As / Ares )]
Where, Vs = Velocity through the breach
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Ci = Inflow head loss coefficient
As = Flow area through the breach, and
Ares = Cross-sectional area of the reservoir
In order to obtain a reasonable head loss description it is only necessary that Ares >> As so
that [1-(As /Ares)] = 1. The hydraulic radius is set to any non-zero value.
The total surface area of the reservoir is calculated as:
Atotal = b.2∆x + Additional flooded area
Since the total surface area is already described by the additional flooded area, the first
term should be equal to zero. Therefore, the width b should be set to zero.
Dam
At the Q point, where the dam break structure is located, the momentum equation is
replaced by an equation which describes the flow through the structure. As the
momentum equation is not used at the Q point, the ∆x – step is of no relevance. The
maximum ∆x for the river branch, where the dam is to be placed, should therefore be
greater than the distance between two cross-sections in the reservoir branch. So, no cross-
section is interpolated between the actual cross-sections.
Spillways and other structures
At the node, where two branches meet the surface flooded area is taken as the sum of the
individual flooded areas specified at the h-points. Therefore, if the reservoir storage has
already been specified at the reservoir h-point, the spillway h-point should not contain any
flooded areas. Both the width b, and the “additional flooded area” should be set to zero
and other parameters such as the cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius should be the
same as for the reservoir.
14.8.3 Boundary conditions for dam break modeling
The boundary conditions must be specified at both upstream and downstream limits of the
model. The upstream boundary will generally be an inflow into the reservoir at the first
reservoir h-point. The downstream boundary will generally be a stage-discharge
relationship at the last cross section of the set up.
14.9 SPECIFICATIONS OF DAM BREAK STRUCTURES The following information relating to dam break structures need to be specified:
(i) Geometrical specifications
(ii) Breach characteristics
(iii) Failure moment, and
(iv) Failure mode
14.9.1 Breach development
Earth and Rockfill dams usually do not collapse instantaneously, but they develop
breaches, which increase gradually. The failure time may vary between a few minutes up to
a few hours, depending on amongst other, the dam geometry and the construction
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material. The development of the breach determines the breach outflow hydrograph, and
an accurate description of the breach development is, therefore, required in “near field”
dam breach studies. In the “far-field” studies, an accurate flood routing procedure is of
more importance, because the outflow variation is rapidly damped out as the flood
propagates downstream.
14.9.2 Failure modes
The dam break module of MIKE 11 allows selection of one of various breach development
modes. Either linear failure mechanism or an erosion based formulation may be selected.
The linear failure mode assumes a linear increase in the breach dimensions in time
between specified limits. In the erosion based mode, the increase in breach dimensions is
calculated from the prevailing hydraulic conditions in the breach, and from the given
geometrical data. For both modes, limits of the final breach width and level are specified.
These may be determined, for example, by the original valley embankments.
a) Linear failure modes
The necessary data required to fully specify a linear dam failure are shown in Figure 14.4.
In addition, the user specifies the duration of the breach development and whether the
failure is to commence at a given time, or is initiated by overtopping of the dam. This
facility has applications in simulating the cascading failure of several dams located on the
same river.
Figure 14.4: Breach parameters for linear mode
b) Erosion based failure
The enlargement of the breach in earth fill dams from erosion of the dam core material
may also be determined from sediment transport considerations. Erosion based breach
formulations are based on sediment continuity equation for the breach. Numerous
sediment transport formulae are available, of which two have been implemented in the
breach formulation, being those of Engelund-Hansen (1967), and Meyer-Peter and Muller
(1947). Modeling of the variation of the width of the breach is more difficult to relate to
the classical theories of sediment transport. Due to the development of a wall boundary
layer along the often very steep side walls of the breach, the theories for bed load and
suspended load do not apply. As an approximation, the sediment transport at the sloping
walls is assumed to be proportional to that in the central part of the breach. The
coefficient of proportionality (side erosion index) is of the order of 0.5 – 1.0.
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14.10 INITIAL CONDITIONS Though in many cases, dam failure may occur on a dry river bed downstream of the dam,
but such conditions are not possible in MIKE 11, which require a finite depth of water, in
order to ensure “the continuity” of the finite difference algorithm. Therefore, before a
dam break is actually simulated, it is necessary to create a steady state “hot-start” file,
which can be used for all subsequent dam break simulation. This file is created by:
(i) Giving a lateral inflow at the first h-point in the river
(ii) Setting the inflow into the reservoir to zero, and
(iii) Specifying the dam break structure to fail by overtopping, ensuring that the dam
crest level is greater than the specified reservoir level.
Initial conditions (water level and discharge) must be specified in HD parameter file,
including the reservoir level, at which the dam break simulation should commence. The
set-up should be run until a steady state condition is reached (i.e., Q=constant=lateral
inflow up to the downstream boundary).
14.11 DAM BREAK SIMULATIONS The dam break simulation may be carried out using the hotstart file generated as
mentioned above, specifying the upstream boundary as the inflow hydrograph. The time
step depends upon the slope of the river bed and should be selected of the order of 0.5 to
5 minutes according to the slope.
14.12 INPUT DATA REQUIREMENT Dam break flood analysis requires a range of data to depict accurately to the extent
possible the topography and hydraulic conditions of the river course and dam break
phenomenon. The important data required are;
(i) Cross sections of the river from dam site and up to location downstream of the dam
to which the study is required
(ii) Elevation-surface area relationship of the reservoir
(iii) Rating curve of spillway and sluices
(iv) Salient features of the all hydraulic structures at the dam site and also in the study
reach of the river
(v) Design flood hydrograph
(vi) Stage-discharge relationship at the last river cross section of the study area
(vii) Manning’s roughness coefficient for different reaches of the river under study
(viii) Rating curve of all the hydraulic structures in the study reach of the river
For the present study, the following data supplied has been used;
14.12.1 River cross sections
For dam break studies of Gond Project, the River for a length of about 51400 m
downstream of the dam site have been represented in the model by numerous cross
sections taken at a suitable interval. In the case of extreme floods the flood water spreads
beyond the normal course of the river, where the resistance to flow will be high due to
presence of bushes, vegetation etc. Considering the above the Manning's roughness
coefficient for the entire study reach of the river has been taken as 0.035.
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14.12.2 Reservoir and dam
The reservoir has been represented in the model by a separate reservoir branch and its
elevation-surface area relation, which has been specified at Chainage “0” km of the
reservoir branch. The dam has been placed at Chainage 500 m of the reservoir branch and
dam breach parameters specified therein.
14.12.3 Spillway
The spillway has been represented in the model by number and size of spillway gates. The
same has been specified at Chainage 500 m of the spillway branch.
Design Flood Hydrograph
The design flood hydrograph which is the DESIGN FLOOD for the present case has been
used as for the upstream boundary of the dam break model set up. The same applied at
chainage “0” km of the reservoir branch in the model set up, is 17937 cumec.
14.12.4 Downstream boundary
In order to avoid its influence in the study reach normally the downstream boundary
should be applied at a distant location from the last river cross section of study reach. The
same has been worked out using Manning’s equation and applied at a location 51400 m
downstream for dam site, as given in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1: Stage-discharge relationship - downstream boundary of
MIKE11 model set up
Stage (m)
Discharge (cumec)
339.00 0.00
339.05 0.19
339.85 26.41
340.65 93.67
343.27 617.78
345.89 1604.42
347.19 2283.07
348.50 3093.63
349.81 4055.53
351.12 5193.15
351.74 5796.63
351.79 5845.68
351.84 5895.12
352.73 6904.05
353.61 8125.89
353.74 8321.97
354.04 8789.73
354.70 9915.14
357.79 17083.91
360.88 26807.72
363.97 38754.12
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Stage (m)
Discharge (cumec)
367.07 52778.10
373.25 86659.86
379.43 127811.41
385.61 175860.40
391.80 230529.64
397.98 291588.82
404.16 358874.87
14.13 SELECTION OF DAM BREACH PARAMETERS Estimation of the dam break flood will depend on time of failure, extent of overtopping
before failure, size, shape and time of the breach formation, etc., which are called dam
breach parameters. The breach characteristics that are needed as input to the existing dam
break models are i) Initial and final breach width; ii) Shape of the breach; iii) Time duration
of breach development, and iv) Reservoir level at time of start of breach. The predominant
mechanism of breach formation is, to a large extent, dependent on the type of dam and
the cause due to which the dam failed.
A study of the different dam failures indicates that earthen or rockfill dams never collapse
instantaneously as concrete dams which breach by sudden collapse. Earthen or rockfill
dams develop breaches which increase gradually. The breaching time may vary from a few
minutes to a few hours, depending on amongst other the dam geometry and the
construction material. The development of the breach largely determines the reservoir
outflow hydrograph, and a reasonable description of the breach development is therefore
required in near field dam break models. In far field models a reasonable flood routing
procedure is of more importance, because the outflow variation is rapidly damped out as
the flood wave propagates downstream.
The way earthen or rockfill dam starts to breach can be specified as one of the following
failure modes:
- Linear failure, ie the increase in breach dimensions is assumed to occur linearly over a
given time (the time of breach development)
- Erosion based failure, ie the increase in the breach depth is calculated from a classical
sediment transport formula. The increase in breach width is calculated as the increase
in breach depth multiplied by side index.
In present case, upstream elevation view can be considered as a section consisting of side
gated portion and earthen embankments which have been considered as failure zone.
Linear failure has been adopted in the present case; breach of trapezoidal shape has been
considered with a side slope of 1 V: 1.5 H. End shape of the breach should reflect the
bounds imposed by the valley bathymetry accordingly the value has been taken. Breach
starts from top of dam when water is at FRL ie 423 m and reaches level of 401 (river bed
level) in one hour developing breach in trapezoidal form and with initial breach width of
44m.
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Accordingly, the breach parameter given in Table 14.2 has been selected for the dam break
study.
Table 14.2: Breach Parameters
Breach Level (m) Initial
Breach
Width
(m)
Breach
Slope
Breach
Development Time
(Minutes)
Remarks
Initial Final
423 401 44 1 V: 1.5
H
60 The final breach level at El 401 m
has been taken (river bed level)
14.14 CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR DAM BREAK STUDY The critical condition for a Dam break study is when the reservoir is at FRL and design flood
hydrograph is impinged. Hence for the hypothetical case of Dam break simulation and also
to get the maximum Dam breach flood peak it would be appropriate to assume the starting
of the breach, when the reservoir level is at FRL.
14.15 DAM BREAK SIMULATION (BREACH WIDTH 44 M, BREACH DEPTH 22 M, BREACH DEVELOPMENT TIME ONE HOUR) Taking the above breach parameter and critical condition of para 9.14 the dam break
condition has been simulated. In the simulation the dam has been assumed to breach 59
hour after the impingement of the DESIGN FLOOD, when the water level in the reservoir is
at EL 423 m after the impingement of the DESIGN FLOOD. The dam breach flood
hydrograph just downstream of the dam is given in Figure 14.5.
The peak of the dam breach flood just downstream of the dam is 23007 cumec which
includes about 17937 cumec due to DESIGN FLOOD itself. Hence the contribution of
reservoir storage in the dam breach flood peak is 5070 cumec. The maximum discharge,
water level and their time of occurrence at different locations of the River downstream of
the dams are given in Table 14.3 and 14.4 respectively.
Table 14.3: Maximum discharge due to dam breach flood (breach initial width 44 m and breach
depth 23 m)
The breach has been assumed to start on 28-09-2018 11:00:00 hours
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 350.00 23007 28-09-2018 12:01:30
GOPAD 1050.00 22839 28-09-2018 12:02:45
GOPAD 1805.00 22724 28-09-2018 12:03:45
GOPAD 2615.00 22619 28-09-2018 12:04:59
GOPAD 3458.00 22530 28-09-2018 12:05:59
GOPAD 4334.00 22428 28-09-2018 12:07:30
GOPAD 5210.00 22322 28-09-2018 12:09:00
GOPAD 6086.00 22227 28-09-2018 12:10:44
GOPAD 6962.00 22153 28-09-2018 12:13:29
GOPAD 7900.00 22081 28-09-2018 12:15:14
GOPAD 8900.00 21967 28-09-2018 12:16:59
GOPAD 9900.00 21825 28-09-2018 12:18:45
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The breach has been assumed to start on 28-09-2018 11:00:00 hours
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 10900.00 21678 28-09-2018 12:20:59
GOPAD 11900.00 21567 28-09-2018 12:23:44
GOPAD 12900.00 21495 28-09-2018 12:26:45
GOPAD 13833.33 21455 28-09-2018 12:28:45
GOPAD 14700.00 21420 28-09-2018 12:30:45
GOPAD 15566.67 21387 28-09-2018 12:32:30
GOPAD 16350.00 21348 28-09-2018 12:33:45
GOPAD 17050.00 21302 28-09-2018 12:35:30
GOPAD 17900.00 21240 28-09-2018 12:37:44
GOPAD 18900.00 21176 28-09-2018 12:40:29
GOPAD 19720.00 21140 28-09-2018 12:42:45
GOPAD 20360.00 21121 28-09-2018 12:44:14
GOPAD 21133.33 21105 28-09-2018 12:45:45
GOPAD 22040.00 21076 28-09-2018 12:47:30
GOPAD 22946.67 21034 28-09-2018 12:49:30
GOPAD 23900.00 20990 28-09-2018 12:51:59
GOPAD 24900.00 20953 28-09-2018 12:54:15
GOPAD 25900.00 20912 28-09-2018 12:56:00
GOPAD 26900.00 20850 28-09-2018 12:57:45
GOPAD 27800.00 20790 28-09-2018 12:59:45
GOPAD 28600.00 20736 28-09-2018 13:01:45
GOPAD 29400.00 20677 28-09-2018 13:03:14
GOPAD 30200.00 20603 28-09-2018 13:04:44
GOPAD 31000.00 20524 28-09-2018 13:06:30
GOPAD 31900.00 20438 28-09-2018 13:08:29
GOPAD 32900.00 20343 28-09-2018 13:10:44
GOPAD 33865.00 20255 28-09-2018 13:13:14
GOPAD 34795.00 20171 28-09-2018 13:16:14
GOPAD 35616.67 20111 28-09-2018 13:18:59
GOPAD 36330.00 20066 28-09-2018 13:21:59
GOPAD 37043.33 20029 28-09-2018 13:25:00
GOPAD 37900.00 19997 28-09-2018 13:29:00
GOPAD 38900.00 19966 28-09-2018 13:33:30
GOPAD 39900.00 19949 28-09-2018 13:38:15
GOPAD 40900.00 19945 28-09-2018 13:39:44
GOPAD 41900.00 19943 28-09-2018 13:40:44
GOPAD 42900.00 19941 28-09-2018 13:41:45
GOPAD 43900.00 19922 28-09-2018 13:45:14
GOPAD 44900.00 19908 28-09-2018 13:48:14
GOPAD 45900.00 19899 28-09-2018 13:50:59
GOPAD 46900.00 19893 28-09-2018 13:53:15
GOPAD 47900.00 19889 28-09-2018 13:55:15
GOPAD 48900.00 19879 28-09-2018 13:58:00
GOPAD 49900.00 19870 28-09-2018 14:01:14
GOPAD 50900.00 19866 28-09-2018 14:03:59
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Table 14.4: Maximum water level due to dam breach flood breach initial width 44 m and breach depth 23 m)
The breach has been assumed to start on 28-09-2018 11:00:00 hours
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Bed Level (m)
Maximum discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 0.00 401.00 417.09 28-09-2018 12:04:30
GOPAD 700.00 * 416.53 28-09-2018 12:04:59
GOPAD 1400.00 400.00 415.67 28-09-2018 12:06:30
GOPAD 2210.00 * 414.69 28-09-2018 12:07:30
GOPAD 3020.00 398.00 413.38 28-09-2018 12:09:00
GOPAD 3896.00 * 411.99 28-09-2018 12:11:00
GOPAD 4772.00 * 410.58 28-09-2018 12:12:45
GOPAD 5648.00 * 409.14 28-09-2018 12:14:14
GOPAD 6524.00 * 407.67 28-09-2018 12:15:59
GOPAD 7400.00 391.00 406.13 28-09-2018 12:18:45
GOPAD 8400.00 * 404.69 28-09-2018 12:24:00
GOPAD 9400.00 388.00 403.80 28-09-2018 12:27:14
GOPAD 10400.00 * 403.20 28-09-2018 12:28:45
GOPAD 11400.00 385.00 402.78 28-09-2018 12:29:14
GOPAD 12400.00 * 401.83 28-09-2018 12:30:30
GOPAD 13400.00 383.00 400.16 28-09-2018 12:31:59
GOPAD 14266.67 * 398.75 28-09-2018 12:33:45
GOPAD 15133.33 * 397.36 28-09-2018 12:35:59
GOPAD 16000.00 381.00 395.99 28-09-2018 12:39:15
GOPAD 16700.00 * 395.10 28-09-2018 12:41:45
GOPAD 17400.00 380.00 394.39 28-09-2018 12:43:45
GOPAD 18400.00 * 393.43 28-09-2018 12:45:30
GOPAD 19400.00 377.00 392.77 28-09-2018 12:46:14
GOPAD 20040.00 * 391.92 28-09-2018 12:47:14
GOPAD 20680.00 375.00 390.50 28-09-2018 12:48:14
GOPAD 21586.67 * 388.64 28-09-2018 12:51:30
GOPAD 22493.33 * 387.25 28-09-2018 12:55:00
GOPAD 23400.00 371.00 386.44 28-09-2018 12:56:45
GOPAD 24400.00 * 385.08 28-09-2018 12:59:14
GOPAD 25400.00 368.00 383.34 28-09-2018 13:03:30
GOPAD 26400.00 * 382.26 28-09-2018 13:10:15
GOPAD 27400.00 364.00 382.08 28-09-2018 13:12:00
GOPAD 28200.00 * 381.52 28-09-2018 13:15:45
GOPAD 29000.00 363.00 380.47 28-09-2018 13:23:29
GOPAD 29800.00 * 379.94 28-09-2018 13:29:29
GOPAD 30600.00 * 379.63 28-09-2018 13:31:59
GOPAD 31400.00 362.00 379.46 28-09-2018 13:32:45
GOPAD 32400.00 * 378.95 28-09-2018 13:35:30
GOPAD 33400.00 362.00 378.25 28-09-2018 13:38:44
GOPAD 34330.00 * 377.90 28-09-2018 13:39:44
GOPAD 35260.00 357.00 377.55 28-09-2018 13:41:00
GOPAD 35973.33 * 377.39 28-09-2018 13:41:15
GOPAD 36686.67 * 377.25 28-09-2018 13:41:15
GOPAD 37400.00 353.89 377.14 28-09-2018 13:41:29
GOPAD 38400.00 * 376.99 28-09-2018 13:41:29
GOPAD 39400.00 350.00 376.81 28-09-2018 13:41:45
GOPAD 40400.00 * 375.30 28-09-2018 13:42:14
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The breach has been assumed to start on 28-09-2018 11:00:00 hours
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Bed Level (m)
Maximum discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 41400.00 350.00 372.87 28-09-2018 13:42:45
GOPAD 42400.00 * 370.04 28-09-2018 13:45:45
GOPAD 43400.00 350.00 369.24 28-09-2018 13:52:15
GOPAD 44400.00 * 368.40 28-09-2018 13:54:00
GOPAD 45400.00 350.00 367.67 28-09-2018 13:55:00
GOPAD 46400.00 * 366.21 28-09-2018 13:56:15
GOPAD 47400.00 350.00 363.99 28-09-2018 13:57:00
GOPAD 48400.00 * 360.48 28-09-2018 14:03:30
GOPAD 49400.00 342.00 360.40 28-09-2018 14:04:15
GOPAD 50400.00 * 359.84 28-09-2018 14:04:30
GOPAD 51400.00 339.00 358.68 28-09-2018 14:04:44
* cross sections interpolated by MIKE11
From the Table 14.4 it can be seen that the rise in water level along the reach of the river is
about 13.99 m to 26.81 m.
14.16 MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL IN THE VIRGIN CONDITION OF THE RIVER DUE TO OCCURRENCE OF DESIGN FLOOD To know the maximum discharge and water level due to occurrence of DESIGN FLOOD in
the virgin condition of the River the necessary simulation has been run. In this case, the
DESIGN FLOOD has been impinged at chainage “0” of the River (just d/s of dam site)
without considering the dam. The maximum discharge and water level obtained at the
different locations along the river reach is given in Table 14.5 and 14.6 respectively.
Table 14.5: Maximum discharge due to occurrence of DESIGN FLOOD in virgin river condition
The Design Flood has been impinged at chainage “0” of River on 28-09-2018 at 11:00:00 hr
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum
discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence
(Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 350.00 17932 28-09-2018 11:00:45 GOPAD 1050.00 17925 28-09-2018 11:01:45 GOPAD 1805.00 17920 28-09-2018 11:02:59 GOPAD 2615.00 17915 28-09-2018 11:03:59 GOPAD 3458.00 17910 28-09-2018 11:05:30 GOPAD 4334.00 17906 28-09-2018 11:06:44 GOPAD 5210.00 17902 28-09-2018 11:08:29 GOPAD 6086.00 17898 28-09-2018 11:10:15 GOPAD 6962.00 17894 28-09-2018 11:13:00 GOPAD 7900.00 17891 28-09-2018 11:15:14 GOPAD 8900.00 17886 28-09-2018 11:17:14 GOPAD 9900.00 17879 28-09-2018 11:19:30 GOPAD 10900.00 17872 28-09-2018 11:21:59 GOPAD 11900.00 17867 28-09-2018 11:25:15 GOPAD 12900.00 17864 28-09-2018 11:28:29 GOPAD 13833.33 17862 28-09-2018 11:30:14 GOPAD 14700.00 17861 28-09-2018 11:32:14 GOPAD 15566.67 17859 28-09-2018 11:33:59 GOPAD 16350.00 17857 28-09-2018 11:35:30 GOPAD 17050.00 17855 28-09-2018 11:37:15 GOPAD 17900.00 17852 28-09-2018 11:39:44 GOPAD 18900.00 17848 28-09-2018 11:42:45
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The Design Flood has been impinged at chainage “0” of River on 28-09-2018 at 11:00:00 hr
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum
discharge (cumec)
Time of occurrence
(Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 19720.00 17846 28-09-2018 11:45:00 GOPAD 20360.00 17845 28-09-2018 11:46:30 GOPAD 21133.33 17845 28-09-2018 11:47:59 GOPAD 22040.00 17843 28-09-2018 11:49:59 GOPAD 22946.67 17840 28-09-2018 11:51:59 GOPAD 23900.00 17837 28-09-2018 11:54:44 GOPAD 24900.00 17834 28-09-2018 11:57:00 GOPAD 25900.00 17830 28-09-2018 11:59:00 GOPAD 26900.00 17825 28-09-2018 12:01:14 GOPAD 27800.00 17819 28-09-2018 12:03:45 GOPAD 28600.00 17814 28-09-2018 12:05:59 GOPAD 29400.00 17808 28-09-2018 12:08:00 GOPAD 30200.00 17802 28-09-2018 12:10:15 GOPAD 31000.00 17794 28-09-2018 12:12:45 GOPAD 31900.00 17787 28-09-2018 12:15:45 GOPAD 32900.00 17779 28-09-2018 12:18:59 GOPAD 33865.00 17772 28-09-2018 12:21:59 GOPAD 34795.00 17765 28-09-2018 12:25:15 GOPAD 35616.67 17760 28-09-2018 12:28:14 GOPAD 36330.00 17756 28-09-2018 12:30:30 GOPAD 37043.33 17753 28-09-2018 12:32:59 GOPAD 37900.00 17750 28-09-2018 12:35:59 GOPAD 38900.00 17747 28-09-2018 12:40:00 GOPAD 39900.00 17745 28-09-2018 12:44:29 GOPAD 40900.00 17745 28-09-2018 12:45:59 GOPAD 41900.00 17744 28-09-2018 12:46:59 GOPAD 42900.00 17744 28-09-2018 12:47:45 GOPAD 43900.00 17742 28-09-2018 12:50:59 GOPAD 44900.00 17741 28-09-2018 12:53:44 GOPAD 45900.00 17740 28-09-2018 12:56:29 GOPAD 46900.00 17739 28-09-2018 12:58:29 GOPAD 47900.00 17739 28-09-2018 13:00:14 GOPAD 48900.00 17738 28-09-2018 13:02:30 GOPAD 49900.00 17737 28-09-2018 13:05:30 GOPAD 50900.00 17736 28-09-2018 13:08:15
Table 14.6: Maximum water level due to occurrence of DESIGN FLOOD in virgin river condition
The Design Flood has been impinged at chainage “0” of River on 28-09-2018 at 11:00:00 h
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Bed Level (m)
Maximum water
level (m)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 0.00 401.00 415.71 28-09-2018 11:03:30
GOPAD 700.00 * 415.16 28-09-2018 11:02:30
GOPAD 1400.00 400.00 414.36 28-09-2018 11:05:59
GOPAD 2210.00 * 413.41 28-09-2018 11:06:30
GOPAD 3020.00 398.00 412.12 28-09-2018 11:08:15
GOPAD 3896.00 * 410.71 28-09-2018 11:10:15
GOPAD 4772.00 * 409.31 28-09-2018 11:12:14
GOPAD 5648.00 * 407.89 28-09-2018 11:14:00
GOPAD 6524.00 * 406.46 28-09-2018 11:15:59
GOPAD 7400.00 391.00 404.98 28-09-2018 11:18:59
GOPAD 8400.00 * 403.54 28-09-2018 11:23:44
GOPAD 9400.00 388.00 402.63 28-09-2018 11:28:00
GOPAD 10400.00 * 402.00 28-09-2018 11:29:14
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The Design Flood has been impinged at chainage “0” of River on 28-09-2018 at 11:00:00 h
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Bed Level (m)
Maximum water
level (m)
Time of occurrence (Date:hours:Minutes:Seconds)
GOPAD 11400.00 385.00 401.57 28-09-2018 11:30:14
GOPAD 12400.00 * 400.65 28-09-2018 11:31:45
GOPAD 13400.00 383.00 399.03 28-09-2018 11:32:59
GOPAD 14266.67 * 397.66 28-09-2018 11:34:59
GOPAD 15133.33 * 396.32 28-09-2018 11:36:59
GOPAD 16000.00 381.00 395.02 28-09-2018 11:40:29
GOPAD 16700.00 * 394.14 28-09-2018 11:42:45
GOPAD 17400.00 380.00 393.39 28-09-2018 11:45:14
GOPAD 18400.00 * 392.39 28-09-2018 11:46:59
GOPAD 19400.00 377.00 391.73 28-09-2018 11:47:59
GOPAD 20040.00 * 390.92 28-09-2018 11:48:59
GOPAD 20680.00 375.00 389.56 28-09-2018 11:50:15
GOPAD 21586.67 * 387.70 28-09-2018 11:54:15
GOPAD 22493.33 * 386.27 28-09-2018 11:58:00
GOPAD 23400.00 371.00 385.43 28-09-2018 12:00:14
GOPAD 24400.00 * 384.12 28-09-2018 12:03:45
GOPAD 25400.00 368.00 382.40 28-09-2018 12:09:15
GOPAD 26400.00 * 381.32 28-09-2018 12:16:59
GOPAD 27400.00 364.00 381.13 28-09-2018 12:19:15
GOPAD 28200.00 * 380.58 28-09-2018 12:21:44
GOPAD 29000.00 363.00 379.50 28-09-2018 12:28:00
GOPAD 29800.00 * 378.95 28-09-2018 12:32:45
GOPAD 30600.00 * 378.63 28-09-2018 12:34:59
GOPAD 31400.00 362.00 378.44 28-09-2018 12:36:44
GOPAD 32400.00 * 377.92 28-09-2018 12:38:44
GOPAD 33400.00 362.00 377.20 28-09-2018 12:42:00
GOPAD 34330.00 * 376.82 28-09-2018 12:43:45
GOPAD 35260.00 357.00 376.47 28-09-2018 12:45:14
GOPAD 35973.33 * 376.31 28-09-2018 12:45:30
GOPAD 36686.67 * 376.17 28-09-2018 12:45:45
GOPAD 37400.00 353.89 376.06 28-09-2018 12:46:14
GOPAD 38400.00 * 375.90 28-09-2018 12:46:30
GOPAD 39400.00 350.00 375.71 28-09-2018 12:46:30
GOPAD 40400.00 * 374.27 28-09-2018 12:47:45
GOPAD 41400.00 350.00 371.92 28-09-2018 12:47:59
GOPAD 42400.00 * 369.21 28-09-2018 12:50:15
GOPAD 43400.00 350.00 368.51 28-09-2018 12:56:29
GOPAD 44400.00 * 367.66 28-09-2018 12:57:29
GOPAD 45400.00 350.00 366.94 28-09-2018 12:58:45
GOPAD 46400.00 * 365.50 28-09-2018 13:00:30
GOPAD 47400.00 350.00 363.31 28-09-2018 13:00:14
GOPAD 48400.00 * 359.77 28-09-2018 13:06:44
GOPAD 49400.00 342.00 359.65 28-09-2018 13:08:15
GOPAD 50400.00 * 359.12 28-09-2018 13:08:15
GOPAD 51400.00 339.00 358.00 28-09-2018 13:08:29
* cross sections interpolated by MIKE11
The rise in water level along the reach of the river downstream of the dam is about 13.31
m to 25.71 m.
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14.17 COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM DISCHARGE AND WATER LEVEL For the different hydrodynamic scenario simulated so far, the maximum discharge and
water level occurring at different locations of River downstream of dam have been
compared in Table 14.7 and 14.8 respectively.
Table 14.7: Comparison of maximum discharge obtained in different cases
Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum discharge (cumec)
DESIGN FLOOD and dam breach (Table 14.5)
DESIGN FLOOD in virgin condition
(Table 14.6)
GOPAD 350.00 23007 17932
GOPAD 1050.00 22839 17925
GOPAD 1805.00 22724 17920
GOPAD 2615.00 22619 17915
GOPAD 3458.00 22530 17910
GOPAD 4334.00 22428 17906
GOPAD 5210.00 22322 17902
GOPAD 6086.00 22227 17898
GOPAD 6962.00 22153 17894
GOPAD 7900.00 22081 17891
GOPAD 8900.00 21967 17886
GOPAD 9900.00 21825 17879
GOPAD 10900.00 21678 17872
GOPAD 11900.00 21567 17867
GOPAD 12900.00 21495 17864
GOPAD 13833.33 21455 17862
GOPAD 14700.00 21420 17861
GOPAD 15566.67 21387 17859
GOPAD 16350.00 21348 17857
GOPAD 17050.00 21302 17855
GOPAD 17900.00 21240 17852
GOPAD 18900.00 21176 17848
GOPAD 19720.00 21140 17846
GOPAD 20360.00 21121 17845
GOPAD 21133.33 21105 17845
GOPAD 22040.00 21076 17843
GOPAD 22946.67 21034 17840
GOPAD 23900.00 20990 17837
GOPAD 24900.00 20953 17834
GOPAD 25900.00 20912 17830
GOPAD 26900.00 20850 17825
GOPAD 27800.00 20790 17819
GOPAD 28600.00 20736 17814
GOPAD 29400.00 20677 17808
GOPAD 30200.00 20603 17802
GOPAD 31000.00 20524 17794
GOPAD 31900.00 20438 17787
GOPAD 32900.00 20343 17779
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Chainage (m) d/s of dam Maximum discharge (cumec)
DESIGN FLOOD and dam breach (Table 14.5)
DESIGN FLOOD in virgin condition
(Table 14.6)
GOPAD 33865.00 20255 17772
GOPAD 34795.00 20171 17765
GOPAD 35616.67 20111 17760
GOPAD 36330.00 20066 17756
GOPAD 37043.33 20029 17753
GOPAD 37900.00 19997 17750
GOPAD 38900.00 19966 17747
GOPAD 39900.00 19949 17745
GOPAD 40900.00 19945 17745
GOPAD 41900.00 19943 17744
GOPAD 42900.00 19941 17744
GOPAD 43900.00 19922 17742
GOPAD 44900.00 19908 17741
GOPAD 45900.00 19899 17740
GOPAD 46900.00 19893 17739
GOPAD 47900.00 19889 17739
GOPAD 48900.00 19879 17738
GOPAD 49900.00 19870 17737
GOPAD 50900.00 19866 17736
Table 14.8: Comparison of maximum water level obtained in different cases
Chainage (m) d/s of dam
Bed Level (m)
Maximum water level (m)
DESIGN FLOOD and dam breach (Table 14.5)
DESIGN FLOOD in
virgin condition
(Table 14.6)
GOPAD 0.00 401.00 417.09 415.71
GOPAD 700.00 * 416.53 415.16
GOPAD 1400.00 400.00 415.67 414.36
GOPAD 2210.00 * 414.69 413.41
GOPAD 3020.00 398.00 413.38 412.12
GOPAD 3896.00 * 411.99 410.71
GOPAD 4772.00 * 410.58 409.31
GOPAD 5648.00 * 409.14 407.89
GOPAD 6524.00 * 407.67 406.46
GOPAD 7400.00 391.00 406.13 404.98
GOPAD 8400.00 * 404.69 403.54
GOPAD 9400.00 388.00 403.80 402.63
GOPAD 10400.00 * 403.20 402.00
GOPAD 11400.00 385.00 402.78 401.57
GOPAD 12400.00 * 401.83 400.65
GOPAD 13400.00 383.00 400.16 399.03
GOPAD 14266.67 * 398.75 397.66
GOPAD 15133.33 * 397.36 396.32
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Chainage (m) d/s of dam
Bed Level (m)
Maximum water level (m)
DESIGN FLOOD and dam breach (Table 14.5)
DESIGN FLOOD in
virgin condition
(Table 14.6)
GOPAD 16000.00 381.00 395.99 395.02
GOPAD 16700.00 * 395.10 394.14
GOPAD 17400.00 380.00 394.39 393.39
GOPAD 18400.00 * 393.43 392.39
GOPAD 19400.00 377.00 392.77 391.73
GOPAD 20040.00 * 391.92 390.92
GOPAD 20680.00 375.00 390.50 389.56
GOPAD 21586.67 * 388.64 387.70
GOPAD 22493.33 * 387.25 386.27
GOPAD 23400.00 371.00 386.44 385.43
GOPAD 24400.00 * 385.08 384.12
GOPAD 25400.00 368.00 383.34 382.40
GOPAD 26400.00 * 382.26 381.32
GOPAD 27400.00 364.00 382.08 381.13
GOPAD 28200.00 * 381.52 380.58
GOPAD 29000.00 363.00 380.47 379.50
GOPAD 29800.00 * 379.94 378.95
GOPAD 30600.00 * 379.63 378.63
GOPAD 31400.00 362.00 379.46 378.44
GOPAD 32400.00 * 378.95 377.92
GOPAD 33400.00 362.00 378.25 377.20
GOPAD 34330.00 * 377.90 376.82
GOPAD 35260.00 357.00 377.55 376.47
GOPAD 35973.33 * 377.39 376.31
GOPAD 36686.67 * 377.25 376.17
GOPAD 37400.00 353.89 377.14 376.06
GOPAD 38400.00 * 376.99 375.90
GOPAD 39400.00 350.00 376.81 375.71
GOPAD 40400.00 * 375.30 374.27
GOPAD 41400.00 350.00 372.87 371.92
GOPAD 42400.00 * 370.04 369.21
GOPAD 43400.00 350.00 369.24 368.51
GOPAD 44400.00 * 368.40 367.66
GOPAD 45400.00 350.00 367.67 366.94
GOPAD 46400.00 * 366.21 365.50
GOPAD 47400.00 350.00 363.99 363.31
GOPAD 48400.00 * 360.48 359.77
GOPAD 49400.00 342.00 360.40 359.65
GOPAD 50400.00 * 359.84 359.12
GOPAD 51400.00 339.00 358.68 358.00
* cross sections interpolated by MIKE11
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From the Table 14.8, it can be concluded that the rise in water level along the river reach in
dam breach condition is about 0.68 m to 1.38 m more in comparison to non dam breach
condition (col. 3 &4)
The water levels given in Table 14.7 can be used for the preparation of inundation map.
The tables of few cross sections of the River used have been given in Table 14.8. The
maximum water level at these cross sections due to dam breach flood has also been
superimposed over them.
14.18 PREPARATION OF INUNDATION MAP An inundation map (Figure 14.5) is a map depicting the d/s areas vulnerable to inundation
by the Dam break flood. The MIKE11 model computes maximum flood elevation at each
original or interpolated cross-section. In present case, the cross-sections are available up to
51400 m d/s of Dam. The profile of water levels below the Dam at all cross-sections
(original and interpolated) is given as Table 14.8. From this profile, at locations below the
Dam & their subsequent markings on the topographic maps, it can be seen which areas are
likely to be submerged in case of Dam break.
From the Table 14.8, it can be concluded that the rise in water level along the river reach
in dam breach condition is only about 0.68 m to 1.38 m more in comparison to non dam
breach condition which is almost insignificant. It can be concluded that flood attributable
to dam break scenario is insignificant. Still, impact has been assessed in case on design
flood as well as design flood with dam break scenario both
It is clear from the inundation map that in case of design flood plus Dam break scenario,
following villages are likely to be affected :
Ghorbandha
Bendo
Kashkheda
Bhamraha
Hatta
Dhuriya
Dudhmaniya
Machharkata
Kathutiya
Gaiwata
Deori
Songarh
Bhamarkhoh
Karwahi
Belgaon
Chamaridol
Kharsoti
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Figure 14.5: Inundation Map
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14.19 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN In order to cope with the probable disaster a comprehensive and integrated Disaster
Management Plan (DMP) should be prepared which is participative and people oriented.
The concise management system should incorporate both pre-and post-disaster responses
with the sole aim of being prepared for prevention and mitigation with lessening loss of life
and property due to natural as well as man-made disasters.
The main objectives of DMP are as follows:
• Establish early warnings and alert system
• Assessment of the damage potential
• Formulation of Emergency Action plan
• Emergency organization and constitution of first response/action teams.
• Defining roles and responsibilities of key personnel responsible for Disaster Response
• Training of the personnel for disaster events
• Setting up of procedures for mitigation
• Mapping of safe access routes and safe locations
• Formulation of Emergency Action Plan
• Dissemination of information to public
14.19.1 Vulnerability Assessment of project
From the result of Dam Break Modeling it is evident that up to about 51400 m d/s of the
Dam, time required in reaching the flood wave elevation to the maximum is about two
hour. It doesn’t leave much possibility of any rescue or evacuation. Since the time available
is very short, the Disaster Management Plan should concentrate on preventive actions.
Also as evident from the inundation map, that in case of design flood plus Dam break
scenario, villages Ghorbandha, Bendo, Kashkheda, Bhamraha, Hatta, Dhuriya, Dudhmaniya,
Machharkata, Kathutiya, Gaiwata, Deori, Songarh, Bhamarkhoh, Karwahi, Belgaon,
Chamaridol and Kharsoti are likely to be affected, Disaster Management Plan is more of a
precautionary measure.
14.19.1.1 Surveillance & Monitoring
The surveillance and monitoring programs are required to be implemented during design
and investigation, construction, early operation period and operation and maintenance
phases of the life cycle of the Dam. An affective flood forecasting system is required by
establishing hourly gauge reading at suitable upstream locations with real time
communication at the top. An effective Dam safety surveillance, monitoring and
observation along with periodic inspection, safety reviews and evaluation must be put in
place. These programs will be implemented in five phases in the life cycle of a Dam viz.,
i) Design and investigation phase,
ii) Construction phase,
iii) First reservoir filling,
iv) Early operation period, and
v) Operation and maintenance phase.
Surveillance and monitoring programmes are required to be implemented during design
and investigation, construction, first reservoir filling, early operation period and operation
& maintenance phases of the life cycle of Dam. It is desirable that all gates, electricity,
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public announcement system, power generator backups etc. are thoroughly checked
before arrival of the monsoon. As it is clear from the results that u/s water level has
significant effect on the Dam break flood, the following flood conditions may be considered
for different level of alertness:
1) If u/s water level reaches at top of the Dam, it may be considered as an emergency. At
this point only a few minutes are available for taking any action. All the staff from the
Dam site should be alerted to move to a safe place. The district administration and the
corporation’s head office shall be informed about the possibility of Dam failure.
2) If u/s water level rises above the Dam top and Dam begins to fail, it may be considered
as a disaster condition. At this stage, nothing can be done, apart from informing in an
appropriate manner the relevant authorities. Information in this regard should be given
to the head office and district administration.
i) If upstream water level is at or below FRL and flood is of the order of 20% to 30% of
DESIGN FLOOD, it may be considered as normal flood condition and normal routine
may be maintained.
ii) If upstream water level is rising above FRL, it may be considered as Level-1
emergency. In this condition at least few gates must be kept fully operational. All
concerned officials should be alerted so that they may reach at the Dam site to take
suitable actions. Preventive actions may be carried out simultaneously. A suitable
warning and notification procedure may be laid. The local officials should be
informed about the situation.
iii) If upstream water level reaches above MWL and still rising, it may be considered as
Level-2 emergency. It is seen from the results that only one hour is available to
carry out suitable action at this condition. All communication systems and safety
measures should be operational now. Public announcement system or centralized
siren system may be used. A flood warning may be issued to the public downstream
so that they may reach a higher and safe place.
iv) If upstream water level reaches at the top of the Dam, it may be considered as
Level-3 emergency. At this point only a few minutes are available for taking any
action. All the staff from the Dam site should be alerted to move to a safe place.
The district level office and the corporation’s head office should be informed about
the possibility of Dam failure.
v) If upstream water level is rising above the Dam top and Dam has started to fail. It
may be considered as a disaster condition. Any information in this regard should be
immediately provided to civil administration for necessary rescue operations.
Therefore in case of any disaster resulting from dam break the following steps are planned:
• In the event of any unusual weather phenomena, alarm should be sounded in the project
and all the operations and machines in operation should be automatically tripped.
• During the unusually high rainfall constant vigil should be kept on the slopes near
project structures for any possible sliding or slippage. If anything is detected
appropriate measures should be taken to take preventive action for checking
damage to the hill slope down under.
• Requisite training of the project staff should be done apprising them of first aid
practices and what actions are required to be taken following a natural disaster.
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14.19.2 Disaster Management Plan (DMP) for Project
A Disaster Management Plan essentially consists of Disaster Response Plan, Contingency
Plans and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). A well-coordinated Disaster Response
Plan, which makes best use of the organisation’s combined expertise and resources, is
essential for efficient and successful disaster response. During an actual emergency, rapid
and effective action is required. For this to happen, disaster response and contingency
plans must be in place before a disaster strikes along with the necessary resources. If
appropriate action is not taken or if the response is delayed, lives may be needlessly lost.
14.19.2.1 Disaster Response Plan
Though many details remain unknown until an actual disaster occurs nevertheless, it is
essential to prepare a preliminary disaster plan, which should include:
• an overview of all available resources;
• identification of emergency shelter sites;
• relief activity planning, including the identification of suppliers, warehouses and
transportation means;
• identification of emergency water sources;
• establishment of chains of command and communication procedures;
• training of response personnel;
• community education and awareness-raising activities about what to do in case of
an emergency; and,
• identification and implementation of key mitigation and early-warning activities.
14.19.2.2 Contingency Plan
The Contingency Plan comprises of the following:
• Emergency assessment
• Continuity of operations during an emergency
• Rescue and medical assistance
• Health services
• Water, sanitation and hygiene promotion
• Food and nutrition
• Relief
• Shelter
• Protection, safety and security
• Logistics and transport
• Information technology (IT) and telecommunications
• Communication and reporting
• Monitoring and evaluation
14.19.2.3 Awareness and Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness requires the identification of the emergency response
participants and to establish their roles, resources and concerns. It requires evaluation of
the risks and hazards that may result in emergency situations in the community, review of
participants emergency plan for adequacy relative to a coordinated response, including the
adequacy of communication plans. The following points need to be reviewed under this:
Identification of the required response tasks not covered by the existing plans
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Matching of these tasks to the resources available at the sites
Making the changes necessary to improve existing plans, integrating the same into
an overall emergency response and communication plan and gain agreement
Committing of the integrated plan to writing and obtain approvals from local
governments
Establishing procedures for periodic testing, review and updating of the plan
Communicating the integrated plan to the general community.
14.19.2.4 Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
The Emergency Action Plan shall include all the potential indicators of disasters, since the
primary concern is for timely and reliable identification and evaluation of potential
emergency. Once the Emergency situation is foreseen, the Emergency Action Plan may be
put in operation, which may include:
• Areas likely to be inundated and evacuated with priorities to be notified.
• Safe routes to be used for evacuation. Such routes have to be identified, discussed
and planned sufficiently in advance for proper implementation of the Plan.
• Means of transportation.
• Traffic Control.
• Shelters for evacuees.
• Procedures for care and security of property from evacuated areas from anti-social
elements.
• Instructions regarding assignment of specific functions and responsibilities of
various members of evacuation teams
This plan presents warning and notification procedures to be followed in case of potential
disaster. The purpose is to provide timely warning to nearby residents and alert key
personnel responsible for taking action in case of an emergency. For this Early Warning
Systems (EWS) like sirens should be installed at key locations in the project area. In this
project two sirens are proposed.
14.19.2.5 Emergency Response Cell (ERC)
The Emergency Response Cell (ERC) at project should be constituted by the Project
Implementation Unit (PIU) which would be responsible for implementation of Emergency
Action Plan (EAP). The PM will be assisted by Project Emergency Coordinator (PEC) and
Emergency Management Group (EMG) at PIU. The Administrative and Procedural Aspects
of Emergency Action Plan shall consist of a flowchart depicting the names, addresses and
telephone numbers of the responsible officials.
14.19.2.6 Functions & Responsibilities of PEC & EMG
In the event of potential emergency, the observer at the site is required to report it to the PM,
PEC and EMG at PIU through a wireless system, if available, or by the fastest communication
system available. The PM shall be responsible for contacting the Civil Administration. In order
to oversee all the operations required to tackle the emergency situations, a centralized control
room could be set up by the project authorities near dam site.
Each person would be made aware of his/her responsibilities/ duties and the importance of
work assigned under the Emergency Action Plan. All the villages falling under the flood
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prone zone or on the margins would be connected through wireless communication
system with backup of standby telephone lines.
14.19.2.7 Emergency Control Centre (ECC)
In order to coordinate all the actions to be taken in case of disaster Emergency Control
Centre (ECC) or Crisis Management Centre (CMC) should be at the centre of operations to
handle the emergency which will give directions and execution orders. The ECC will be
equipped with resources to receive and transmit information and directions from the PEC.
The PIU should ensure that the ECC starts activating other systems without any delay once
the hazard is declared. A pre-designated room located at a safe location will be converted
as ECC. It should have the following equipment and paraphernalia:
• At least two landline telephones (one incoming and the other one out going fitted
with simultaneous/ selective broadcasting systems) connected through an EPBAX.
• Wireless Communication System/ Radio equipment (VHF/ Walkie Talkies/mobiles).
• Vulnerable Area maps marking risk prone zones, assembly points, alternate
evacuation routes, safe areas, rehabilitation centers, etc.
• Telephone directory of emergency response system and that of important district
and PIUs.
• An inventory of all emergency equipment and personnel for evacuation, personnel
protection, medical aid, etc., under the plan as well as with government agencies in
the district.
• List of ambulances, base medical facilities, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc.
• Copies of Disaster Management Plan
14.19.2.8 Communication System
In addition to setting up of alert and warning systems, emergency communication systems
also need to be established for effective communications within the identified affected
zones. For this an up-to-date telephone directory of key personnel concerned with the
emergency should be prepared and made available to all concerned. In order to coordinate
efficiently various communications, a communication coordinator (skilled telephone
operator or PA) may be appointed at the time of emergency for maintaining a log book for
the messages received in/ out and actions taken. Standby power backup and maintenance
of communication equipment should be given utmost importance.
An efficient communication system and a downstream warning system are essential for the
success of an emergency plan especially in the present case because of inadequacy of time.
The difference between a high flood and a Dam break situation shall be made clear to the
downstream people. All of the villages falling under the flooding zone or on margins are
required to be connected through wireless system backed by stand-by telephone lines. In
this project 2 sirens are proposed one at dam site and second one at least 5-10 km
downstream of dam in the command. In addition, a centralized siren system is to be
installed at project headquarters so that in event of a warning, all villages in the project
area and at vulnerable locations can be alerted through early warning system discussed
already.
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i) Merits of Satellite Communication System
Keeping the disaster scenario in mind, any terrestrial system such as land lines, etc. is likely to
be the first casualty in earthquakes or floods. The restoration of such systems is time
consuming. Moreover the maintenance of such lines becomes a great problem in emergency
even for the technical personnel who are required to reach the site of fault, which may be
struck by the disaster. So the system cannot be put back into operation soon. The fault
repairs and restoration of communication services are usually not possible for a considerable
period of time after the calamity has struck. Moreover, it is critical that the communication
systems are restored at the earliest so that relief/medical teams and other personnel can be
arranged at the earliest possible time. All the subsidiary help depends solely on the
communication system. As this criteria is paramount, existing systems such as telephones
and telex, etc. are practically of little use in case of such events and situations. Similarly,
microwave links are expected to be down due to collapse of towers, etc. Restoration of
towers and alignment of equipment is again a time consuming activity.
Keeping in view the urgency of services and their dependability during emergency relevant
to the disaster conditions, satellite based systems present an ideal solution. The satellite
based system usually comprises following components.
i) A small dish of approximately one meter diameter
ii) Associated radio equipment
iii) A power source
The deployment of the system is not dependent on the restoration of land routes. The
existing satellite-based communication systems are designed in such a manner that they
are able to withstand fairly high degree of demanding environmental conditions. Secondly,
the restoration of the satellite based system can be undertaken by carrying maintenance
personnel and equipment by helicopters at a very short notice. Even the fresh systems
could be inducted in a matter of an hour or so because most of these are designed for
transportability by air. The deployment takes usually less than an hour. The power
requirements are not large and can be met by sources such as UPS/batteries/ generators.
An efficient and reliable communications system is required for the success of disaster
management plan. The proposed communications systems must essentially integrate the
following into an Emergency Communication System:
• An Alert System
• A warning or control system
• An Emergency communication system
14.19.2.9 Emergency Alert System
An emergency alert is to be provided to the public immediately after sensing the hazard,
based on the first response (FR) received from any source. Chief Emergency Coordinator
should activate emergency Control Centre, and the Emergency Alert may be disseminated.
Initially, attempts be made to control or localise the event in the first instance by looking
into all technical aspects of the hazard and if necessary activate the needed emergency
action groups to localize the event as a first response measure. If it is not possible to
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control the emergency, on- site emergency be declared and response action be initiated in
accordance with the plan.
14.19.2.10 Emergency Warning and Control System
Based on the report of Emergency alert, the emergency is to be notified. If the Principal
Emergency Coordinator (PEC) determines that the disaster is inevitable and is likely to
adversely affect the public in the project area, he triggers the Emergency Control Centre
and activates emergency response under on-site plan. He also immediately notifies
accordingly the District Collector about the situation.
Therefore in the process of notification, the concerned regulatory authorities are alerted
and public is to be alerted by appropriate warning systems such as sirens, alarms and
broadcasts.
Each type of emergency has to be given a code for easy identification of the type of
emergency as also for notifying and seeking the support from various agencies. Suggested
warning systems of sirens are as follows:
• Disaster Warning : High pitched continuous wailing siren
• All clear : Long continuous note
These alarms/ sirens should be deployed such that the all affected zones are covered.
Communication devices like Radio, Walkie-talkie and Paging system are extremely useful
for during emergency situations, for which predetermined codes need to be developed.
14.19.2.11 Health & Medical Response System
In the event of emergency health care personnel like doctors, surgeons; hospitals and
ambulances have a vital part to play as they comprise an integral part of medical and
health emergency plan. The medical response plan is required to cater for immediate
pooling of all available medical resources and provide emergency medical treatment to the
victims of the incident. A coordinated utilisation of all available local medical resources in
the affected areas as well as the additional resources should be mobilized under the overall
charge of the on-site plan.
14.19.2.12 Training
Even a very well prepared Disaster Management Plan cannot be effective unless
accompanied by training program that include periodical exercises and mock drills.
Any such training programme should have the following:
• Appraising of concerned personnel with the content and implementation procedure
of the DMP
• Training of personnel for specific response which are assigned particular duties with
special skills
• Arrange periodic workshops to introduce personnel to new equipment, techniques,
and detailing concepts of operation
• Updating of concerned personnel of changes in the plan or procedures, if any
• Checking and testing the preparedness of response personnel
• Testing the validity, effectiveness, timing, and content of the plan and
implementing procedures
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• Testing the emergency equipment
• Update and modify the plan/ strategy on the basis of the experience acquired
through exercises and drills
• Maintain cooperative capability within first response team and with other
response/ mutual aid and agencies
• Maintain good emergency response capability
14.19.2.13 Mock Drills & Exercises
As discussed in preceding paragraph above that during training of personnel, Mock Drills
and exercises are vital to emergency preparedness. Mock scenario involves enactment of
the implementation of the response actions performed during the crisis. There are two
types of exercises are recommended for implementation according to the situation:
• Brainstorming in office with tabletop drills or exercises prove very useful for
orientation purpose. During this the emergency response organization is presented
with a situation to be resolved under different hypothetical situations that can
develop
• Actual On-site Exercises are the more comprehensive to test the entire response
organization set up including communication with all response functionaries.
Above mentioned exercises are recommended to be conducted at least once in a year, wherein
members of first response team could be actively involved. Any deficiencies that may be found
during such exercises of the plan and procedures should be corrected immediately.
14.19.2.14 Public Information System
It is important to give timely information to the public at large in order to prevent panic
and rumours during a crisis following an accident. It is the duty of PIU to inform the
affected people, public and media representatives about the situation from time to time
and the response of the emergency authority to the crisis. The emergency public
information could be carried out as follows.
Pre- crisis
The Pre-crisis situation will include the dissemination of information regarding the safety
procedure/s to be followed during an emergency through posters, talks and mass media in
local language. The literature like leaflets containing Do's/ Don’ts should be circulated to
educate the affected population.
Crisis Period
During the crisis the dissemination of information about the nature of the incident, actions
taken and instructions to the public about protective measures to be taken, evacuation,
etc. are the important steps to be followed.
Post- crisis
Immediately once the crisis is over all the attention should now be focused on information
concerning restoration of essential services, movement/restrictions, etc.
The tasks of the public information system now would be:
• Quick dissemination of emergency instructions to the personnel and public
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• To receive all calls from people in distress to obtain current information from the
ECC and respond immediately
• To obtain current information from the ECC
• Prepare briefs/ news release for media, and
• To keep an update about the casualties from the hospitals
14.19.2.15 Information Dissemination and Safety Procedures & Plan
The community participation is an important element in implementation of any Emergency
Preparedness plan, as it can foster understanding amongst the people of the area and help
in managing and controlling emergency situations.
The public at large are in not conversant with the Early Warning System (EWS) i.e. warning
signals and protective actions. During any crisis the local people often run hither thither to
seek confirmation of the hazard from neighborhood and the media, which takes time.
Therefore for any warning system, to be effective, it must act as a trigger to initiate a
preplanned protective action by the locals in the area. The awareness efforts conducted by
local planning committees, the public need to be made aware of protective options like
sheltering within their work places and evacuation.
The following information should be made available to the public:
• The likely hazards that can occur in their vicinity
• The type of warning system like sirens employed to alert them, in case of a disaster
• The protective action/s that should be adopted in different situations of emergency
• The knowledge of the escape routes and assembly points, in case of evacuation
from disaster affected areas/ zones
14.19.2.16 Safety Procedures & Plan
In case of any disaster situation Emergency Officer should immediately intimate the ERC. The
safety of men & materials and especially women and child during construction and operation
phases is the area of concern. Keeping in view the safety requirement during construction,
operation and maintenance phases, safety policy with the following regulations need to be
adopted with special priority given to the women and child at the work site.
• To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions of work.
• To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in the
design, construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and equipment.
• To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to employees.
• To provide wherever necessary protective equipment, safety appliances and
clothing, and to ensure their proper use.
• To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their work
which are known to be potential hazardous to health or safety.
• To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making
necessary changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and up
to date knowledge.
• To provide appropriate facilities of First aid and promote treatment for injuries and
illness at work.
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• To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision to
employees in health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate publicity is
given to these matters.
The following measures can be taken to avoid the loss of lives and property:
To establish an effective Dam Safety Surveillance and monitoring program including
rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation and observation data; periodic
inspection and safety reviews/evaluation by an independent panel of experts.
To formulate and implement an Emergency Action Plan to minimize to the
maximum extent possible, the probable loss of life and damage to property in the
event of failure of Dam.
14.19.2.17 Evacuation Plans
Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation
based on local needs. These are:
Demarcation/prioritization of areas to be evacuated.
Notification procedures and evacuation instructions.
Safe routes, transport and traffic control.
Shelter areas
Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team.
The flood prone zone in the event of break of Dam shall be marked properly at the village
locations with adequate factor of safety. As the flood wave takes littel time in reaching
these villages, its populace shall be informed in time through wireless and sirens etc. so
that people may climb on hills or to some elevated place beyond the flood zone which has
been marked.
The Evacuation Team would comprise of:
i) D.M./ his Nominated Officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at higher
elevation with state administration)
ii) Engineer-in-Charge of the Project (Team Leader)
iii) S.P./Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order)
iv) C.M.O. of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people)
v) Sarpanch/ Affected Village Representative to execute the resettlement operation with
the aid of state machinery and project proponents
vi) Sub-committees at village level
The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt
determination of the flood situation from time to time. Once the red alert is declared the
whole state machinery will come into swing and will start evacuating people in the
inundation areas delineated in the inundation map. For successful execution, annually
Demo exercise will be done. DM is to monitor the entire operation.
14.19.2.18 Notifications
Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan. Separate
procedures shall be established for slowly and rapidly developed situations and failure.
Notifications will include communications of either an alert situation or an alert situation
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followed by a warning situation. An alert situation will indicate that although failure or
flooding is not imminent, a more serious situation can occur unless conditions improve. A
warning situation will indicate that flooding is imminent because of an impending failure of
the Dam. It will normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
For a regular watch on the flood level situation, it is necessary that two or more people
man the flood cell so that an alternative person is available for notification round the clock.
In addition, a few guidelines to be generally followed by the inhabitants of flood prone
areas, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation include:
Listen to the radio for advance information and advice.
Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal and household
goods and all clothing out of reach of flood water.
Move vehicles, farm animals and movable goods to the highest ground nearby.
Move all dangerous pollutants and insecticides out of reach of water.
Do not enter flood waters on foot, if it can be avoided.
14.19.3 Financial Outlay for Installation of VSAT Communication System
The cost of deployment and maintenance of a telecommunication system in disaster prone
areas is not as important as the availability, reliability and quick restoration of the system.
The cost of both satellite bandwidth and the ground components of the satellite
communication system has been decreasing rapidly like that of V-SAT (Very Small Aperture
Terminal) based systems supporting a couple of voice and data channels. Some highly
superior communication systems in VSAT without time delay are marketed by National
agencies like HECL, HFCL and HCL Comet. There are two different types of systems with the
above mentioned capabilities available in the market viz. SCPCDAMA and TDMA. However,
the first one named SCPCDAMA has been recommended for the project. Two such systems
would be installed at suitable upstream and downstream locations. The estimated cost of
installation of such a communication system has been given in Table 14.9.
14.20 COST ESTIMATES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT The estimated total cost of execution of disaster management plan including the
equipment would be Rs.90.00 lakhs and the breakup of the same is given at Table 14.9.
Table 14.9: Estimated cost of setting up of satellite communication system and disaster
management plan S. No. Particulars Amount Rs. in
Lakh A. Capital Expenditure 1 Installation of alert systems, 2 sirens, setting up of Central Control
Room, etc. 15.00
2 Setting up of communication system 25.00 3 Setting up of Emergency Response Organisation 10.00 4 Public Information System 10.00 Total - A 60.00
B. Recurring Expenditure 5 Training & Miscellaneous 5.00 6 Maintenance of alert systems and other equipment 25.00 Total - B 30.00
Grand Total A+B 90.00
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15.1 INTRODUCTION
Environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of a
project after implementation of mitigation and management measures. Monitoring results
help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment. They are also
used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed
project design or operational changes.
Monitoring shall be performed during all stages of the project (namely: construction,
commissioning, and operation) to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted,
and to verify the impact predictions. The monitoring program will indicate where changes
to procedures or operations are required, in order to reduce impacts on the environment
or local population. The monitoring program for the Gond Major Irrigation Project will be
undertaken to meet the following objectives:
To monitor the environmental conditions (Ambient air and noise quality) in the project
area and nearby villages during construction as well as operational phase of the
project;
To monitor the surface and ground water quality in the project area
To monitor the status of terrestrial biodiversity within the project area.
To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been
adopted, and are proving effective in practice;
To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the
effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback
mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.
15.2 WATER QUALITY
Construction Phase
The water quality monitoring should be carried out in seasonal intervals i.e. three times a
year. Three sampling sites for surface water and 5 sites for ground water have been
identified along with parameters to be monitored, as detailed in Table 15.1. The total cost
for analysis the samples work out to be Rs. 2.00 lakhs per year. The monitoring is proposed
to be for a period of 3 years of construction phase.
Operation phase
The surface water quality of the Gopad river with in the project area at three different
location can be monitored thrice a year (winter, pre and post-monsoon seasons). The
proposed parameters to be monitored include; pH, temperature, electrical conductivity,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, chlorides, Sulphates,
Nitrates, DO, COD, BOD, Iron, Zinc and Manganese, Total coliforms, fecal coliforms. The
sampling sites are Upstream of weir site, weir Site and at Powerhouse site. The total cost of
analysis will be Rs. 2.00 lakhs per year.
Chapter 15
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
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During project operation phase, a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is proposed to be set up
to treat the effluent from the project colony. It is envisaged to analyze a sample once every
month each before and after treatment from the STP. The parameters to be analyzed
include pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total coliforms and Fecal
coliforms. The cost of analysis would be Rs. 1.00 lakh/ year. Thus, total cost for analysis in
project operation works out to (2.00 + 1.00) Rs. 3.00 lakh/ year.
Table 15.1: Water Quality Monitoring Schedule
Physical & Chemical Parameter Sampling Location in Construction and
Operational Phase Monitoring
A. Surface water
pH, Temperature, Electrical
Conductivity, Turbidity, DO, BOD, TDS,
Total Hardness, Total alkalinity,
Chloride, Nitrate, Phosphate, Total
coliforms, fecal coliforms
Gopad river: Proposed reservoir area
Once in 3
months
(seasonal)
Gopad river: near Dam site
Gopad river: Downstream of Dam site
B. Ground Water Sampling Location in Construction and
Operational Phase
pH, Temperature, Electrical
conductivity, Turbidity, Total dissolved
solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Total
hardness, Chlorides, Sulphates,
Nitrates, , Iron, Zinc and Manganese,
Total coliforms
Jalpani village near Dam site
Winter, pre
and post
monsoon
Nigri village
Sarai village
15.3 AIR QUALITY
Construction Phase
The ambient air quality monitoring during construction phase will be carried out as per the
requirement of State Pollution Control Board. Every year monitoring is proposed to be
done for the following three seasons; Winter, Pre – monsoon and Post – monsoon.
The frequency of monitoring could be twice a week for four consecutive weeks at each
station for each season (Table 15.2). The parameters to be monitored are PM10, PM2.5,
Sulphurdioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Every year, ambient air quality is to be
monitored for (3 stations x 2 days/week x 4 weeks x 3 seasons) 72 days. A total cost of Rs.
3.00 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
Operation Phase
Same schedule, as followed during construction phase, should be continued for operation
phase as well.
Table 15.2: Air Quality Monitoring Schedule
Air Quality Sampling Location Monitoring
SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5
Near Proposed Dam site Winter
Pre - monsoon
Post - monsoon
Proposed Pump House-1
Proposed Pump House-2
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15.4 NOISE
Noise emissions from vehicular movement, operation of various construction equipments
may be monitored during construction phase at major construction sites. The frequency of
monitoring could be once in a month. For monitoring of noise generators, an Integrating
Sound Level Meter will be required for which an amount of Rs. 1.00 lakh per year has been
earmarked.
Operation Phase
Same schedule, as followed during construction phase, should be continued for operation
phase as well.
15.5 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
The monitoring of various activities suggested under Biodiversity conservation, Fisheries
management, etc. like ecological surveys for composition of flora and fauna, Survey &
observation Density of vegetation Survival rate of species planted, and Status/ Survival rate
of bio-engineering and engineering structures for controlling soil erosion. For this an
amount of Rs.5.00 Lakhs per year has been earmarked (Table 15.3). Under this programme
the survival rate and recruitment of the seedlings planted in the plots taken up
afforestation programme would be monitored through annual sampling either by belt
transect method or circular plot method. Not only the survival and recruitment percentage
but their height and other growth parameters would also be monitored on annual basis.
15.6 MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW
During the operation phase of the project, most crucial environmental aspect is the
monitoring of flow released from the dam site to ensure that minimum flow is maintained
at all times especially during lean season. Therefore, monitoring mechanism will be
established to monitor river flow immediately downstream of the diversion structure.
15.7 MUCK DUMPING
In addition to the air quality, water quality and noise quality during the construction phase,
management of construction debris and muck arising out of the earth work involved in the
hydro projects is also a major environmental issue. Adopting appropriate and well-
designed engineering structures for retaining the construction debris and muck is very
crucial and this needs to be monitored regularly both for stability of the dump sites and
their vulnerability to stress failures due to various factors such as erodability, strong water
currents and earth pressures. Regular monitoring of the muck dumping will be carried out
by State forest department and Madhya Pradesh State Pollution Control Board ( MP SPCB).
15.8 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT
A sum of Rs. 80.50 lakh have been allocated to implement various activities and
programmes envisaged under EMP, the details are given in Table 15.3. The detailed matrix
of EMP listing all the activities to monitored and implementing agency has been given in
Table 15.4.
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Table 15.3: Cost Estimates for Environmental Monitoring Programme S. No. Activities Cost (Rs. lakh)
1 Monitoring Construction Phase (3 years)
Water quality 6.0 Air quality 9.0 Noise 3.0 Total 18.0
Operation Phase (for 3 years)
Water quality 9.00 Air quality 9.00 Noise 3.00 Total 21.00
Total Monitoring (1) 39.00
2 Ecological Studies/ monitoring @Rs. 5.00 lakh per year for 5 years (2 year + 3 years)
25.00
3 Monitoring of minimum environmental flow @Rs. 0.50 lakh per year for first 3 years during operation phase
1.50
4 Monitoring of Muck/Debris Dumping and Disposal Rs. 1.00 lakh per year for 3 years during construction period
3.00
5 Documentation & Reporting- Six monthly reporting @ Rs.2.00 lakhs per year for 6 years (3 + 3 years)
12.00
GRAND TOTAL (1-5) 80.50
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Table 15.4: Matrix of Environmental Monitoring Plan
Sl. No. Aspect Source of Impact Monitoring Methods & Parameters Frequency Executing
Agency Monitoring
Agency 1.0 Construction Phase
1.1 Local manpower absorption
Construction works Contractor’s report No. of people working in the project
Monthly Contractor and WRD
District Administration
1.2 Erosion and landslides Excavation, disposal, cut & fill and land clearing activities for access roads, disposal
Survey & observation Extent and degree of landslides and erosion
Monthly Contractor WRD
1.3 Biodiversity Land clearing activities fauna in the project area for access roads, colonies
Composition of flora and fauna Twice in a
year WRD/ State Forest Dept.
WRD/ State Forest Dept.
1.4 Revegetation & Afforestation
Land clearing, disposal works Survey & observation Density of vegetation Survival rate of species planted
Every six months
WRD/ State Forest Dept.
WRD/ State Forest Dept.
1.5 Soil erosion control measures
Excavation, landslides, cut & fill for road construction
Status/ Survival rate of bio-engineering and engineering structures for controlling soil erosion
Twice in a year
Contractor/ WRD
State Forest Dept.
1.6 Water Quality Excavation, disposal, sewage disposal, land clearing activities and other chemical parameters
Surveys & sample collection and field measurements Turbidity, pH, T.D.S., D.O., Total coliform and E. coli
Monthly Contractor and WRD
SPCB
1.7 Air Quality
Operation of DG sets, transportation of muck, road construction, mobilization of material, running of crushers
Survey & observation Levels of PM10, PM 2.5, SO2, NOx
Monthly Contractor and WRD
SPCB
1.8 Public Health Dust, noise, influx to labour Regular medical checkups and camps Monthly Contractor and WRD
Public Health Dept.
1.9 Health Delivery System Status of water and vector borne diseases, improvement observed, if any, status of women and child health
Twice in a year
Contractor and WRD
Public Health Dept.
1.10 Fish Management
Impact of project construction on fish, and aquatic life, if any Status of infrastructure developed for fish management like hatcheries
Once every Season
State Fisheries Directorate
WRD
1.11 Restoration of Muck Disposal sites, construction areas
Status of protection measures, sausage/ gabion walls, etc. at the dumping sites. Whether dumping is done so as to avoid spillage of muck into the river, especially during rains Leveling and
Twice a year Contractor and WRD
State Forest Department and SPCB.
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Sl. No. Aspect Source of Impact Monitoring Methods & Parameters Frequency Executing
Agency Monitoring
Agency slope stabilization works at dumping sites. Status of afforestation/ turfing works on the dumping sites
2.0 Operation Phase
2.1 Water Quality and Quantity (for irrigation & domestic use)
Reservoir water regulation Diversion of water for power generation
Surveys, sample collection & field measurement Water discharge d/s of barrage water quality (turbidity, coliform, bacteria and others
Fortnightly during the lean period
Contractor and WRD
SPCB.
2.2 Fish production Reservoir regulation Survey & observation Monthly State Fisheries Directorate
WRD
2.3 Aquatic weeds Surveys & sample collection Kinds of species
Seasonal WRD SPCB.
2.4 Catchment conditions Deforestation Survey & observation of Barren areas for Afforestation
Every year Forest Dept. WRD
2.5 Risk of Leakage and Bursting of Pipelines
2.6 Accidents Sudden discharge of water for power generation
Surveillance Monthly WRD Meteorological Department
2.7 Disaster Heavy rainfall, flash flood situation
Surveillance and disaster management exercises, Regular information to people
-- WRD Meteorological Department
WRD: Water Resource Department; SPCB: State Pollution Control Board
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Chapter COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION PLAN 16
16.1 INTRODUCTION
The total land requirement for proposed project is 1442.148 ha; out of which 833.259 ha
is government land, 225.019 ha is private land and 383.87 ha is forest land. Total
1263.401 ha of area will be submerged, out of which 699.182 ha is government land,
216.249 ha is private land and 347.97 ha is forest land. The details are given in Table
16.1.
Table 16.1: Details of Land Requirement
S.
No. Land Use Details
Land Required for Different Components (ha) Total Area
(ha) Dam
Sheet
Waste
Weir Submergence
Power
Generation Canal
1 Government Land 40.741 32.35 699.182 60.986 0.00 833.259
2 Private Land
(unirrigated) 0.00 8.77 216.249 0.00 0.00 225.019
3 Forest Land 9.00 10.10 347.97 0.00 16.80 383.87
Total Area (ha) 49.741 51.22 1263.401 60.986 16.80 1442.148
As per the proposal for Stage-I clearance for diversion of forest land submitted to MoEF&CC
vide Proposal No. FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016 dated 23/10/2017, the total forest proposed
to be diverted is 383.87 ha. Out of which, 154.12 ha of forest land under the jurisdiction of
Singrauli Forest Division falls in Singrauli district while the rest 229.748 ha of forest land
under the jurisdiction of Sanjay Tiger Reserve falls in Sidhi district. The details are given in
Table 16.2.
Table 16.2: Details of Forest Land Requirement
S.
No. District Division
Forest Land
(ha) Legal Status
1 Singrauli Singrauli
43.60 Reserved Forest
2 110.52 Protected Forest
3 Sidhi Sanjay Tiger Reserve
227.708 Reserved Forest
4 2.04 Protected Forest
TOTAL 383.868
Source: http://forestsclearance.nic.in/viewreport.aspx?pid=FP/MP/IRRIG/23033/2016
16.2 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME
The objective of the compensatory afforestation programme will be to develop natural
areas in which ecological functions could be maintained on sustainable basis. Therefore,
planting of economic important indigenous species would be undertaken. The Forest
Conservation Act, 1980 stipulates strict forest protection measures and procedures (Guide
Line 1/08-1 (ii)) for compensatory afforestation on acceptance of diversion of forestland for
non-forestry purposes.
i. If non-forest land is not available, compensatory plantation is to be raised on degraded
forest land to the extent of twice the affected or lost forest area, and
ii. If non-forest land is available, the extent of compensatory plantation will be equivalent
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of the affected or lost forest area.
As per the above guidelines plantations are to be taken up in equal extent of Non-forest
land of forest land diversion [383.868 ha], it is also proposed to have avenue plantation
along the proposed roads with iron guard fencing work around the new plantation with
angle iron in the diverted land to maintain the ecological balance of the areas.
The compensatory afforestation is proposed to be undertaken on Non-forest land identified in
consultation with the State Forest Department and District administration. For the purpose of
compensatory afforestation, user agency has identified and acquired 6 patches of 393.948 ha
of revenue land. The revenue land acquired is in two districts. Details of revenue land acquired
is given in Table 16.3.
Table 16.3: Details of Acquired Revenue Land
S. No. District Village Area (ha) Khasra Details 1 Sidhi Chhatadar 144.978 Araji no. 1 to 17 & 20 to 28 2
Singrauli
Tal 31.28 248/204, 94, 36, 178 3 Bihra 72.93 312/2 4 Digwah 24 720, 185
5 Bhaisabuda 98.78 1/1, 1/2, 2, 345, 106/1, 384, 385, 116, 122, 148/1, 512, 136
6 Longadoh 21.89 810, 135, 287 TOTAL 393.948
The estimated cost of Compensatory Afforestation programme with cost of non-forest land
acquired for afforestation programme is Rs. 5243.448 lakh. Details are given in Table 16.4.
Table 16.4: Cost estimates of Compensatory Afforestation Plan
Particulars Area (ha) Rate Rs./ha Amount
(Rs. lakh) Total area for compensatory afforestation as per the notification
393.948 1.00 lakh 393.948
Cost of Land (Non Forest Land) 393.948 12.31 lakh 4849.500 Total 5243.448
16.3 NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has made it mandatory vide its order dated 28.03.2008
for the user agency to compensate for the diversion of forest land for non-forest use for
developmental activities on the recommendations of Central Empowered Committee (CEC)
to make payment of Net Present Value (NPV) of such diverted land so as to utilize this for
getting back in the long run which are lost by such diversion.
For this purpose CEC has classified the forest taking in view the ecological role and value of
the forest and the purpose of the report, 16 major forest types have been further grouped
into 6 ecological classes depending upon their ecological functions.
1 Eco-Class I Consisting of Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests, Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests and Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
2 Eco-Class II Consisting of Littoral and Swamp Forests
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3 Eco-Class III Consisting of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
4 Eco-Class IV Consisting of Tropical Thorn Forests and Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
5 Eco-Class V Consisting of Sub-tropical Board Leaved Hill Forests, Sub-Tropical Pine Forests and Sub Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
6 Eco-Class VI Consisting of Montane Wet Temperate Forests, Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests, Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests, Sub Alpine Forest, Moist Alpine Scrub and Dry Alpine Scrub
The net present value per hectare of forest has been fixed based on this data.
Based on this, the NPV was fixed and the following recommendations have been made:
For non-forestry use/diversion of forest land, the NPV may be directed to be deposited in
the Compensatory Afforestation Fund as per the rates given below (in Rs.).
Eco-Value class Very Dense Forest Dense Forest Open Forest Class I 10,43,000 9,39,000 7,30,000 Class II 10,43,000 9,39,000 7,30,000 Class III 8,87,000 8,03,000 6,26,000 Class IV 6,26,000 5,63,000 4,38,000 Class V 9,39,000 8,45,000 6,57,000 Class VI 9,91,000 8,97,000 6,99,000
Total forest land requirement for diversion for non-forest use i.e. for the construction of
Gond Major Irrigation Project activities is 383.868 ha (Refer Table 16.2). As the forest in
the project area fall in the Eco Class IV as being of type Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
therefore NPV @ Rs. 6.26 lakhs/ha would be required to be deposited in the Compensatory
Afforestation Fund. The total cost of NPV has been computed as under.
Table 16.5: Cost estimates of NPV
Particulars
Forest Land to be Diverted (ha) 383.868
Eco Class IV
Total NPV to be deposited @Rs. 6.26 lakhs per ha Rs. 2403.01
16.4 ABSTRACT OF COST The total cost of the compensatory afforestation plan, NPV, compensation of trees and
cost of damage to fence and infrastructure is Rs. 7646.458 lakh. The details are given in
Table 16.6.
Table 16.6: Total Cost
Sl. No. Particulars Amount
(Rs. in lakh) 1 Compensatory Afforestation 5243.448 2 Net Present Value (NPV) 2403.01
Total 7646.458
* Cost of trees will be additional as per actual assessment
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Chapter COST ESTIMATES 17
17.1 COST ESTIMATES
An amount of Rs. 13653.34 lakh has been allocated for the implementation of
Environmental Management Plan and Corporate Environment Responsibility Plan for Gond
Major Irrigation Project are summarized in the table given below.
S. No. Management Plans Amount
(Rs. in lakh)
1 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 3330.42
2 Command Area Development Plan 450.00
3 Biodiversity Conservation And Wildlife Management Plan 185.00
4 Fisheries Development Plan 62.50
5 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan 1147.76
6 Landscaping, Restoration and Green Belt Development Plan 70.00
7 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan 50.00
8 Muck Management Plan 95.00
9 Solid Waste Management Plan 75.70
10 Public Health Delivery System 130.00
11 Energy Conservation Measures 110.00
12 Environmental Safeguards during Constriction Activities 130.00
13 Disaster Management Plan 90.00
14 Environment Monitoring Plan 80.50
15 Compensatory Afforestation Plan 7646.46
Total 13653.34
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE I
1. Per Hectare Cost Norm for Energy Plantation
S.
No. Particulars of Work Unit Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
1 Survey & demarcation and preparation of map Ha. 1 450 450.00
2 Bush cutting in the plantation site Ha. 1 750 750.00
3 Interlacing of thorny bushes in B/wire Rmt 180 3 540.00
4 Preparation of inspection path 60 cm wide Rmt 150 15 2,250.00
5 Layout of Pits Ha. 1 500 500.00
6 Digging of pits 45x45x45 cm (40% of total) “00 4.4 1200 5,280.00
7 Digging of pits 30x30x30 cm(60% of total) “00 6.6 900 5,940.00
8 Filling of pits 45x45x45 cm (40% of total) “00 4.4 200 880.00
9 Filling of pits 30x30x30 cm (60% of total) “00 6.6 150 990.00
10 Carriage of naked roots plants over a distance of 2 km up
hill “00 2 100 200.00
11 Carriage of plants in P/bags over a distance of 2 km up hill “00 3.5 150 525.00
12 Planting of entire Plants raised in P/bags “00 7 300 2,100.00
13 Planting of naked root plants “00 4 200 800.00
14 Nursery cost of Plants Nos 1100 9 9,900.00
Total
31,105.00
15 Soil & moisture conservation works (25% of initial
planting cost) 25%
7,776.25
16 Add cost of RCC fence post and B/Wire
LS 13,000.00
Total Plantation Cost
51,881.25
Or Say
51,900.00
Maintenance
I 1st Year - 25% Mortality
1 Re-digging of Pits 45x45x45 cm “00 1.1 600 660.00
2 Re-digging of Pits 30x30x30 cm “00 1.65 450 742.50
3 Filling of pits 45x45x45 cm “00 1.1 100 110.00
4 Filling of pits 30x30x30 cm “00 1.65 75 123.75
5 Planting of P/bags plants “00 1.75 300 525.00
6 Planting of naked root plants “00 1 200 200.00
7 Carriage of plants in P/bags over a distance of 2 km up hill “00 0.88 150 132.00
8 Carriage of naked roots plants over a distance of 2 km up
hill “00
0.5 100 50.00
9 Nursery cost of Plants No. 275 9 2,475.00
10 Repair of fence Rmt 180 2 360.00
11 Repair of Inspection path LS 500.00
12 Repair of soil and moisture conservation works LS 1,000.00
Total I
6,878.25
Or Say
6,880.00
II 2nd Year - 20% Mortality
1 Re-digging of Pits 45x45x45 cm “00 0.88 600 528.00
2 Re-digging of Pits 30x30x30 cm “00 1.32 450 594.00
3 Filling of pits 45x45x45 cm “00 0.88 100 88.00
4 Filling of pits 30x30x30 cm “00 1.32 75 99.00
5 Planting of P/bags plants “00 1.4 300 420.00
6 Planting of naked root plants “00 0.8 200 160.00
S.
No. Particulars of Work Unit Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
7 Carriage of plants in P/bags over a distance of 2 km up hill “00 0.70 150 105.00
8 Carriage of naked roots plants over a distance of 2 km up
hill “00
0.40 100 40.00
9 Nursery cost of Plants No. 220 9 1,980.00
10 Repair of fence Rmt 180 2 360.00
11 Repair of Inspection path LS 500.00
12 Repair of soil and moisture conservation works LS 1,000.00
Total II
5,874.00
Or Say
5,870.00
III 3rd Year - 15% Mortality
1 Re-digging of Pits 45x45x45 cm “00 0.66 600 396.00
2 Re-digging of Pits 30x30x30 cm “00 0.99 450 445.50
3 Filling of pits 45x45x45 cm “00 0.66 100 66.00
4 Filling of pits 30x30x30 cm “00 0.99 75 74.25
5 Planting of P/bags plants “00 1.05 300 315.00
6 Planting of naked root plants “00 0.6 200 120.00
7 Carriage of plants in P/bags over a distance of 2 km up hill “00 0.53 150 78.75
8 Carriage of naked roots plants over a distance of 2 km up
hill “00
0.30 100 30.00
9 Nursery cost of Plants No. 165 9 1,485.00
10 Repair of fence Rmt 200 2 400.00
11 Repair of Inspection path LS 500.00
12 Repair of soil and moisture conservation works LS 1,000.00
Total III
4,910.50
Or Say
4,910.00
Total Maintenance Cost 17,660.00
GRAND TOTAL Ha. 1 69,560.00
2. Cost Norm for per ha Staggered Trenches
Total no. of trenches per ha 108 nos.
Total length of trenches per ha including 3 nos. continuous trenches
1,200 m
Earth work involved 270 cum
Jungle area to be cleared @ 1 sq throughout the length 1,200 sq m
Cost of jungle clearing etc @ Rs 1.50 per sq m 1,200
Cost of excavation of trenches: 270. cum x Rs. 4.50 12,150
Total Cost 13,950
3. Cost Norm for per Brushwood Check Dam S.
No. Particulars of Work Unit Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
1 Survey and alignment LS
850.00
2 Purchase and transport of wooden pegs (size - 5cm dia
and 65 cm long) Nos 10 40 400.00
3 Construction of bund by fixing wooden pegs at distance Nos 10 40 400.00
S.
No. Particulars of Work Unit Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
of 20cm in 2 rows and supporting soil and moorum
4 Plantation of bushes at distance of 0.5m Nos 2 50 100.00
5 Plantation of trees at distance of 2.5m Nos 1 120 120.00
6 Inter cultivation 3 times Nos 9 15 135.00
Total
2,005.00
or Say
2,000.00
4. Cost Norm for per Dry Stone Masonry Check Dam
S.
No. Particulars of Work Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
1 Excavation in hard soil including 50m lead and 1.5m
lift with dressing 18 26 468.00
2 Collection of boulders at source (max. size
0.014cum), without quarrying i.e. picked up boulder 18 44 792.00
3 Labour only for boulder soling hand packed
excluding consodidation 18 52.8 950.40
4 Collection of rubble for masonry (size 0.014 to 0.06
cum) other than black trap, basalt, organite 36 304 1,0944.00
5 Labour only for dry random rubble masonry 36 181 6516.00
6 Transportation of boulder, late rite, ruble pitching
stone lead 4 km 54 100.40 5,421.60
7 Bush Planting work 20 50 1,000.00
8 Wedding and soil work (inter cultivation) 20 25 500.00
Total
26,592.00
or Say
26,600.00
5. Cost Norm for per Gabion Check Dam
S.
No. Particulars of Work Unit Qty.
Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
1 Survey and alignment LS
170.00
2 Excavation of earth work for foundation on both bank Cum 28.78 26 748.28
3 Bund construction, collection of dry rubble Cum 36.25 44 1,595.00
4 Foundation for pitching on banks Cum 2.94 26 76.44
5 Pitching on both banks Sqm 10.9 262 2,855.80
6 Transportation charges Cum 39 145 5,655.00
7 Galvanized wire mash 15x15cm wire mash having 3 mm
dia Sqm 150 120 18,000.00
8 Transportation of wire mash upto 50 km Item 1
200.00
Survey during construction LS
170.00
Total
29,470.52
or Say
29,500.00
SECTION – III
PUBLIC HEARING ISSUES AND RESPONSE
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 1
Public Hearings for the Gond Major Irrigation Project were conducted by Madhya Pradesh
State Pollution Control Board (MPSPCB) on 19th and 23rd December 2018. Details are as
follows:
19.12.2018 11:00 am Village: Jalpani, Tehsil: Sarai, District: Singrauli
23.12.2018 11:30 am Primary School, Village: Amradandi, Tehsil: Kusmi, District:
Sidhi
Meeting at Jalpani was chaired by Additional District Magistrate, Singrauli District
Meeting at Amradandi was chaired by Additional District Magistrate, Sidhi District
Many other government officials of the various government departments attended the public
hearing meeting. Proceeding of the Public Hearing has been prepared by MPSPCB and is
enclosed as a separate document. Major issues raised by the local people during the meetings
have been tabulated below district wise for ready reference.
Publications of notice for public hearing were given in Times of India, Dainik Bhaskar, Patrika
and Navbharat, Madhya Pradesh dated 18th November 2018 in district Singrauli and dated 22nd
November 2018 in district Sidhi. Based on this publication, no objections/comments were
received by Regional office of MP state pollution control board.
SUGGESTIONS/ COMMENTS GIVEN BY STAKEHOLDERS (District Singrauli)
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
1 Smt. Sukli Yadav, W/o
Sh. Vishwanath Yadav,
Village: Bhainsabuda
How much will be the
compensation?
In absence of handpump or
well we are facing shortage of
drinking water.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
The project has provision of
5.50 MCM of drinking water.
This will solve the problems.
Concerning department i.e.
P.H.E. & R.E.S. will we
informed to Act accordingly.
2 Smt. Butali W/o Sh.
Tilakdhari Singh, Village:
Jalpani
By the construction of this dam
on Gopad river my 40-50 Mahua
trees are getting submerged.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and will
be compensated as per M.P.
govt. rates.
PUBLIC HEARING ISSUES AND RESPONSE
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
3 Sh. Lanka Singh S/o Sh.
Jagmohan Singh, Village:
Jalpani
By the construction of this dam
on Gopad river my 10-15 Mahua
trees are getting submerged.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and will
be compensated as per M.P.
govt. rates.
4 Sh. Devideen Panika S/o
Sh. Sugriv Panika,
Village: Jalpani
By the construction of this dam
on Gopad river my Mahua trees
and land are getting submerged.
We should be paid with proper
compensation rates.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and
will be compensated as per
M.P. govt. rates.
5 Sh. Jaypal S/o Sh.
Kunwar Singh, Village:
Jalpani
By the construction of this dam
on Gopad river my 20-25 Mahua
trees and 2-3 acres of land is
getting submerged. We should
be paid with proper
compensation rates.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and
will be compensated as per
M.P. govt. rates.
6 Sh. Indrapal Singh S/o
Sh. Kunwar Singh,
Village: Jalpani
By the construction of this dam
on Gopad river my 40-50 Mahua
trees and 2-3 acres of land is
getting submerged. We should
be paid with proper
compensation rates.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and
will be compensated as per
M.P. govt. rates.
7 Sh. Heeramani Verma
S/o Sh. Sukhadev
Verma, Village:
Langadhol
M. No.: 7693957177
My Suggestion is proper
rehabilitation for temporary
and permanent land owners.
What will be percentage of
employment generation for
youth and what will be rate of
compensation.
100% Solatium will be made to
affected persons/families as per
collector guide lines, 2018.
8 Sh. Motilal Singh S/o Sh.
Mohan Singh, Village:
Digwah
My Suggestion is proper
rehabilitation for temporary and
permanent land owners along
with employment should be
provided. What will be rate of
compensation.
100% Solatium will be made to
affected persons/families as per
collector guide lines, 2018.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 3
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
9 Sh. Shital Prasad Biyar
S/o Sh. Keshw Prasad,
Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 6260335333
We are living on M.P. Govt. land,
our home and well will be lost,
kindly compensate properly. We
support construction of Dam.
100% Solatium will be made to
affected persons/families as per
collector guide lines, 2018.
10 Sh. Chhatrapal Singh S/o
Sh. Babaloo Singh,
Village: Jalpani
M. No.: 6260335333
We want land in place of
submerged land
We should be paid a Pension
of Rs. 10000.00 per month
per family.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
11 Sh. Ramayan Baiga S/o
Sh. Ramkumar Baiga,
Village: Jalpani
As forest dept. is being
compensated with land
against land, similarly, we
also want land in place of
submerged land and should
be paid a Pension of Rs.
15000.00 per month per
family.
Person above 18 years must
be given employment.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
12 Sh. Matukdhari Agariya
S/o Sh. Kewala Agriya,
Village: Jalpani
We want land in place of
submerged land and should
be paid a Pension of Rs.
15000.00 per month per
family.
Person above 18 years must
be given employment.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
13 Sh. Buddhalal S/o Sh.
Rama Baiga, Village:
Jalpani
We want land in place of
submerged land and should
be paid a Pension of Rs.
15000.00 per month per
family.
Person above 18 years must
be given employment.
One central school and one
hospital should also be
provided.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to
Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Provision for school and
health center has been made
in R&R Plan.
14 Sh. Samaylal Panika S/o
Sh. Malshay, Village:
We want land in place of
submerged land and should be
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
Jalpani paid a Pension of Rs. 15000.00
per month per family.
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
15 Sh. Ramprasad Singh S/o
Sh. Babaloo Singh,
Village: Bhainsabuda
We want road side land in place
of submerged land and
landowners within forest area
should be compensated with
land within forest area.
Compensation should be paid a
per govt. norms and rates.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
16 Sh. Suksen Singh S/o Sh.
Bihari Singh, Village:
Bhainsabuda
M. No.: 8720038819
We want land in forest area,
rehabilitated area should have
same layout as we have now and
each village should be connected
canal system.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
17 Sh. Fareed Khan S/o Sh.
Sahammati Tulla Khan,
Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 8120494963
Community residing on M.P.
govt. land should be treated
as rehabilitated and should
be well compensated as well
as provided with basic
amenities.
One person from each
displaced family must be
given job.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
18 Sh. Ramlallu Singh S/o
Sh. Mahendra Singh,
Village: Singrawal
M. No.: 9111534971
I request administration to
ensure proper implementation of
R&R plan for displaced families.
The Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR) will be strictly
followed.
19 Sh. Kamalsay Panika S/o
Sh. Devraj Panika,
Village: Bhadeli
M. No.: 9644474610
I have no objection with this
project as it is in the benefit of
community and country.
However, I request
administration to ensure proper
implementation of R&R plan for
The Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR) will be strictly
followed.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 5
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
displaced families.
20 Sh. Kabir Das Saket S/o
Sh. Rammilan Saket,
Village: Bhainsabuda
M. No. 9285442314
We want land in forest area,
rehabilitated area should have
same layout as we have now and
each village should be connected
canal system.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
21 Sh. Dineshwar Prasad
Singh S/o Sh. Shobha
Singh, Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 9977801585
This project will lead to
development of area,
submergence will increase
the ground water level.
The displaced families should
be properly rehabilitated.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
22 Sh. Heeralal Jaiswal S/o
Sh. Shree Kumar Jaiswal,
Village: Jalpani
M. No.: 6261894508
The displaced families should
be properly rehabilitated with
house for house facility.
Dam should be constructed
as it will provide water for
irrigation.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
23 Sh. Lanka Singh S/o Sh.
Jagmohan Singh, Village:
Jalpani
One inspection bungalow
alongwith residential building
should be constructed for
officers hault during and after
the construction of dam.
Arrangements will be made as
per M.P. Govt. provisions.
24 Sh. Ram Singh S/o Sh.
Chhotelal singh, Village:
Langadhol
Due to the construction of
dam, cremation ground since
the time of our fore fathers is
getting submerged.
One temple at Kharra Pahari
should be constructed.
Provision for cremation ground
and temple has been made in
R&R Plan as per Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
25 Sh. Kamta Singh S/o Sh.
Babadeen Singh, Village:
Langadhol
M. No.: 62690383390
School and other basic facilities
and resources must be provided
in rehabilitated area.
Provision for school and all the
basic facilities/ amenities has
been made in R&R Plan as per
Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 6
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
(RFCT_LARR).
26 Sh. Vishwanath Singh
Markam S/o Sh.
Dharmpal Singh, Village:
Singrawal
M. No.: 9165375755
School and health care
facilities must be provided in
rehabilitated area.
Disaster management cell
with a Rest house for govt.
officials to hault should be
constructed.
Provision for school and
health care facilities has
been made in R&R Plan as
per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
27 Sh. Jagmohan Singh/ Sh.
Lakshiman Singh,
Village: Bhainsabuda
Disaster management cell with a
Rest house for govt. officials to
hault should be constructed.
Keeping in mind all the technical
norms for parameters related to
Dam safety and operation,
arrangements for disaster
management cells at suitable
places along with hospitals
construction will be done.
28 Sh. Naval Singh S/o Sh.
Gokul Singh, Village:
Bucharo
School and other basic
facilities and resources must
be provided in rehabilitated
area.
Rest house for govt. officials
to hault should be
constructed.
Provision for school and
basic amenities has been
made in R&R Plan as per
Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
29 Sh. Naval Singh S/o Sh.
Ambar Singh, Village:
Jalpani
As forest dept. is being
compensated with land
against land, similarly, we
also want land in place of
submerged land
Provision for per month
pension for each displaced
family.
Facilities such as central
school, hospital, proper
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
Provision for school and
basic amenities has been
made in R&R Plan as per
Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 7
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
drainage system, toilet in
whole rehabilitated colony.
30 Sh. Malik Singh S/o Sh.
Lala Singh, Village:
Langadhol
School and other basic
facilities and resources must
be provided in rehabilitated
area.
Disaster management cell
should be constructed.
Provision for intimation
before release of water from
dam should be made.
Provision for school and
other basic amenities has
been made in R&R Plan as
per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
31 Sh. Ikrar Khan S/o Sh.
Tajuddin Khan, Village:
Langadhol
M. No.: 7354760319
School and health care
facilities must be provided in
rehabilitated area.
Disaster management cell
with a Rest house for govt.
officials to hault should be
constructed.
Provision for school and
health care facilities has
been made in R&R Plan as
per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
32 Sh. Balchandra Singh S/o
Sh. Baijnath Singh,
Village: Bucharo
M. No.: 8963991213
Provisions for disaster
management should be
made.
Farmers must be given
proper compensation.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
33 Sh. Ramket Shah S/o Sh.
Laljee Shah, Village:
Bhainsabuda
Provision for intimation
before release of water from
dam should be made.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 8
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
M. No.: 9926970479 Rest house for govt. officials
to hault should be
constructed.
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
34 Sh. Sahdev Panika S/o
Sh. Pannalal Prajapati,
Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 9098360541
Disaster management cell with a
Rest house for govt. officials to
hault should be constructed.
Keeping in mind all the technical
norms for parameters related to
Dam safety and operation,
arrangements for disaster
management cells at suitable
places along with hospitals
construction will be done.
35 Sh. Sukhsen Singh S/o
Sh. Manpher Singh,
Village: Bucharo
M. No.: 8719926603
Strong communication system
for disaster management.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
36 Sh. Parigan Singh S/o
Sh. Kauleshwar Singh,
Village: Bhadeli
Disaster management cell
must be made.
School and Hospitals must be
constructed.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
Provision has been made in
R&R Plan as per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
37 Sh. Jiyalal Singh S/o Sh.
Budhlal Singh, Village:
Singhrawal
Strong communication
system for disaster
management.
For monitoring, rest house for
govt. officials to hault should
be constructed.
Provision has been made in
Disaster Management Plan of
EMP report.
Arrangements will be made
as per M.P. Govt. provisions.
38 Sh. Jaykaran Singh S/o
Sh. Mendlal Singh,
Village: Amradandi
M. No.: 8720850168
By the construction of this
dam on Gopad river my home
and 50 decimal of land are
getting submerged.
We don’t want Dam.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to
Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Environmental study carried
out as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 9
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
environmental impacts due
to construction of this
project. Finally, further
decision will be taken after
technical and financial
sanction by administration.
39 Sh. Heeralal Singh S/o
Sh. Raghuveer Singh,
Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 9516119899
There is no benefit from this
Dam. Whole village, cultivated
land, wells, house, will be
submerged therefore we seek
cancellation orders for this dam.
If costruction of this dam is not
cancelled we will create law and
order problems.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
40 Sh. Maha Singh Gond
S/o Sh. Ram Nayan
Singh, Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 977657577
Due to construction of Dam
ground water table will be raised
and wells will have sufficient
water in them, so Dam should be
constructed.
Dam construction is proposed.
41 Sh. Ray Singh Gond S/o
Sh. Ramsingh Gond,
Village: Jalpani
M. No.: 9977805550
Dam should be constructed and
water should be provided for
irrigation.
Dam construction is proposed.
42 Sh. Babol Prasad Saket
S/o Sh. Satan Prasad
Saket, Village: Jamgadi
M. No.: 8889914026
I whole heartedly support
construction of dam. Since I am a
mason therefore, I look forward
for job during construction
phase.
Dam construction is proposed.
For employment generation
proper management will be
done.
43 Sh. Harimangal Singh
S/o Sh. Jaylal Singh,
Village: Langadhol
Dam should be constructed and
water should be provided for
irrigation.
Dam construction is proposed.
By this Dam 28000 ha. Of area
will be irrigated.
44 Sh. Ramsajivan Singh s/o
Sh. Chaturgun Singh,
Village: Langadhol
M. No.: 9009290746
Due to construction of this Dam
my village Nallah may have some
damage.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Mitigation measures to ensure
that no stream is damaged has
been proposed in the
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
environmental study.
45 Sh. Mudasar Husain,
Village: Dongari
Dam construction and creation of
submergence will result in
environmental degradation as
lots of trees will be cut down.
Submergence area have lots of
medicinal plants. Therefore, we
want that atleast four times of
the trees to be felled must be
planted before the
commencement of construction.
To conserve the medicinal
species of the area, a nursery
should be established in the
area.
Previous experience of Bansagar
and Amarkantak projects clearly
shows that projects don’t get
complete within stipulated time
therefore, plantation should be
carried out before construction.
This will result in growth of trees
alongwith construction and will
result in conservation and
protection of environment.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
46 Smt. Duleshwari Agariya
W/o Sh. Kewala Agariya,
Village: Jalpani
There is no benefit for us by
submergence of our land and
houses. However, we wish to get
good compensation and land.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
47 Sh. Kamta Baiga S/o Sh.
Ramdhani Baiga, Village:
Jalpani
Proper compensation should be
paid. Pollution should be
controlled and monitored. There
should be no cutting of trees.
The should be no leakage in the
dam. Complete land holding
should be covered for irrigation.
Area around dam and
submergence should be well
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
Keeping in mind all the technical
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
protected by high boundary
walls.
norms for parameters related to
dam safety and operation,
arrangements for disaster
management will be done.
48 Sh. Banshlal Agariya S/o
Sh. Amrit Lal Agariya,
Village: Jalpani
Housing facilities for affected
families.
Basic amenities such as
school, hospital, electricity,
entertainment places etc.
must be provided.
Information control room
must be made.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Provision for basic amenities
has been made in R&R Plan
as per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Keeping in mind all the
technical norms for
parameters related to dam
safety and operation,
arrangements for disaster
management will be done.
49 Sh. Kamodi Agariya S/o
Sh. Amrit, Village:
Jalpani
One member from each
affected family must be given
job.
Information Control room
must be made.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Keeping in mind all the
technical norms for
parameters related to dam
safety and operation,
arrangements for disaster
management will be done.
50 Sh. Ramcharan Singh S/o One member from each The compensation will be
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
Sh. Heera Singh, Village:
Jalpani
M. No.: 8964040166
affected rehabilitated family
must be given job.
Community center must be
constructed for rehabilitated
families.
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Provision for basic amenities
has been made in R&R Plan
as per Right to Fair
Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
51 Sh. Panchawati Panika
S/o Sh. Sukhnandan
Panika, Village: Jalpani
M. No.: 7697130295
How much compensation will
be paid in our Jalpani village
(Langadhol panchayat).
How many villages will
survive in the panchayat?
What are the benefits of Dam
to us?
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
All villages are partially
submerged and all the
partially affected villages will
be livable.
Creation of dam will result in
water for irrigation and
drinking.
52 Sh. Prabhunath Saket,
Village: Dongri
What is the rehabilitation
policy or provision of
administration?
Dam should be constructed
after successful rehabilitation
of affected families.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to
Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Environmental study carried
out as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due
to construction of this
project. Finally, further
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
decision will be taken after
technical and financial
sanction by administration.
53 Sh. Kamal Panika,
Village: Bhadeli
Displacement and rehabilitation
is the main problem with this
government scheme. Since it is a
tribal area therefore
compensation should be given 10
times higher than the normal.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as per
norms of The Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency
in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).
54 Sarpanch Sh. Markam,
Village: Buchro
In addition to the proposed
basic amenities and provision
of Rs. 5000/- for property
registration compensation for
trees, well, tubewells should
also be given by the to be
constituted committee under
the chairmanship of district
collector.
Construction of dam will be
not be beneficial for a single
person rather to a large scale
population.
Necessary arrangements
should be made for the
compensation to tribal
households not having patta
land.
The compensation will be
justifiable and equally paid as
per norms of The Right to
Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013
(RFCT_LARR).
Environmental study carried
out as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due
to construction of this
project. Finally, further
decision will be taken after
technical and financial
sanction by administration.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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SUGGESTIONS/ COMMENTS GIVEN BY STAKEHOLDERS (District Sidhi)
S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
1 Smt. Dharamjeet Singh,
Sarpanch, Village:
Amradandi, Tehsil:
Kusmi, Dist: Sidhi
I only want whatever is
beneficial for people.
Whatever is the amount for
compensation, it should be
sufficient for a new beginning
at the new place.
Villagers should not suffer.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and
will be compensated as per
M.P. govt. rates.
2 Sh. Subh Karan Singh,
Village: Amradandi,
Tehsil: Kusmi, Dist: Sidhi
We do not want this dam as we
will loose crops, land and
everything. We won’t get
compensation neither we will get
arrangements which we have
now.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
3 Sh. Baigan Singh, Village:
Bhadeli, Tehsil: Mada,
Dist: Singrauli
We are 20 members in the
family, where will I go with all of
them? We won’t get equal land
which we have now, neither we
will get facilities which we now
have.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
4 Sh. Abhijeet Singh,
Village: Bhadeli, Tehsil:
Mada, Dist: Singrauli
I don’t want this dam. I have very
less agricultural land near the
bank of Gopad river. We will
loose our land hence we don’t
want this dam to be constructed.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
5 Sh. Jaipal Singh, Village:
Bhadeli, Tehsil: Mada,
Whatever people want it should
happen. I request authorities to
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
Dist: Singrauli provide us with land as well as
house.
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
6 Smt. Rajmati, Village:
Bhadeli, Tehsil: Mada,
Dist: Singrauli
Dam should not be constructed.
Where will we go with our
children, cattles etc.? We will be
separated from our relatives,
children, we want to stay with
them only. Crops, agricultural
land, everything will be lost,
hence we don’t want
construction of dam. Rest its
upto government to decide.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
7 Sh. Bhupender Singh,
Kyoti Kiryana Wala,
Village: Kyoti, Tehsil:
Kusmi, Dist: Sidhi
Construction of dam will not be
beneficial instead it will be
destructive. Government will
provide us with land however, it
will be less as compared to what
we have now. Compensation will
be much less as compared to
what is should be. We won’t be
able to survive with whatever
land government will provide us.
Construction of dam is proposed.
Environmental study carried out
as per the ToR issued by
MoEF&CC states minimal
environmental impacts due to
construction of this project.
Finally, further decision will be
taken after technical and
financial sanction by
administration.
8 Sh. Krishan Kumar
Parikar, Village: Bhadeli,
Tehsil: Mada, Dist:
Singrauli
This scheme is not proposed to
provide irrigation water to
farmers instead it is proposed to
provide water to big factories.
Government is with factories
only. Only those farmers who are
living near factories will be
beneficial with this scheme.
It will destruct whatever our
ancestors have build till now. We
will be separated from our near
ones. We have been living here
only, will live here only and will
Gond major irrigation project is
proposed to provide water for
irrigation only, no factories or
other establishments will be
provided water through this
scheme.
It is pertinent to mention that
the project has provision of 5.50
MCM of drinking water for the
nearby villages.
Water Resources Division No. 2 Singrauli EIA/EMP Report of Gond Major Irrigation Project
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S.
No. Name and Address
Suggestions/ Comments/
Observations Reply of Project Proponent
die here only.
Some MLA proposed this dam,
when it was sanctioned, when
was the consent of local people
taken. Tell me the sanction date
of this dam.
How could construction of this
dam can be sanctioned. It is not a
mean to provide water for
irrigation rather it is conspiracy
to bring destruction.
9 Sh. Kamal Singh Panika,
Village: Bhadeli, Tehsil:
Mada, Dist: Singrauli
Whenever government plan a
scheme it consider all the
factors. It is thoughtfully planned
that how many will be benefited
and how many will be affected.
Government never desires to
harm half of the population and
benefit the other half. If 4 people
are benefited and 1 is affected
than we should whole heartedly
support. If 9 villages are being
affected for benefiting 100
villages that we should whole
heartedly support.
However, it is also the duty of
government to look after the
well being of these 9 villages are
other 100 are being looked after.
People of this village are very
poor, there is unemployment,
farming is the only occupation of
this village. Therefore, it is
requested to provide us
sufficient compensation so that
we can have better living
standard in some city.
Construction of dam is
proposed. Environmental
study carried out as per the
ToR issued by MoEF&CC
states minimal environmental
impacts due to construction
of this project. Finally, further
decision will be taken after
technical and financial
sanction by administration.
100% Solatium will be made
to affected persons/families
as per collector guide lines,
2018.
For Trees, height will be
measured at chest level and
will be compensated as per
M.P. govt. rates.