Environmental Pathology 2010

7/27/2019 Environmental Pathology 2010

1/24

ENVIRONMENTALPATHOLOGY

Dr.Rina Masadah, SpPA, MPhil

Department of Pathology AnatomyFaculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University


2/24

Human and environment

Environmental & occupational health: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of

injuries & illness resulting fromexposure to chemical or physical agents


3/24

Cause of death Number of death

Percentage attributedto occupation

Cancer 517,090 6-10

Cardiovasc. andcerebrovasculardisease

101,846 5-10

Chronicrespiratory disease

91,541 10

Pneumoconioses 1,136 100

Nervous systemdisease

26,936 1-3

Renal disease 22,957 1-3

Table 1. Estimated occupational disease mortality in USA 1992


4/24

Mechanism of Toxicity


5/24

Basic principles of toxin metabolism

Most xenobiotics are lipophilic easy

to transport by lipoproteins and easypenetrate into membrane cell

Genetic variations of the level of itsactivity

Endogenous and exogenous factor alterthe activities of toxin


6/24

Common environmental &occupational exposures

TOBACCO Cigarette smoke:

Particulate phase tar Gas phaseCarcinogenic metals, irritan toxins,

nicotine


7/24

Nicotine

Is an alkaloid that cross the blood brainbarrier stimulates nicotine receptor of brain tobacco addiction

Increase heart rate, blood pressure,contraction and cardiac output.


8/24


9/24

Alcohol abuse

Ethanol is ingested in alcoholic beverages(beer, wine, spiritus).

Legal concentration for driving:

80 mg/dl


10/24


11/24

Effects of heavy alcohol intake Acute

Hostile, decrease of sense of values Drunk, coma, myocardium infarct, deadChronic

- Black out, disturbance of short memory- Decline of critical & analytical thinking- Addiction- Delirium tremens (mental disturbance-

trembling & great excitement, sweating,anxiety, mental distress)

- Liver cirrhosis, oesophagus bleeding

-

Liver cancer (hepatocarcinoma)


12/24


13/24

DOA: Classes of origin and of use

Classis opiates: heroin, morphine Speed: amphetamines Psycholeptics,hallucinogens: LSD, DMT,

psilocybin Cocaine, khat Canabinoids: hashish, marijuana, weed

Legal drug as DOA: benzodiazepines Legal DOA not a drug: nicotine DOA, depending on use: glue, laughing

gas


14/24

Party pills, dance pills, ecstasy (XTC)

MDMA (ecstasy): Allow people to dance all night long

The experience of the colors, the lighting,the surrounding and music become muchmore intense

Give a feeling of mellowness, love for everyone and everything

Trance:

nothing can break you


15/24


16/24


17/24

Narcotics Relieve pain, sedative, altered mood Induce suppression of anxiety,

sedation, nausea, respiratorydepression

Chronic abuse: tolerace and

psychological dependencec Overdose: convulsions,

cardioraspiratory arrest, death


18/24

Acute intoxication of DOA

Hyperthermia: dehydration, seizures,intravascular coagulation

Hyponatremia: nausea, vomiting,confusion Tachycardia: hypertension Predisposition: depression, anxious,panic, acute liver damage


19/24

Mechanical force

Abrasion Laceration & incision

Contusion


20/24

Incision wound


21/24

Thermal injuries

Clinical significance of burns depends on: Depth of burn

Percentage of body surface involved Presence of internal injuries

(inhalation of hot and toxic fumes)

Promptness and efficacy of therapy


22/24

Hyperthermia

Heat cramps Loss of electrolytes through sweating

Cramping of voluntary musclesHeat exhaustion- Sudden collapse

- Failure of cardiovascular systemHeat stroke


23/24

Hypothermia

Prolonged exposure to low ambienttemperature

Loss of consciousness Bradycardia Atrial fibbrillation death


24/24

thank you for your attention

Documents

Environmental Pathology 2010