Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful pollutants into a certain environment that make an environment unhealthy to live in. The widespread pollutants are usually chemicals, garbage, and wastewater. Environmental pollution is happening in multifold parts of Earth usually in the form of air and water pollution. 

Environmental pollution is causing massive damage to the ecosystem that organisms depend upon the health of this environment to live in. Air and water pollution can cause death of myriad organisms in given ecosystem, including humans. 

In many developed countries laws have been introduced to regulate multifarious types of pollution and to palliate the adverse effects of pollution. Pollution levels must be controlled at all the time if we want to keep our environment safe and healthy. Without proper pollution control, the environment soon becomes unhealthy and nothing will be able to live in it. Preventing introduction of pollutants into the environment is the best way to protect the environment from pollution. To do this it is important to develop ecological conscience of nearby communities and manage waste by recycling. 

A healthy environment is prerequisite of healthy life and fighting pollution is definitely the best way to keep the environment healthy.

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Environmental pollution is a global issue that affects almost all ecosystems on Earth. Scientists have begun to focus on environmental factors---such as pollution, living conditions and food additives and preservatives---as major potential determinants of health and safety. The absorption of toxins from the atmosphere and from foods has been linked to a number of major health issues including birth defects and cancer. Over time, fears about industrial chemicals and agricultural processes, as well as atmospheric pollution, have driven demands for more environmental protection and organic agriculture. Research is still inconclusive, but a growing body of evidence has found potential links between environmental hazards and mental health issues such as chronic depression.

Environmental pollution, problems and control measures – OverviewA. Introduction and definition of environmental pollution – We know that, a living organism cannot live by itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as plants, animals and human beings, as well as the physical surroundings with whom we interact, form a part of our environment. All these constituents of the environment are dependent upon each other. Thus, they maintain a balance in nature. As we are the only organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our needs; it is our responsibility to take necessary steps to control the environmental imbalances.The environmental imbalance gives rise to various environmental problems. Some of the environmental problems are pollution, soil erosion leading to floods, salt deserts and sea recedes, desertification, landslides, change of river directions, extinction of species, and vulnerable ecosystem in place of more complex and stable ecosystems, depletion of natural resources, waste accumulation, deforestation, thinning of ozone layer and global warming. The environmental problems are visualized in terms of pollution, growth in population, development, industrialization, unplanned urbanization etc. Rapid migration and increase in population in the urban areas has also lead to traffic congestion, water

shortages, solid waste, and air, water and noise pollution are common noticeable problems in almost all the urban areas since last few years.

Environmental pollution is defined as the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by-products. Pollutants are generally grouped under two classes:

(a) Biodegradable pollutants – Biodegradable pollutants are broken down by the activity of micro-organisms and enter into the biogeochemical cycles. Examples of such pollutants are domestic waste products, urine and faucal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood and cloth etc.(b) Non- Biodegradable pollutants – Non-biodegradable pollutants are stronger chemical bondage, do not break down into simpler and harmless products. These include various insecticides and other pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminum, plastics, radioactive waste etc.B. Classification of Environmental Pollution – Pollution can be broadly classified according to the components of environment that are polluted. Major of these are: Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution (land degradation) and Noise pollution. Details of these types of pollutions are discussed below with their prevention measures.(1) Air Pollution: Air is mainly a mixture of various gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen. These are present in a particular ratio. Whenever there is any imbalance in the ratio of these gases, air

pollution is caused. The sources of air pollution can be grouped as under(i) Natural; such as, forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust storm and decay of organic matters.(ii) Man-made due to population explosion, deforestation, urbanization and industrializations.Certain activities of human beings release several pollutants in air, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), lead, arsenic, asbestos, radioactive matter, and dust. The major threat comes from burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum products. Thermal power plants, automobiles and industries are major sources of air pollution as well. Due to progress in atomic energy sector, there has been an increase in radioactivity in the atmosphere. Mining activity adds to air pollution in the form of particulate matter. Progress in agriculture due to use of fertilizers and pesticides has also contributed towards air pollution. Indiscriminate cutting of trees and clearing of forests has led to increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. Global warming is a consequence of green house effect caused by increased level of carbon dioxide (CO2). Ozone (O3) depletion has resulted in UV radiation striking our earth.

The gaseous composition of unpolluted air

The Gases Parts per million (vol)

Nitrogen 756,500

Oxygen 202,900

Water 31,200

Argon 9,000

Carbon Dioxide 305

Neon 17.4

Helium 5.0

Methane 0.97-1.16

Krypton 0.97

Nitrous oxide 0.49

Hydrogen 0.49

Xenon 0.08

Organic vapours ca.0.02

Harmful Effects of air pollution –(a) It affects respiratory system of living organisms and causes bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia etc. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from motor vehicles and cigarette smoke affects the central nervous system.

(b) Due to depletion of ozone layer, UV radiation reaches the earth. UV radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system.

(c) Acid rain is also a result of air pollution. This is caused by presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid respectively. Various monuments, buildings, and statues are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in the rain. The soil also becomes acidic. The cumulative effect is the gradual degradation of soil and a decline in forest and agricultural productivity.

(d) The green house gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) trap the heat radiated from earth. This leads to an increase in earth’s temperature.

(e) Some toxic metals and pesticides also cause air pollution.

[For more refer Industrial Dust, Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases ](2) Water Pollution: Water is one of the prime necessities of life. With increasing number of people depend on this resource; water has become a scarce commodity. Pollution makes even the limited available water unfit for use. Water is said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. Sources of water pollution are mainly factories, power plants, coal mines and oil wells situated either close to water source or away from sources. They discharge pollutants directly or indirectly into the water sources like river, lakes, water streams etc. The harmful effects of water pollution are:(a) Human beings become victims of various water borne diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, jaundice, etc.

(b) The presence of acids/alkalies in water destroys the microorganisms, thereby hindering the self-purification process in the rivers or water bodies. Agriculture is affected badly due to polluted water. Marine eco-systems are affected adversely.

(c) The sewage waste promotes growth of phytoplankton in water bodies; causing reduction of dissolved oxygen.

(d) Poisonous industrial wastes present in water bodies affect the fish population and deprives us of one of our sources of food. It also kills other animals living in fresh water.

(e) The quality of underground water is also affected due to toxicity and pollutant content of surface water.

(2.1) Water pollution by industries and its

effects –  A change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological quality of water that is injurious to its uses. The term “water pollution” generally refers to human-induced changes to water quality. Thus, the discharge of toxic chemicals from industries or the release of human or livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution.The contamination of ground water of water bodies like rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the health of humans and aquatic life. Sources of water pollution may be divided into two

categories. (i) Point-source pollution, in which contaminants are discharged from a discrete location. Sewage outfalls and oil spills are examples of point-source pollution. (ii) Non-point-source or diffuse pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. Acid rain and unconfined runoff from agricultural or urban areas falls under this category.

The principal contaminants of water include toxic chemicals, nutrients, biodegradable organics, and bacterial & viral pathogens. Water pollution can affect human health when pollutants enter the body either via skin exposure or through the direct consumption of contaminated drinking water and contaminated food. Prime pollutants, including DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persist in the natural environment and bioaccumulation occurs in the tissues of aquatic organisms. These prolonged and persistent organic pollutants are transferred up the food chain and they can reach levels of concern in fish species that are eaten by humans. Moreover, bacteria and viral pathogens can pose a public health risk for those who drink contaminated water or eat raw shellfish from polluted water bodies.

Contaminants have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. Enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (principally nitrogen and phosphorus) can result in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants that shade or clog streams. If wastewater containing biodegradable organic matter is discharged into a stream with inadequate dissolved oxygen, the water downstream of the point of discharge will become anaerobic and will be turbid and dark. Settleable solids will be deposited on the streambed, and anaerobic decomposition will occur. Over the reach of stream where the dissolved-oxygen concentration is zero, a zone of putrefaction will occur with the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and other odorous gases. Because many fish species require a minimum of 4–5 mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water, they will be unable to survive in this portion of the stream.

Direct exposures to toxic chemicals are also a health concern for individual aquatic plants and animals. Chemicals such as pesticides are frequently transported to lakes and rivers via runoff, and they can have harmful effects on aquatic life. Toxic chemicals have been shown to reduce the growth, survival, reproductive output, and disease resistance of exposed organisms. These effects can have important consequences for the viability of aquatic populations and communities.

Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled through effluent standards and discharge permits. Under this system, discharge permits are issued with limits on the quantity and quality of effluents. Water-quality standards are sets of qualitative and quantitative criteria designed to maintain or enhance the quality of receiving waters. Criteria can be developed and implemented to protect aquatic life against acute and chronic effects and to safeguard humans against deleterious health effects, including cancer.

[ For more refer ‘Water Conservation – Need-of-the-day for our very survival‘ ](3) Soil pollution (Land degradation): Land pollution is due to(i) Deforestation and

(ii) Dumping of solid wastes.

Deforestation increases soil erosion; thus valuable agricultural land is lost. Solid wastes from household and industries also pollute land and enhance land degradation. Solid wastes include things from household waste and of industrial wastes. They include ash, glass, peelings of fruit and vegetables, paper, clothes, plastics, rubber, leather, brick, sand, metal, waste from cattle shed, night soil and cow dung. Chemicals discharged into air, such as compounds of sulfur and lead, eventually come to soil and pollute it. The heaps of solid waste destroy the natural beauty and surroundings

become dirty. Pigs, dogs, rats, flies, mosquitoes visit the dumped waste and foul smell comes from the waste. The waste may block the flow of water in the drain, which then becomes the breeding place for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are carriers of parasites of malaria and dengue. Consumption of polluted water causes many diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea and dysentery.

[ For more refer Solid Waste Disposal -A Burning Problem To Be Resolved To Save Environment ]

(4) Noise pollution :  High level noise is a disturbance to the human environment. Because of urbanization, noise in all areas in a city has increased considerably. One of the most pervasive sources of noise in our environment today is those associated with transportation. People reside adjacent to highways, are subjected to high level of noise produced by trucks and vehicles pass on the highways. Prolonged exposure to high level of noise is very much harmful to the health of mankind.In industry and in mines the main sources of noise pollution are blasting, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling, crusher and coal handling plants etc. The critical value for the development of hearing problems is at 80 decibels.

Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects. Moreover, noise can be a causal factor in workplace accidents.

C. Fundamentals of prevention and control of air pollution:As mentioned above, air pollutants can be gaseous or particulate matters. Different techniques for controlling these pollutants are discussed below:

a. Methods of controlling gaseous pollutants –1. Combustion – This technique is used when the pollutants are in the form of organic gases or vapors. During flame combustion or catalytic process, these organic pollutants are converted into water vapor and relatively less harmful products, such as CO2.

2. Absorption – In this technique, the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubbers or absorbers. These contain a suitable liquid absorbent, which removes or modifies one or more of the pollutants present in the gaseous effluents.

3. Adsorption – The gaseous effluents are passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The organic and inorganic constituents of the effluent gases are trapped at the interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent.

b. Methods to control particulate emissions –1. Mechanical devices generally work on the basis of the

following: 

(i) Gravity: In this process, the particles settle down by gravitational force.

(ii) Sudden change in direction of the gas flow. This causes the particles to separate out due to greater momentum.

2. Fabric Filters: The gases containing dust are passed through a porous medium. These porous media may be woven or filled fabrics. The particles present in the gas are trapped and collected in the filters. The gases freed from the particles are discharged.

3. Wet Scrubbers: Wet scrubbers are used in chemical, mining and metallurgical industries to trap SO2, NH3, metal fumes, etc.

4. Electrostatic Precipitators: When a gas or an air stream containing aerosols in the form of dust, fumes or mist, is passed between two electrodes, then, the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrode. 

https://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/09/01/environmental-pollution-problems-and-control-measures-%E2%80%93-overview/

7 Kinds of Environmental Pollution

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There are actually SEVEN different kinds of environmental pollution. Most people

can name air, water and land...do you know the other four? Or examples of what

constitutes actual pollution in each category?

Listed below are each kind and examples to help you understand just how we

can affect the environment and each other.

Air Pollution

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According to the dictionary, air pollution is the contamination of air by smoke and

harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. (And maybe by that

smelly uncle.) Some examples of air pollution include:

Exhuast fumes from vehicles The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or gas Harmful off-gasing from things such as paint, plastic production, and so on Radiation spills or nuclear accidents

Air pollution is linked to asthma, allergies and other respiratory illnesses. You can

more about how theenvironment affects human health here.

Land Pollution

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Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's surface caused by a misuse of

resources and improper disposal of waste. Some examples of land pollution

include:

Litter found on the side of the road Illegal dumping in natural habitats Oil spills that happen inland The use of pesticides and other farming chemicals Damage and debris caused from unsustainable mining and logging

practices Radiation spills or nuclear accidents

Land pollution is responsible for damage done to natural habitat of animals,

deforestation and damage done to natural resources, and the general ugly-ing up

of our communities. (So stop being a litterbug, eh?)

Light Pollution

Light pollution is the brightening of the night sky inhibiting the visibility of stars

and planets by the use of improper lighting of communities. Some examples of

what causes light pollution:

Street lamps that shine light in all directions, instead of with a hood to point light downward toward the street.

Extra, unnecessary lights around the home Cities that run lights all night long

Light pollution uses more energy (by shining more light up instead of down,

meaning you need brighter bulbs for the same amount of light), may affect

human health and our sleep cycles, and most importantly, corrupts our kids

telescopes and their curiosity. (I grew up in a city. My first no-light night in the

country blew my mind. Let's not make that such a rare occasion!)

Noise Pollution

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Noise pollution is any loud sounds that are either harmful or annoying to humans

and animals. Some exmaples of noise pollution:

Airplanes, helicopters, and motor vehicles Construction or demolition noise Human activities such as sporting events or concerts

Noise pollution can be disruptive to humans' stress levels, may be harmful to

unborn babies, and drives animals away by causing nervousness and decreasing

their ability to hear prey or predators.

Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution is the increase of temperature caused by human activity. A few

examples of this include:

Warmer lake water from nearby manufacturing (using cool water to cool the plant and then pump it back into the lake)

Included in thermal pollution should also be the increase in temperatures in areas with lots of concrete or vehicles, generally in cities

These kinds of environmental pollution can cause aquatic life to suffer or die due

to the increased temperature, can cause discomfort to communities dealing with

higher temperatures, and will affect plant-life in and around the area.

Visual Pollution

Photo Source

Visual pollution is what you would call anything unattractive or visualing

damaging to the nearby landscape. This tends to be a highly subjective topic.

Some examples of visual pollution:

Skyscrapers that blocks a natural view Graffiti or carving on trees, rocks, or other natural landscapes Billboards, litter, abandoned homes, and junkyards could also be

considered among three kinds of environmental pollution

Mostly, visual kinds of environmental pollution are annoying and ugly, although

some may say they are also depressing, and they of course affect the

surrounding landscape with the changes they cause.

When a man throws an empty cigarette package from an automobile, he is liable

to a fine of $50. When a man throws a billboard across a view, he is richly

rewarded. - Pat Brown

Water Pollution

Photo Source: Alan Liefting

Water pollution is the contamination of any body of water (lakes, groundwater,

oceans, etc). Some examples of water pollution:

Raw sewage running into lake or streams Industrial waste spills contaminating groundwater Radiation spills or nuclear accidents Illegal dumping of substances or items within bodies of water Biological contamination, such as bacteria growth Farm runoff into nearby bodies of water

These kinds of environmental pollution are linked to health issues in humans,

animals and plant-life. You can read more about how the environment is affecting our health here.

http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/kinds-of-environmental-pollution.html

Personal Pollution                                 is not harm in our body it can also be harm in our environment

TYPES OF PERSONAL POLLUTION

                        FOOD ADDITIVES                         MEDICINES                         SMOKING                         ALCOHOL                         COSMETICS

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 FOOD ADDITIVES        Food additives is a substances added to food to improve its flavor, color, texture or resistance to spoilage, it enhances the shelf-life if food products, it also makes food attractive to consumers

        Food additives may be intentional or incidental (unintentional) natural or artificial. Intentional additives are substances added on purpose to perform specific functions. A very common example is salt. Incidental additives are substances which become part if a food product through some phase if production, processing, storage or packaging. Artificial additives are substances that are produced synthetically such as saccharin, and cyclamate sweeteners.

           MEDICINESMedicine is a substance used to treat a disease. Medicine can have undesirable effects. This might happen if it is taken in too large quantities or for too long period of time.

Dangerous drugs and narcotics

        Drugs are needed to prevent or cure disease. There are drugs which are regulated and some are restricted. Regulated drugs are those which can be taken by a patient but under the administration of his physician. (Regulated means the dosage required is just enough to produce the particular effect needed). (restricted means that if the drug is being used) it may produce harmful effect or might even kill a person when taken in LARGE AMOUNT.             

SMOKING         Smoking is dangerous to our health because it can affect to our lungs.

Two types of smoking

        Active smoking is the inhaling of smoke by the smoker himself and passive smoking is the inhaling of smoke by non-smokers in some smoke-filled places.

        There are two different kinds of smoke, first, exhaledmainstream smoke, which comes from the lungs of people exhaling smoke and second, the side-stream smoke, wafts coming from burning tip of a cigarette.

       ALCOHOL             It is ethanol also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is present in varying amounts in beers and wine. It is produced by the natural process of fermentation.

        Alcoholism is a chronic disorder characterized by an uncomfortable need to drink alcohol beverages. The disease is a serious form a drug abuse since it alters the functions in causing accidents particularly in the road.

Effects of alcohol        It can damage the liver leading to a condition known as cirrhosis. Alcohol damage the hearts muscle cells causing eventual deterioration. The disease is called alcoholic cardiomyopathy characterized by weak contraction of the heart.

        Alcohol can cause inflammation of the nerves known as peripheral neuritis. Peripheral neuritis causes intense pain in the affected part.

   COSMETICS         

            It is the chemical substances that can be harmful to us.

        For example, shampoos, creams, ointments and phenylenediamine in hair dyes can cause allergic contact dermatitis, a kind of skin allergy.

Radioactive Pollution is highly dangerous to human health causing skin disorders,

leukaemia, tumours, cardiovascular disorders, premature ageing and reduced life

span.

Radioactive PollutionHighly Hazardous to Human Health 

-Dr. Arvind Singh Radioactive pollution is the increase in natural background radiation emerging from the activities of human beings involving the use of naturally occurring or artificially produced radioactive materials.Radioactive substances are those which have the ability to emit high energy particles like alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Radioactive substances are unstable in nature and are continuously emitting these particles in order to gain some stability. 

Radioactive pollution is not a constant or regular phenomenon and hence the duration and frequency of pollution will vary with time and conditions. The three major types of conditions exist. 

(i) Continuous pollution: This type of condition exists in Uranium mines, nuclear reactors and laboratories where the humans are under continuous exposure to radioactive contaminants. 

(ii) Accidental pollution: This type of condition exists during accidental exposure to radiations by virtue of equipment failure, radiation leak, faulty protective equipment etc; and 

(iii) Occasional pollution: This condition exists during isolated experiment or test of nuclear substance. 

Sources of Radioactive Pollution:Radioactive pollution is increasing because of the increased use of radioactivity. It occurs mostly from the waste products that are left behind after the use of radioactive substances. Radioactive

waste is usually the product of a nuclear process such as nuclear fission, which is extensively used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons and other nuclear fuel-cycles. 

Radioactive wastes are disposed off without any precautionary measures to isolate the emissions which then contaminate the air, soil and water. Large amount of radioactive waste is generated from nuclear reactors used in nuclear power plants and for many other purposes. It occurs during extraction and refining of the radioactive material. Nuclear accidents and nuclear explosions are the two worst man-made sources of radioactive pollution. 

The major sources where radioactive wastes are generated and are responsible for radioactive pollution are as follows: 

(i) Uranium mining (ii) Production of nuclear fuel (iii) Nuclear power reactors (iv) Use of radionuclides in industries for various application (v) Nuclear tests carried out by the Defense Personnel; and (vi) Disposal of nuclear waste.

What is Fallout?The radioactive pollution that is spread through the earth’s atmosphere is called “Fallout”. The best instance of fallout is the nuclear bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1945 by United States during the Second World War. As a result of nuclear bomb explosion more than 2 lakh people died from long-term exposure to radiation within five years of attack owing to radiation effect and cancer. 

Effects of Radioactive Pollution on Human Health:Radioactive substances are among the most toxic substances known. Marie Curie, the Nobel laureate for discovery of radioactivity in 1903, became the victim of radioactive pollution and died of leukaemia. 

Low levels of radiation exposure on a small portion of the body may just affect the cell membranes and cause mild skin irritation. Other immediate effects of short span exposure of nuclear radiation are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of hair and nails, bruises owing to subcutaneous bleeding etc. 

High radiation exposures have much acute toxicity and can quickly kill the victim. The victim declines in vitality and dies from anaemia, infection and haemorrhage. 

High exposure to radiation in gestation period causes brain damage. Infants between the eight and fifteen weeks of pregnancy who were exposed to the atomic attack in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II were reported to have a greater incidence of brain damage with

side effects including lower Intelligent Quotient (IQ) and severe mental retardation in some cases. 

The most sensitive organs of human bodies to high radiation exposure are intestines, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and gonads. The radiation weakens the immune system of the body. 

Delayed effects of radiation include cataracts, leukaemia, malignant tumours, cardiovascular disorders, premature ageing and reduced life span. The radiation can cause irreparable damage to the genetic material and lead to life-threatening condition. Radiation causes genetic mutations that promote the growth of cancerous cells in the body. The effects of genetic mutation tend to pass on to the future generation. 

Control of Radioactive Pollution:Since radioactive pollution is highly hazardous to human health therefore prevention and control of radioactive pollution is inevitable. The radioactive pollution can be controlled by number of ways which are as follows: 

• Leakage from the radioactive materials including the nuclear reactors, industries and laboratories need to be checked. • The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. • Radioactive materials must be stored in safe places and must be changed into harmless form. • The radioactive wastes with a very low radiation must be put into the sewage. • The nuclear power plants must follow all the safety instructions. • The protective garments must be worn by the workers who work in the nuclear plants. • The natural radiation must be at the permissible limits. • Nuclear devices should be exploded under ground. • Contaminants may be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. • Production of radio isotopes needs to be minimized. • Extreme precautions should be taken during the disposal of industrial wastes containing radionuclides. • High chimney and ventilations should be used at working places where radioactive contamination is high. • In nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants of very high purity may be used to prevent extraneous activation products. • Fission reactions need to be minimized. • In nuclear mines, wet drilling may be employed along with underground drainage. • Nuclear medicines and radiation therapy should only be applied when absolutely necessary.

Conclusion: Radioactive pollution adversely affects the human health often leading to death, hence it is the most dangerous form of pollution among all pollution types. Since the radiation targets the genetic material therefore the defects caused are transmitted from parents to offspring. Hence

prevention and control of radioactive pollution is inevitable to avoid its harmful effects on the human health.

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