Epidemiology

Concepts and Terms

Homeostasis

Define Major systems Communication

Holistic View

Health vs. Disease Wellness Model (health focus)

Awareness Education Growth

Treatment Model (disease focus) Signs Symptoms Disability Death

Definitions

Pathogen Disease Morbidity Mortality Symptoms Signs Etiology Pathogenicity

Symbiosis

Microbiotica Normal

Resident Acquired 1st months of life Lifetime population

Transient Competition Immune

Opportunistic Immune suppression Change in competition Change site of residence

Pathogens Contamination

Food Air Water

Infection

Ecological Fitness

Immune Defense

Portals of Entry

Skin Mucous Membranes

Open body cavities Placenta Parenteral

SC IM IV

Adhesion Adhesion factors

Protein ligands Examples

Fimbria Flagella Glycocalyx

Binding Glycoproteins

Mannose Galactose

Each other = Biofilms Avirulence

No adhesion factors No binding

Disease Process Incubation Prodromal Illness Decline Convalescence

Pathogenicity Virulence Factors

Plasmids Resistance to Ab

Extracellular enzymes Coagulase Hemolysins

Toxins Exotoxins

Cytotoxin Neurotoxin Enterotoxin

Endotoxins = Lipid A Avoid phagocytosis

Capsules Motility Change lysosome fxn Increased WBC destruction

Toxins

Sequella to Injury

Portals of Exit

Sources of Disease Reservoirs

Animals Zoonotic

Human carriers Nonliving

Soil Water Food

Host Life Cycles Life Cycle

L1 L3 Adult

Hosts Definitive Intermediate Secondary Incidental Dead-End

Stages Infectious Diagnostic

Transmission of Disease Contact

Direct Indirect (Fomites) Droplet

Vehicle Air Food Water Body fluids

Vector Mechanical

Flies Roaches

Biological Lice Mosquitoes Ticks

Lyme Disease

Classification of Disease Stages

Acute Chronic Subacute Latent

Types Communicable Contagious Non-communicable

Source Primary Secondary

Region Local Systemic Focal

Disease Diagnosis 5 Components

Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Outcome

“COPE”

Koch’s Postulates

1) Pathogen for every disease 2) Isolate and grown in pure

culture 3) Cause disease in healthy

susceptible host 4) Reisolate pathogen from

experimental host

Exceptions Culture issues (temp, pH, O2) Multifactoral causes Ethical concerns (primates)

Epidemiological Approaches

Descriptive Disease data

Analytical Koch’s Postulates Retrospective

Experimental Testing hypothesis

Epidemiology Epidemiology

Define Factors

Predisposing Precipitating

Questions Where, When, How, Why,

and Who Related Terms

Frequency Incidence Prevalence

Outcomes Morbidity Mortality

Geography Endemic Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic

Herpes D Virus (HDV)

Hospital

Nosocomial Sources

Exogenous Endogenous Iatrogenic

CDC Reportable Diseases (examples) Viral /Bacterial

HIV Anthrax Influenza Pertussis, Diphtheria TB, Leprosy Botulism, Tetanus Hepatitis E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella STDs Cholera Mumps, Measles, Rubella Legionella Small Pox Tularemia Toxic Shock Leptospirosis

Vector Borne Lyme Plague RMSF Ehrlichia Malaria, Yellow Fever

Zoonotic Rabies Brucellosis Cryptosporosis Toxoplasmosis

Public Health Groups

CDC WHO US Departments

Agriculture Health

Biohazard Risk Groups

Major Etiologic Categories Genetic

Sickle Cell Anemia CF MD Hemophilia A

Acquired Infectious Traumatic Iatrogenic Nosocomal

Multifactoral CAD DM Cancer Congenital Heart Disease Hypertension Emphysema

Various Classification of Disease

Anatomical Organ System

Developmental (age) Neonatology Pediatrics Adolescent Adult Geriatrics

Etiological

Etiology, DAMNIT ! (DAMNIT-V) D = Degenerative, Developmental A = Anomaly, Accident, Autoimmune M = Metabolic, Mechanical, Mental N = Neoplasia, Nutrition, Neurological I = Infectious, Immune, Iatrogenic,

Idiopathic, Inherited, Inflammatory, Ischemic

T = Trauma, Toxins, Toxicities V = Vascular

My Possible Problem List

Location Gross Histological Physiological

Remember: DAMNIT-V

Clinical Manifestations Symptoms /Syndrome

Patient Report Subjective Related Terms:

Prodromal, Insidious, Latent

Signs Health care exam Observable phenomena Objective

Diagnostic Criteria Laboratory results Imaging Biopsy

Digital Thermal Imaging

Medical Records

S O A P

Outcome

Expected Prognosis

Actual Cure Remission Exacerbation Complication Sequella Palliative Death

Stress Define Stressor examples

Positive Negative

Types Major Minor

Symptoms GAS

Alarm (ANS) Resistance (H-P-A axis) Exhaustion (+ feedback)

Stress Related Disorders

Immune: Autoimmune, Neoplasia Cardiovascular: HT, CAD, Dysrhythmias Respiratory: Asthma, URTI, TB Renal: Interstitial cystitis Neurologic: Depression, MS, Headache GI: Diarrhea, IBS, Eating Disorders Endocrine: DM, Hyperthyroidism Reproductive: Infertility Musculoskeletal: RA, SLE, Chronic Fatigue Integumentary: Eczema, Acne, Urticaria, Herpes

Adaptation

Define AKA

Compensatory mechanisms Homeostatic Mechanisms Control Systems Regulatory systems

Homeostatic Control and Feedback

Limits Energy use Efficient (overshoot,

undershoot) Effective (prolonged response

change feedback)

De-stress Sleep Exercise Diet Medical Check-ups Energy Attitude

Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards!