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1
EPIDEMIOLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH AND APPLIED BIOSTATISTICS.
SUBJECT MATTER GUIDE
Edition for the course 2016-2017
1. Descriptive facts ..................................................................................................... 2
2. Subject’s Contents and Competences Contextualization. ............................... 2
3. Specific Competences. .......................................................................................... 2
4. General Competences. .......................................................................................... 4
5. Contents. .................................................................................................................. 5
6. Formative activities. ............................................................................................... 9
7. Teaching methodologies. ...................................................................................... 9
8. Evaluation procedures. .......................................................................................... 9
9. Teaching schedule ............................................................................................... 11
10. Resources. ............................................................................................................. 12
2
1. Descriptive facts
Subject name: Epidemiology, Public Health and Applied Biostatistics
Code: 9999001103
Degree: Dentistry
Year when is taught: First
ECTS number of credits: 6 Modality: Presential
Normative prerequisites: N/A
Recommended prerequisites: None
Name of the teacher: Elena Pérez Izquierdo
Mentorship slot: Monday 11:30 to 12:30 (by appointment)
2. Subject’s Contents and Competences Contextualization.
This subject is included in the first year of the studies’ plan and is a
mandatory branch subject. Its general objective is teaching Epidemiology
and Public Health as the scientific method to study the frequency and
distribution of diseases in the population and the factors that motivate or
condition their presentation, with a particular focus on oral health.
3. Specific Competences.
Know the essential elements of the dental profession, including the
ethical principles and the legal responsibilities.
Develop an interest in research in health sciences and create the habit of
using scientific publications and the critical awareness needed to
understand and assess published epidemiological studies.
3
Know the design and utility of the main descriptive, analytical and
experimental epidemiologic studies as well as the different basic
statistical techniques available to carry them out.
Relate the influence of the environment and the lifestyle to the
populations’ health level.
Understand the epidemiology of communicable diseases and the
methods to prevent them, especially in the dental office.
Know the epidemiology of chronic diseases of high prevalence and
mortality and of the most frequent oral diseases.
Become aware of the role of health professionals in the health education
of the population.
Know how to identify the patient’s worries and expectations, as well as
communicate in an effective and clear way with the patients, their
relatives, the media and other professionals, orally and in writing.
Know how to share information with other health professionals and how
to work as a team.
Identify, critically assess and know how to use clinical and biomedical
information sources to obtain, organize, interpret and communicate
scientific and health information.
Know the scientific method and have critical awareness to assess the
established knowledge and novel information. Be able to formulate
hypothesis, collect and critically assess information for problem solving,
following the scientific method.
4
4. General Competences.
Responsibility and planning: the student must get involved and commit
himself to the development of organized activities, managing his time
adequately, because therefore he will achieve an important part of the
learning objectives.
Oral and in writing skills, both for a non-specialized and specialized
audience: it is worked on in the class room from carrying out different
individual and team practical work.
Team work: The capacity of working cooperatively with others is
developed, developing assertive skills in interpersonal relations,
identifying oneself in a common project and committing to the objectives
established by the group.
Professionality in the application of his knowledge, elaboration and
defense of arguments and solving of problems of the study area, by
gathering and interpreting relevant data that will allow a critical reflection
to make assessments.
Autonomous learning by acquiring learning skills.
Analysis and synthesis capacity, the first one understood as the
reasoning method that allows to decompose complex situations in their
constituting parts and also to assess other alternatives and perspectives
to find optimal solutions, and the second one as the capacity of reducing
complexity with the aim of understand it better and solve problems.
Capacity to apply knowledge to practice.
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5. Contents.
PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF GENERAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Topic 1. Concept and determinants of health. Concepts of public health and
community health. The Spanish health system.
Topic 2. Health Demography.
2.1. Concept of demography and its use in public health.
2.2. Static and dynamic demography.
2.3. Birth, fertility and mortality rates and life expectancy.
2.4. Demography and populations’ health indicators.
Topic 3. Epidemiology. Basic concepts.
3.1. Concept of epidemiology.
3.2. Utility of Epidemiology.
3.3. The epidemiologic method.
3.4. Descriptive and analytical (inferential) epidemiology.
3.5. Basic concepts in epidemiology:
3.5.1 Concept of population and sample.
3.5.2. Concept of estimation. Confidence interval.
3.5.3. Concept of variable and types of variables.
Topic 4. Disease frequency measures.
4.1. Most frequently used frequency measures.
4.2. Absolute values and relative to the size of the population values.
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4.3. Incidence and prevalence.
4.4. Tabulation and graphical representation.
Topic 5. Compared frequency of disease measures.
5.1. Central tendency measures: mean, median and mode.
5.2. Dispersion measures: range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation
and coefficient of variation.
5.3. Position measures: percentiles, quartiles and deciles.
5.4. Utility in epidemiology of each of the frequency measures.
Topic 6. Probability applications. Sensitivity and specificity.
6.1. Concept of probability.
6.2. Random event.
6.3. Operations with events.
6.4. Conditional probability. Union and intersection of events probability.
6.5 Sensitivity and specificity. Their implications in the estimation of prevalence
and screening.
Topic 7. Risk factors and causality in Epidemiology.
7.1. Risk factors, markers and indicators.
7.2. Association and independence in epidemiology.
7.3. Types of association. Statistical significance.
7.4. Causality and causal models.
Topic 8. Probability distributions.
8.1. Inferential epidemiology:
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8.1.1. Probability distributions: normal distribution: characteristics,
standard normal distribution, central limit theorem. Binomial distribution.
8.1.2. Parameters estimations: point estimates, properties of point
estimates.
8.1.3. Distributions derived from the normal: “Student’s t”, “Fisher’s F” y
“Pearson’s X2”.
Topic 9. Hypothesis test. Compliance, homogeneity and independence tests.
Topic 10. Types of epidemiological studies.
10.1. Cross-sectional or transversal studies. Utility, advantages and
disadvantages.
10.2. Cohort studies. Utility, advantages and disadvantages.
10.3. Case-control studies. Utility, advantages and disadvantages.
10.4. Experimental studies. Clinical trials.
Topic 11. Quality of epidemiological studies.
11.1. Validity and reliability of epidemiological studies.
11.2. Types of errors.
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PART II. PUBLIC HEALTH, HEALTH PROTECTION AND HEALTH
PROMOTION.
Topic 12. Communicable diseases epidemiology and prevention.
12.1. Communicable diseases general epidemiology.
12.2. Communicable diseases prevention.
12.2.1. Sanitation methods. Disinfection and sterilization in the dental
office.
12.2.2. Active and passive immunization. Vaccination programs.
Topic 13. Epidemiology and prevention of diseases of high prevalence and
mortality.
13.1. General characteristics of chronic diseases.
13.2. Cardiovascular diseases epidemiology and prevention.
13.3. Cancer epidemiology and prevention.
13.4. Chronic respiratory diseases epidemiology and prevention.
Topic 14. Most frequent oral diseases epidemiology and prevention.
14.1. Tooth decay epidemiology.
14.2. Periodontal disease epidemiology.
Topic 15. Life style and health.
15.1. Food and health.
15.2. Physical activity and health.
15.3. Tobacco and health.
15.4. Alcohol and health.
15.5. Drug dependency.
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6. Formative activities.
Methodology: MASTERCLASS:
-Formative activities: Class presentations by the teacher that foster
debate and students’ participation; bibliographic orientation.
Methodology: PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES:
-Formative activities: development of practical exercises that allow the
application of theoretical concepts to different situations similar to those
that will be encountered in the professional field, such as for example,
analysis of scientific papers.
Methodology: CASE STUDIES:
-Formative activities: Team work on a public health case designed to
study specifically the relationship between lifestyles and disease at a
population level.
7. Teaching methodologies.
Included as teaching methodologies are masterclasses, where students’
participation is fostered, and active methodologies, where problem-
based-learning and case-methods are developed. These last two
techniques allow in addition to put into practice collaborative learning.
Bibliographic support, actualized web resources and online tools are
provided through the Blackboard platform (virtual campus) to carry out
these activities.
8. Evaluation procedures.
The evaluation will be carried out through the following procedures:
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1. Knowledge objective tests: 40% of the final score. Two partial
exams will be carried out: first partial exam (includes units 1 to 11
and makes a 25% of the final score) and second partial exam
(units 12 to 14; it makes the remaining 15% of the score).
All students will take the first and second partial exams. Those
students who did not get a score of 5 or more in the first partial
exam may take it again the day of the second partial exam.
2. Problems exercise: it will make 20% of the final score.
3. Active methodologies: (40% of the final score)
a. Critical analysis of a paper. (20%)
b. Case solving: (20%)
The student must get a score of 5 or more in each of the five
assessed parts of the subject (first partial exam, second partial exam,
problems exercise, critical analysis of a paper and case solving). There
is no compensation between the scores of the different parts. Both
partial exams independent tests, in both of them the student must
get a score of 5 or more.
Plagiarism is not tolerated in this University.
The student who has not passed a part (mark lower than 5) will have to
retake it in an extraordinary call. In this case, the mark in the ordinary
student’s achievement record will be 4 or the corresponding mark if it is
less than 4.
If a student does not carry out an activity, does not hand out an
assignment or does not take any objective tests or active methodologies
sessions of compulsory attendance, he/she will be able to retake it in a
period established by the teacher only if the cause of the absence is
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justified and the teacher has been duly informed. Any student that does
not present the corresponding written note for an absence will get an
score of 0 in that test or activity.
9. Materials and other considerations
Bibliography:
Part I:
Robert Nordness. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Secrets. Mosby, 2005
(copies available in the library).
Bluman, Allan G. Elementary statistics : A Step By Step Approach.
McGraw-Hill Higher, 2014.
Ron Larson, Betsy Farber. Elementary statistics : picturing the world.
Pearson, 2006.
Fisher, Lloyd D Biostatistics : a methodology for the health sciences.
John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
Part II:
Patrick L. Remington, Ross C. Brownson, Mark V. Wegner. Chronic
disease epidemiology and control 3rd ed. American Public Health
Association, 2010 [electronic book in the library]
Pubmed
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10. Teaching schedule
Approximate chronogram (subject to possible changes)
September, October and November
Units 1 to 11 will be explained at class.
Week from the 14th to the 18th of November: Activity of critical reading of an article.
28th of November: First partial exam and problems exercise.
December
The units of prevention of communicable diseases will be explained.
Students will work in class on the public health case from the topics of prevention of
chronic diseases.
January
Presentations of the solving of the public health case between the 10th and the 13th of
January.
16th of January: Second partial exam and retake of the first partial exam.
11. Resources.
Needed resources to carry out and assess the different subject matter’s
activities will be published in the virtual campus (Blackboard), during the
duration of the course.