Erik Erikson - Psihologia Vârstelor

8/19/2019 Erik Erikson - Psihologia Vârstelor

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PSIHOLOGIA VÂRSTELOR

LA ERIK ERIKSON

UNIVERSITATEA BUCURESTIFACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE SI STIINTE ALE EDUCATIIEISECTIA PEDAGOGIEBUCURESTI * 2008

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;"3u# 3ata#i1ea1a a!a(itia i'!#i3a(ii !(e'e)itate int(4" a3tivitate50 &e3un)e6.Le+ea 3e#ei 'ai 'a(i Tentatii 4 I'!(intin+4u# 5Te1a #ui B"#/ 4!ana #a ani &e )e&a&"a(a un inten& !("3e& )e :=a(e &3ana(e a:+u(i#"( !a(enta#e6.2 ani 4 tata# t(e3e in va(u# !i(a'i)ei ae3tive2$2 ani 4 n"u# )e&tinata( a# ae3tiunii 3"!i#u#ui )evine ;u3a(ia.Sta(i#e ae3tive ?4 i'!e(&"na#itatea Hi+4Leve# avi)itatea +e#"1ia &enti'entu#)e a/an)"n 5a!a(e #a 'u&t(a(e6 an=ietatea 5a/&enta 3e#"( )(a+i &i

!(e1enta in"!inata a int(u&i#"(62 ani 4 3"!i#u# e (e3e!tiv #a u'"( 4 a(&e#e.2$2 ani 4 atent 3an) e #au)at 3a!a/i# &a (ea#i1e1e )i"t"'ia 'i#a 3"'!a&iune ne+ativi&'u# !(i'a( e &e'nu# unui Eu 3a(e &e)e&3"!e(a !e &ine &i 3a ata(e )a3a nu !(e)i&!u& 3e# !utin 3a!a/i# )e&e3e&iune &au 'a3a( )eta&a(e in (a!"(t 3u /#i&te(u# ae3tiva)'ini&t(at )e antu(a


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28 )e #uni A>a "('e#e +e"'et(i3e un)a'enta#e$ )e #uniNu'e&te #ite(e#e 'a(i 3uvinte 3e e=!(i'a a3tiunea "(+ane#"( )e&i't &i &u(!(in)e (e#atii )e !"1itie &au )i&!une(e a "/ie3te#"( "(i!("!(iu#ui 3"(! 5ata &!ate6 (ea#i1an) t"t")ata 3"'!a(atii #e+atee)e#e& )e !("'!titu)inea (ea3tii#"( 5(e!e)e in3et6Pa(intii t(e/uie &a a)"!te 'anie&te atitu)ini 3"n&tante ata )e3"!i#. D(e&a(ea &:n3te(u#ui nu e !"&i/i#a 'ai inainte )e $8 #uni.La ete a!a(e a3ea&ta )e!(in)e(e 4 3a (e+u#a 4 #a 2$ )e #uni ia( #a/aieti &!(e 2 )e #uni. Pa(intii e ne3e&a( &a nu (e!ete +(e&e#i#e )e

e=!(i'a(e a#e 3"!i#u#ui atun3i 3an) v"( &a &e a'u1e. ,e)iu# :1i3 4!(i'u# tut"(e a# 3"!i#u#ui.Pa(intii t(e/uie &a nu evite (a&!un&u(i#e #a int(e/a(i#e 3"!i#u#uiin)ie(ent 3at a( !a(ea e#e )e a+a&ante "(i )i&3(ete &i t"t")ata &a2nu t(ivia#i1e1e /ana#i1e1e &e=ua#itatea !(in i+n"(a(ea 3a'u>a(ea ("#u#ui ei. Ne+ativi&'u# !(i'a( e av"(i1at )ei)enti:3a(ea !a(enta#a ane'i3a ve(&ati#a. Penu(ia RenteiAe3tive e 3ea 'ai ni'e(ita !e)ea!&a. Te&tu# Aventu(i#"( #ui La/a Nea+(a e&te (ea#i1at )e C"('an !ent(u3"!iii )e !e&te - ani 4 )a3a &u/ie3tu# &e i)enti:3a in i'a+ineae("u#ui e un &e'n /un &au unu# )e na(3i&i&' )a( )a3a nu &e(e!(e1inta !(in ni'i3 atun3i e v"(/a )e an=ietate )e1"(ienta(e. Tut"(ii !"t : a&i'i#ati 3u !a(intii &au 3u ni&te &t(aini. Te&tu# )e)etentie i3"ni3a Bent"n 4 " :+u(a in !(ea#a/i# a(atata 3"!i#u#uit(e/uie &a :e (e3un"&3uta u#te(i"( int(4" &e(ie )e i'a+ini. Te&tu# Sta'/a3J 4 !(ive&te (e!(")u3e(ea (it'u#ui "ni3 !(in #"vi(eaunei 'e&e 3u un 3(ei"n. Te&tu# De&enu#ui O'u#ui De3ent 4 a "&tint(")u& )e G"")en"u+ &i &e /a1ea1a !e ite'u# +(a"'"t"(.C"!i#u# e&te initiat in !(i'e#e e=e(3itii e3teni3e 4 &enti'entu#"3eani3 &au )"(u# )e t(an&3en)enta 3e in3ea(3a !ent(u a !("/a &i)e3i va#i)a "(i3e :inta u'ana a&a 3u' 3"n&tata R"'ain R"##an).Ca!it"#u# %Pe(i"a)a !(e&3"#a(a 54 ani6A3ea&ta !e(i"a)a &e 3a(a3te(i1ea1a !(int(4" )e1v"#ta(e 3"'!#e=a &i inte(e&anta 3u in>uiente

a&u!(a ev"#utiei /i"!&ii3e u#te(i"a(e7 !(in e=!(e&ia e=i&tentei &au ine=i&tentei 3e#"( ani )ea3a&a(e>e3tan)u4&e t"3'ai i'!"(tanta 3"n&titui(i in )e3u(&u# a3e&tei !e(i"a)e a /a1e#"( a3tivitatii!&ii3e &i)e 3"ntu(a(e a t(a&atu(i#"( )e !e('ea/i#itate 3e i&i !un !e3etea !e 3"'!"(ta'ente#e viit"a(e3"!i#u#t(ave(&an) !(in a3ea&ta eta!e 3"n&i)e(ata a 3un"a&te(i !(in #a(+i(ea 3"nta3tu#ui 3u'e)iu#&"3ia# &i3u#tu(a# )in 3a(e &e a&i'i#ea1a '")e#e )e viata 3e )ete('ina " inte+(a(e t"t 'ai a3tiva &!(e3"n)itiau'ana. ,e)iu# &"#i3ita 3"!i#u# nu nu'ai #a a)a!ta(i a#e 3"'!"(ta'entu#ui #a &i&te'e )ie(ite)e 3e(intein 3"n)itii )e tute#e7 !("te3tie &i ae3tiune7 )a( 3(eea1a in a3e#a& ti'! " 'ai 'a(e &e&i1a(e a

)ive(&itati#u'i &i vieti7 " 'ai )en&a &i 3"'!#e=a ant(ena(e a )e3i1ii#"(7 3u(i"1itatii7 t(ai(i#"( inte(ne #a&ituatiinu'e("a&e &i ine)ite 3"n3"'itent )e1v"#tan)u4&e &i /a1e#e !e(&"na#itatii 3"!i#u#ui &i3a!a3itati#e )e3un"a&te(e7 3"'uni3a(e7 e=!(e&ia &i e'an3i!a(ea 3"'!"(ta'ente#"( 3e atin+ +(a)e )e3"'!#e=itate(a!"(tate #a 3a(a3te(i&ti3i#e )e va(&t(a &i )e1v"#ta(e !&i":1i3a.%.$.De1v"#ta(ea !&i":1i3a &i 3"n&"#i)a(ea aut"n"'ieO)ata 3u )e1v"#ta(ea 3a!a3itati#"( &en1"(ia#e &i !e(3e!tive &e &t(u3tu(ea1a n"i "('e !(int(e3a(e(e!(e1enta(i#e 'e'"(iei &i i'a+inatiei )au )i'en&iuni 3"'!#e=e a#e t(ai(i#"( anti3i!ative &ianta&ti3e.

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!e(i"a)ei !(e&3"#a(e a3ea uni3itate &i 'inunatie 3e a3e )in ea va(&ta )e au( a 3"!i#a(iei. Pe#iniaev"#utiei )e an&a'/#u 3"ntinua )e1v"#ta(ea &t(u3tu(a#a &i a )ie(entie(i#"( :ne in ant(ena(eaun3ti"na#aa &3"a(tei 3e(e/(a#e )e!a(ta


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)"(inte#"( i'!#i3ate in &ati&a3e(ea !#a3e(ii )e e=!#"(a(e a 'e)iu#ui ia( )e #a (e#ativu# e3i#i/(u)e #a ani a(e #"3 " t(e3e(e &!(e " "a(e3a(e in&ta/i#itate7 " "a(e3a(e e=!an&iune 3e e=!(i'a " 'a(e)e&3ent(a(e !e "/ie3te 3"n3(ete !e inte+(a(ea #"( in &t(ate+ii 'ai #a(+i )e uti#i1a(e in 3a(e &e3"ne(aun3tii &i'/"#i3e. Inte+(a(ea in +(a)inita &e a3e 3u " "a(e3a(e )i:3u#tate #a a3ea&ta va(&t(a7)ata:in) )e!en)enta 'a(e a 3"!i#u#ui !(e&3"#a( 'i3 )e a)u#t. G(eutatea e&te 3u atat 'ai 'a(e 3u3at3"!i#u# !(e1inta " in&ta/i#itate !&i"'"t"(ie &i +(eutati in e=!(i'a(ea 3#a(a "(i in inte#e+e(ea

3e#"( 3ei &e 3"'uni3a. T"tu&i e# )evine 'ai &en&i/i# #a &e'ni:3atii#e eveni'ente#"( &i a)"!ta 3"n)uite'aia)e+vate #a 3"nveniente#e &"3ia#e !e un "n) )e (a+i#itate ae3tiva 3u une#e 'anie&ta(i a#e3(i1e#"()e !(e&ti+iu.

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4 )u!a % ani +an)i(ea )evine intuitiva 4 (ati"na'entu# t(an&)u3tiv &au !(e43"n3e!tua# ein#"3uit 3u 3e# t(an&4i3"ni37 'a&iv a'/a&at )e (e!(e1enta(i4 3"n3(etu# e&te >"tat #a !#u(a# &i a&te# &e e=!#i3a )e 3e a!a( via (e!(e1enta(i n"tiuni#e (ati"na'ente in)u3tiv4)e)u3tive4 a!a( ana#i1a 4 &inte1a 3"n3(eti1a(ea 4 a/&t(a3ti1a(ea 3"'!a(a(ea4 a/&entea1a 3"'!une(i#e t(an1itive (eve(&i/i#e a&"3iativeC"!i#u# 3"n&i)e(a +(e&it 3a un va& 'ai in+u&t &i 'ai ina#t in (a!"(t3u a#tu# 'ai #a(+ )a( 'ai &3un) a( : 'ai v"#u'in"& )e3at 3e#a#a#t(e3i!ient in )i&3utie.

;"3u# 4 )e 3uvinte. Du!a ani anta&ti3u# (ea#u# &unt n"tiuni28aut"n"'e &i )e3i 3"!i#u# !"ate in&titui (e#atii !(ee(entia#e 3uunu# )in 3ei 2 te('eni 3eea 3e evi)ent !e('ite a!e#a(ea #a)i&i'u#a(i &i4n 3"n&e3inta !e('ite &i e=!#i3a a)e&e"(i 'in3iuna.Atentia >u3tuanta 4 inv"#unta(a v"#unta(a.Ae3tivitatea #a/i#a 4 tut"(e#e e)u3"+en 3a e'i&a( a# e=i+ente#"(&"3ietatii )evine un n"u )e&tinata( !ent(u !#a&a'ente ae3tive a#e3"!i#u#ui. A)u#t(i&'u# I)enti:3a(ea #a ante4!(e&3"#a( viaa&i'i#a(ea )e 3"n)uite ia( #a !(e&3"#a( !(in (a!"(ta(ea #a '")e#u#!a(enta#.A!a(e Su!e(E+"4u# va1ut )(e!t 3"n&tiinta a!a(tenentei #a Eu !(ini'a+inea )e &ine. ani 4 ,ea Cu#!a &i !u)"a(ea% ani 4 'an)(ia )e &ine 5vanitatea6 &i 3ea )e Eu 5"(+"#iu#6- ani 4 &in)("'u# Bitte(ne&&4Can) 53"!i#u# )a3a nu a3u1a 3e# !utin3un"a&te )i&3"n"(t !&ii3 atun3i 3an) e&te !(e'iat in #"3u# 3e#ui3a(e 'e(ita )e a!t (e3"'!en&a6. C(i1a )e !(e&ti+iu 3"'!a(e in!("3e&u# )e 3"n&tiinta !(in )i&3"n"(tu# (e'i& )e 'u&t(a(ea3"!i#u#ui in !u/#i3 !ent(u " a!ta (e!("/a/i#a &i )ee1e i)entitatea. ;"3u# 3u !a(tene(i a'i#ia(i )e 'i&3a(e 3"n&t(u3tie 5- ani 43u/u(i#e ani 4 3a&te#e &i tune#u(i6 3(eativ 5&!"ntan 4 &u33e)e un eveni'ent 'a(3ant6 5e("ii6.La % ani nev"ia )e 3e#a#a#t in


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P"ve&ti#e &e 3e( 3u Ha!!4En). C"!i#u# i'ita '")e#u# Hi3 et Nun3 &i 'ai !utin !e 3e# !a&at !eVi)e"4S3(een.,ana e&te Du'ne1eu in - !e(&"ane 4 H. F"3i##"n. Ca(a3te(u# "'u#ui e )e&tinu# &au He(")"t.,in3iuna 4 )e a!a(a(e in)e!en)enta 3"'!en&atie &e)u3tie a+(e&ivitate. Fata )e 3a#itati#e!e 3a(e #e )"(i' int(unite )e 3"!i# "a(e &e 3un"&3 'u#ti !a(inti )e'ni )e4a : 3"!ii E )e!(ee(at &a a3iti un vin"vat )e3at &a !e)e!&e&ti in"3entu# 4 Be(+e.C"'!#e=u# Oe)i! C"'!#e=u# E#e3t(a 4 nu e un)a'enta# 3i 4 (e'a(3a A)#e( 4 un !(")u&a(ti:3ia# ne+ativ i#u&t(at in i'a+inea 'a'e#"( 3a(e4&i (a&ata 3"!iii.En3"!(e1i&u# 4 )ee3atia in !("!(ia #en


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!e )e " !a(te )at"(ita 3a!a3itatii !"tente#"( inte#e3tua#e a#e 3"!i#u#ui ia( !e )e a#ta !a(te7in>uente#"( 'e)iu#ui a'i#ia#. Invata(ea &3(i&43ititu#ui 3(eea1a un 3a'! #a(+ )e )e1v"#ta(e &i"(+ani1a(e a inte(e&e#"( inte#e3tua#e. Su/ in>uenta a3e&tui !("3e& a!a(e un &ti# !e(&"na# )ee=!(i'a(e a i)ei#"(. De&i #i'/a


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Cun"a&te(ea an)i3a!u(i#"( )e #i'/a< !(e1inta " i'!"(tanta )e"&e/ita )e"a(e3e au "(e3venta (e#ativ 'a(e@ e#e in>uentea1a ne+ativ (an)a'entu# &3"#a( &i in +ene(a# inte+(a(ea in3"#e3tiv &i a3tivitate.Li'/a


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Atentia !"ate : )e:nita 3a !("3e& !&i":1i"#"+i3 )e "(ienta(e73"n3ent(a(e &i !"tenta(e &e#e3tiva a un3tii#"( &i a3tivitati#"(!&ii3e &i !&i"3"'!"(ta'enta#e '")a#e &!e3i:3e in (a!"(t 3u"/ie3tu# &i :na#itatea #"( !("!(ii a&i+u(an)u4#e atin+e(ea unuinive# "!ti' )e e:3ienta a)a!tativa.In '") n"('a#7 !e #a 4 ani 3"!i#u# e&te 3a!a/i# )e " atentie&u:3ient )e &ta/i#a !ent(u a &e !utea inte+(a in a3tivitatea&3"#a(a. T"tu&i7 in !(i'u# an )e &3"a#a7 in&u:3ienta atentieie#evi#"( e&te !(e+nanta.Din 3au1a n"utatii &ituatii#"( 3a("(a t(e/uie &a #e &e a)a!te1e7

e#vii )in 3#a&a I &e 3a(a3te(i1ea1a!(int4un v"#u' )e"&e/it )e (e)u&a# atentiei &i !(in )i:3u#tatea )i&t(i/ui(ii ei a&u!(a 'ai 'u#t"(a3tivitatii &au "/ie3te.Dat"(ita a3e&tui v"#u' (e)u& &i a in3a!a3itatii )e )i&t(i/ui(e aatentiei7 e#evii a3 a)e&e"(i i'!(e&ia 3a nu &unt atenti. In a3e#a&iti'!7 )at"(ita a!tu#ui 3a int(ea+a a'/ianta e&te n"ua &ine"/i&nuita7 atentia e#evi#"( )in 3#a&a I &e )i&t(a+e u&"( )e #a&a(3ina !(in3i!a#a. O a#ta 3a(a3te(i&ti3a a atentiei 3"!i#u#ui e&te!(e)"'ina(ea atentiei inv"#unta(e a&u!(a 3e#ei v"#unta(e. Dina3ea&ta 3au1a7 )a3a #e3tia nu t(e1e&te &u:3ient inte(e& 3"!ii )evinneatenti.In :e3a(e 3#i!a a e=i&tentei &a#e7 "'u# (e3e!ti"nea1a un nu'a( 'a(e)e in"('atii venite7 :e )in e=te(i"(7 :e )in inte(i"(u#"(+ani&'u#ui. A&te#7 e#evu# 3a(e &e a>a int(4" 3#a&a !(i'e&tein"('atii a&u!(a #u'in"1itatii &i te'!e(atu(ii &a#ii7 (e3e!ti"nea1a!(e1enta 3e#"(#a#ti e#evi. Inte(e&u# !&i"#"+i#"( ata )e !("/#e'aatentiei a in(e+i&t(at 'a(i >u3tuatii )e #a 3"n&i)e(a(ea a3e&tei 3ane(v a# int(e+u#ui &i&te' !&i"#"+i3 !ana #a !une(ea &u/ &e'nu#in)"ie#ii a va#i)itatii te('enu#ui in&u&i )e atentie. tu2$i2uunAtentia e&te un !("3e& !&ii3 &!e3i:3 (ea# &i unita(. Ev"#utia &a)e #a (ea3tia )e "(ienta(e ne&e#e3tiva !ana #a atitu)inea!(e+atit"a(e &au atentia ee3t"a(e7 e&te )ete('inata )e &e'ni:3atia"/ie3tivu#ui &u!u& atentiei !ent(u &u/ie3tu# )at.Int(u3at atentia nu a(e " e=i&tenta )e &ine &tatat"a(e7 3i &e a>a'u


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Atentia v"#unta(a &e 3a(a3te(i1ea1a !(in "(ienta(ea intenti"nata7inve(&a &i &u&tinuta a a3tivitatii !&ii3e !ent(u inte#e+e(ea!("/#e'e#"( &i &a(3ini#"( )i:3i#e7 in3#u&iv !ent(u in&u&i(ea unui'ate(ia# 3a(e in &ine nu !a(e inte(e&ant.La va(&ta )e 4 ani7 atentia !(e1inta in3a 'u#te #atu(i 3e t(e/uieavute in ve)e(e. V"#u'u# &i inten&itatea atentiei &unt (e#ativ(e)u&e #a &3"#a(. E# u('a(e&te e=3e&iv !e(&"ana invatat"a(ei7 )a( nue #a e# )e atent #a 3eea 3e a3e &au 3e &!une a3ea&ta. Di&t(i/ui(eaatentiei e&te )i:3i#a7 in3at 'i3u# &3"#a( nu !"ate &a 3u!(in)a &i&a (e1"#ve in a3e#a&i ti'! 'ai 'u#te a3tivitati.

U('a(i(ea vi1ua#a a unui 'ate(ia# intuitiv &i inte#e+e(ea )e&3(ie(iive(/a#e &i'u#tane 3"n&tituie )e a!t )"ua "!e(atii7 )in 3a(e e#evu#ee3tuea1a a)e&ea nu'ai una &in+u(a. Avan) 3a &a(3ina )e #u3(u &a&3(ie ni&te #ite(e )in a/e3e)a(7 e#evu# &e 3"n3ent(ea1a nu'ai a&u!(ae=e3uta(ii "('ei +(a:3e7 ne(e&!e3tan) in)i3atii#e 3u !(ivi(e #atine(ea in&t(u'entu#ui )e &3(i& in 'ana7 !"1itia 3aietu#ui7 a3"(!u#ui #a &3(i&.F#e=i/i#itatea atentiei7 3a !("!(ietate )e a t(e3e (a!i) )e #a "a3tivitate #a a#ta e&te a/a. Atentia inv"#unta(a a(e " !"n)e(e 'ai'a(e ata )e atentia v"#unta(a. E#evii &e ant(enea1a 3u !#a3e(e ina3tivitati#e in 3a(e "#"&e&3 !"ve&ti(ea &au 3e#e )e&a&u(ate !e/a1a )e 'ate(ia#e intuitive )a( u('a(e&3 )e&tu# )e +(eu e=e(3itii#e)e ana#i1a &i &inte1a ve(/a#a &au )e !(e)a(e te"(eti3a a "!e(atii#"(a(it'eti3e. Atentia 3"n&u'a 'u#ta ene(+ie &i )e a3eea en"'enu# )e"/"&ea#a &e in&ta#ea1a 3u !(e3a)e(e #a nive#u# a3e&tui !("3e&.S3"#a(u# 'i37 )u!a " 3"n3ent(a(e )e 3ateva 'inute #a &3(i&7a/an)"nea1a &3(i&u# &i &e in)e#etni3e&te 3u a#t3eva. Pe !a(3u(&u#&a!ta'anii7 &e "/&e(va " "&3i#atie a 3a!a3itatii )e a :i atent a3"!i#u#ui.Di&t(a+e(ea atentiei &e 3"n&tata #a e#evii )in 3#a&a I #a !(i'a &i#a u#ti'a "(a. La &3"#a(ii 3#a&ei a II4a7 )e&i &3a) va#"(i#e #aune#e e#u(i )e atentie7 3(e&3 #a a#te#e. La nive#u# 3#a&ei a III4a&e 'anie&ta " &3a)e(e evi)enta a neatentiei7 &3a)e in !(in3i!a#)i&t(a+e(ea7 )a( 3(e&te "!"1a/i#itatea ata )e 3a(a3te(u# (e!etitiv7

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a#e &ituatii#"( ivite.

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nive#u#

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atun3i 3Yn) au +(e&it@ a3e&t #u3(u e&te !"&i/i# )"a( in 3"nte=tu# unei /une e)u3atii '"(a#ein&u>ate )ea'i#ie. PY(intii &e )"ve)e&3 )e 'u#te "(i a : Y(Y (Y/)a(e &i (eu1Y &Y4i a&3u#te &i 3e4i 'aii'!"(tant &Yiinte#ea+Y. F(i3a )e a 3"'uni3a 3u 3ei 3Y("(a #e )at"(ea1Y viata !"ate : in e+a#Y 'Y&u(Yat(i/uitY &itine(i#"(. La !(i'a 3"n(unta(e )e "!inii #e+Ytu(i#eA)"#e&3enta e&te " !e(i"a)a )i:3i#a atat !ent(u 3"!ii 3at &i !ent(u!a(inti. Du!a 3e &e t(e3e )e $% ani 7 a(e #"3 (e&i'ti(ea )e 3at(e a)"#e&3entia !("!(ii#"( "(te . Une#e (ea#i1a(i 7 &ti'u#ea1a i'!u#&u(i )e

tat"na(e a +(a)e#"( )e !e('i&ivitate a 3"n)uitei n"n3"n"('i&te . Ina3e&t &en& 7 unii tine(i "(+ani1ea1a &3ena(ii 3"'i3e in '"))e#i/e(at 7 )e'"n&t(atii )e &"#i)e(itate !e !("/#e'e 'in"(e !ent(u a&a3ai unii !("e&"(i .T"ate a3e&tea &unt +ene(ate )e ne3e&itati)i&3(ete )e a !("v"3a a)u#tii &i )e a 'anie&ta !("!(ia #"(in)e!en)enta . In 3#a&a n"a&t(a 7 D(a+"& a(e a3ea&ta t(a&atu(a"a(te /ine 3"ntu(ata !("v"3an) 7 'ai a#e& #a "(a )e (e#i+ie 7a)eva(ate &3ene )e teat(u 7 )at"(ita "!inii#"( )ie(ite 3a(e #e a(eata )e un anu'it &u/ie3t .E !e(i"a)a in 3a(e a)u#tii ne 3a(a3te(i1ea1a 3a :in) )e1"()"nati 7ne!un3tua#i .-8De #a $%4$- ani 7 !a(intii !un a)e&ea in )i&3utie in te('enia3u1ativi tana(u# !ent(u !u(ta(i#e #ui ne3uviin3i"a&e 7 &i4i 3e( &a:e (e1"na/i# 7)e"a(e3e a3u' e&te 'a(e7 nu 'ai e 3"!i#.In3e! &a &e 'u#ti!#i3e "!inii#e !(ivin) '")i:3a(i#e )e 3"n)uita a#ea)"#e&3entu#ui 7 t"t 'ai )e&e &i 'ai )ive(&e .A&te# &e a)'ite i)eea)e \3(i1a !u/e(ta(a 7 )a( nu i &e a33e!ta t"ate )i'en&iuni#e .Pa(intii va) 3a tana(u# )evine 'ai )i&t(at )e #a " v(e'e 7 a(ein)i&!"1itii 7 e "/"&it &i neatent .A&te# &e &e&i1ea1a 7 !e )e "!a(te 7 a!tu# 3a in +ene(e 3"n)uita &4a &3i'/at7 in a# )"i#ea (an)a!tu# 3a a "&t in>uentat in &3i'/a(e )e 3ei )in


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&u/ !(ete=tu# 3a a3u' e 'a(e &i a( t(e/ui &a :e 'ai "()"nat 7 &a4&ia3a "()ine in 3a'e(a 7 &e(ta(e 7 &i &a nu :e a&a ne+#ia un '"('an )e aine nei'!atu(ite &i a'e&te3ate 3u #u3(u(i'u()a(e .De #a $2 ani &e "/&e(va " 3(e&te(e a neatentiei &i " &ta(e )e"!"1a/i#itate ata )e &"#i3ita(i#e 'a(unte a#e a'i#iei .Tana(u#

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)u!a 3ateva 1i#e t"tu# (evine #a n"('a# . Dea&e'enea !("/#e'a3u(ateniei e&te un a#t '"tiv )e )i&3utie int(e !a(inti . Nev"ia )e#i/e(tate 7 )e a : 3u !(ietenii 7 a )evenit t"t 'ai a33entuata 7'e(+an) 3u ei in "(a& #a " te(a&a 7 int(4un !a(3 7 !ent(u a +#u'i 7a ne &i'ti /ine .A)"#e&3enta e&te " !e(i"a)a )e "('a(e &i t(an&"('a(e e&entia#a inviata tana(u#ui ..-. P(i'a )(a+"&te a tana(u#ui a)"#e&3ent,u#ti !a(inti au 3a' a3eea&i (ea3tie 3an) 3"!iii #"( a


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'a=i'e. I)ea#u(i#e )e viata &i !(e+Yti(ea !("e&i"na#Y in3e! &Y 3a!ete 3"ntu( &i )i&!a( in '")evi)ent!a&iuni#e ve3i )in 3"!i#Y(ie7 &i )e 3e nu 3ia( inte(e&u# !ent(u &3"a#Y.P("/#e'a "(ientY(ii !("e&i"na#e &e !une )ie(it in un3tie )e 3a!a3itYti#e inte#e3tua#e a#etanY(u#ui &i )e )"(inta !(":#Y(ii !e un anu'it )"'eniu )e a3tivitate. Pent(u unii tine(i viit"(u#!("e&i"na# e&te un &u/ie3t 3ent(a#7 3#a( &i in a3e&t &3"! ei a3"()Y un inte(e& )e"&e/it'ate(ii#"( &3"#a(e3"(e#ate 3u viit"a(ea !("e&ie. Un a#t +en )e tine(i a)"#e&3enti nu au :=atY " !("e&ie anu'e&au &untin>uentati )e !Y(inti &i a!("!iati. Pent(u 3ei#a#ti viit"(u# nu e&te !("ie3tat in ni3i un e#.

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&tatutu# )e !Y(inte. A!a( )i:3u#tYXi )e &u(!(in)e(e a nuanXe#"( !("e&i"na#e7 )e a3"!e(i(e aun"(in)at"(i(i e=t(a!("e&i"na#e7 &ta/i#i(ea unui "(a( 3a(e &Y (Y&!un)Y Zi vieXii )e a'i#ie.- int(e 2842 ani &e a3u'u#ea1Y e=!e(ienXY7 )e!(in)e(i7 &e inten&i:3Y (it'u#7 &e 'anie&tY(e&!"n&a/i#itYXi#e7 a!a( intenXii )e &u!#i'enta(e a !(e+Yti(ii !("e&i"na#e 5&e in&3(iu #a 3u(&u(i&e(a#e7Y(Y (e3venXY67 &e i'!#i3Y 'ai 'u#t in e)u3a(ea 3"!ii#"(.- 24- ani &tatutu# &"3ia#4!("e&i"na# e&te in !("+(e&7 3"nt(i/uXia a3tivY e&te #a a!"+eu7a!a( n"iin)at"(i(i )e 3""()"na(e7 "(+ani1a(e. Se e=tin) (e#aXii#e ":3ia#e !e ve(ti3a#Y. A&!i(aXii#e !ent(u

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A!a( Zi a#te "('e? invYXa(e in&e(atY7 invYXa(e inte(!"#a(Y7 invYXa(e in3i)enta#Y. S4a 3"n&tatat3Y3eea 3e &e invaXY #a #"3u# )e 'un3Y e&te 'u#t 'ai !(")u3tiv 3ia( Zi in 3a1u# 3e#"( 3a(e au unnive# )eZ3"#a(itate '")e&t. La /a1Y &e a>Y 2 '"tive?4 '"tivaXia !("e&i"na#Y 3a(e a(e Zi " anu'e in3Y(3Ytu(Y ne+ativY 5tea'a )e a nu !ie()e #"3u#)e'un3Y6@4 ne3e&itatea unei a)a!tY(i 'enta#e #a ti!u(i#e )e &"#i3itY(i !("e&i"na#e7 !e(&"ane#e i'!#i3ate!("e&i"na# avan) " (e3e!tivitate 3(e&3utY a a&i'i#Y(ii.

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3eea 3e va )i'inua "/"&ea#a. Din a3t"( !("v"3at"( a# "/"&e#ii7 invYXa(ea !"ate )eveni una3t"( 3a(e)i'inuea1Y "/"&ea#a.8.2. Integrarea socio-profesională si congruenţa personalităţii Pe(i"a)a )e t(an1iXie !(e#un+itY )in Xa(a n"a&t(Y7 a(e un i'!a3t !ute(ni3 a&u!(a 3"n&"#i)Y(ii&tatutu#ui Zi ("#u#ui !("e&i"na#7 a>ate #a )i&!"1iXia "!"(tunitYXi#"( &"3ia#e7 3at Zi a (e#aXii#"(.A!a(e unen"'en &!e3i:3 &"3ia# !("vi1"(atu# 3u 3ea 'ai &e'ni:3ativY in3i)enXY #a nive#u#tine(etu#ui 3a(et(e/uie &Y4Zi a)a!te1e !("ie3te#e !(ivin) !(e+Yti(ea Zi e=e(&a(ea !("e&iei7 "(+ani1a(ea unui3"n"(ta'i#ia#7 #a i'!(evi1i/i#.Da3Y a)"#e&3enXa e&te a!(e3iatY 3a " !e(i"a)Y )e t(e3e(e &!(e &tatutu# /i"#"+i3 !"tenXia# )e

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in&u33e& in !(ivinXa inte+(Y(ii !("e&i"na#e.De a&e'enea7 &t(u3tu(i#e )e !e(&"na#itate #a/i#e7 i(a&3i/i#e7 an=i"a&e7 nee3i#i/(ate7 #i!&ite )e3a!a3itate )e e"(t7 )(a'ati1ea1Y "/&ta3"#e#e7 (ea#i1ea1Y (e#aXii )e 3"'uni3a(e )inne3e&itate7 &unt)e1inte(e&aXi aXY )e !("/#e'e#e 3"#e3tivu#ui.Ina)a!tY(i#e !("e&i"na#e &au a'i#ia#e &e 'enXin #a un nive# )e&tu# )e (i)i3at in tine(eXe.De(e+#Y(i#e !e(&"na#itYXii !"t :?4 uZ"a(e7 3a(e nu in>uenXea1Y !(ea 'u#t a3tivitatea7 a!a(Xin !&i"!at"#"+iei 'a(+ina#e@4 +(ave7 3u " &i'!t"'at"#"+ie 3"'!#e=Y. Ev"#uXia #"( e&te )e #a &i'!#u #a 3"'!#e=? iniXia#

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un t(ai 'ai /un int(4" R"'anie 'ai /unaStiu 3a in a3e&t !("ie3t nua' (eu&it &a 3"'ente1 &i &a e=!#i3 t"ate !("/#e'e#e a)"#e&3enti#"(&au t"ate "!inii#e ne+ative a&u!(a #"( )a( 3(e) 3a &unt 'u#t !(ea'u#te !ent(u a !utea : )i&3utate !e 3ateva "i )e a(tie Ca!it"#u# .Pe(i"a)a va(&t(ei a)u#te.E=i&tY un 3"e:3ient )e inte(venXie a a3t"(i#"( /i"#"+i3i Zi in ti'!u# va(&te#"( a)u#te7 3a Zi in3a1u#!("3e&e#"( )e 3(e&t(e )in va(&te#e tine(e. La va(&te#e )e !e&te - )e ani au #"3 "('e )ee=!(i'a(e )e

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$6 P(i'a !e(i"a)Y a)u#tY 5-4%- )e ani67 &e !"ate 3"n&i)e(a 3Y &e 3"n&u'Y va(&ta a)u#tY )e&ta/i#itate in3a(e i'!#antaXia !("e&i"na#Y e&te inten&Y7 a3itivitatea !e a3e&t !#an e&te 3u'u#ativY7 a3tivYZi 3(eat"a(e.Statute#e Zi ("#u(i#e &"3ia#e in3e! &Y :e 'ai in3Y(3ate )e (e&!"n&a/i#itYXi7 a33e&u# in ie(a(ia!("e&i"na#Y e&te a3tiv. In viaXa e a'i#ie7 3"!iii in3e! &Y (e3vente1e Z3"a#a7 3eea 3e 3(eea1Y" 3(eZte(e(e#ativY a 3"nXinutu#ui &u/i)entitYXii )e !Y(inte Zi " '")i:3a(e in ev"#uXia a'i#iei.26 Pe(i"a)a a)u#tY )int(e %- Zi -- )e ani &e 3a(a3te(i1ea1Y !(in t(e3e(ea !e !#anu(i )e 'ai'a(e

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)ive(&e &tu)ii in 3a(e au "&t inte+(ate )ive(&e )e:nitii in 3a(e !&i"#"+ia va(&t(e#"( a!a(e 3a "(a'u(a!(eti"a&a )in &tiinte#e !&i"#"+i3e i1v"(ata 3a " ne3e&itate in a inte#e+e '")u# )e 3"n&titui(e a3a(a3te(i&ti3i#"(7 un3tii#"( &i !("3e&e#"( !&ii3e7 a ev"#utiei a3e&t"(a )e #a 3e#e 'ai (a+e)eva(&t(e &i!ana #a &ta)iu# te('ina#.In a3e&t e# a3tivitatea !&ii3a e&te !(ivita in an&a'/#u !e t"t!a(3u(&u#e=i&tentei :intei u'ane 3u (e#eva(ea un"( &e'ni:3atii !"&i/i#e !ent(u un anu'it &e+'ent a#va(&t(ei!(in ana#i1a #"n+itu)ina#a &i ve(ti3a#a in 3"nte=tu# e=i&tentei &a#e &"3ia#e7 a '")i:3a(i#"( !&i"4

:1i3e 3e&e !(")u3 &u/ in>uienta 3"n)itii#"( )e 'e)iu7 a e)u3atiei7 a 3u#tu(i &i !("e&iei7 a &tatute#"( &i("#u(i#"(&"3ia#e 3e #e in)e!#ine&te. In 3"n3#u1ie7 P&i"#"+ia va(&t(e#"( e&te &tiinta 3a(e &tu)ia1a3a(a3te(i&ti3i#e3"n&titui(i a3tivitati !&ii3e u'ane7 '")i:3a(i#e a3e&teia )e #a ine(i"( #a &u!e(i"(7 a(e+(e&e#"( 3e au #"3in inte(i"(u# anu'it"( &ta)ii )e va(&t(a7 a ev"#utiei !e(&"na#itati &i 'anie&ta(ii a3te#"( )e3"n)uita in(e#atie 3u )ete('ina(i#e &"3i"43u#tu(a#e a#e e=i&tentei :intei u'ane.$.$. C"ntinutu# &i i'!"(tanta &tu)ie(i in !&i"#"+iei va(&t(e#"(.Stu)iu# :intei u'ane in3a )in '"'entu# 3"n3e!tiei &i 'ai inten&iv )e #a na&te(e &i !ana #a'"a(te7 3u t"t 3eea 3e e&te 3"'un &i &e'ni:3ativ !e t"ata )u(ata vieti7 )a( &i 3u (e#eva(eaeta!e#"()i&tin3te a#e ev"#utiei u'ane 3"ne(a !&i"#"+iei va(&t(e#"( un &tatu# &"#i) &i 3ent(a# in 3a)(u#)i&3i!#ine#"( !&i"#"+i3e7 3"n&titui(ea ei :in) !"&i/i#a !(int(e a#te#e )at"(ita a3u'u#a(i#"( )e3un"&tintein !&i"#"+ia +ene(a#a &i in une#e (a'u(i 3e vi1au &tu)iu# "'u#ui in anu'ite !e(i"a)e )eva(&t(a. Dint(ea3e&te (a'u(i enu'e(a'? !&i"#"+ia 3"!i#u#ui 5&tu)ia1a !e(i"a)a 3"!i#a(iei 3u 3a(a3te(i&ti3i#e3e tin )e3"n)itia a3tivitati !&ii3e6? 'ai (e&t(an&e !ent(u " !at(un)e(e 'ai a'!#a in a3ea&ta &e(a aua!a(ut!&i"#"+ia 3"!i#u#ui &u+a(7 !&i"#"+ia ante!(e&3"#a(u#ui7 !&i"#"+ia !(e&3"#a(u#ui &au 'ai !utin)e1v"#tate !&i"#"+ia tene(etu#ui7 !&i"#"+ia !e(i"a)ei a)u#te et3.

C"ntinutu# &i &e(a !&i"#"+iei va(&t(e#"( )e!a&e&te 3u 'u#t !e 3e# a# !&i"#"+iei 3"!i#u#ui !(ina!tu# 3a (ea#i1ea1a " " 3u!(in)e(e !ent(u t"ate va(&t(e#e u'ane t(a&an) &ta)ii &i &u/&ta)ii in3a)(u#a3e&t"(a7 3u &!e3i:3 &i 3"'un int(e e#e7 )a( a(a &a :e " !&i"#"+ie +ene(a#a 3a3i a3tivitatea!&ii3a !e3a(e " &tu)ia1a a3ea&ta e&te (a!"(tata #a 3"n)itia u'ana )e " anu'ita a3tu(a &i &t(u3tu(a/i"4 !&ii3a.P&i"#"+ia va(&t(e#"( &e "#"&e&te )e )ate#e 3u!(in&e in !&i"#"+ia +ene(a#a &i 3ea a 3"!i#u#ui3a&i a#e 3e#"(#a#te (a'u(i a#e !&i"#"+iei 3a("(a #e u(ni1ea1a #a (an)u# ei 3un"&tinte !e(tinente)e&!(e)e1v"#ta(ea &i ev"#utia !&ii3a a "'u#ui )e #a na&te(e !ana #a &ta)iu# te('ina#. A&te#!&i"#"+ia

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t(ei#ea 3i3#u 3e# )e a)u#t 3u 'atu(itatea &i /at(anetea !(e)"'ina a&3en&iuni#e &i (e+(e&e#e3a(a3te(i&ti3e 3e )ete('ina ant(ena(ea in ("#u(i &i &tatute in 3a(e a)e&e"(i 3(i1e#e )e ti'! )u3#a(a'anta(i &i ten&iuni 3u e=!#"1ii 3e &e !"t (e+(eta une"(i u#te(i"(. Pe(i"a)a /at(anetii &e3a(a3te(i1ea1a !(int(4" a3u'u#a(e )e "/"&ea#a &i u1u(a inte(na 3e '")i:3a un3ti"na#itatea!&ii3a &3a1an)u4i !(")u3tivitatea !(in ie&i(ea )in 3a'!u# 'un3i &i !#e3a(ea 3"!ii#"(3(eean)u&e'")i:3a(i 3"'!#e=e in 3a'!u# !(e"3u!a(i#"(7 inte(e&e#"(7 a &ti#u#ui vietii 3an) &u/i)entitatea!("e&i"na#a &i 'at(i'"nia#a int(a in 3(i1a &au &e e&t"'!ea1a ia( /"#i#e )e )e+ene(enta a3)ina3ea&ta !e(i"a)a (a+i#a " eta!a )e in&t(aina(e 3u atat 'ai 'u#t 3u 3at &e t(aie&te&enti'entu#inuti#itatii &"3ia#e &i a a/an)"nu#ui.

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Erik Erikson - Psihologia Vârstelor