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Erra (god)

God of war and plagues, who later became closely associated with the underworld god Nergal or as a epithet of Nergal.

Functions

Erra was an especially war-like and violent god, who is often understood to be a bringer of pestilence. There is some debate, however, regarding the exact nature of his destructivefunctions.

One of Erra's common epithets TT is 'warrior' (Roberts 1971: 14) and another is 'lord of plagueand carnage' (CAD Š/1: 69, s.v. šaggaštu; Tallqvist 1938). This second epithet has beenalternatively translated as 'lord of affray and slaughter' by Roberts 1971, who argues that Erra'sdestructive power is associated with famine rather than pestilence. He claims that textualevidence indicates that Erra should be thought of as a god of famine rather than pestilence.

To support this argument, Roberts quotes an entry in a series of household omens (Šumma Älu TT ) that he translates as: "there wil l be a devouring of Erra in the land" . This line alsocontains a gloss TT to give further explanation of its meaning. Roberts 1971 translates it asmeaning 'famine', whilst the dictionary definition is 'a disease characterized by ravenous hunger'(CAD H: 261, s.v. hušahhu). Whilst Erra's associations are still open to debate, his aspects of pestilence, plagues and famine may perhaps be closely related, as pestilence usually results inhunger and starvation.

Divine genealogy and syncretisms

Erra's wif e was the goddess Mami (not thought to be the mother goddess of the same name) and

his father the sky god An.

Erra eventually became syncretised with the god Nergal, who was associated with theunderworld. Erra's associations with Nergal are attested as early as the Old Akkadian period (ca.2350-2200 BCE) (Lambert 1973). A Sumerian hymn to Nergal that also features the name Errasurvives (ETCSL 4.15.2) although the fragmentary nature of the text means it is unclear whether this indicates two different deities here, or alternative names for one deity. In the StandardBabylonian version of the literary text Nergal and Ereškigal (STT 1, 28) the name Erra is usedinstead of Nergal, indicating the close identification of the two gods at this time.

Cult Place(s)Erra was worshipped at the E-meslam (Meslam House) temple in the city of Kutha in Babylonia,as was Nergal.

Time Periods Attested

Erra first appears as a divine element in personal names in southern Mesopotamia in theSargonic Period (c.2390-2210 BCE) (Roberts 1971: 12-13).

Erra is featured in two royal prayers from the second millennium BCE. The first is a prayer for 

king Hammurabi (ETCSL 2.8.2.4), which is unfortunately too fragmentary to reveal anythingmeaningful about this deity. The second is a hymn to the goddess Inana that contains prayers for king Ur-Ninurta (ETCSL 2.5.6.1). In this hymn Inana and other deities speak to the king, guidinghim in ruling justly and powerfully over the land. The god Enlil pronounces that king Ur-Ninurtashould emulate the brave deeds of war-like deities, including being 'like the warrior Erra' -

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presumably invoking Erra's destructive characteristics.

In the first millennium BCE, Erra is attested in scholarly and literary texts from the Neo-Assyrianto Seleucid periods. The most lengthy and well-known literary text featuring Erra is the narrativepoem Erra and Išum (STT 1, 16; STT 1, 17 (+)). The text possibly dates from the eighth centuryBCE although the exact date is disputed (see Foster 2005: 880). In the Babylonian poem Erraand Išum, Erra ravages Babylonia with plague after temporarily gaining control over the world.The text is a poetic portrayal of the eruption of violence and its subsequent effects on a society. It

shows, among other things, how violence leads to disruption of order - even the divine order imposed on the world by the gods - and the potential to destroy civilisation. The thirteenth to ninthcenturies BCE saw bloody invasions of Babylonia by outside invaders. The myth may be areflection on the real-life consequences of violence within contemporary society as experiencedby its author (see Foster 2005: 880).

In omen texts from Seleucid Uruk (c.305-64 BCE), unfavourable omens that involved the comingof a plague often used the phrase: 'Erra will devour the land' (e.g., TCL 6, 16. Reference to Erra'sfunction as a bringer of death is also given in a Neo-Assyrian incantation series for expelling evildemons from the city of Huzirina. The first part of the text (the incantation) describes variousdemons and their ill effects on the land and its people. Here Erra is described as 'great Erra who

strikes people down in the street', presenting a powerful image of the god bringing inescapabledeath and leaving no one behind. (STT 2, 192 (+)). The text then goes on to describe rituals thatthe incantation priest must perform in order to drive away the evil.

Iconography

No imagery depicting Erra has been identified so far.

Name and Spellings

Erra's name is usually written in later sources asd

ER3.RA, although several variant spellings areattested in different periods including dER9(= GIR3).RA (see Roberts 1971).

Older spellings of the name of Erra might include the spell ing dKIŠ-ra (Borger 2004: 179),although this reading has been highly contested (see Steinkeller 1987; Lambert 1990a, Lambert1990b; Steinkeller 1990; but see Krebernik 1998: 277).

Roberts 1971 gives a possible etymology TT for Erra's name as deriving from the Semitic root for "to scorch" or "char" giving Erra the meaning of "scorching" or "scorched". He therefore suggeststhat Erra was originally a personification of the "scorched earth" resulting from a grass or forest

fire, who in time came to personify famine more generally - especially famine arising from theburning of land, such as during war. This interpretation however is not universally accepted (e.g.,Lambert 1973).