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EngineeringGeoscience

ERTH2404

Dr.JasonMah

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InstructorInformation

JasonMah

BASc inMechanicalEngineering

PhDinEarthSciences

Officehours

Room2120Herzberg,5:30PM 7:00PM

Emailforappointment

Email:[email protected]

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CourseInformation Lectures:Mon&Wed,4:05 5:25

TextRequired:GeologyforEngineersandEnvironmentalScientists,3rdEd.,A.E.Kehew Availableatthebookstore Textonreserveinlibrary

Labs:5Sections ODD/EVEN(labseveryotherweek)

Labmanualrequired:Coursepack AvailableatScienceStores,room118Steacie

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CourseEvaluationEvaluation

Theoryexams Midtermexam

Feb27

Lectures

beforethestudybreak

35%

Finalexam

(Endofterm)

Lectures

afterthestudybreak

35%

Laboratorywork Labexam

(March4 15)

Labs1,2,3 15%

LabQuizzes Labs1,2,3,4 10%

Lab4Assignment (handedinfor

grading)

5%

Total 100%

Apassinggrademustbeachievedinthelabtocompletethecourse.

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ImportantDates

Nolabsthisweek

January14:StartofEVENlabgroup

January31:Lastdaytowithdrawwithfullfee

adjustment February27:MidtermExam(duringclass)

March4 15:Labexam(duringlab)

April8:Lastlecture

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StudentAccommodation

Disability,pregnancy,religiousobligations

Mayeffecttimingforexams,labs

Alertmeduringfirsttwoweeksofclassif

needaccommodation DeadlineisJan21,2013foracademic

accommodationsforthelabexam

EquityServiceswebsite:

http://carleton.ca/equity/accommodation

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OtherInformation

CuLearn

Allcourseinformationpostedonline

SignonthroughCarletonwebsitemainpage

DiscussionGroupavailable

Deferredexams

Notificationrequiredwithin5workingdays

Contactme(notClaireSamson)

Plagiarism

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AsaCourtesy

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Whyshouldyoutakethiscourse?

Studyofourplanet:

atmosphere,hydrosphere,lithosphere;

interactions Everythingisrelated

Implicationsofearth

scienceproblems

to

engineering

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ImpactofPlanetonOrganisms

1989LomaPrieta

Earthquake:

Oakland,

Cypress

freeway

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2011Thoku,Japan,earthquakeandtsunami

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2012Strombolivolcano,Italy

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2012,HurricaneIrene,NewYork13

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ImpactofHumansonPlanet

Climatechange

Ozone

depletion Airpollution

Acidrain

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CourseTopics

GeologicalTime

MineralsandRocks

Platetectonics,volcanoes,earthquakes

Rockmechanicsandstructures Massmovement

Hydrology

Earthresources

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CourseObjectives

Attheendofterm,youwillbe:

Abletodescribeearthmaterialsandprocessesfrombothengineeringandgeologicalperspectives

Awareoftheimpactofgeologicalprocesseson

engineeringwork

Familiar with thespecialized vocabulary ofearthsciences

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Lecture1:GeologicTime

4.5Byearsofhistory

recordedin

rocks

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Readingassignment

PleasereadKehews booktocomplementthematerialpresentedinthislecture:

Chapter2,p.23

27;

p.60

72;

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Lecturecontents

TheoriginoftheSolarSystem

Relativedating

Absolutedating

Geologicaltimescale

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Lectureobjectives Toreviewthetimescaleappliedtogeological

processes Toreviewthedifferencebetweenrelativeand

absolutegeologicaldating

Toreviewtheprinciplebehindradiometricdating

Toplacerockunitsandgeologicaleventsin

chronologicalorderusingStenosRules ToreviewCanadasgeologicalhistory

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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem Modelmustaccountforthefollowing

observations:

AllplanetsrotateinsamedirectionaroundtheSun

Theorbitsofallplanetslieinthesameplane,theinvariableplane(Earthsorbitalplaneistheeclipticplane)

Thedistributionofplanetarybodies: Terrestrialplanets,asteroidbelt, giantplanets,comets

Planetshavedifferent: Rotationperiods,spindirections,obliquity

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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem ClassicalModel

1. FormationofSolarNebula2. Planetesimals

3. Planetaryaccretion

4. Planetarydifferentiation

TheSolarNebula(Kant,1755)

Thesunandplanetsarebornfromarotatingdiskofcosmicgasanddust,thesolarnebula

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1.SolarNebular Thesolarnebularisinfluencedbygravity,gas

pressure,androtation Masscollapsesatcentre formingtheSun

Cloudspinsfasterandflattenstoformadisk,

constrainingtheplanets: ExplainswhyallplanetsorbittheSuninthesame

direction

Explainswhyallplanetshavetheirorbitsinthesameplane

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2.Planetesimals

Massflowbetweensunanddiskceases

Accretionofplanetesimals(diameter 1km)

Sourcesofenergy:

Gravitationalenergy

Impactenergy

Controllingfactor:falloffinTwithdistancefromthesun

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3.Planetaryaccretion Planetsresultingfromaccretionfromasmallnumber

oflargeplanetesimals inthefinalstage Disruptionofspinandobliquity

Allplanetsformed:

Atthesametime( 4.6Ga),inarelativelyshorttime

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Nebula

0 5 15 115Ma

PlanetesimalsPlanetesimals

Planetary

accretion

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4.EarthDifferentiation

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Densermaterialmigratesgraduallytothecentre

InitialEarthhot,mostlymolten;separatesintodenseFeNialloycoreandsilicatemantle bygravity

Innercore:Solidiron

Outercore:Liquidiron

Mantle:Ironandmagnesium

Crust:Siliconandoxygen

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TheoriginoftheSolarSystem

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Davidson et al., 2002

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EarthsMoon Moonlessdensethan

Earth,cannothaveformedatsametimebysameprocesses

CollisionmodelforMoon;onlylessdensesilicatematerialejected

intoorbittoformMoonat4.53Ga

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Taylor, 1994

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Meteorites TheytellustheageoftheSolarNebula!!

Stonymeteoritesareprimitive

Compositionsimilar

to

Earths

mantle

Chondrules aresolidifieddropletsofmatterfromtheearlySolarNebula

Ironmeteoritesaredifferentiated CompositionsimilartoEarthscore

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Meteorites Stonymeteorite,Murchison,withabundant

chondrules

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Photo:D.

Smith,

CarletonU.

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Meteorites Ironmeteorite,Annaheim,foundin1916,100

kmeastofSaskatoonbyafarmermowinghay

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Photo:http:

//miac.uqac.ca

/MIAC/

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TheModernEarth

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TheEarthscoreiscooling Earth

inheritedPrimordialHeat;also

produces

heatfrom

radioactivedecayof K,U,Th

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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth Theological,sedimentaccumulation,Earth

coolingrates,radioactivedecay

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106 = 1 million years

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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth JamesHutton(1726 1797)

Founderofmoderngeology Majorcontribution:

Earthscoreishot

Basedonerosionrates,theEarthisseveralordersofmagnitudeolderthanpreviouslythought

Keyfieldevidence:unconformityat

Siccar Point

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EarthHistory: theAgeoftheEarth Siccar Point,

Scotland Layerstiltedinto

verticalposition

byregional

compression

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Relativedating Relativedating:taskofplacingrockunitsand

geologicaleventsinchronologicalorder intheirpropersequence

Weusefourlawstoguiderelativedatingingeology

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StenosRules

NicholasSteno,16381686

1.Principleoforiginalhorizontality2.Principleoflateralcontinuity

3.Principleofsuperposition

4.Principleofcrosscuttingrelationships

StenosRules123applytosedimentaryrocks

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Principle

of

Original

horizontality Layersofsediments are

alwaysdepositedin

horizontalsheets Acceptableassumptionfor

scale

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Principle

of

Lateral

continuity Sediments aredepositedincontinuous

horizontalsheetsuptothepointwheretheyterminateagainstasolidsurface

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Rules1&2

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Ref.:Kehew,A.E.1995.GeologyforEngineers&Environmental

Scientists.2nd Edition.Fig.1.1.Shown with permission.

conformable

layers

Oldersurfacepredating

sedimentdeposition

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Principle

of

Superposition Inundeformed

sedimentaryrocks,eachlayerisolderthantheoneaboveit

Iflayersarefoldedorinclinedatalargeangle,theyhavebeen

disturbedafterdeposition

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GrandCanyon,

Arizona

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Source:UnitedStatesGeologica

lSurvey(USGS)

Time

increasing

Older

Younger

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Law

of

included

fragments Iffragmentsofonematerialarefoundin

another,thentheincludedfragmentsmustbeolder

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P i i l f

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Principleof

Crosscutting

relationships

Anyevent

thatcutsorbreaksarock

mustbe

youngerthanthatrock

Fault

Dyke

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Unconformities InmostplacesonEarth,thereisnocomplete

setofconformablelayers: Surfacesleftbyhaltsinsedimentationarecalled

unconformities

Angularunconformity:olderlayerdipatanangle

differentfromyoungerlayer

Disconformity: thenewlayersareparalleltotheolderlayersbutthereisatimegap inbetween

Nonconformity:theerosionsurfaceisanigneousormetamorphicrock

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Unconformities

Deposition

of

SequenceAinconformablelayers

Deformation&

metamorphismofsequenceA

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A

A

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Unconformities Upliftand

erosionofAErosionalsurface

DepositionofsequenceB

Nonconformity

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A

A

B

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Unconformities

Deformation,upliftanderosionofA

andB

Erosionalsurface

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A

B

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Unconformities

Angularunconformity

DepositionofsequenceC

Inconformable

layers

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A

B

C

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Unconformities

IntrusionofigneousbodyDthroughA,B,

andC

Aistheoldest

Distheyoungest

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A B

CD

Example: Determine the order of

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Example:Determinetheorderof

relativeageofeachunit

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unconformity

unconformity

E

Example: Determine the order of

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Example:Determinetheorderof

relativeageofeachunit

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Answer

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12

34

5

6

7

8

1 = oldest, 8 = youngest

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James

Hutton:

re

visited KeyobservationatSiccar Point,Scotland

Horizontallayersoverlayverticallayers

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Horizontal layerVertical layer

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Next! Howdowedeterminehowoldrocksare?

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Documents

Erth2404 l1 Intro