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1

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2

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3

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4

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5

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6

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7

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8

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9

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GKÁbBa¢akarkgT½Brbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ehIyEdl)anpþl;CUn suIv ehg nUvkarFanasnþisuxsuvtßiPaB

pÞal;xøÜn. enAqñaM1959 suIv ehg )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alsgÁmra®sþniymrbs; semþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu EdleFVI[GaCJaFrrdæaPi)almanlT§PaBcg¥úlnigcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)albkSlYclak;xusc,ab;CaeRcInrUb.

eyagtamsmþIrbs; b:ul Bt BIqñaM1955dl;qñaM1959 smaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExµrRbEhlekAsib

PaKryRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;. rhUtmkdl;edImqñaM1960 manEtkmµaPi)albkSRbEhl800nak;

nigsaxabkSBIrenACnbTb:ueNÑaH EdlenAmanskmµPaBnigdMeNIrkareBjelj. saxaTaMgBIrenaHrYmman ³

� PUmiPaKbUBa’manmUldæanenAextþkMBg;cam ¬dwknaMeday esa Pwm¦nig

� PUmiPaKnirtImanmUldæanenAextþtaEkv ¬dwknaMeday Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk¦.

TU samut/ b:ul Bt/ nig nYn Ca )anbnþdwknaMskmµPaBbkSenATIRkúgPñMeBj edaymanCMnYyBI eGog

sarI nig sun esn CabBaØvnþBIrnak;epSgeTotEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg.

3> bkSBlkrkm<úCa

mhasnñi)atrbs;bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr)anR)arB§eFVIeLIgCasm¶at; enAkñúgsßanIyrfePøIgnaTIRkúgPñMeBj

BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960. mhasnñi)atenHRtÚv)ancUlrYmedaysmaCikR)aMBIrrUbBIsaxabkS

mhasnñi)atbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

10

enATIRkúgnigdb;bYnrUbBIsaxabkSenACnbT. mhasnñi)at)anseRmcerobcMbkSsaCafµI begáItmaKa’neya)ayfµI

nigbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.

enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzan³lMdab;TIIbIkñúgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqñaM1961.

bnÞab;BI TU samut )an)at;xøÜn7enAqñaM1962 mhasnñi)atbkSCabnÞan;mYyRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVIeLIg

enAExkumÖ³qñaM1963. mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;

Cag b:ul Bt enAkñúgbkSminRtÚv)aneRCIserIseT edayehtufa nYn Ca manCab;sac;jatiCamYyCnk,t;bkS

suIv ehg. mü:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumµúynIsþesµaHRtg;mñak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<úCakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1972. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm

ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

11

dUecñH nYn Ca mineFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYy b:ul Bt sRmab;tMENgenHeT. nYn Ca )anbnþsßitenACaGnuelxa

bkSnigCaCn d¾man\T§iBlmñak;enAkñúgclnakumµúynIsþGs;ry³eBlCagsamsibqñaM.

bnÞab;BITTYltMENgCaelxabkSPøam b:ul Bt )aneTARCkekanenAÉmUldæanT½Brbs;evotNamenAPaK

|sanRbeTsehAfa{mnÞIr100}. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvlMhUCImij eTATIRkúghaNUy

edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg.

b:ul Bt RtÚv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enARbeTscin RbkbedayPaBrak;Tak;CagenAevotNam ehIy b:ul Bt mankarmin

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1973. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm

ehIytMbn; EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

12

eBjcitþcMeBaHKMnitEdlfaclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCaRtÚvEt

bnþsßitenAeRkamkaremIlkarxusRtÚvrbs;evotNamteTA

eTot.

4> bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa

enAExkBaØa qñaM1966 bnÞab;BIdMeNIrbMeBj

TsSnkic©eRkARbeTs b:ul Bt )anbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACa

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bnßy

\T§iBlrbs;evotNam nigrwtcMNgmitþPaBCamYycin.

KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman³ b:ul Bt/

nYn Ca/ eGogsarI/ vn ev:t ¬GtItRKÚbeRgónenAviTüal½y

ceRmInviC¢aenAPñMeBj¦ nig sun esn.

kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960 smaCikfµI²rbs;

ExµrRkhm)anekIneLIgEfmeTot. PaKeRcInénRkúmenH

rs;enAtambeNþayRBMEdnevotNam EdlCatMbn;dac;

Rsyalq¶ayBIkgkmøaMgeyaFarbs;semþcRBHneratþmRkbTsSnavdþI{km<úCa}rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü elx3 ExmIna

qñaM1978 ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

karsEmþgsil,³kñúgtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgextþRkecH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

13

sIhnu. mUldæanFMrbs;bkSBIqñaM1966eTAqñaM1970sßitenAextþrtnKIrI.

enAExmIna qñaM1970 ]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; nigshkarIrbs;Kat;EdlniymshrdæGaemrik)aneFVIrdæ

RbharTmøak;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ecjBIRBHRbmuxrdæedayeCaKC½y. minyUrb:unµanbnÞab;BIenaH kgkmøaMg

evotmijnigExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;tMbn;CaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTs. RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;)anbdiesFminKaMRTrdæaPi)al

saFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; ehIyEbrCacUlrYmCamYyExµrRkhmedIm,InaMyksemþcRBH

neratþm sIhnu mkRKb;RKgGMNacvij. kñúgeBlenaHEdr semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )annireTsRBHkay

eTARbeTscin. edaymankarelIkTwkcitþnigkarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alcin rdæaPi)alevotNamxag

eCIg nigbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anbegáIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa} nigrdæaPi)alnireTsmYyEdlman

eQµaHfa {raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa}8. smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCak¾CasmaCikrbs;raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYm

Catikm<úCaEdr.

sPaBkarN_vivtþn_TaMgenH)anpþl;»kasy:ageRcIndl;RkúmExµrRkhm. evotNamxageCIgnigcinKaMRT

RkúmExµrRkhm ehIysemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anGMBavnav[RbCaCncUléRBm:aKI¬éRBEdlGñkts‘UeFVIbdivtþn_

lak;xøÜn¦ CYypþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesna Rbmux ln; nl;. CagenHeTAeTot karTmøak;

RKab;Ebkd¾sn§wksn§ab;rbs;rbbsaFarNrdæExµr eRkamkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;shrdæGaemrikeTAelIpøÚvpÁt;pÁg;

smÖarnigmUldæannanarbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ )aneFVI[mankarKaMRTExµrRkhmBIsMNak;RbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg

ehIykmøaMgT½Brbs;ExµrRkhmmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgCalMdab;.

kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþevotNam )ancUlkan;EteRCAeTAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1970 ehIy)aneFVIkar

CamYyExµrRkhmedIm,IerIsnighVwkhVWnT½BsRmab;kgkmøaMgts‘U Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbEhl3Ban;nak;

enAqñaM1970 eTAcMnYn4muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1973. enAelIsmrPUmi edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam ExµrRkhm)an

TTYlC½yCmñHelIkgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; CabnþbnÞab;. cugqñaM1972 kgT½BevotNam)andk

ecjBIkm<úCa ehIy)anRbKl;bnÞúksMxan;²éns®gÁamenHmk[bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaRKb;RKgvij. eTaHCay:ag

enHkþI TIRbwkSaevotNamBIrb¤bIBan;nak;)anbnþsñak;enAeFVICaTIRbwkSaEpñkbec©keTs.

cab;BIExmkradl;ExsIha qñaM1973 rbbsaFarNrdæExµrEdlmanshrdæGaemrikCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;eRKÓg

sBVavuF)anTmøak;RKab;EbkRbmaNknøHlanetanelIkm<úCa ehIyeFVI[RbCaCnExµrRbEhlbIEsnnak;søab;)at;bg;

CIvit. karTmøak;RKab;EbkenH)anBnüWtdMeNIreq<aHeTArkC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm ehIykñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH

mnusSCaeRcInEdlxwgsm,anwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk ehIyEdlman)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarxøÜnenaH)ancUlrYmCamYy

bdivtþn_ExµrRkhm.

kgT½BExµrRkhmmanPaBsVahab; nigeKarBvin½yCagkgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyRkúm

ExµrRkhmGacRTaMRTnwgkarxVHxatmðÚbGaharnigfñaMsgáÚv)an. CagenHeTAeTot {ExµrhaNUy}9mYycMnYn)an

RtLb;cUlmkkñúgRbeTsvij edIm,ICYyclnabdivtþn_rbs;ExµrRkhm. GñkTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)andak;[kan;tMENg

fñak;TabenATUTaMgRbeTs b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;qñaM1973 KWbnÞab;BITIRbwkSaevotNamPaKeRcInRtLb;eTARbeTsxøÜnvij

GñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneFVIXatCasm¶at; eRkambBa¢arbs;fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlcg;[bkSecjputBI

14

\T§iBlrbs;evotNam.

enAedImqñaM1973 Eb:tsibR)aMPaKryénRbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;eRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhm

ehIykgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esÞIrEtKµanlT§PaBeFVIkarRbyuT§bnþeTAeToteT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

edaysarmanCMnYyBIshrdæGaemrik kgT½BelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; manlT§PaBbnþkarRbyuT§CamYyExµr

RkhmGs;ry³eBlCagBIrqñaMbnþmkeTot.

15

CMBUkTI3

kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExµrRkhm

1> karcUlkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj

éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975)anbBa©b;nUvkareRCótERCkBIsMNak;breTs karTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigkar

RbQmGavuFdak;Kñaéns®gÁamsuIvilExµrry³eBlR)aMqñaMenAkm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþenAéf¶dEdlenH TIRkúgPñMeBj)anFøak;eTA

kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþTaMgRsug.

kgkmøaMg]TÞamEdlRbkbedayÉksNæanBN’exµAnigBN’Gacm_esH )aneFVIdMeNIrcUlTIRkúgBIRKb;TisTI.

RbCaCnTIRkúgTaMgGs;)annaMKñaecjmkQreRtóbRtatamdgpøÚv ehIyERskGbGrsaTrnigRKvITg;RkNat;s.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾manmnusSCaeRcInnak;)ansm¶Mlak;xøÜnenAkñúgpÞH edayRBÜy)armÖfa xøÜnGacRtÚvcab;

b¤)aj;smøab; eRBaHPøam²enaH ExµrRkhm)anRbkastamviTüúCatifaxøÜnminEmnmkedIm,IcrcaCamYynrNa

TaMgGs; ehIynwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;nigembBa¢akarT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alcas;10.

kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTsenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

16

CnbreTsrab;rynak;nigCnCatiExµrmYycMnYn)anrt;eTARCkekanenAsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKar

LWr:Uy:al;¦ Edlkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati)anRbkasfaCatMbn;GBüaRkwt. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlExµrRkhmcUl

Binitüe)assMGatsNæaKarenH CnbreTs GñkkaEst nigCnCatiExµrRbEhlmYYyrynak;epSgeTot)anrt;eTA

RCkekankñúgbrievNsßanTUt)araMgvij. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢aCnCatiExµrTaMgGs;enAkñúgsßanTUt[eFVIdMeNIreTA

CnbTedIm,IeFVIkargarksikmµ. CnbreTsRbmaN610nak;)anbnþsñak;enAkñúgsßanTUt Gs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_

eTot munnwgRtÚvdwkCBa¢ÚntamLaneTAkan;RBMEdnéf.

Pøam²bnÞab;BIrMedaH)anTIRkúgPñMeBj ExµrRkhm)anRbharCIvitemdwknaMCan;x<s;bIrUb m®nþIraCkar nig

nayTahanrab;rynak;rbs;rdæaPi)al

saFarNrdæExµr. emdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbI

rUbenHrYmmannaykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t

RBHGgÁm©as;suIsuvtiß sirimt³ nig ln;

Nun ¬b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;

nl;¦. elakesnaRbmux)ancakecj

BIRbeTsmunenHbnþicCamYynwgR)ak;

esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnmYylanduløarGaemrik.

rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik)anyl;RBm

CemøósGñkTaMgbIeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik

b:uEnþGñkTaMgenH)anbdiesFminRBmcak

ecj. RBHGgÁ m©as; suIsuvtßi sirimt³

)ansresrsMbuRtmYyc,ab;epJIeTAsßan

TUtshrdæGaemrik EdlmanesckþIfa ³

´sUmsEmþgnUvkardwgKuNy:agesµaHsµ½RKcMeBaHsMbuRt nigkarpþl;CUnrbs;elakedIm,I

naMéTAkan;esrIPaB. b:uEnþKYr[Gnic©a ´minGaccakecjkñúgsPaBd¾kMsakEbbenH)an

eT. cMeBaHelak ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsd¾Gs©arürbs;Gñk ´minEdleCOmYyvinaTI

NaeLIyfa elakdac;citþe)aHbg;ecalmnusSEdl)aneRCIserIsykesrIPaB. elak

)anbdiesFminpþl;karkarBardl;eyIg´ ehIyeyIg´minGaceFVIGVI)anTaMgGs;>>> ´)an

RbRBwtþkMhusEtmYyKt;KWkareCOCak;eTAelIshrdæGaemrik. sUmTTYlnUvkarrab;GanGMBI

Ék]tþm mitþCaTIRslaj;rbs;´ mitþd¾esµaHRtg;nigrYsrayrak;Tak;rbs;´.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigTIRbwkSacinQrenABImuxsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKarLWr:Uy:al;¦


17

2> karCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCn

RbCaCnenAtamTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnPaKeRcIneCOCak;fa xøÜnnwgrs;enARbkbedaysuxsnþiPaBeRkamkar

RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMfµIrbs;xøÜn ehIyfaRbCaCnRKb;rUbnwgBYtédKñaeFVIkaredIm,IbRgÜbRgÜmCati. pÞúyeTAvij

BIrb¤bIem:agbnÞab;BIkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj kgT½BExµrRkhm)ancab;epþIm)aj;rHeTAelIGakasCasBaØabgçM[RbCaCn

cakecjBITIRkúg.

ExµrRkhm)anbgçMGñkrs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjRbEhlBIrlannak; EdlkñúgenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkePosxøÜnkñúg

GMLúgeBls®gÁamCagmYylannak;pg[eTACnbT. kñúgry³eBlmYys)þah_ RbCaCnkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBjnig

TIRbCuMCnepSg²eTot EdlFøab;RKb;RKgedayrbbsaFarNrdæExµrRtÚv)anbeNþjecjeTAeFIVkargarksikmµenA

tMbn;CnbT.

suwm sut ehA kuy EdlCaGñkFak;suIkøÚenATIRkúgPñMeBj)anrMlwkeLIgvijnUvehtukarN_EdlKat;)an

eXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøós ³

enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 ´)anecjdMeNIreTARbkbrbrdUcFmµta. BIr-bIem:ag

eRkaymk éXIjkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrmkPñMeBj. RbCaCn)anecjmkeRkAehIy

emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCYbCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

18

RKvIRkNat;snigGavssVaKmn_ExµrRkhm. Pøam²enaH BYkeK)an)aj;kaMePøIgeTAelI

Gakas bBa¢aRbCaCn[cakecjBITIRkúgedayGHGagfaGaemrikaMgnwgmkTmøak;RKab;Ebk.

dUcGñkÉeTotEdr ´)anRbjab;Rbjal;eFVIdMeNIrcakecjenAem:agdb;CamYybgRbus´

mitþPkþienAvtþCamYyńigelaksgÇ. enAelIpøÚvd¾ENnNan;tan;tab; ´B¤sUrsMeLgmnusS

mñaERskehArk«Bukmþaynigbgb¥Ún nigsERmkekµg²yMTarrk)ay. ExµrRkhm)anrwbGUs

ykrbs;rbrRbCaCn. GñkEdlCMTas;minRBm[ nwgRtÚvsmøab;b¤k¾cab;xøÜnykeTA)at;.

enAeBlEdl´kMBugEtedIr T½BExµrRkhmRsImñak;)anTajkGav´ ehIysYr´fa CaGtItTahan

b¤? Kat;ruj´fyeRkayvij enAeBlEdl´R)ab;Kat;faĆakUnsisS. ´k¾)anbnþdMeNIr

rbs; eTARkúgtaexµA. enAtampøÚv ´)aneXIjsaksBEdleTIbEtehImfµI²CaeRcIn. bnÞab;

BI)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³eBlbIéf¶ ´)anmkdl;extþtaEkv.

minmankarelIkElgNa

mYyeTenAkñúgkarCemøósenH. Gñk

CMgWRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBImnÞIreBTü.

GñkePosxøÜnrab;Ban;nak; CaBiess

kUnekµg cas;Cra nigGñkCMgW)an

søab;enAtampøÚv. ®sþImanépÞeBaH

CaeRcIn)ansøab;enAeBlsRmalkUn

edaysarKµanfña Mn igesvasuxa

Pi)al. kUnekµg)anvegVg)at;BI

«BukmþayehIy RbCaCnPaKeRcIn

mindwgfaetImanGVIkMBugEtekIteLIg

enaHeT.

sU rI RbCaCnrs;enAextþ

taEkvk¾)anrMlwkBIRBwtþikarN_Cemøós

RbCaCnecjBITIRkúgPñMeBjEdr.

bþIrbs; sU rI KWCaTahanrbs;rbb

saFarNrdæExµrEdlRtÚvrbYsRtg;

ePøA kñúgeBlRbyuT§CamYykgT½BExµr

Rkhm ehIyRtÚvbBa¢ÚnmkBüa)al

enAmnÞIreBTüPñMeBj.sU rI )anerob

rab;fa³GakasyandæanGnþrCatieBaFicintug¬PñMeBj¦ Exemsa qñaM1975


19

kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbBa¢a[BYkeyIgecjBITIRkúg. ńiyayfa {´minGaceTA)aneT eRBaH´

kMBugmanépÞeBaH ehIybþI manrbYsF¶n;}. BYkeKenAEtbgçM[eyIgcakecj. BYkeyIgyM

eGIyyMeRBaHbþIédIrminrYc. bnÞab;mk eyIgrk)anreTHmYy. ´RKah_bþI´dak;elIreTH

ehIy)andak;RkmaTak;kGUsbþI bnþeTot. eyIgcg;eTAtaEkv EtExµrRkhm)anbgçM[eyIg

eFVIdMeNIreTAmuxbnþeTottampøÚvCatielx5. eyIgqøgkat;ERBkkþam ehIyk¾Qb;daM)ay

hUb. eBlhUb)ayehIyeKR)ab;eyIg[eTAmuxeTot. ´GUsreTHeLIgrlakRkelonGs;

ehIy. enAtampøÚv bþI RtÚveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal. ýMxøaMgNas; b:uEnþmindwgeFVI

y:agem:c. ´)aneTAdl;RsukcmáarelI extþkMBg;cam. mYyExeRkaymk ´qøgTenø)an

kUnRsImYy.

ExµrRkhm)anBnül;ehtuplCaeRcInGMBImUlehtu EdlGgÁkarRtÚvbeNþjRbCaCnTaMgGs;[ecjBI

TIRkúg.kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósExµrRkhm)anR)ab;RbCaCnfashrdæGaemriknwgmkTmøak;RKab;EbkenAPñMeBjehIy

faRbCaCnmincaM)ac;cak;esapÞHeT eRBaHfaRbCaCnTaMgGs;nwgGacRtLb;mkvijkñúgry³eBlBIr-bIéf¶eTot.

eGog sarI ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTsrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü eRkaymk)anBnül;

ehtuplénkarCemøósfa bNþalmkBIkgVHxatsmÖarnigmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,IdwkmðÚbGaharmkkan;TIRkúg.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAvalERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

20

b:ul Bt enAkñúgeBlbMeBjTsSnkic©enARbeTscinenAExtula qñaM1977 )anniyayfa mUlehtuénkar

CemøósRbCaCnKWedIm,IbMEbkRkúmcarkic©rbs;xµaMg.

RbvtþiviTUPaKeRcIn)anyl;Rsbfa ExµrRkhmmankarebþCJacitþy:agmutmaMedIm,IERbkøaykm<úCa[eTACa

RbeTsrbs;ksikrnigBlkrEdlkñúgenaHGMeBIBukrlYy skþiPUminiym nigmUlFnniym nwgRtÚvlubbM)at;ecal

TaMgRsug. ExµrRkhmyl;eXIjfaRbCaCnenATIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnanaCamnusSmins¥ats¥M ehIymanEtksikr

enAtamTICnbTb:ueNÑaHEdls¥ats¥MRKb;RKan;sRmab;bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.

bnÞab;BIkarCemøós)anbBa©b; TIRkúgPñMeBj)ankøayeTACa {TIRkúgexµac} EdlmanmnusSrs;enARbEhl

bYnmuWnnak;b:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlbnþsßitenAkñúgTIRkúgKWsuT§EtCakmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s; kgT½B nigkmµkrerag

cRk. manhaglk;TMnijEtmYyKt;enAkñúgTIRkúg¬pSarFMfµI¦ EdlebIklk;sRmab;GñkkarTUt. ExµrRkhm)anÉeka

RbeTsBIBiPBelakxageRkA. ExµrRkhmminebIkTUlay[CnbreTscUlmkkñúgRbeTseT ehIyk¾minebIkTUlay

[RbCaCnExµrcakecjBIRbeTsEdr.

BIr-bIéf¶bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt nigkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)aneFVIdMeNIrcUlmkTIRkúg

d¾s¶at;RCgMenH RkúmExµrRkhm)anerobcMBiFIbuNürMlwkviBaØaNkçn§cMeBaHGñk Edl)anBlICIvitkñúgGMLúgeBl

s®gÁam. enATIRkúgeb:kaMgÉeNaHvij manmnusSCagmYymuWnnak;nigm®nþICan;x<s;cinCaeRcInrUb)anR)arB§BiFI

C½yCmñHrbs;kgT½BkumµúynIsþkm<úCa elIrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrEdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu emdwknaMmanEteQµaHrbs;kgT½Bbdivtþn_min)an

cUlrYmkñúgBiFIenHeT. RBHGgÁKg;enAEk,rRBHmatarbs;RBHGgÁ KWRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³narIr½tñ

sirIvDÆna EdlkMBugEtRbQYnCaTm¶n;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg. kñúgGMLúgeBlKg;enAnireTsxøÜnenATIRkúgeb:kaMgtaMgBI

qñaM1970 rdæaPi)alkumµúynIsþcin)anfVayRBHGgÁnUvkarKaMRTTaMgpøÚvneya)aynigpøÚvcitþ RBmTaMgPUmiRKwHRbkb

edaypasukmYyeTotpg. eRkaymk RBHGgÁ)aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyekatsresIrBIC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm.

21

CMBUkTI4

karbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> GgÁkar11

eTaHbICaExµrRkhm)aneFVIcm,aMgRbqaMgnwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; Gs;ry³

eBlR)aMqñaMk¾eday k¾clnanigemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ExµrRkhmminRtÚv)anpSBVpSayCasaFarN³eT. bkSkumµúynIsþ

km<úCa)anrkSakarsm¶at;enHesÞIrEteBjry³eBlEdlxøÜnRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa.

GgÁkarbdivtþn_RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaysmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)andwknaMCasm¶at;

BIsMNak; b:ul Bt.

enAExkBaØa qñaM1975 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCarYmman ³ b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ esa Pwm/

eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:uk/ nig vn ev:t. enAqñaM1977 smaCikbInak;eTot¬jwm rs;/ exov sMpn nig

Ek Bk¦RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKN³kmµaFikarenH. b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov sMpn )anTTYl

emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCasmaCikKN³cié®nþy_énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaMrYmman³ b:ul Bt ¬elxabkS

kumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCanaykrdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦/ nYn Ca ¬GnuelxabkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa¦/ eGog sarI

¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkarBarCati¦/ v:n evt ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©¦


22

karGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg cMENk nYn Ca Føab;)ansikSaeronsURtenARbeTséfnigevotNam. smaCikepSgeTot

énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimmancMeNHdwgbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH.

fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaBIqñaM1976-1978

2> karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu

rhUtdl;cugqñaM1975 ExµrRkhmenAEtehAxøÜnÉgfaCaraCrdæaPi)al

rYbrYmCatikm<úCa ¬rdæaPi)alEdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgeb:kaMgenA

qñaM1970 EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan¦. mkdl;

qñaM1972 ExµrRkhm)anRtÜtRtaelIclnats‘UesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAehIy

b:uEnþedIm,I)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCatinigkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTs

clnaenHenAbnþsßiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

nigraCrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgÁdEdl.

enAExkkáda qñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)ansuMyagsemþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkúgBüúgy:ag RbeTskUer:

xageCIg mkkm<úCa. munyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anyagmkkan;TIRkúg

eb:kaMg edIm,IsuMlaRbFanaFibtIcin em:A esTug nignaykrdæm®nþI CU eGnLay

EdlkMBugsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)anmanRBHbnÞÚl

b:ul Bt¬elxabkS¦

esa Pwm* eGog sarI sun esn* tam:uk* vn ev:t* Ek Bk*

exov sMpn

jwm rs;*

nYn Ca¬GnuelxabkS¦

*vn ev:t nig jwm rs; RtÚv)ansmøab;enAqñaM1978. esa Pwm eFVIGtþXatenAqñaM

1978. sun esn RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgqñaM1997. Ek Bk søab;edaysarCMgWenA

qñaM2002. tam:uksøab;edayCMgWenAqñaM2006.

KRmbTsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

{Tg;bdivtþn_ elx4 Exemsa qñaM1978}

¬sarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

23

fa³ {karseRmcRBHT½yrbs; kñúgkarvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij minmann½yfa ýl;RBmTTYlsÁal;ExµrRkhm

TaMgenaHeT b:uEnþ´RtÚvEteFVIBlikmµedIm,ICakitþiysdl;RbeTscin ehIyCaBiessdl;elaknaykrdæm®nþIcin

CU eGnLay Edl)anCYyRbeTskm<úCanig

xøÜný:ageRcInelIslub}12. RBHGgÁ)an

yagRtLb;CamYyRBHmehsIenAedImExkBaØa

edaymansemþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþIén

raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa¦ exov sMpn

eGog FIriT§ nigraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYnGm

RBHraCdMeNIreTotpg.

bnÞab;BIyagnivtþn_mkdl;km<úCaPøam

RBHGgÁ)aneFVICaGFibtIkñúgsm½yRbCuMKN³

rdæm®nþImYy b:uEnþminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[man

RBHbnÞÚlGVITaMgGs;. tMENgCaRBHRbmuxrdæ

EdlRkúmemdwknaMkumµúynIsþfVayRBHGgÁ

enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)þah_eRkay

karyagRtLb;mkdl;km<úCa RBHGgÁRtÚv)an

bBa¢ÚneTAGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTar

kic©RbCuMCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

ceRmógCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

17emsa mhaeCaKC½y

QamRkhmRcal eRsacRsBRkúgvalkm<úCa matuPUmi

Qam kmµkrksikrd¾]tþm QamyuT§Cn yuT§narIbdivtþn_.

QamERbkøayCakMhwgxøaMgkøa ts‘UemaHmut 17emsa

eRkamTg;bdivtþn_ QamrMedaHputBIPaBéK.

Ceya¡ Ceya 17emsaeCaKC½y mhaGs©arü mann½y

FMeFgelIssm½yGgÁr. eyIgrYbrYmKñaksagkm<úCanigsgÁmfµI

bvr RbCaFibetyü smPaB nigyutþiFm’ tammaKa’m©as;kar

ÉkraCürwgmaM ebþCJadac;xat karBarCatimatuPUmi TwkdI]tþm

bdivtþn_d¾rugerOg.

Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya km<úCafµI RbCaFibetyü sm,Úr

fáúMefáIg ebþCJaeRCagRKvITg;bdivtþn_Rkhmx<s;eLIg sagmatuPUmi

eyIg[ceRmInelatepøaH mharugerOg mhaGs©arü.

24

ykGasn³rbs;km<úCaenAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCa

Cati. enAkñúgRbeTsÉeNHvij RkúmGñkKaMRTrbs;RBHGgÁ

CaeRcInnak;)an)at;xøÜnedayKµandMNwg. smaCikraC

vgSanuvgSRbEhlémÖGgÁ)ancUlTivgÁtkñúgrbbkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü ehIyy:agticmanRBHraCvgSanuvgS

R)aMBIrGgÁepSgeTotRtÚv)aneFVIKutenAKukTYlEsøg.

3> rdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

BIéf¶TI15dl;éf¶TI19ExFñÚ qñaM1975 sMeNr

rdæFmµnuBaØmYyRtÚv)anGnum½tedaysmaCikcMnYnmYyBan;

nak;kñúgmhasnñi)atCatienATIRkúgPñMeBj ehIyRtÚv)an

Rbkas[eRbICapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1976.

RbeTskm<úCaRtÚv)anbþÚreQµaHCapøÚvkarfa {km<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü}. rdæFmµnuBaØ)anbegáItsPatMNagRbCaCn

cMnYn250Gasn³ EdlkñúgenaH150rUbtMNag[vNÑ³

ksikr 50rUbtMNag[vNÑ³kmµkrnigBlkr nig50rUb

eTottMNag[kgT½Bbdivtþn_km<úCa. rdæFmµnuBaØminman

EcgGVITaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ehIyrdæsPa

)anebIksm½yRbCuMEtmþgKt;enAExemsa qñaM1976.

ceRmógCatifµImaneQµaHfa {17emsamhaeCaKC½y}. bTceRmógenHniBn§eday b:ul Bt.

Tg;CatifµImanépÞBN’RkhmehIymanrUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcMkNþal.

Tg;Catikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

maRta16énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anEcg

GMBIrUbPaBnigxøwmsarénTg;CatienHmandUcteTA³

épÞRkhmmanrUbR)asaTkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcM

kNþal. épÞRkhmCanimitþrUbénclnabdivtþn_ kar

RbyuT§emaHmut Gg;GackøahankñúgkarrMedaHCati

karBarCati nigksagCatikm<úCarbs;RbCaCn

km<úCa. R)asaTBN’elOgCanimitþrUbénRbéBNI

Cati nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlCaGñkkarBarRbeTs

CaGñksßabnaRbeTs[)anfáúMefáIg rugerOg.

sBaØaCati maRta17énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úRbCaFibetyüEcg

fasBaØaCatiKWmanRbB½n§ERs nigRbLayTwkCanimitþrUbén

ksikmµeCOnelOn maneragcRkCanimitþrUbén]sSahkmµ

mankRmgkYrRsUv CaEsñgRkbIB½T§BIeRkA ehIymanGkSr

{km<úCaRbCaFibetyü} enABIeRkam.

25

4> semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ

enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM1976 KN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIskm<úCa)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðasuMla

ElgBItMENgrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy_)anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsuMlaElgrbs;

RBHGgÁ b:uEnþnwgminGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_ b¤CYbBiPakSaCamYyGgÁTUtbreTs

NamYyeLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<úCaEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCitBIrBan;qñaMmkehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b;.

enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs;

xøÜn. GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcänÞeTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu eday

pþl;fVayRBHGgÁnUvR)ak;esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnR)aMbIBan;duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ

Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁnigRBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuMXaMgenAkñúgeKhdæantUcmYykñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ

)anCab;XuMenA TIenaHrhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü13.

5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg

EdlmanskmµPaBkargareRcIn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTsdwknaMeday

eGog sarI RksYgkarBarCatidwknaMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmµdwknaMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækic©

dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmµaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiT§iGMNackñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnum½teKal

neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnþik³epSg² KWKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul Bt Caelxa

nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaminEdlykcitþTukdak;eKarBrdæFmµnuBaØ nigbTbBaØtþinana

EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnum½tbegáIteLIgedayxøÜnÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_nigKN³

kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr14.

26

6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS

enAExmIna qñaM1976 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)an

seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM

kMeNItbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an

seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM

1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot

eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy

eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqñaM1960eLIy ehIy

cg;bdiesFecal\T§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS

kumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigcg;kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgLayEdl

Føab;manCamYyevotNampg.

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at;

enAeRkameQµaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx

kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin

bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB

rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk

rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦

exov sMpn ekItqñaM1931enAextþsVayerog.

bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs

)araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit

viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa

vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn

)anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik

sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot.

qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar

rbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn

enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs;

semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu exov sMpn RtÚv)anEtgtaMg

CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYYyrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;

b:ul Bt BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk

exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

27

CMBUkTI5

PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

enAqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman

32tMbn;. PUmiPaKnImYy²KWykextþBIrb¤eRcInmkbBa©ÚlKña b¤kat;ecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøHmkbBa©ÚlKña.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;suT§EtRtÚv)andak;kMNt;smÁal;Caelx. PUmiPaKnImYy²EckecjCaeRcIntMbn; ehIy

tMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_.

PUmiPaKbUBa’ ¬PUmiPaK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVIGtþXatenAEx]sPa qñaM1978. PUmiPaK

enHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsVayerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkMBg;camEdlsßitenAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;

nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñúgextþRkecHKWRsukqøÚg nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsukxSac;kNþal

kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSnkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

28

lVaÉm nigmuxkMBUl. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22 tMbn;23 nig

tMbn;24.

PUmiPaKnirtI ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM

eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:uk. PUmiPaKenHrYm

manextþkMBtnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIrkñúg

extþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBisI¦

nigRsukR)aMkñúgextþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg

s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVay nigRsukelIkEdk¦.

PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYntMbn; KWtMbn;13

tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nigtMbn;25.

PUmiPaK]tþr ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM

eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqñaM1970eTAedIm

qñaM1976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn

nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøgenAqñaM1976 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk

RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfµI ehIyelxafµIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW kg cab.

PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþkMBg;FMTaMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkMBg;cam nigRsukmYykñúgextþRkecH

¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs


emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

29

PUmiPaKBay½Bü ¬PUmiPaK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþeBaFisat; nigextþ)at;dMbg

TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7.

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nigEpñkxøHénextþkMBg;s<W ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.

PUmiPaK|san ¬PUmiPaK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqñaM1976¦. PUmiPaKenH

rYmman extþrtnKIrITaMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrITaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsÞwgERtg EdlsßitenA

eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102 tMbn;104 tMbn;

105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976

e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

30

kñúgqñaM1976enH km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáIttMbn;sVy½tcMnYnBIrepSgeTotEdlTak;TgkargarpÞal;

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cat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.

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Rtg;GtItPUmiPaK]tþr cMENkPUmiPaK]tþrfµIRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar.

tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tMbn;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIrI¬b¤tMbn;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPUmiPaK|sannigcat;taMgCa

tMbn;sVy½t.

31

CMBUkTI6

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ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assMGatTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkúg

nigksagkm<úCamYyfµIedayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmµRsUv. edImqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anRbjab;

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TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMduHRsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnÞab;BIbBaðasnþisuxCati smUhPavUbnIykmµKWCaeKal

neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

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EpnkarbYnqñaMmaneKaledAseRmc[)anplitplRsUvbIetankñúgmYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakic©kar

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

32

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kgcl½tnarIExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv


33

nignaMecjeTARbeTscin nigRbeTssgÁmniymdéTeTot.

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Kat;cgcaMbMputeRkABIkarbgçM[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgnigkarkab;smøab;

enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg.

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karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³

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skmµPaBCBa¢ÚndIenAkñúgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

34

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minEdl)anhUbRKb;RKan;eT. edayXøanxøaMgeBk eBlxøH´kat;edImRtavéRBmkes¶ar

hUb. eBlhUbehIyrmas;eBjxøÜn. kUn²ýMRThwgeBjpÞH. éf¶mYyéTAsÞÚcRtI.

RbFankgKMram´fa {eFVIb£kefakTabeTAGgÁúysÞÚcRtI Rby½tñGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal}.

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daM)ay[kUn´hUb. kUn´hUb)ayeRcInNas; EtCMgWrbs;vakan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgCalMdab;

ehIyk¾søab;)at;eTA. kUn´BIrnak;eTotnigbþIrbs; k¾Føak;xøÜnQWEdr edaysarEthUbmin

RKb;RKan;. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´-bþIehIynigkUn )anRbwgERbgrs;y:agevTnaCaTIbMput.

35

CMBUkTI7

CIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> karbegáItshkrN_

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RtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{RkúmRbvas;éd} EdlmansmaCikBI10eTA30RKÜsarkñúgmYyRkúm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

cab;BIqñaM1973 nigCaBiessbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHqñaM1975 RkúmRbvas;édRtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa {shkrN_kRmit

Tab}EdlmansmaCikbIbYnrynak; b¤k¾PUmimYyTaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qñaM1977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)anerobcM

eLIgvij[eTACa{shkrN_kRmitx<s;} EdlrYmmanmYyBan;RKÜsarkñúgshkrN_nImYy² b¤k¾XuMmYyTaMgmUl.

RbCaCnmUldæan³ mþaynigkUn ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

36

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rkkarlubbM)at;ecalkmµsiT§iÉkCnnigrbbmUlFnniym nigedIm,IBRgwgvNÑ³kmµkrnigksikr. cMeBaHExµrRkhm

shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa

smUhPaB. eKalkarN_enHeFVI[mankardak;kMhity:agtwgrwugeTAelIkarrs;enACabuKÁl. RKÜsarExµrFøab;rs;enA

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mankarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMgEbbenH KWCaTegVImYyeXareXAxøaMgNas;. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnRtÚvRbKl;

RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn EdlCameFüa)ayplitkmµsMxan;²dak;Casm,tþirYmrbs;shkrN_TaMgGs; EdlmandUcCa

]bkrN_eRbIR)as; eKaRkbI ngÁ½l rnas; RKab;BUC nigdIERsCaedIm.

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mUldæan} nig{RbCaCnfµI} .

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LayNaEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT RKb;RKgeday

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b¤RbCaCneRtóm. RbCaCneBjsiT§iKWGñkTaMgLay

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GackøayCaRbFanshkrN_nigRbFankgepSg². Gñksil,³ExµrRkhm


37

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fµIRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSEdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an ehIyTTYlkars¥b;ex<ImnigkarsgS½yBIsMNak;GgÁkar.

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emsafa³

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38

enAeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RkúmRKÜsarÉdlmansmaCikTaMgGs;14nak;RtÚv)anCemøós

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caM)ac;emIlpøÚv«BukÉgeT ehIyRby½tñRbEygmat;pg kuMniyayGVIepþspþas[esaH

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karsEmþgsil,³rbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

39

RtÚv)ansmøab; edayGgÁkarecaTRbkan;famanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyxµaMg. mYyry³eRkaymk

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BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

40

narImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarCamYyyuT§CnBikar EdlrgrbYskñúgeBls®gÁam ehIyRtÚvdac;éd

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bBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalq¶ay²BIpÞH. narIxøHEdlCYbRbTHehtukarN_bgçMEbbenH)aneFVIGtþXat.

mUsa suxa CnCaticamrs;enAextþRkecH CaGtItRbFansmaKm®sþIXuMkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

)anrMlwkGMBIkarerobkarrbs;Kat;kalBIsm½yenaHdUecñHfa³

enAqñaM1974 eBl´manGayudb;R)aMqñaM ´)anerobkarCamYyGñklIEsgeRKÓgsBVavuF

mñak;eQµaH NuH las;. BYkeyIgsMNagl¥Nas;Edl)anerobkarmYyExmunkarGnum½t

c,ab;fµI EdlhamR)amRbCaCnmin[tubEtgxøÜnnwgeRKÓgGlgáarcRkBtþi. GVIk¾edayEdl

eRbIsRmab;tubEtgkayRtÚv)ancat;TukCarbs;cRkBtþiTaMgGs; sUm,IEteRKÓgGlgáar

Ekøgkøayk¾eday. mkRtwmeBlenaH manburs®sþI BI5eTA10KU RtÚv)anbgçM[erobkar

CarYmrYceRsceTAehIy. RbsinebIKUNamYyCMTas;minRBmkarCamYyKña BYkeKnwgRtÚv

ehA[eTAeronsURt. bþIRbBn§EdleTIbkarehIyfµIefµagRtÚvbMEbkecjBIKña. kñúgBiFImgÁl

karrbs; ´manGñkkMdrnigmanBak;eRKÓgGlgáar b:uEnþ esøókBak;exµAnigBak;Es,keCIg

kg;Lan. bnÞab;BIkarehIy)anbIéf¶ GgÁkar)anehAbþI [eTAsmrPUmi eRBaHGgÁkarRtÚvkar

kmøaMgbEnßmedIm,IvayrMlMrdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBj. ´)anGgVrRbFanPUmi[bþI sñak;enAkñúgPUmi

BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

41

b:uEnþKat;)anbdiesF. enAqñaM1976 ´sRmal)ankUnRbúsmñak; b:uEnþ)ansøab;eTAvij

mYys)þah_eRkaymkedaysarCMgW.

GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçMkan;EtmansPaBtwgEtgeLIg bnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhmqñaM1975.

burs®sþICaeRcInKURtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarkñúgeBlEtmYy. epg hgS RbCaCnmkBIextþkMBg;cam)anerobrab;BI

mgÁlkarrbs;Kat;dUecñHfa ³

enAqñaM1978 KWmYyExmunkardYlrlMénrbbenH GgÁkarcat;taMg[érobkar. Es¥keLIg

´GgÁúyelIekAGIenAkñúgBiFIerobkar edaytaMgcitþfanwgeFVItamGVIEdlGgÁkarbBa¢a. BiFIenaH

manyuvCnyuvnarIEdlRtÚverobkarsrub160KU. ńigRbBn§´)ansc©afanwgrYmrs;

CamYyKñanigmankUnmYykñúgeBlmYyqñaM. ExµrRkhm)anEckexaGavexµAmYykMebønigRkma

mYy ehIymanerobcMmðÚbGahar[hUb. eRkaybdivtþn_ ńigRbBn§´vilmkpÞHvij.

\LÚvenHeyIgmankUnR)aMnak;.

enAéf¶erobkarbursnarITaMgGs;RtÚvQrCaBIrCYr. bnÞab;mkRbFanPUmibBa¢a[GñkTaMgenHcab;édKña

ehIyeFVIkarebþCJafanwgrYmrs;CamYyKñaGs;mYyCIvit. enHbBa¢ak;fa bursnarITaMgGs;enaH)anerobkarrYcehIy.

BiFId¾xøIenHnwgRtÚvbBa©b;bnÞab;BImankarhUbGaharbnþicbnþÜc.

bnÞab;BIerobkarehIy bþIRbBn§)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[rs;enACamYyKñaEtBIr-bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH ehIybnÞab;mk

RtÚveTAeFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜnvij. bþIRbBn§mYycMnYnk¾)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[mkCYbmuxKñakñúgrvagBIR)aMBIr

eTAdb;éf¶mþgEdr.

ExµrRkhmemIleXIjBiFIerobkartamRbéBNIExµr dUcEdlxøÜnemIleXIjkareKarBRbNib½tn_CMenO

sasna nigkarsikSaenAtamsalab¤mhaviTüal½yEdr. ExµrRkhmyl;favaCakarcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn_

nigKµan)anCYyGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarbgábegáInplRsUv. mgÁlkarrYmRtÚvbegáIteLIg edaysarEtvacMNay

eBltic ehIyeBlevlaEdlenAsl;nwgRtÚvcMNayeTAelIkargarshkrN_ nigGVIEdlExµrRkhmehAfa {bdivtþn_

mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü} EdlCaBaküesøakcmøgecjmkBIkumµúynIsþcin. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

cg;bBa¢ak;[c,as;fa nwgmanekµg²cab;kMeNItEdlGacbnþbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn)an. sRmab;ExµrRkhm eKalbMNg

cm,génkarerobkarminEmnedIm,IbegáItsgÁmRKÜsarenaHeT bu:EnþedIm,IbegáItmnusS EdlGacbeRmIbdivtþn_)an.

4> karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmµrbs;kumar

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüminmansalaeronCapøÚvkareT. kumarRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeronenAeRkamedIm

eQI b¤enAeRkampÞHRbCaCn. RKÚPaKeRcInCaksikrRkEdlGacGan nigsresrEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCa

karGb;rMenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnmankarrIkcMerInkñúgqñaM1978k¾eday ¬kumarTTYl)ankarsikSafñak;bzmBI2eTA3

em:agkñúgmYyéf¶¦ k¾enAEtminTan;mansalaeronEdlmandMeNIrkareBjeljEdr. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar

42

KµaneTsBaØab½Rt manEtsBaØaeXIj ebIcg;)an)ak;Gg )ak;Dub RtÚveTAykenATMnb;

RbLay} ehIyfa {kareronGkSreronelxminsMxan;eT karsMxan;KWkargarnigclna

bdivtþn_}.

enAeBlEdlkumarRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgón[ecHGan nigsresrGkSrbnþic

bnþÜcenaH PaKeRcInénkarsikSaKWepþateTAelIkarGb;rMneya)ay. ekµg²CaeRcInRtÚv

)anykecjBIpÞH[eTAcUlrYmvKÁhVwkhVWnmenaKmviC¢aedIm,IGacbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½B

kgkarBar b¤nirsar.

kUnekµgk¾RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarEdrenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

kargarrbs;kumarKWedIrerIs Gacm_eKa kat;T®nÞanExRt RbmUllamkmnusSedIm,IeFVICI nigCBa¢ÚnGavuFeTAsmrPUmi

EdlenATIenaHCYnkalkumarRtÚvTTYlrgrbYs b¤k¾RtÚvRKab;kaMePøIgsøab;k¾man. CagenHeTAeTot kumarakumarITaMgenH

RtÚvbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay ehIyminEdlsÁal;PaBkk;ekþARKÜsareLIy.

Pin rdæa Gayu40qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanIPñMeBj)anrMlwkBIerOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCakUnekµg

Gayudb;qñaMmñak; kñúgqñaM1975fa ³

RKÜsar´RtÚv)anCemøóseTARsukKIrIvgSextþtaEkv. enATIenaHGgÁkarEckpÞH[mYyxñgkñúg

RKÜsarnImYy². RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enAedayBwgelIkaredIrrkkþam-xügeFVICamðÚb. bnÞab;BI

ExµrRkhm)anbegáItBakü

esøak Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rM

fa {GgÁkarykmøb;eQI

eFVICasalaeronnigkEnøg

eFVImITÞIg. eFVIbeNþIreron

beNþIr eFVIkan;EteRcIn

ecHkan;EteRcIn}.

kUnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

43

RbCuMneya)ayCamYYyRbFanPUmiehIy eyIgRtÚv)ancat;taMg[hUbrYm ehIy´minGac

rkkþam-xüg)aneToteT. edaysarEtXøanxøaMgeBk ´]sSah_lYcebHbEnøEdleyIg)an

daMenACuMvijpÞHhUbNas;. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAkgcl½tkumarEdlsßitenA

q¶ayBIpÞH. ry³eBlbI-bYnEx eTIbGgÁkarGnuBaØat[´mkelgpÞHmþg. kargarrbs; KW

EsgkNþab;kñúgERs. eBlxøH ´mincg;cuHeFVIkargarkñúgERseT BIeRBaH´xøaceQøIgTam.

RbFankgenATIenaHEtgEtvayeFVI)ab´. ´)anrt;eTApÞHCaeRcIndgedIm,I[«Bukmþay

ĆYy b:uEnþKµanGñkNaGacCYy´)aneLIy. bnÞab;mk´)aneTABYnkñúgéRBGs;mYyry³.

´rs;enAedayebHsøwkeQIéRB nigEpøeQIéRBhUbniglYcmðÚbGñkPUmi. edayminGacRTaM)an

nwgsßanPaBrs;enAEbbenaH ´rt;mkenApÞH´vij. edayxøacGgÁkar «Bukmþay´)anbBa¢Ún

´[eTAkgcl½tvij. eBleTAdl;kgvij RbFankg)aneFVITaruNkmµ nigRBman´kuM[rt;

eTot. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eRsacbEnønigekIbGacm_RCÚk. éf¶mYy edaysar´mankar

Gs;kmøaMgxøaMgnigTn;CgÁg;pg ´dYl ehIyeFVI[kMBb;Gacm_RCÚkBIGERmk. RbFankgyk

rMBat;ExSeKamkvay´ ehIyrMBat;enaHxÞatRtÚvEPñkrbs; . cab;BIeBlenaHmkécHEt

ehorTwkEPñk ehIyEPñkéLIgRkhmQWcab;y:agxøaMg. TIbMput ´RtÚvggwtemIlGVIElg

eXIj.

kumareronGMBIkardaMduHRsUv ¬rUbPaBedayelak ec> x½sem:n nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

44

rs; smeBA RbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj )an)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;kñúgsm½yExµrRkhm.

smeBA )anerobrab;fa ³

RKÜsarrbs;ÉdlmansmaCikR)aMnak;RtÚv)andwkeTAPñMRteLak EdlsßitkñúgRsukRBH

enRtRBH extþ)at;dMbg. ńigkumarepSgeTotRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTACIkdI elIkTMnb;

XValeKa nigedIrkab;edImT®nÞanExRt. eyIgRtÚvEteFVI[ehIytamkarkMNt;. RbsinebI

minehIy eyIgnwgRtÚvkat;rbbGaharnigTTYlTaruNkmµ. «Bukrbs;´søab;edayCMgW

RKúncaj; cMENkbgRsI´søab;edaysarCMgWehImeBaH. RKamYybnÞab;BIeFVIkarehIy

eyIg)anmkCYbCuMKñaehIyR)ab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBIRbvtþiRKÜsarrbs;eyIg. bnþiceRkay

mkbgRbúsmñak;)anedIrcUlmkehIyR)ab; famþayrbs; RtÚvGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal

)at;eTAehIy. eRkayBITTYl)andMNwgenHPøam TwkEPñk´hUrFøak;mkedaymindwgxøÜn.

´manGarmµN_fa ´Gs;ehIy Kµanesssl;GVIeToteT sUm,IEtrUbxøÜnÉgk¾BuMdwgfaGacman

CIvitrs;)anyUrb:uNÑaEdr. smaCikcugeRkayEtmñak;Kt;rbs;RKÜsar´ KWbgRbusrbs;

Edl)at;xøÜnedayKµandMNwgGVIbnþicbnþÜcesaH rhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH.

kumarTaMgLayRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgonfa

{GgÁkarCa«Bukmþayrbs;kumarakumarInigyuvCn

yuvnarI. ebIEm:«vaykUn mann½yfaemIlgay

GgÁkar dUecñHGgÁkarminRbNIeLIy}. kmµaPi)al

ExµrRkhm)an[kumaresuIbkarN_BI«Bukmþayrbs;

xøÜn ehIyCYnkalkumarTaMgenHh‘anTaMgsmøab;«Buk

mþaybegáItrbs;xøÜneTotpg RbsinebITTYl)an

bBa¢aBIGgÁkar. mYyry³kalknøgputeTA kumar

TaMgLayeCOEteTAelIGVIEdlGgÁkar)anR)ab; nig

eKarBtamEtbBa¢arbs;GgÁkarb:ueNÑaH.

kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁamCamYyevotNam

kñúgqñaM1977-1978 kgT½BExµrRkhmCaeRcIn

)ansøab;b¤rgrbYsCaTm¶n;. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢Ún

kumar[eTAsmrPUmimux EdlenATIenaHkumarrab;Ban;

nak;)anRtÚvrbYsnigsøab;)at;bg;CIvit.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

45

5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;

RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an

dak;[eFVIkargarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkumartUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥I.

mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n;²niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv

CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl

BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.

RbCaCnesÞIrRKb;rUbeFVIkareRcInCagdb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ nigR)aMBIréf¶kñúgmYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl

sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;

ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanelakEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg

kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxµaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg

RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAGb;rM. GñkEdlRbRBwtþkMhusdEdl² b¤kMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtþEbbenH

KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³

karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk


46

� RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar xagsµartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an

EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<s;eLIgCanic©. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbsuT§EtRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB

TaMgGs;.

� kmµkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.

� ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.

� BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;.

� PaBKµankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

6> visuT§kmµnigkarsmøab;rgÁal

ExµrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xµaMg ehIyeCOCak;faxµaMgmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgTUTaMgRbeTs.

CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar

sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.

karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµd¾FMeFgmYy.

enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPaKbUBa’én

RbeTskm<úCa. bI-bYnExeRkaymk T½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij edayekorykRbCaCnsuIvilExµrrab;ry

nak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )ancUlédcUleCIg

KeRmagelIkTMnb; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦


47

CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xøÜn nigsmøab;ecalmnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkEdl

esµaHRtg;nwgExµrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.

visuT§kmµd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén

PUmiPaKenH)aneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifunadl;ExkBaØa enAeBl

Edlkarb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkMBugEtbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmirvagkgT½B

rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg

smrPUmi nigedaysarkarsmøab;rgÁal. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAb®gáab

RkúmbHe)ar. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam eKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞúHeLIg bnÞab;BIkarmk

dl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.

visuT§kmµk¾ekItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmiPaK]tþrkñúgqñaM1977. visuT§kmµenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl

manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn EdleFVICaelxaPUmiPaK]tþrrhUtdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmµenH

GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜnrdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitþPkþiCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman

ePaK qay nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVIrdæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess

karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam¦ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü15. b:uEnþEpnkarTaMgenHsuT§EtbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI

[karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµenATUTaMgRbeTs.

kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExµrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

48

san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kGMBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam

edayExµrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkRsIpÞal;. GñkRsI)an

erobrab;fa ³

enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi

rbs; . BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;BYkeKesÞIrTaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi nigPUmiekaHpl

TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm.

cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;

TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs; eQµaH mUsa RtÚvExµrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BIkarbHe)ar ehIy

k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI

rbs; eQµaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminman mUlehtu

GVITaMgGs;.

bnÞab;mk BYkExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs; eTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;.

mundMbUg BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPñMeBj. mnusSCaeRcIn

RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVIkarmin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdYlrlMsgát;elI. bnÞab;

mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. )anRbEkkedayGHGagfa xøacRCÚkNas;. bu:Enþ

BYkvabgçM [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢ÚnéTAeronsURt RbsinebI mineFVI.

BYkExµrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa ´min

EdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[GaharGVI

TaMgGs;mk´. )ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmøsac;RCÚk

Gs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs; eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH. ´)anvil

RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.

49

CMBUkTI8

RbB½n§snþisux1> mnÞIrsnþisux

eTaHbICavisuT§kmµenAPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgqñaM1978 CaRBwtþikarN_éRBépSbMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtamtMbn;

epSg²eTotkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr

RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞIrsnþisux} CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}.

Rkúmkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

50

mnÞIrsnþisuxkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfñak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)an

eRbIR)as;CamnÞIrXuMXaMg kEnøgsYrcemøIy nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XuMkñúgKukbIfñak;dMbUg ¬fñak;tMbn;

fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;XuM¦ PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþIrdækarsuIvilrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyGñkeTas

epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTlYcrbs;rbrb¤cMNIGahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤niyay

GaRkk;BIGgÁkar. mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;PUmiPaKeFVIkarXuMXaMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHeRbIsRmab;

XuMXaMg yuT§CnExµrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.

mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;x<s;bMputKWCamnÞIrsnþisuxmCÄimenAPñMeBjEdlmaneQµaHsm¶at;fa{mnÞIrs-21}. GñkeTasenA

kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.

enAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;eRkam kareFVITNÐkmµminsUvCaF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an

bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmµ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in

mðÚbGahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XuMkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqñaM1976. b:uEnþ

cab;taMgBIqñaMenaHmk enAfñak;tMbn;nigfñak;Rsuk esÞIrEtKµanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeLIy ehIyesÞIrEt

KµanGñkeTas Namñak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.

2> xµaMgrbs;GgÁkar

ExµrRkhmcg;[bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnnigRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;manPaB

s¥ats¥M. RbCaCnTaMg Gs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥MTaMgstiGarmµN_nigRbvtþirUb.

ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput.

ExµrRkhmminTukcitþGñkepSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl

)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar

lYcmðÚbGahar RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxµaMgrbs;rdæ nigCajwkjy)ankøay

eTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an

EbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnCaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñúg} nig {sRtÚvxag

eRkA}.

sRtÚvxagkñúg KWCa{RbCaCnfµI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig

GñkEdlFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;bBa©ÚlCaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþiPUminiym.

CMBUkRbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExµrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñúgTaMgenHeFVI[

mCÄimbkS16

mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman³

Gñkrdækarrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ³ kñúgqñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar

rbbsaFarNrdæExµrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExµrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.

GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrTaMgb:unµansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt

smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;GñkrdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan

nIrsaenAmnÞIrs-21


51

nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUtdl;éf¶

dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExµrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExµrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg

karGnuvtþEpnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI

bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.

CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñM ³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExµrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an

rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI

CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMTaMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmancitþesµaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYycMnYn

)ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esµaHsµ½RKnig

eCOTukcitþelICnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMy:agNak¾eday k¾ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;TIlMenACnCatiPaKtickñúg

extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.

GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmeTA RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

pSús éRb CnCatiBñgrs;enAkñúgextþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BIsßanPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIRtÚvbgçM[pøas;

bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhmfa ³

eyaFaExµrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

52

kµÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExµrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;

eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVIERscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.

enAkñúgRsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVIkarTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig

mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;ÉdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb

eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgá)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg.

RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar

cab;xøÜn. kñúgPUmiLaMTwk RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb

pøitXµúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.

CnCatiPaKticcam ³ ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCaticam

cakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArs;enAlayLMKña

CamYyshKmn_CnCatiExµr. CnCaticamRtÚv)anham

R)ammin[niyayPasacamb¤eKarBbUCasasnaGuIsøam.

ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaMsasnaGuIsøam¬hakwm¦

nigCnCaticamTaMgLayNa EdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa

eFVIkarRbqaMgnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;

CaeRcIn. CagenHeTAeTot ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCati

camhUbsac;RCÚk EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;

sasnaGuIsøam. eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CnCati

camrab;muWnnak;)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan

nigkareFVIkarhYskmøaMg17.

CnCatiPaKticevotNam ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg

qñaM1975. CnCatievotNammYycMnYnEdl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExµr)anrs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabnþeTA

eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImsmøab;CnCatievotNamEdlesssl;TaMgenH

y:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit. CnCatiPaKticevotNamRtÚv)ansRmaMg

ykeTAsmøab; edaysarEtxøÜnCaCnCatievotNam.

CnCatiPaKticcin ³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnYjnigCashRKinRkúmh‘unk¾RtÚv)anbgçM

[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmµEdr. CnCaticinRtÚvExµrRkhmRbRBwtþmk elIy:ageXareXA enAeBl

EdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:uEnþCnCaticin minRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,IykeTA

smøab;ecaleT.

bBaØvnþ ³ emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlmYycMnYnCabBaØvnþ)ancat;TukbBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,g rbs;

RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g

karhUbcukenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

53

rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk

GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg

cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

enAkñúgesovePA {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} visVkr Bin

y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúgrbb

ExµrRkhm. kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RKÜsarrbs;elak

EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMgCaeRcIndg

EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaFisat;. elak Bin

y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit

ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977. mUlehtumYy

EdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKWedaysarelak

Gaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)anerobrab;dUecñHfa³

éf¶mYy enAPUmivalvg;kñúgextþeBaFisat;RbFanPUmi)anerobcMRbCuMneya)ayd¾KYr[FujRTan;

mþgeTot. Kat;)anRbkasfa semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anyagnivtþcUlRbeTsvijehIy

ehIykMBugEterobcMrdæaPi)alfµImYy dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñI[GñkÉkeTs bBaØvnþ GtItnay

Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQµaHkñúgbBa¢IBiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl

Essibnak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn

taMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ GacTb;GarmµN_xøÜnÉg)anehIymin)an

elIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT.

GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExµrRkhm

smøab;Gs;eTAehIy}18.

GñkEdlExµrRkhmecaTfaCaCnk,t;Cati ³ kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_

nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVIxusbnþicbnþÜck¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_Edr. CaTUeTA

bT]Rkidæ EdlkmµaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmmanlYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúmeFVI[

Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pÞH)ay lYccMNIGahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVIkaryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVIkarmin

)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMTYjesaksþayRseNaH

bgb¥Únb¤mitþPkþiEdl)ansøab; b¤bgðajTwkcitþkñúgkareKarBCMenOsasnaCaedIm. RbCaCnmYycMnYnEdlFøak;xøÜnQW

edaysareFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b¤hUbminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVIButCaQW nigRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSx¢ilRcGUs

b¤QWstiGarmµN_. GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xøÜnedayminmandanGVITaMgGs;. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkBIeFVIkarenAvalERs

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

54

eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesµIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar

faem:c RtÚveFVIy:aghñwg¡ GgÁkardak;Tis RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitþmin)ac;téføeT¡}.

sRtÚvxageRkA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<½n§mitþdUcCaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnYn

CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExµrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg

QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg

kmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnpgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmviC¢arbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExµrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH

faCa {xµaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM

edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniymb¤RbeTsGnutþrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam

nigsm<½n§mitþdéTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasRtÚvbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday

RcLMfa)aneFVIkar[Pñak;garsm¶at;es-GuI-Garbs;shrdæGaemrik Pñak;garsm¶at;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB

sUevot nigCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. ExµrRkhmk¾)ancat;TukGñkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa

Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmµaPi)almUldæan

ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.

3> karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg

enAcugqñaM1976nigedImqñaM1977 karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúg)ankøayCakic©karcm,grbs;ExµrRkhm.

ExµrRkhm)aneFVI[GñkPUmiesuIbkarN_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BaküesøakmYy {RtÚvecHtamdanKñaeTAvij

eTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CUnGgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExµrRkhmeRbIkñúgkarEsVgrkcab;xøÜnxµaMgbgáb;

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

55

rYmmankarQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab; nigcemøIysarPaB.

enAeBlEdlxµaMgRtÚv)anrkeXIjeQµaHrbs;GñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvraykarN_eTAKN³kmµaFikarXuM b¤KN³

kmµaFikarRsuk ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn. GgÁkarkRmcab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;CasaFarN³Nas;.

RbsinebImansmaCikNamñak;enAkñúgshkrN_mYyRtÚv)ansgS½y kmµaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;GñkenaHfa

{GgÁkarGeBa¢IjGñkeTAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBa¢IjenHCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtÚv)ancab;bBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrXuMXaMg

nigsmøab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckþIb¤RsavRCav[)anhµt;ct;faetIGñkTaMgenaHBitCa)an

RbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elgxus1}.

4> karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµ

GñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelµIsRsal² b¤Cab;XuMenAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan

GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgWKµankarBüa)al nigkarRbRBwtþGMeBIyg;XñgepSg²eTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsøab;

kñúgsßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday k¾manmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmµnigkarsmøab;Edr. b:uEnþenAmnÞIrsnþisux

fñak;x<s;rbs;ExµrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµKWCaskmµPaBFmµtaRbcaMéf¶.

CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa

qñaM1977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGVITaMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BIkarcab;xøÜnnigsßan PaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñúgKuk

Rsukt,ÚgXµúMy:agdUecñHfa ³

éf¶mYykgsnþisuxbYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs; ehIy)anesñI kñúgsmþIsuPaBrabsafa[

eTACYytExSePøIg. enAeBlécjmkdl;eRkAsnþisuxsÞúHmkP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;rkéhIy

kgkumar ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

56

cgéd´. ExµrRkhm)ancab; ykeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBlEssib

éf¶ ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot. kgsnþisux

)anykExSePøIgmkqk;édIm,IsYrcemøIy. CYnkaleKvayý:agxøaMg eFVI[´snøb;Ca

eRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmµ xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾ enAEteqøIyfamindwg. bnÞab;mk

ExµrRkhmbBa¢ÚnéTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIyfµImYyeTot. énATIenaHry³eBldb;BIréf¶. cab;BI

eBlenaHmk ExµrRkhmElgsYrcemøIyb¤eFVITaruNkmµ eTotehIy. xøÜnR)aNćuHsÁm

y:agxøaMg. bIéf¶eRkaymk ExµrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþRcLM.

b:uEnþ RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebImanGñkNa

mñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}19.

5> karsmøab;

eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;RtÚv)ansmøab;eRkambTRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ

RbqaMgbdivtþn_nigrdæ. RbCaCnfµIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_b¤CMnajkñúgkareFVIERscmáar)an)at;xøÜn.

RbCaCnRtÚv)annaMykeTAéRBeRCAb¤TIvalq¶ayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismøab; bnÞab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþnUv

GMeBIEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCakMhusb¤)an beBa©jkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfñak;dwknaMrbs;xøÜn. CnrgeRKaHxøHRtÚv

)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.

mnusSesÞIrRKb;rUbEdlRtÚv)anrkeXIjfa CaGñkFøab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;

ecal. CaTUeTAKµanGñkNamñak;h‘anBak;Ev:ntab¤niyayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaØabgðajfaCnenaHCa

GñkecHdwg. CaBiess GñkEdlmkBITIRkúgRtÚvEtlak;RbvtþinigcMeNHviC¢arbs;xøÜnehIyeFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA.

karsmøab;RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNæan. GñkxøHRtÚvExµrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_ b¤CaxµaMg

ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIy. bnÞab;BIenATIenaH)anry³eBlBIr-bIEx GñkeTasnwgRtÚvykeTAvalBiXat

EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbgçM[lutCgÁg;enAmat;reNþA. bnÞab;mk GñkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtÚvsmøab;edayvaycMEpñk

xageRkayénk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; b¤dMbg. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;

kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kñúgreNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFVI[fb;degðImsøab;edayykfg;pøasÞikRck

k,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNþÚgCaeRcInenAkñúgéRB GñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLanFMeTAdl;mat;GNþÚg ehIybnÞab;

mkkgQøbk¾rujb¤vayTmøak;eTAkñúgenaHEtmþg.

eBlxøH smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþeday

smaCikmñak;. ExµrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xøÜnsmaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsþIfa {CIkesµARtÚvCIkTaMg

b£s}.

m:m épb‘Un RbCaBlrdærs;enAextþekaHkug )anerobrab;GMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtÚv)anykeTA

smøab;ecalfa³57

b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´mñak;GayuR)aMBIrqñaMRtÚv)anGgÁkarsmøab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatx©ImYyEpø

hUb. GgÁkarvaynwgt,ÚgcbehIykb;Ek,rcmáareBat. resolmYy eBl´kMBugedjeKa

kat;éRB ´FuMkøins¥úysaksBrlYy. édIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGñkFøab;sÁal;Kña. minnwk

sµanfaenaHCasaksB«BukésaH. Kat;RtÚvkab;nwgkaMbitCitdac;kecjBIsµa. enAEk,r

sB«Buk´ mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtÚvsmøab;edaykat;pþac;kdUcKµa. rMlgBIenaH

)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdUn´GayuCagcitsibqñaM)ansøab;. Kat;RtÚv)anecaTfalYcbbr

ekµghUb ehIyRtÚvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;RtÚv)anrMunwg)avykeTAkb;ecal.

eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CIdUnÉtb:unµanéf¶ mþay´k¾søab;eTot. Kat;søab;edaysarkargar

lM)aknigKµanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. ´»bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksþay20.

58

CMBUkTI9

mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦

KuksMxan;bMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ansÁal;faCa {mnÞIrsnþisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}

tMNag[Bakü{snþisux} ehIyelx{21} tMNag[elxsm¶at;. KukenHmanTItaMgsßitenAEb:kxagt,ÚgTIRkúg

PñMeBj ¬sgáat;TYlsVayéRB¦.

mnÞIrs-21CaKuksm¶at;sRmab;XuMXaMg sYrcemøIy eFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;GñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ancab;

bBa¢Únmkdak;enATIenH. cab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM1976mk minmanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeT. kñúgcMeNam

GñkeTasRbEhlmYymuWnbYnBan;nak; manEt12nak;b:ueNÑaHEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénrbb

brievnKukTYlEsøg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

59

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anTukCIvit eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;mnÞIrs-21.

GñkTaMgenHCaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmøak;.

1> GKarenAmnÞIrs-21

mnÞIrs-21CaGtItviTüal½yecA-

Bjay:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkñúgqñaM1962.

KukenHsßitenAelIépÞdIEdlmanbeNþay600

Em:Rt nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbg

salaenH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,ÚvBIrxñg

EdlCaGtItsalabzmsikSabwgekgkg. GKar

TaMgGs;enHbegáIt)aneTACamnÞIrs-21.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümnÞIrs-21

ruMB½T§edayrbgs½gásIniglYsbnøaEdlmanP¢ab;

crnþGKÁisnI. enAkñúgbrievNKuk manGKarFM²

bYn. bnÞb;eronCan;eRkamRtÚv)anEbgEckeTA

CabnÞb;tUc²EdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt

EdlbnÞb;mYysRmab;dak;GñkeTasmñak;. bnÞb;eronCan;TImYyEdlmanTMhM8KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;Gñk

eTasrYm. enACan;TIBIr bnÞb;nImYy²manTMhMFMCagehIydak;GñkeTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnÞb;mYyRtÚv)aneRbI

Cakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnÞb;mYyeTotRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyal½yÉksarnig

kariyal½yrdæ)alTUeTA. pÞHmYycMnYnEdlenAEk,rKukRtÚv)aneRbI eFVICakEnøgsYrcemøIynigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmµ.

2> GñkeTas

GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSb¤k,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Føab;)aneFVIkar[

kmµaPi)alk,t;EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜnrYcehIy. mYyry³kalknøgeTA emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamankarsgS½y

nigmankarminTukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cMeBaHkmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qñaM1976

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrwtbnþwgsnþisuxCati b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;bkSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykeTA

XuMenAmnÞIrs-21. fñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmyl;fa sRtÚvmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgépÞRbeTs ehIy)aneFVIkar

cab;xøÜnsmaCikkumµúynIsþrbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;kñúgmYyEx². GñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs

RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

kmµaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkñúgKukmYycMnYn)ankøayCaGñkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmµaPi)alTaMgenaH)an

sarPaBBIkarx¢ilRcGUskñúgkarerobcMÉksar eFVI[xUcm:asuInnig]bkrN_déTeTot b¤vayGñkeTasrhUtdl;søab;

kñúgeBlsYrcemøIyedayKµankarGnuBaØat. cemøIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21CacemøIyminBit BIeRBaH

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAmnÞIrs-21nigRkúmRKsar


60

GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtþkMhusGVIF¶n;F¶reT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxøÜnBITaruNkmµb:ueNÑaH.

exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkMBg;qñaMg CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab;

BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³

enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs; BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIyRtÚv

)anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GgÁkarcab;xøÜnéRBaHĆamitþPkþirbs;GñkTaMgBIr

ehIybBa¢ÚnéTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøIyÉRkgela´ manCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyGñkTaMgBIr

b:uEnþ eqøIyfa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøIyeQµaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas;

fa´xMeFVIkarnigesµaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkgBl

502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAétnij eTAév:CamYyevotNam.

CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIc

elgrkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday.

RKb;KñaRtÚvxitxMeFVIkar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnønigciBa©wmRCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúg

Rby½tñbMputeBleFVIkar. kMhusbnþicbnþÜcdUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢aMgGaceFVI[eyIgsøab;)an.

3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas

bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.

vin½ysnþi)al ¬nKr)alsnþisux¦ enAmnÞIrs-211¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.

2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min

)andac;xat.

3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_.

4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.

5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay

erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay.

6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat.

7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI

hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT.

8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH.

9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT.

10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.

61

bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.

4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAdl;mnÞIrs-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþirUblm¥itcab;

taMgBIkumarPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xøÜn. GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñúgmYy ehIysmÖarCab;xøÜnTaMg

b:unµanRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXuMkñúgbnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚvdak;

exñaHeCIgEdlmancgP¢ab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgb¤\dæ. cMENkGñkeTasXuMenAbnÞb;FMRtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgeday

rnukEdkEvgmYyrYmKña. exñaHeCIgTaMgenHRtÚvP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkqøas;Kña dUecñHGñkeTasRtÚvedkdak;k,alTl;Kña.

GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;nwg\dæ edayKµankenÞl mug b¤PYyeT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKña.

v:an; Nat GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;elakenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21fa ³

enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21 ´RtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkEvgmYyCamYyGñkeTasCag

samsibnak;eTot. ExµrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkñúgmYyéf¶. GñkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an

rbb bbrbYnsøabRBatUc nigsmølaysøwkeQIxøH. karniyayKñaRtÚv)anhamXat;

dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam

Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam nwgRtÚvTTYlkarvaydMCa

Tm¶n;. eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bYnéf¶mþg. eKykTuyy:Umk)aj;CHBImat;TVar. Rbsin

ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TVar eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv

)annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj

GñkeTasfµI²RtÚv)annaMcUlmkCMnYsvij21.

bRmamenAGKar{x-K-X}1¦ min[niyayTak;TgKñadac;xat eTaHCasÁal; b¤minsÁal;.

2¦ ebIcg;eFIVGVI RtÚvmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam.

3¦ min[B¤r:Ugr:agTIkEnøgenA.

4¦ eBlGñkyamb¤GñkepSg²cUl RtÚvedkTaMgGs;.

5¦ eBlEqk RtÚvdak;édeRkayxñg. kuMesrI.

62

enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinitü. GñkyamRtÚvBinitüemIlERkgela

exñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßúGVIEdleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIGtþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmkman

GñkeTasCaeRcIn)ansmøab;xøÜnÉg dUecñHGñkyammankarRbúgRby½tñNas;kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüemIlexñaHeCIgnigbnÞb;.

sßanPaBrs;enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21manPaBkxVk; EdleFVI[GñkeTasPaKeRcInekItERsg kmrmas; nigéc.

minmanfñaMBüa)aleTenAkñúgKuk. kmµaPi)aleBTüenAmnÞIrs-21suT§Etmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtÚv ehIy

eFVIkarBüa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnüarkarsøab;rbs;GñkeTas bnÞab;BIrgrbYsF¶n;kñúgGMLúgeBlsYrcemøIyb:ueNÑaH.

GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTmuxCit eBlRtÚvnaMBIkEnøgXuMXaMgeTAkEnøgsYrcemøIy. GñkyamnigGñkeTasmin

GnuBaØat[niyayKñaeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot buKÁlikEdlenARkúmepSgKñak¾minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eFVIkarTak;TgKñaEdr.

5> karsYrcemøIy

viFIsa®sþéRBépSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRbIedIm,IsYrcemøIyenAmnÞIrs-21. GñkeTasRtÚv)anvayedayéd

dMbg b¤EmkeQI. CYnkal GñksYrcemøIyvayGñkeTasnwgExSePøIgb¤qk;ExSePøIg. viFIsa®sþeFVITaruNkmµ

epSgeTotEdleRbIenAmnÞIrs-21manGucePøIg)arI bgçM[suIlamk b¤pwkTwkenam ykm¢úlcak;cUlsac; nigBüÜréd

eLIgelIeBjmYyéf¶ b¤BüÜreCIgeLIgelIdaMk,alcuHeRkam. GñkeTasxøHeTotRtÚv)anqUtsac;nwgkaMbit b¤ykfg;

xÞb;RcmuH. viFIsa®sþmYycMnYneTotEdleRbIsRmab;cRmaj;ykcemøIysarPaB rYmmandkRkckédehIycak;Gakul

BIelI b¤RCmuCTwk. GñkeTasmYycMnYnRtÚvsøab;kñúgGMLúgeBleFVITaruNkmµ.

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

63

GñkeTasRsIRtÚv)aneFVITaruNkmµedaykat;edaH b¤bgçM[®sþITaMgenaHedaHexaGavecj. GñkeTasRsImYy

cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

k¾eday. GñksYrcemøIyEdlRtÚvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenHRtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

enAkñúgcemøIysarPaB GñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜn. RbsinebICasmaCikbkS GñkeTasRtÚv

bgðajéf¶EdlxøÜncUlbdivtþn_ nigerobrab;BIkic©karEdlxøÜn)aneFVI. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIskmµPaBk,t;

rbs;xøÜntamlMdab;lMeday. kñúgEpñkTIbIéncemøIysarPaB

GñkeTas)anerobrab;BIkarrYmKMnitk,t;min)anseRmcrbs;

xøÜn b¤kic©snÞnak,t;epSg². enAcugbBa©b;éncemøIysarPaB

GñkeTasnwgrayeQµaHCnk,t;EdlRtÚvCamitþPkþi mitþrYmkargar

b¤mnusSEdlGñkeTasFøab;sÁal;. bBa¢IxøHmanrayeQµaH

mnusSEdlBak;B½n§rhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;. GñkEdl

maneQµaHkñúgbBa¢IPaKeRcInRtÚv)ancab;ykmksYrcemøIy.

edaysarEtTaruNkmµenAmnÞ Irs-21sahav

éRBépSeBk GñkeTasEtgEtsarPaBnUvGVIEdlxøÜnGacKit

eXIj eTaHCacemøIyenaHxusk¾eday. G‘¿ sMNag kmµkr

reTHePøIg )ansarPaBBIkic©snÞnak,t;rbs; tun kmµkrCYsCul

reTHePøIgfa³

tun Cakmµkrcas;. vamineBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_dUc

KñavaÉeTotEdr. ral;éf¶vaEtgeXasna dUcteTAenH

� BYkGaGs;enH dl;ÉgbeRgónbec©keTsvaecH

eRcIncg;edjk,alÉgecj.

� [Ety:agenHcuH éf¶NamYy BYkEh¥gRtÚvrlaydUcGMbilRtÚvTwk.

� sBVéf¶ kmµkrcas;eRbóbdUcsMrameRkam)ateCIgva vacg;Can;eBlNak¾)aneRscEtnwgcitþva.

� BYkvaBUEkxagGMnYtnigRTwsþI Etx¢ileFVIkar.

� eFVIkarRKan;EtdUr)aysuI)anehIy xUcs¥Ik¾xUceTA.

eRkABIenH vaBRgwgxøÜneRtomvaybdivtþn_ eBlNamanT½BmkBIeRkA22.

Ca ehOg sa®sþacarüCemøóseTARsuk)arayN_ extþkMBg;FM )ansarPaBBIskmµPaBk,t;rbs; taMg

Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIrfa³

CemøóseTAdl;PUmikMeNItvij taMg Lúj edIrRbmUleCIgedIm,IRbqaMgbdivtþn_. va)an

eFVIviecäTkmµRbqaMgeyIgCabnþbnÞab;.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm


64

� ENnaM[bkSBYkElgeKa[suIRsUv.

� ENnaM[bkSBYkkemÞccantic²CabeNþIr².

� ENnaM[smøab;TamþgmYyb¤BIr ehIyraykarN_fagab;.

� ykpÞHxøÜnCakEnøgsresrRtak; ehIy)anykRtak;eTA)actamkardæan23.

6> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

buKÁlikCagmYyBan;nak;enAbeRmIkarkñúgmnÞIrs-21. kñúgenaHmnusSRbEhlbI-bYnrynak;beRmIkarCa

buKÁlikTUeTA edayrYmTaMgGñkdaMbEnøbgáarsRmab;beRmIesckþIRtÚvkarkñúgKukpg. eRkABIenH CakgkmøaMgeFVIkar

kñúgbrievNKuk EdleFVIkarenAkñúgGgÁPaBmYykñúgcMeNamGgÁPaBTaMgbIrbs;Kuk nigrYmTaMgbuKÁlikkariyal½ypg.

GgÁPaBenAmnÞIrs-21rYmman GgÁPaBerobcMÉksar GgÁPaBkarBar nigGgÁPaBsYrcemøIy. GgÁPaB

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smøab;ehIy. rUbftrab;Ban;snøwkenAesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ b:uEnþrab;Ban;snøwkepSgeTot)an)at;bg;.

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

65

GgÁPaBkarBarKWCaGgÁPaBFMbMputenAmnÞIrs-21. kgsnþisux

kñúgGgÁPaBenHPaKeRcInCaekµgCMTg;. kgsnþisuxPaKeRcInmankarlM)ak

kñúgkareKarBbTbBa¢ad¾twgEtgrbs;GgÁPaB. kgsnþisuxminGnuBaØat[

niyayCamYyGñkeTas sYreQµaH b¤vaytb;GñkeTaseLIy. kgsnþisux

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eKarB[)anx¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvbTbBa¢asamsibcMNucEdlhamR)am min[lYc

edk GgÁúyelg b¤Ep¥kCBa¢aMgkñúgeBleFVIkargar. kgsnþisuxRtÚvedIreTA

edIrmk eFVIkaryaml,at nigBinitüBic½yGVI²RKb;y:agedayRbúgRby½tñ

bMput. kgsnþisuxNaEdl)an

RbRBwtþkMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn

sYrcemøIy ykeTAXuMXaMgnig

ykeTAsmøab;ecal. mnusS

PaKeRcIneFVIkarenAmnÞIrs-21

mankarP½yxøacy:agxøaMgcMeBaH

kMhusepSg²EdlGacekIteLIg

nigP½yxøaccMeBaHTaruNkmµ nig

karsmøab;.

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CaRkúmrgekþA RkúmrgRtCak; nig

RkúmrgGegáóm. RkúmekþA ¬CYn

kalehA kgkac¦ GaceFVITaruN

kmµkñ úgeBlsYrcemø Iy)an.

pÞúyeTAvij RkúmRtCak; ¬CYnkal

ehA kgsøÚt¦minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat

[eFVITaruNkmµedIm,IsYrcemøIy

eT. RbsinebIRkúmenHminGac

eFVI[GñkeTassarPaB eKnwgbBa¢ÚnGñkeTaseTARkúmekþA. RkúmGegáóm

eFVIkarCamYykrNIF¶n;F¶rnigkrNIsMxan;².

karsYrcemøIymanry³eBlEvg. CYnkaldMeNIrkarenHbnþ

eFVIrhUtdl;yb;GRFaRt. GñksYrcemøIyTaMgenaHecHGan nigecHsresr

ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagémÖqñaM.

sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦

sun esn ekItenAéf¶TI12 Ex

mifuna qñaM1930 enAextþRtavij

RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbBn§

rbs; sun esn eQµaH yun y:at

¬ehAsmmitþ narIGat¦ Cardæm®nþI

RksYgGb;rMnigvb,Fm’kñúgrbbkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü. sun esn )an

eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg cenøaHqñaM

1950nigqñaM1956 ehIy)an

cUlCasmaCibkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg.

qñaM1963 sun esn )anrt;cUl

éRB eKcBIkartamcab;rbs;b:Ulis.

sun esn )ankøayeTACaGKÁbBa¢a

karkgkmøaMgrMedaHCatiRbCaCnkm<úCa

kñúgqñaM1971.

kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyü sun esn Ca]bnayk

rdæm®nþITIbI TTYlbnÞúkkarBarCatinig

RKb;RKgpÞal;eTAelImnÞIrs-21.

sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarRtÚv)an

smøab;tambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt enA

éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997.

Duc ¬eQµaHedIm kaMg ehÁceGov¦

Duc ekItqñaM1945 enAextþ

kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTüal½y

RBHsuIsuvtßi nig)anCab;cMNat;fñak;

CasisSBUEkKNitviTüaelxBIrTUTaMg

RbeTs. Duc eFVICaRKÚbeRgon

KNitviTüaenAsalaeronmYykñúg

extþkMBg;FM. qñaM1964 Duc eFVIkar

enAsalaKruekaslübnÞab;BI sun

esn )anrt;cUléRB. Duc cUlCa

smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaenAqñaM

1970.

Duc )anrt;ecjBIRkúmExµrRkhm

kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 ehIy)an

køayxøÜnCaRKisþbris½T. Duc RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999.

cab;BIeBlenaHmk Duc RtÚvCab;XuM

kñúgKukrhUtrg;caMkarkat;kþI. kñúgEx

kumÖ³ qñaM2005 Duc RtÚv)ankat;

eTasBIbT]Rkidækmµs®gÁamnigkareFVI

TukçbukemñjeTAelICnbreTskñúgry³

kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

sßanPaB suxPaBrbs; Duc man

PaBRTúDeRTam kñúgqñaM2006.

66

7> fñak;dwknaMmnÞIrs-21

mnÞIrs-21sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgkarBarCatidwknaMeday sun esn ¬ehA smmitþexov¦.

muneBlcUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa sun esn Føab;)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgnigFøab;eFVICa

RKÚbeRgón.

emdwknaMCan;x<s;enAmnÞIs-21rYmman Duc ¬RbFanmnÞIrs-21¦/ Xwm v:at ehA h‘ ¬GnuRbFanmnÞIr

s-21¦/ eb:g ¬bBa¢akarelIGñkyam¦/ can; ¬RbFanGgÁPaBsYrcemøIy¦ nig b:un ¬GñksYrcemøIy¦. b:un

CaGñksYrcemøIyGñkeTassMxan;²CaeRcInrUbrYmman Ekv mas/ éN sar:an;/ h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul nig ePaK

qay. emdwknaMKukTaMgenHsuT§EtCaGtItRKÚbeRgón.

8> karsmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21

GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21Cab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHry³eBlBIreTAbIEx. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s;mYycMnYnCab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHrab;Ex ehIycemøIysarPaBEvgrab;ryTMB½r.

bnÞab;BIRtÚvnaMxøÜnmkdl;mnÞIrs-21)anBIr-bIéf¶ GñkeTasTaMgGs;nwgRtÚvnaMykeTAsYrcemøIyedayKµanxVl;xVay

KitKUrBIkarBitGVIeLIy. GñkeTasTaMgGs; RtÚvEtsarPaBfaxøÜnKWCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_ nigFøab;)anRbRBwtþbTelµIs

TaMgLayEdlGñksYrcemøIysURt[fatam. bnÞab;BIkarsYrcemøIycb;sBVRKb;ehIy GñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTA

{kemÞcecal} EdlCaBaküeRbIkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCMnYs[Bakü {smøab;}.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

67

enAqñaMTImYyénRbtibtþikarrbs;mnÞIrs-21 saksBGñkeTasRtÚv)ankb;enAEk,rmnÞIr. b:uEnþ cab;taMgBI

cugqñaM1976mk minmandITMenrsRmab;kb;exµacenAEk,rKukeToteT ehtudUecñHehIyGñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLan

enAeBlyb;eTAkan;bwgeCIgÉk ¬sßitenAcm¶ay13KILÚEm:Rt PaKnirtITIRkúgPñMeBj¦ EdlenAkEnøgenaHGñkeTas

RtÚv)anvaynwgt,Úgcb xñgBUefA b¤dMbg b¤)aj;smøab;ecalEtmþg. CaTUeTA enAeBlEdlGñkeTasRtÚv)an

smøab;ehIy kgT½BEdldwkGñkeTasBImnÞIrs-21eTA)ankb;saksBTaMgenHenAkñúgreNþAsaksBrYm Edl

reNþAtUcmanRbEhlR)aMmYynak; ehIyreNþAFMmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;.

mnÞIrs-21 nig bwgeCIgÉk RtÚv)anERbkøayeTACasarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_eday rdæaPi)alén

saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaeRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;evotNamkñúgqñaM1979.

68

CMBUkTI10

TMnak;TMngkarbreTs

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)aneFVITMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTscin kUer:xageCIg evotNam Lav Kuy)a

rUm:anI yUehÁasøavI Gal;)anI nigeGhSúIb. RbeTsTaMgGs;enHmansßanTUtkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj. kñúgry³kalkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü ÉkGKÁrdæTUtTaMgGs;elIkElgEtÉkGKÁrdæTUtcinRtÚv)anbgçaMg[enAEtkñúgsßanTUterog²xøÜn.

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anebIksßanTUtrbs;xøÜnenARbeTscin kUer:xageCIg evotNam ¬rhUtdl;ExFñÚqñaM

1977¦ nigLav. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH TMnak;TMngCamYycinnigkUer:xageCIgmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr ehIy

TMnak;TMngCamYyLavmanlkçN³l¥bgÁÜr. b:uEnþTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNamkan;EtmanlkçN³GaRkk;eTA²

edaysarEtkarb:HTgÁicKñaenAtambeNþayRBMEdn nigkarExVgKMnitKñaxagmenaKmviC¢a. emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþ

emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

69

km<úCaPaKeRcInCaGñkRbqaMgnwgevotNam

ehIyemdwknaMNaEdlFøab;rs;enA b¤Føab;

manTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNamnwgRtÚveFVI

visuT§kmµ ¬elIkElgEt sun esn nig

eGog sarI¦. GñkTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)anecaT

Rbkan;faCamnusS {k,alyYn xøÜnExµr}.

RbeTsTaMgBIrk¾mankarExVgKMnitKñapgEdr

eTAelIbBaða faetIGñkNaCaGñkkan;kab;Er:

eRbgkatenAkñúgEdnsmuRTExµr.

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamanbMNgcg;

deNþImykkm<úCaeRkam24BIevotNammk

vij. bkSk¾mineBjcitþcMeBaHKMnitrbs;

evotNamEdlcg;begáItshB½n§\NÐÚcin

Edr.

karb:HTgÁicKñarvagkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyü nigevotNam)ancab;epþImeLIgenA

cugqñaM1975. bnÞab;BIenaH karRbyuT§

Kñad¾xøaMgkøa)anpÞúHeLIgenAekaHRtl; ¬b¤PUkuk

CaPasaevotNam¦. enABak;kNþalqñaM

1976 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáInTMnak;TMngkan;EtCitsñiT§CamYyRbeTscin ehIyCemøaHrvagkm<úCaRbCa

FibetyünigevotNam)ankøayeTACaEpñkmYyénCemøaHrvagcinnigsUevot EdlenAeBlenaHrdæaPi)alRkúg

mUsÁÚKaMRTevotNam ehIyrdæaPi)alRkúgeb:kaMg

KaMRTkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAcugqñaM1976

km<úCaRbCaFibetyüTTYl)anCMnYyeyaFa

y:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;BIcin. kñúgqñaM1977

kgT½Bkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anebIkkarvay

RbhareTAelIPUmimYycMnYnrbs;evotNamEdl

sßitenAtambeNþayRBMEdnCamYykm<úCanig)an

smøab;RbCaCnsøÚtRtg;rab;rynak;. TMnak;TMng

karTUtrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrRtÚv)ankat;pþac;TaMg

RsugenAExFñÚ qñaM1977.

kñúgqñaM1978 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)an

eGog sarI ¬smmitþv:an;¦

eGog sarI ekItqñaM1930 enAextþRtavij RbeTsevot

Namxagt,Úg. eGog sarI )anerobkarCamYy exov FIriT§.

qñaM1950 eGog sarI )anTTYlGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenA

RbeTs)araMg ehIy)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ

)araMg. eGog sarI )anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM

1957 ehIy)an cUlCasmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr.

eGog sarI beRgónenAviTüal½ykm<úCbuRtrhUt dl;qñaM1963

EdlenAeBlenaH)anrt;cUléRBts‘U. eRkaymk eGog sarI

)ankøayCaembBa¢akarkgT½BenAPUmiPaK|san.

qñaM1976 eGog sarI RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCa]bnayk

rdæm®nþITImYy TTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs. eGog sarI k¾Ca

smaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim nigKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS

pgEdr. eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

enAqñaM1996. bc©úb,nñ eGog sarI rs;enAy:agmanesrIPaB

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIykUnRbúseQµaH eGog vuF KWCa

GPi)alrgTImYyRkúgéb:lin.

emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs


70

xitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xøÜn ehIyBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs enAeBlenaH)anQandl;kRmitkMBUl.

RbeTsEdlFøab;eFVITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµCamYykm<úCaRbCaFibetyüman RbeTscin kUer:xageCIg éf Cb:un

hugkug m:ada hÁasáa bg;køaEds nigsigðburI. TMnijnaMecjsMxan;²rbs;km<úCa RbCaFibetyürYmman RsUv

C½rekAs‘U eQI nigsrIrragÁstVd¾kRm ¬Es,k/ Pøúk/ sñÚk¦. cMENkTMnijnaMcUlvij rYmman eRKÓgsBVavuF

rfeRkaH kaMePøIgFM m:asuInsRmab;eFVIERscmáar plitplKImI nigRkNat;.

TMnijnaMecjPaKeRcInrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYntictYcxøaMgNas; ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarnaM

ecjenAmunqñaM1970 ehIyRtÚv)annaMykeTARbeTscin EdlCaRbeTsEtmYyKt;man\T§iBlmkelIkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü. BIqñaM1977dl;cugqñaM1978 cin)anpþl;[km<úCaRbCaFibetyünUvrfeRkaHrab;ryeRKÓg

Lan GavuFFunF¶n; RKab;epøagnigRKab;kaMePøIgrab;Ban;etan nigynþehaHRbtikmµcMnYnR)aMmYyeRKÓg. rdæaPi)alcin

k¾)anpþl;[nUvkarCYsCulpøÚvrfePøIgmYyExSP¢ab;RkúgPñMeBjeTARkúgkMBg;esam nigRBlanynþehaHfµImYyeTotenA

extþkMBg;qñaMg. eRkABITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµ CMnYyeyaFa nigCMnYyhirBaØvtßú cin)anbBa¢ÚnGñkCMnajkarrab;Ban;nak;

[mkeFVICaGñkbec©keTs nigCaTIRbwkSarbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkCMnajkarTaMgenH)anCYybgðat;beRgón

k,ÜneyaFa bec©keTseBTü nigbec©keTskñúgeragcRkdl;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anesñI[

cinbBa¢ÚnT½BmkCYyc,aMgCamYyevotNam b:uEnþcin)anbdiesF ehIyesñI[manbTQb)aj;KñanigeFVIkarcrca.

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anTat;ecalsMeNIenH.

71

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kardYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> mUlehtubIy:agénkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

sPaBRTúDeRTamrbs;RbCaCn ³ EpnkarbYnqñaMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübBa¢ak;fa km<úCanwgplitRsUv

[)anbIetankñúgmYyhiktaerogral;qñaM. tYelxenHmancMnYneRcInelIsTinñplmunsm½ybdivtþn_. enAeBlTinñpl

RsUvmin)anRKb;EpnkarkMNt; kmµaPi)alenATUTaMgRbeTs)aneFVIr)aykarN_Ekøgkøay. bnÞab;mkkmµaPi)al

TaMgenHnwgbBa¢ÚnRsUvy:ageRcIneTAtamcMnYnEpnkarkMNt; edayTuk[RbCaCnTTYlrgkarGt;Xøan.

kgcl½tkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

72

edaysarEtRbtibtþikarTUTaMgRbeTsCakarsm¶at;enaH eFVI[EpnkarkñúgkarRbmUlTinñplRsUv[)anbIetan

kñúgmYyhiktaminGacGnuvtþ)an. tMbn;TaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTsminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[EckrMElkB½t’manKñaeTAvij

eTAmk b¤RtÜtBinitüemIlfaetImanbBaðaGVIxøHkMBugekItmaneLIgeT. mCÄimbkSkRmcuHmkemIlsßanPaBrs;enArbs;

RbCaCn b¤erobcMEpnkar[kmµaPi)alfñak;eRkamrbs;xøÜnGnuvtþNas;. emdwknaMfñak;elIhak;dUcCaeCOTaMgRsugnUv

GVIEdlfñak;eRkam)anraykarN_ cMENkfñak;eRkamminh‘anraykarN_B½t’manminl¥NamYyeTAfñak;elIeLIy.

m®nþICan;x<s;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeCOCak;fa bkSminEdlRbRBwtþkMhusnigminEdlseRmccitþxusTal;EtesaH.

ral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIgRtÚv)anemdwknaMTaMgenaHecaTRbkan;faCakMhusrbs;CnbreTsb¤Cnk,t;. edaysar

EtlkçxNÐrs;enAkan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yuWneTA² RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;)ansøab;CabnþbnÞab; edaykareFVIkarhYs

kmøaMgnigKµanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;.

visuT§kmµ ³ enABak;kNþalqñaM1976 smaCiksMxan;²CaeRcInrUbrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RtÚv)aneFVI

visuT§kmµ. cab;BIeBlenaHmk b:ul Bt nigshkarIeCOfakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgfñak;dwknaMbkSkan;EtekItmaneRcIn

eLIg².fñak;dwknaMTaMgenHeCOfasRtÚvrbs;xøÜnmanenARKb;TIkEnøg. KN³PUmiPaK KN³tMbn; nigembBa¢akarkgT½B

CaeRcInrUbRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecal. sPaBkarN_kan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶reTA²kñúgqñaM1977 enAeBl

Edl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[eFVIkarsmøab;kmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’ nigeFVIvisuT§kmµeTAelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmiPaK

enHesÞIrKµansl;. enAeBlevotNamvaycUlPUmiPaKenHenAcugqñaM1977 RbCaCnesssl;RtÚv)anecaTfa

kgkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

73

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nak;)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAevotNam EdlenATIenaH rdæaPi)alevotNam)anCYybegáItkgkmøaMgeyaFamYy.

karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNam ³ enHKWCa

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etyü. enAqñaM1975 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

cab;epþImbgábBaðaenAtamRBMEdnbeNþIr²CamYy

evotNam. karRbyuT§Kñad¾xøaMgkøa)anpÞúHeLIgenA

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nigextþmYycMnYneTotrbs;evotNamEdlbNþal

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NamCaeRcInnak; Edlmin)aneRtómxøÜnCamun.

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Ban;nak;)anrgrbYsnigsøab;.

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kan;kab;)antMbn;cMBuHeskkñúgextþsVayerog.

kgT½BevotNam)anvaysRmúkcUlCagémÖKILÚEm:Rt

mkkñúgTwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehIykan;kab;)an

TIrYmextþsVayerog. eqøIytbeTAvij km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü)ankat;pþac;cMNgkarTUtCamYy

RbeTsevotNam ehIy)anbBa¢a[GñkkarTUtevotNamTaMgGs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjcakecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.

ExµrRkhmyl;RBmeFVIkarcrca luHRtaNaEtkgT½BevotNamTaMgGs; dkecjBITwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

Camunsin. mYyry³kaleRkaymkeTot evotNam)andkT½BecjBIRbeTskm<úCa edayekorGñkeTasnig

RbCaCnsuIvilrab;Ban;nak;ykeTACamYypg. KµankarcrcaNamYyRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeT.

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beNþayRBMEdnCab;km<úCa. evotNam)anCMruj[mankarbegáItkmøaMgbdibkç mYyedIm,IeFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwg

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rUbftkmµaPi)alCnCaticamBIrrUbEdlRtÚv)anftenAkñúgbnÞb;ftrUbmYy

enAkñúgtMbn;rMedaH/ extþRkecH


74

eyaFa nigbegáItkmøaMgsñÚlsRmab;rbbfµImYy. RbeTsTaMgBIr

)anRbyuT§KñaeBjmYyry³kalénqñaM 1978.

enAéf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUyEdl

pSayCaPasaExµr)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;eRkak

QreLIgRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. evotNam)an

eRCIserIsRbCaCnExµrmYycMnYnEdl)anePosxøÜneTAevotNam

[cUlbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½BdwknaMedayevotNam. PaKeRcInén

CnCatiExµrTaMgenHKWCakmµaPi)al kgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPUmiPaK

bUBa’. mkRtwmeBlenHmYyEpñkénPUmiPaKbUBa’sßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIymYyEpñkeTotsßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgbHe)arEdlRbqaMgnwgExµrRkhm.

enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUy)anpSBV

pSayBIkarbegáIteLIgnUvrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa25.

rNsirSenHdwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin Edl)anePosxøÜn

eTAevotNamenAcugqñaM1978.

embBa¢akarT½BevotNam v:an; eTonyug )andwknaMeFVIkar

vayRbhary:agxøaMgkøamkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶TI25

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extþRkecH kñúgry³eBlR)aMéf¶ nigextþkMBg;camkñúgry³eBl

mYys)þah_. bnÞab;mkenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgT½B

evotNamnigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCavay

deNþIm)anrdæFanIPñMeBj nigesÞIrEtépÞRbeTsTaMgmUlkñúg

eBlbnþbnÞab;mkeTot. kgT½BTaMgBIr)anerobcMmhasnñi)atmYy edIm,IbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa[

eFVICardæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñeRkamkardwknaMrbs;smmitþ ehg sMrin.

2> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeRkayqñaM1979

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RbCamanitkm<úCa}. rbbenHRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCarhUtdl;evotNam dkT½BecjmYyTsvtSr_eRkaymkeTot

KWenAqñaM1990. emdwknaMnigkgT½Brbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anrt;ePosxøÜnBITIRkúgPñMeBjeTAPaKBay½BüRbeTs

edayefµIreCIg Lan nigreTHePøIg. ExµrRkhm)anekorRbCaCnrab;muWnnak;edaybgçM[eTACamYyxøÜn. kñúgGMLúg

eBlénkarCemøósCaelIkTIBIrenH RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;edaysarGt;Gahar CMgW nigrbYs.

tam:uk ¬eQµaHedIm Qit eCOn¦

tam:ukekItqñaM1926 enAextþtaEkv.

tam:uk )anbYseronGs;CaeRcInqñaM ehIy

)anerobkarCamYyb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyeQµaH G‘uk

Xwm ehIymankUnbYnnak;. qñaM1949

tam:uk eFVICaRbFan\sSr³Rsuk kñúgextþ

taEkv. tam:uk )ancUlCasmaCikRkúm

kumµúynIsþenA qñaM1963. BIqñaM1968

eTAqñaM1978 tam:uk CaelxaPUmiPaK

nirtI.

enAExvicäika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv

)anEtgtaMgCaGnuelxaTIBIrbkSkumµúynIsþ

km<úCa. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü tam:uk minEdlesñIsuMkar

elIkElgeTas ehIyminEdlmanbMNg

cuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)aleT. tam:uk RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜn edaykgT½BraCrdæaPi)alenAEk,r

RBMEdnéf enAExmIna qñaM1999 ehIy

dak;kñúgmnÞIrXuM XaMg. tam:uk søab;eday

sarCMgWenAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda qñaM2006.

75

RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansVHEsVgrkpøÚvRtLb;mkPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜnvij. semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu nig

RBHjativgSanuvgSRtÚv)anCemøóstamynþehaHeTARbeTscin.

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BIbreTs rYmmanmkBIRbeTscinnigRbeTséf. rhUtdl;qñaM1990 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)an

GnuBaØat[tMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübnþkan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati ebIeTaHbICa

mankarCMTas;BIsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCanigsm<½n§mitþsgÁmniymrbs;xøÜnmYYycMnYnk¾eday.

qñaM1979 ExµrRkhm)anRbkasBIkarbegáIt {rNsirSmhasamKÁICati esñhaCati nigRbCaFibetyü}

b:uEnþmin)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbCaCneLIy. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr clnats‘UminEmnkumµúynIsþdMbUgmYy

{rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgdwknaMedaysemþc sWn san EdlCaGtItnaykrdæm®nþI

kñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym¬1955-1970¦26.

RkúmGñkts‘UraCaniymmYy EdlmaneQµaHfarNsirSrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<úCamYyÉkraCü GBüaRkwt

snþi nigshRbtibtþi ehAkat;fa {hVúnsuInbuic} k¾RtÚv)anbegáItEdr kñúgeBlbnþbnÞab;KñaenaH eRkamRBHraCkic©

dwknaMrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. enAqñaM1982 RkúmraCaniymhVúnsuInbuic RkúmrNsirSCatirMedaH

karvilRtLb;rbs;GñkEdlenArs;ranmanCIvitbnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;ExµrRkhmenAExmkra qñaM1979

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

76

RbCaBlrdæExµr nigRkúmExµrRkhm)anrYbrYmKñabegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKI EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu

CaRbFan exov sMpn CaGnuRbFan nig semþc sWn san Canaykrdæm®nþI. eKalbMNgrYmrbs;rdæaPi)alenH

KWedIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgeFVIkarts‘UrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaBIkareRCótERCkrbs;evotNam. rdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKIEdl

manRkúmExµrRkhmCaRkúmFMCageKenaH )ankan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

bnÞab;BIkarcrcaGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM PaKICemøaHkm<úCaTaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaelIkic©

RBmeRBógsnþiPaBenATIRkúg)a:rIsenAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ehIyyl;RBm[mankarerobcMkare)aHeqñat

CatimYy eRkamkarRtÜtBinitürbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa ehAkat;fa{G‘untak;}.

RkúmExµrRkhm)aneFVIBhikarmincUlrYmkare)aHeqñatCatiEdlerobcMeLIgedayG‘untak; ehIybdiesFminRBm

rMsaykgT½Brbs;xøÜneLIy. eRkaykare)aHeqñatCasklqñaM1993 kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbnþRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg

kgkmøaMgrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEdldwknaMedayRBHGgÁm©as; neratþm rNb£T§i Canaykrdæm®nþITImYy nigsemþc

h‘un Esn Canaykrdæm®nþITIBIr Gs;CaeRcInqñaMbnþeTot.

enAExsIha qñaM1996 eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edaynaMTaMgkgT½BmYycMnYn

mkCamYypg. emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmmYycMnYneTotdUcCa Ek Bk nYn Ca nig exov sMpn )ancuHcUl

CamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgqñaM1998. bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt TTYlmrNPaB enAqñaM1998 tam:uk CaemExµrRkhm

Etmñak;Kt;EdlbdiesFminRBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ehIyRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAExmIna qñaM1999.

RtwwmdMNak;kalenH emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlenArs;TaMgGs;)ansarPaBcuHcaj; b¤RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIyclna

ExµrRkhmTaMgmUl)andYlrlMCasßaBr. RbCaBlrdæExµrEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;RtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhmTaMgGs;

)aneFVImatuPUminivtþn_ nigrYbrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCavij.

77

ÉksarmYyenH nigÉksarEdlenAesssl;déTeTotbgðajGMBIB½t’manCaeRcInGMBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. Éksar

TaMgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgy:agc,as;GMBIrebob nigmUlehtuEdlRbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvit. enAkñúgn½yenH Éksar

nImYy²tMNag[CIvitrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCamñak;Edlsøab;enAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. manÉksarrebobenHrab;lansnøwk.

¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

78

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]Rkidækmµkñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWCaesaknadkmµrbs;mnusSCatid¾GaRkk;bMputmYykñúg

cMeNamesaknadkmµTaMgLaynastvtSr_TI20. rbbenH)ansmøab;CIvitmnusS Gs;RbmaNBIrlannak;ehIy

bnSl;TuknUv®sþIemm:aynigkumarkMRBarab;ryrab;Ban;nak;. RbCaCnExµrrab;Esnnak;)anrt;ecjBIRbeTs ehIy

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Edl)anbNþal[RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;søab;nigBikar cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1980rhUtmk. RbCaBlrdæExµr

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rbs;cin GtItshPaBsUevot nigevotNam. emdwknaMTaMgenH)anbegáIteLIgnUveKalneya)ayCaeRcInEdl

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TaMgenHyl;eXIjfa bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnKWCapøÚvEtmYyKt;EdlGacnaMkm<úCaeTAkan;ÉkraCüPaBnigsmPaBsgÁm.

emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenH)anGHGagfabdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnmin)anykKMrUtammenaKmviC¢axageRkANamYyeT eTaHbICa

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RbCaCnecjBITIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCn EpnkarbYnqñaM nigbdivtþn_mhaelatepøaHmhaGs©arük¾eday.

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EtgEtmanmhicätacg;seRmckic©karFMkñúgry³eBld¾xøIedaymin)anBicarNaGMBIFnFanEdlman b¤lT§pl

EdlecjmkBIeKalneya)ayTaMgenHeLIy. kñúgn½yenH ExµrRkhm)anERbkøayRbeTsTaMgmUleTACavalERs

ehIyERbkøayRbCaCnTaMgGs;[eTACaksikrnigCaGñkeTasrbs;GgÁkar.

siT§inigtRmÚvkarCamUldæanrbs;RbCaCnminRtÚv)anykcitþTukdak;. RTBüsm,tþiÉkCnRtÚv)anrwbGUs.

sasna RkdasR)ak; nigRbéBNITMenomTmøab;)ankøayeTACarbs;\tRbeyaCn_. TMnak;TMngCamYyGnþrCatiesÞIrEt

RtÚv)ankat;pþac;TaMgRsug. rbbenHminGnuBaØat[mankarriHKn;cMeBaHfñak;dwknaM b¤eKalneya)ayrbs;Cati

sUm,IEtbnþicbnþÜck¾eday. ExµrRkhm)ancat;TukGñkecHdwg Gñkrdækarrbs;rbbcas; nigGñkEdlRbqaMgnwg

neya)ayrbs;xøÜnfaCasRtÚvrbs;rdæ b¤CaCnk,t;bdivtþn_EdlRtÚvEtkemÞcecal. minmankarelIkElgeTas

ehIyk¾minmankarpSHpSaCatiEdrenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. ExµrRkhm)anERbkøayRbeTs[eTACaCMrM

XuMXaMgd¾FMmYy EdleRkaymk)ankøayeTApñÚrrbs;RbCaCnExµrCitBIrlannak; EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkmµaPi)alnig

fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;xøÜnmYycMnYnpg.

79

]bsm<½n§vin½ysRmab;GñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21

1> GMBIvin½ykarBarxµaMg

� eBlyam min[GgÁúyb¤Ep¥k nigmin[sresrGVITaMgGs; RtÚvedIrcuHeLIgtammuxsBaØarbs;xøÜn.

eBlyam min[sYreQµaHxµaMgdac;xat enAkñúgbnÞb;b¤kñúgpÞH.

� eBlyam mitþNamanParkic©yam min[edIrecalkEnøgyam. eBlyam min[mitþNaKµanParkic©

yamcUllukluy ebIkTVarb¤bg¥ÜcemIlGñkeTasdac;xat.

� cMeBaHGñkeTasEdlCab;XuMXaMg ebIeTaHsÁal;b¤minsÁal; min[saksYrCadac;xat.

� cMeBaHxµaMgEdlCab;enAkEnøgeyIg minGnuBaØat[smøútb¤vaydac;xat. ebIxµaMgesrI Gñkyamniyay

minsþab; esñIraykarN_CabnÞan;[GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCapÞal;b¤CaRkdas.

� ebIxµaMgvamanskmµPaBvayesa cak;esa cgk Gark Garéd bMrugnwgelbex©A nigmanRbtikmµepSg²

RtÚvmanviFankarCabnÞan; dak;exµaHédmkeRkay ehIyraykarN_[GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCabnÞan;Edr.

� eBlxµaMgrt;rYc RtÚvraykarN_CabnÞan; RtÚvtamcab;Pøam manviFankarPøam.

� eBlyaml,atkarBar kmµaPi)alRkúmkgha RtÚvmanmuxenAkEnøgyamtammuxsBaØarbs;xøÜnEdl

bkSRbKl;[.

� eBlyam kmµaPi)almin[lYcedkb¤GgÁúyEp¥k RtÚvedIrRtÜtBinitü[Cab;CaRbcaM.

� eBlyam kmµaPi)alnigyuT§CnRtÚvEqkeqrRKb;eBlevla tamkarkMNt;[)andac;xat KW24em:ag

EqkbYndgCakMhitKW ³ RBwkeBlem:ag6mþg em:ag11éf¶Rtg;mþgeTot l¶acem:ag6mþg nigyb;em:ag11

mþgeTot.

� eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy RtÚv[vaesøókBak;vij eTIbGñkEqkecjBIbnÞb;.

� cMeBaHexaGavxµaMg RtÚv[vaesøókBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxøÜneLIy.

� eBlyaml,at kmµaPi)alRtÚvkan;kUnesaedayxøÜnÉg minbENþtbeNþaytamcitþxøÜn x¢il. dac;xat

min[)at;kUnesa ebI)at;kUnesaminRtÚvGareT RtÚvrkkUn[eXIj ehIyRtÚvraykarN_ GñkeTasrt;rYc

kEnøg)at;kUnesa RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsmUhPaB.

� eBlyam RtÚvesøókBak;CaÉksNæaneyaFa minGnuBaØat[esøókexaxøIb¤edaHGav.

2> GMBIesaexñaH

� cak;esaxµaMgRtÚvBinitüesa kg rng [)anl¥it eTIbedaHexñaHéd Rsaymux.

� eBlcak;esaxµaMg kg rng RtÚvykecjBIkñúgbnÞb;mkTukxageRkA minRtÚv[TukxagkñúgeT.

� cak;esaxµaMgykmkcak;Gacm_ RtÚvdak;Rcvak;édmçagnigeCIgmçageTot eyIgminRtÚvedIrq¶ayBIxµaMgeT.

� xµaMgEdlykmkBIkEnøgsYrcemøIyvij RtÚvEqkeqrxøÜnva[)anmFü½tnigenAeBlbþÚryam TaMgkgrng.

� Rcvak;RtÚvcak;[xøI y:agEvgknøHEm:Rt ebIkrNIBiess RtÚvxagelIseRmc.

80

3> xagviFankar

� xµaMgvaenAtampÞH min[vaTak;TgKña)aneT.

� xµaMgEdlenAkEnøgeyIg KWdac;xatmin[vaniyayKña.

� cMeBaHGñkEdlmanParkic©xagkñúg KWdac;xatminGnuBaØat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rby½tñxµaMg vaTak;TgKña

)anb¤xµaMgvamanRbtikmµepSg².

� enAtampÞHnImYy² RtÚvmanbBa¢IeQµaHxµaMgnigelxbnÞb;.

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manRKab;eBj.

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� bþÚryamRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©c,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GñkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg²

eTot[eTAGñkyamfµI.

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ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.

81

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� esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².

bEnßmBIelIenH B½t’manmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIRbcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa {TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü sarB½t’man nigGtßbTEtgesckþIEdl)an

cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmµviFI {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exµr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_.

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Rbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI6rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2004.

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1karkMNt;tYelxGMBIcMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa Edl)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümanPaBxus²Kña. rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanit

km<úCa¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;sßititamRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<úCaCag3lan3Esnnak;)an

søab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAkñúgesovePA{rbb b:ul Bt³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCaeRkam

rbbExµrRkhm 1975-1979} ¬New Haven and London kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l qñaM1996¦

RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an)a:n;sµanfamanmnusScMnYn1lan5Esnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. karkMNt;cMnYnmnusS

søab;rbs;RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn500nak; kñúgqñaM1980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxøÜn

enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúgRbeTs. eRkaymk RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa

eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GñkRbCasa®sþ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsøab;KWmankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gares-GuI-Ga

enAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<úCa³ kar)at;bg;cMnYnRbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qñaM1980¦ )an

snñidæanfaRbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbvtþiviTU ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGag

faRbCaCnExµr Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYnRbEhl7Esn4muWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEp¥keTAelIkar

Rsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij edayeRbóbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqñaM1975nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979 ehIydkcMnYn

mnusSsøab;tamFmµCatiBIcMnYnmnusSsøab;srub. ¬km<úCaBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum<

qñaM1984.¦

2]bTVIb\NÐÚcinKWCaeQµaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxøÜnRtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav nigRbeTs

km<úCa. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy)ancab;epþImBIqñaM1946dl;qñaM1954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘UevotNam¬evotmij¦dwknaM

eday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsLav.

3bkSenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAeBlEdlelakkMBugrs;enATIRkúghugkug. mundMbUgbkSenHmaneQµaHfa

bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam ehIyeQµaHenHRtÚv)anbþÚrmkCabkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcinenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1930.

4edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAqñaM1951 evotNam

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5sm<½n§edIm,IÉkraCüevotNam ehAkat;fa{evotmij} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAqñaM1941 edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü

BIGaNaniKm)araMg.

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\NÐÚcin.

85

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Gul ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦/ eGog FIriT§ ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦/ CU eCt ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYg

suxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦/ nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþI RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦. esÞIrEtRKb;smaCikKN³rdæm®nþI

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Bt Ca elxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. Éksarelx D24008 kñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.

9ExµrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExµrEdlFøab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1950. GñkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij

kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁam¬1970-1975¦ edIm,ICYyExµrRkhmRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr.

10munTTYl)anC½yCmñH ExµrRkhm)anRbkasfaxøÜnnwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;rbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elak

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RBHGgÁm©as; suIsuvtiß sirimt³/ naykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guin taM/ sUEsþn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ukfaj;.

11Éksar D01266 enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {esckþIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBaküGgÁkarnigBakübkS}.

esckþIENnaMenHecjpSayBIKN³870 EdlCakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; b:ul Bt enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1977 Edlman

esckþIfa {BaküGgÁkarb¤BakübkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg minRtÚveRbIsRmab;buKÁleLIy. cMeBaHbuKÁlRtÚveRbIBaküsmmitþ

eQµaHenH b¤smmitþtMENgenH b¤smmitþtMNagGgÁkarfñak;enH. ]TahrN_ smmitþ etg smmitþelxa smmitþtMNagGgÁkar .l.}

12Nay:an; can;da/ {bgb¥ÚnEdlCasRtÚv³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayeragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.

13Nay:an; can;da )anGHGagfaenAéf¶TI2 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgkum:µg;dUevotNam)anqøgkat;TenøctumuxEk,rRBHbrmraCvaMg

edIm,Icab;BRgt;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkñúgeKalbMNg[RBHGgÁdwknaMclnats‘UmYyeRkamkarCYyTMnuk

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éf. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgÁcUlmkTIRkúgPñMeBjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvijehIy.

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GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam.

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RBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynþehaHcinmYyeRKÓg enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra. Nay:an; can;da/

{sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.

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eday muI R)ag nigKN³kmµaFikarfamBl. KN³kmµaFikarTaMgR)aMmYyenHsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúk

xagesdækic© ehIyRbFanKN³kmµaFikarnImYy²manzan³esµInwgrdæm®nþI. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßab½nxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkar

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snñi)atelIkTI1 kñúgsm½ykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa éf¶11-13 emsa 1976}.

15GuIsa ]sµan {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa qñaM2006.

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17GñkRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa GuIsa ]sµan )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn

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qñaM1975mancMnYnRbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqñaM1979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak;

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87

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qñaM1975man2Esn5muWnnak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnYnenHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1979.

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rebobNa³ RbvtþiclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCa1930-1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum<

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esckþIsegçb...éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975)anbBa©b;nUvkareRCótERCkBIsMNak;breTs karTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigkar RbQmGavuFdak;Kñaéns®gÁamsuIvilExµrry³eBlR)aMqñaMenAkm