Essential knowledge 2.A.3:

Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.

Essential knowledge 2.A.3:Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.Carbon is at the base of all lifeCarbon-most versatile building block of molecules. Why?- 4 valence electronsCan form 4 single covalent bondsCapable of forming double and triple covalent bondsCan combine with atoms of many different elements

Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids.

Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids.

Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.

Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids. Nucleotides monomers of DNA and RNA

Phosphorus moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in nucleic acids and certain lipids.

PhospholipidPhospates make up the backbone of DNA and RNAProperties of WaterWith a partner, write a few sentences about the properties of water that were observed in the weird water activities.Compare and Contrast the following terms as they apply to the properties of water: CohesionAdhesionHigh specific heat capacityUniversal solvent supports reactionsHeat of vaporizationHeat of fusionWaters thermal conductivity

What makes water so weird?Most properties of water emerge because water is polar and hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.

Cohesion and AdhesionCohesion:Water is attracted to waterAdhesion:Water is attracted to other substances

Surface TensionThecohesive forcesbetween liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension.The cohesive forces between molecules in a liquid are shared with all neighboring molecules. Those on the surface have no neighboring molecules above and, thus, exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their nearest neighbors on and below the surface.

High specific heat capacityThis is why it takes so long to boil water!!

Universal solvent supports reactions

Heat of vaporization

Heat of fusionwater has a highheat of fusion, or the heat you need to take out of water to get it to solidify (freeze). What all this means is that water can hold a lot of heat energy before it changes temperatures and states (solid to liquid to gas). This property of water is great if you are an organism that lives in the water. Why, you might ask? A high heat of fusion means that, even if the temperature of the air changes a lot, water will shelter you from those changes and provide a pretty stable environment. Waters thermal conductivityEven though only the bottom of the pot is heated, the temperature of all the water will quickly rise.

Lastly Thanks Water!!I did not know how neat you were!

MacromoleculesBozeman Biology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYH63o10iTE&list=PL8GOEDwLwlIOiSrWJuCzUxJ_zMemyYDDZ&index=5

Other macromolecule video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0&list=PL8GOEDwLwlIOiSrWJuCzUxJ_zMemyYDDZ

PolymersCovalent monomersCondensation reaction (dehydration reaction):One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water moleculeHydrolysis:bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)

Carbohydrates, IMonosaccharides CH2O formula; multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups and 1 carbonyl (C=O) group: aldehyde (aldoses) sugar ketone sugar cellular respiration; raw material for amino acids and fatty acids

Carbohydrates, IIDisaccharides glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) between 2 monosaccharides; covalent bond by dehydration reactionSucrose (table sugar) most common disaccharide

Carbohydrates, IIIPolysaccharides Energy Storage: Plants: starch (glucose monomers) Animals: glycogen

Polysaccharides Structural in function: Plants: CelluloseAnimals:Chitin~exoskeleton; cell walls of fungi;

LipidsNo polymers; glycerol and fatty acidFats, phospholipids, steroidsHydrophobic; H bonds in water exclude fatsCarboxyl group = fatty acidNon-polar C-H bonds in fatty acid tailsEster linkage: 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol (dehydration formation)Triacyglycerol (triglyceride)Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds

Phospholipids2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)Tails hydrophobic; heads hydrophilicMicelle (phospholipid droplet in water)Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes

SteroidsLipids with 4 fused carbon ringsEx: cholesterol:cell membranes;precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis

ProteinsImportance: instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules knownMonomer: amino acids (there are 20) ~ carboxyl (-COOH) group, amino group (NH2), H atom, variable group (R).Variable group characteristics: polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acid or baseThree-dimensional shape (conformation)Polypeptides (dehydration reaction): peptide bonds~ covalent bond; carboxyl group to amino group (polar)Protein StructurePrimarySecondaryTertiaryQuaternaryPrimary StructureConformation: Linear structureMolecular Biology: each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acidsEx: lysozymeAmino acid substitution:hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia

Secondary StructureConformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds)Alpha Helix:coiling; keratinPleated Sheet:parallel; silk

Tertiary StructureConformation: irregular contortions from R group bondinghydrophobicdisulfide bridgeshydrogen bonds ionic bonds

Quaternary StructureConformation: 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromoleculecollagen (connective tissue)hemoglobin

Types of ProteinsStructural ProteinStorage ProteinsTransport ProteinsReceptor ProteinsContractileDefensiveEnzymesSignal SensoryGene RegulatorNucleic Acids, IDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA)DNA->RNA->proteinPolymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide):nitrogenous basepentose sugarphosphate groupNitrogenous bases:pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracilpurines~adenine, guanine

Nucleic Acids, IIPentoses:ribose (RNA)deoxyribose (DNA)nucleoside (base + sugar)Polynucleotide:phosphodiester linkages (covalent); phosphate + sugar

Nucleic Acids, IIIInheritance based on DNA replicationDouble helix (Watson & Crick - 1953) H bonds~ between paired bases van der Waals~ between stacked basesA to T; C to G pairingComplementary

Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological systems ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products

Why cant cells be extremely large?As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size.

Examples of tissues and cells that increases their surface are to maximize absorptions of nutrients and the elimination of waste.Root hairsCells of the alveoliCells of the villiMicrovilli

Root hairs

What have we learned today about cells?The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment