Essential QuestionEssential Question:

–What were the various plans to reconstruct the Union at the end of the Civil War?

Warm-Up Question:Warm-Up Question:

–What problems exist now that the Civil War is over?

Reconstruction (1865 to 1877)

Reconstruction is the era after the Civil War when the U.S. gov’t:

–Brought the seceded Southern states back into the Union

–Ended slavery & tried to protect newly emancipated slaves

–Rebuilt the nation after more than four years of fighting

Reconstruction: 1865-1877

Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases:

–Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction (1865-67) was lenient in order to allow Southern states to quickly rejoin the Union; It was initiated by President Lincoln but carried out by President Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction: 1865-1877

Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases:–Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction (1867-77)

was directed by Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted a stricter plan that protected the rights of former slaves & kept Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South

Lincoln’s Reconstruction PlanBefore the Civil War came to an

end (& before his death), Lincoln proposed his Ten-Percent Plan

This plan was very lenient & allowed former Confederate states could re-enter the Union when:–10% of its population swore an

oath of loyalty to the USA–States ratified the 13th

Amendment ending slavery

In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”

Lincoln’s Reconstruction PlanRadical Republicans in Congress

rejected Lincoln’s plan because:–It did nothing to protect ex-slaves

or to keep Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South

–Wanted 50% of state populations to swear an oath of loyalty

When the Civil War ended & Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, there was no Reconstruction Plan in place

Presidential Reconstruction

When Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 VP Andrew Johnson tried to continue Lincoln’s policies:–His Presidential Reconstruction plan

was lenient towards Southerners –States could come back into the USA

once they ratified the 13th Amendment

Presidential Reconstruction Johnson’s Reconstruction plan

hoped to quickly re-unify the nationBut, this plan did not require strict

regulations to protect former slaves–Southern states passed black

codes to keep African-Americans from gaining land, jobs, voting rights, & protection under the law

–Johnson pardoned 13,000 ex-Confederates

Presidential Reconstruction

Led by Thaddeus Stevens, many “radical” Republicans in Congress opposed Johnson’s plan & pushed for laws to protect African-Americans:

–Created the Created the Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau

–Pushed for the Pushed for the 1414thth Amendment Amendment

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau was

established in 1865 to offer assistance to former slaves & protect their new citizenship:

–Provided emergency food, housing, medical supplies

–Promised “40 acres & a mule”

–Supervised labor contracts

–Created new schools

The Role of Freedman’s Bureau Agents

Many former abolitionists moved

South to help freedmen, called “carpetbaggers” by Southern Democrats

A Freedman’s Bureau School

Historically Black Colleges in the South

The emphasis on education led to the creation of black universities, such as

Morehouse College in Atlanta

The 14th AmendmentCongress feared Johnson would

allow violations of civil rights so it drafted the 1414thth Amendment Amendment:–Clarified the idea of citizenship to

include former slaves–All citizens were entitled to equal

protection under the law & cannot be deprived of life, liberty, property without due process of law

–Tennessee was the only Southern state to accept the amendment

Presidential Reconstruction President Johnson opposed these

new protections because he felt it would slow reconstruction:–Johnson vetoed the Freedman’s

Bureau bill & encouraged Southern states to not support the 14th Amendment

–This backfired when Republicans increased their control of Congress in the 1866 elections

With a dominance in Congress, moderate & “radical” Republicans took control & began “Congressional Reconstruction” in 1867:–Did not recognize the state gov’ts

approved under Johnson’s Plan –Made Reconstruction more strict

Congressional Reconstruction The Reconstruction Act of 1867

required that any Confederate state that wanted to re-enter the Union had to:–Ratify the 14th Amendment–Allow African-American men the

right to vote in their states –Keep Confederate leaders from

returning to power

Created 5 military districts to protect former slaves & to enforce reconstruction

Johnson’s Impeachment (1868)President Johnson obstructed

Congressional Reconstruction:–He fired military generals

appointed by Congress to oversee Southern military zones

–He violated a new law called the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to fire his Secretary of War who supported Congress’ plan

Radical Republicans used this as an opportunity to impeach the president–To impeach is to formally charge

an elected official of wrongdoing–The House of Representatives

voted 126-47 to impeach Johnson

After an 11 week trial, the Senate fell 1 vote short of removing the president from office

Johnson argued that removal could only occur due to “high crimes & misdemeanors”

but no “crime” had been committed

But…Johnson did promise to enforce Reconstruction for the

remainder of his term…& he did!

The Senate trial of Johnson’s impeachment was the hottest ticket in town

In 1868, Civil War hero Ulysses Grant won the presidency & worked with Congress to reconstruct the South:–By 1868, most Confederate states

had been re-admitted to the Union under Congressional Reconstruction

–Under Grant, the last would re-enter

Because of Congressional Reconstruction, African-American men in the South could

vote for the first time

Re-Admission of the South

In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave black men the right to vote–Prohibited any state from denying

men the right to vote due to race–But…the amendment said nothing

about literacy tests, poll taxes, & property qualifications

ConclusionsAs a result of Congressional

Reconstruction (1867-1877):–All eleven Southern states were

re-admitted into the Union–The 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments

provided protection & opportunity for African-Americans in the South

–But, this was difficult to enforce & sustain as Democrats slowly took back control of Southern states