Essential Question:

• How successful were African nations in becoming politically and economically independent?

By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent...

•Ethiopia

•Liberia

Roots of Independence Movement

• Desire for freedom never abandoned

• Post WW1 &WW2 movements

• American Civil Rights Movement

• Nasser & Arab Nationalism

Struggle for IndependenceStruggle for Independence

Traditional Colony

• Colonial Government

• Export Based Economy

Traditional Colony

• Colonial Government

• Export Based Economy

European Settled Colony

• Colonial Government

• Export Based Economy

• White Minority resisted Black Rule

• Legalized Discrimination

European Settled Colony

• Colonial Government

• Export Based Economy

• White Minority resisted Black Rule

• Legalized Discrimination

Ghana Becomes Independent• 1957

• Led by Kwame Nkrumah

• 1st Colony to Achieve Independence

• Avoids Tribal Conflicts

OAU• Nhrumah founded

the OAU--Organization of African Unity

• worked to promote African economic independence

Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement

Rebellion in Kenya

• British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers

• Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people

Mau Mau Rebellion• Mau Mau called

themselves the Land & Freedom Party

• protested for Independence

• mass arrests> concentration camps

Jomo Kenyatta

• Kikuyu leader

• arrested for “terrorism”

• imprisoned for 8 years

• became President of Kenya

• Kenya becomes strongest democracy in Africa

• Kenyatta made Kenya an economic success

• He stays in power to long = corruption & abuse

Ending Apartheid in South Africa

• African National Congress

• Political Party

• began fight against Apartheid

Apartheid

Nelson Mandela

• Leader of ANC

• arrested and jailed for 28 years

• 120 ANC leaders were jailed

The Years of Struggle

• 1960: Sharpeville Massacre > Stay at Home Campaign

• 1976: Soweto Uprising

Steve Biko

• Biko organized student protests against Apartheid

• banned person

• Smuggled his writings out

• beaten to death by police

Bishop Desmond Tutu

• Anglican minister who led international protest against Apartheid

• South Africa sanctioned

Impact of Sanctions

• Worldwide Protest against Apartheid

• Ban on Trade & Banking

• Financial Crisis in South Africa

F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela

• De Klerk, white prime minister

• negotiated with Mandela

• released him from Prison

• made agreement for free elections with all South African’s allowed to vote

South Africa Avoids Bloodbath

South African Independence• 1994: first free elections

• Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa

• 1994 to present: South Africans work to create economic equality

• tribunal: trials for criminal acts under Apartheid

Problems Faced by Independent Africa

• Debt from Colonial Period• Pressure from the World Bank to

grow colonial export crop to pay off debt

• Ethnic Conflict– Such as Hutu & Tutsi in Rwanda

• War & Use of Child Soldiers

• Health Issues:– Clean water– High infant mortality rate– Aids