Global Studies Unit Two Ancient World- Civilizations and Religions (4000 BCE- 500 CE) A study of the Ancient Civilizations of Asia, Africa and Europe.

Global Studies Unit Two

Ancient World- Civilizations and Religions (4000 BCE- 500 CE) A study of the Ancient Civilizations of Asia, Africa and Europe.

Essential Question: Why do civilizations rise and fall?

Topic: Early HumanAim: How can we learn about the past by studying artifacts?

Do Now: If we were to create a time capsule for 2010, what objects would we include?

Vocabulary-Artifact- a manmade objectHomo Sapiens- human speciesFossil- remains of a plant or animal that has been excavatedNomad- person of a group with no permanent home but move from place to placeMigration- movement of people or animals from one place to another

Early Human NotesWe learn about the past through anthropology (study of how people live), archaeology (study of artifacts), records and documents and paleontology (study of fossils).Early humans migrated to all corners of the earth in search of food because they were nomadicDonald Johanson and his colleagues believe that Lucys species is the common ancestor of modern humans because she walked upright on two legs, and is the mother of all humankind.

Aim: How did Early Human Life Develop and Survive?Do Now: Examine picture The Paleolithic Period and answer the three questions in your notebookEarly Human SocietyEast Africa was the birthplace of humanityHomo-SapiensHuman beings as we know it first appeared between 400,000 and 200,000 years agoHumans had several important advantages over other animalsSuperior intelligenceThe Use of hands to make toolsThe ability to communicate through speech

C. Earliest human societies were hunter-gatherers1. Hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants, fires, canoes, spears with piece of stone or boneStone Age CultureMade stone tools, clay pottery, domesticate dogsE. Human activity- humans spent most time in search of food and eventually migrating to different areas of the world.Aim: How did early humans survive?Vocabulary:Revolution: Quick, drastic changeEarly humansPaleolithic Age (Old Stone Age, Cro-Magnon, Neanderthals) 30,000-10,000 BChunter-gatherersNomadic- people who move from place to placeUsed stone tools (flints)Religious beliefs based on concepts found in nature

B. Neolithic Revolution 6,000- 3,000 BC1. agriculture develops- people grow crops and herd animals2. villages begin to form3. population grows4. early government and economic systems develop because of personal property5. gender roles develop6. social classes emergea) warriors- village had to be protectedb) priests- conducted religious rituals to protect cropsAim: What factors help a civilization to grow?I. Civilization- a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elementsRead p. 30,31.1. cities2. well organized central government3. complex religions4. job specializations5. social classes6. art and architecture7. public works8. writingII. Early civilizations developed around rivers.Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Sumerians (Mesopotamia) Nile River- EgyptIndus River Valley- IndiaYellow River Valley- ChinaIII. Why did rivers (geographic feature) allow civilizations to develop?1. Drink, transportation, fertile soil (silt/fertilizer), washing, irrigation (water crops)

IV. Early people were animists or polytheists which helped them to understand the natural worlda. Animism- belief that spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural objectsb. Polytheism- belief in many godsAim: How did geography encourage the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia?

Do Now: Examine mapWhat two major rivers flow through the Fertile Crescent?What are some advantages of Sumers location?Which cities were found in the Sumerian section of Mesopotamia?

Mesopotamia- Sumerian Civilization- Middle EastA. History1. City states developed because of marshy, swampy land which separated people. They included a city, farms and surrounding villages.2. City states fought against each other until Sargon united them for 55 years starting in 2360 BC 3. The Sumerian civilization died with Sargon4. Hammurabi invaded and ruled the empire from 1792-1750 BC5. Hammurabi names his empire Babylonia and the capital Babylon. The entire area is called Mesopotamia.EconomicsTraditional economy based on agriculture, surplus (extra goods) made it possible to tradeC. Government1. King was considered an agent of god (monarchy)2. Hammurabi developed one of the first written law codes in the world (Hammurabis Codes)Accomplishments

What do you think this is?What might this be used for?

What do you think this is?What might it be used for?

Accomplishments of the Sumerian civilizationCuneiform- system of writingZiggurats- pyramid shape templesWheelSailPlowBasic algebra/geometryEpic of GilgameshIronworking, wheeled vehicles, astronomyhttp://video.kids.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/people-places-kids/iraq-mesopotamia-kids.html

Aim: How was justice determined in Mesopotamia?Hammurabis Code of Law1790 BC, King Hammurabi wrote the worlds largest collection of laws onto stone pillars in the center of townLegal Principles of HammurabiEstablished the principle an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth as a method to punish lawbreakers.Punishments were based on social class of lawbreakersa. Wealthy citizens paid fines, commoners were physically punishedC. Impact of Hammurabis Code1. All modern justice systems are based upon a written set of laws2. Death penalty is based largely up on the principle of an eye for an eyeAim: How did the Nile River Valley influence life in Ancient Egypt?Learning Intention: Explain how Ancient Egypt developed

Do Now: Why do you think the Nile River is called Egypts gift?Ancient EgyptNile River (Breadbasket)Yearly flood soaked the land with water and deposited a layer of silt (fertile soil).Upper Egypt (South) and Lower Egypt (North) were united by Menes united the two regions in 3100 BCHistoryOld Kingdom (2700 BC- 2200 BC)Pharaoh- Egyptian ruler with divine right (god given right) to rule (monarch)Pyramid Age (Giza)- limestone bricks, 5 tons each

Middle Kingdom (2050-1800BC)1. Nile floods were irregular2. Hyksos- foreign invaders occupied in 1700 BC for 100 yearsNew Kingdom (1550-1100 BC)1. Expanded empire to Euphrates River2. Queen Hatshepsut- declared herself pharoah3. Ramses II (1290-1224 BC) expanded empire to Palestine and SyriaInvaded by Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and RomansReligionSun god Amon-Re, Osiris (god of underworld and Nile), Isis (goddess of life after death)Mummification- preservation of the deadAchievementsHieroglyphics- Egyptian writingsPapyrusMedicine- surgery, anatomyAstronomy- almost accurate calendarGeometry- pyramids and farmingArt- literature, painting and sculptureHieroglyphics

The hieroglyphics system of writing, which used both pictures and more abstract forms, was complex. Hieroglyphics script was used for writing on temple walls and in tombs. Hieratic script uses the same principles as hieroglyphics but with more simplified drawings. Hieratic script was used for business transactions, record keeping and the general needs of daily life.http://www.learning-connections.co.uk/curric/cur_pri/egypt/handson/hands_3.htmlPapyrus

Paper made from papyrus reed that grew along the Nile. Most of the ancient Egyptian literature that has come down to us was written on rolls of papyrus

MedicineThe practice of embalming (preserving a dead body to protect from decay) led to medical expertise in human anatomy. Egyptian doctors used splints, bandages and compresses for treating fractures, wounds and disease

AstronomyThe Egyptians developed an accurate 365- day calendar by basing their year not only on the movements of the moon, but also the bright star Sirius. Sirius rises in the sky just before the annual flooding of the Nile River.

GeometryMathematics helped the Egyptians to build their massive monuments. Egyptians were able to calculate area and volume and used geometry to survey flooded land.

ArtPyramids, temples, and other monuments bear witness to the architectural and artistic achievements of the Egyptians. Artists and sculptors were expected to follow particular formulas in style. This gave Egyptian art a distinctive look for thousands of years. For example, the human body was often portrayed as a combination of profile, semiprofile, and frontal view to accurately represent each part.

Aim: Who are the Jews (the Hebrews)?History of the HebrewsTrace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the Universe (monotheism)Descendents of Abraham formed one nation (a common group of people) living in Egypt as slavesThe Jews or Hebrews fleed Egypt under the leadership of Moses (The Exodus, Jews celebrate this event during Passover)Moses gave the Hebrews the Torah and the Ten CommandmentsAfter many years in the desert, Moses led the Hebrews to the Land of Israel (Land of Canaan)AIM: How were the Hebrews beliefs unique in the ancient world?DO NOW TRIVIA:I am the land promised to the Hebrews in the Old Testament ____________I am the title or name given to a messenger of God ____________I am the belief in one god ____________HW: Create a venn diagram comparing & contrasting Hammurabis Code to the Ten Commandments.Canaanprophetmonotheism37

WHY DO RELIGIONS HAVE SYMBOLS? WHAT PURPOSE DO THEY SERVE?Star of DavidMenorahMezuzahIsraels flagTorah38*NOTES*JUDAISM- major world religion founded by the Hebrews in 1400 B.C. which became the first monotheistic belief system. (monotheism-ONE GOD) IMPORTANT FIGURES:Abraham- first Hebrew to make a covenant with God; father of monotheism2. Moses- messenger of God (prophet) who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt and was given the Ten Commandments

3. King David & his son Solomon- created a Jewish empire and built the city of Jerusalem

39

JUDAISMMonotheism - 1 God

Torah- holy bookTen Commandments- law codeSynagogue or temple- house of worshipSabbath- holy day is SaturdayKosher food (no pork or shellfish)Orthodox, Conservative or ReformedImportant days: Hannukah, Passover, Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah*NOTES*40

Orthodox Jews in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaReformed Jew at the wailing wall in Jerusalem

The Ten CommandmentsAncient IndiaA. Geographic features and how they influenced the development of India1. Thar Desert- natural barrier for protection2. Himalaya Mountains- natural barrier for protection3. Ganges River- the area of the greatest population density in India is along the Ganges, sacred in the Hindu religion4. monsoons- seasonal winds that bring rain or cool dry airB. River Valley1. Indus River2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (major cities)C. Aryans1. nomadic people who crossed over into India2. contributed the Vedas, their sacred literature3. Vedas- four collections of prayers, magical spells and instructions for performing rituals

HinduismChanting is a means of expressing the Vedas, Upanishads and other scriptures with rhythm. They are written and performed in the ancient Sanskrit language.

The sacred Sanskrit letter Om is associated with the sacred dot-the Bindu. This Om is the bestower of all wishes and is indeed capable of leading one to freedom from worldly bondage and is meditated upon by yogis.

Sarve Shaam

Sarveshaam Svastir BhavatuSarveshaam Shaantir BhavatuSarveshaam Purnam BhavatuSarveshaam Mangalam Bhavatu

Sarve bhavantu SukhinahSarve Santu Niramayaah.Sarve bhadrani Pashyantu.Maa Kashchit Duhkhabhahg Bhavetll(Traditional Prayer)May good befall all,May there be peace for all, May all be fit for perfection, and May all experience that which is auspicious.

May all be happy. May all be healthy.May all experience what is good andlet no one suffer.

Aim: What are the basic beliefs of Hinduism?HinduismBeliefsHindus believe in one god, Brahman, but worship different gods as being various forms of a single Supreme BeingBrahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; Shiva, the destroyerHindus believe in Atman, the individual soul and Brahman, the world soul. When a person understands the relationship between Atman and Brahman that person achieves moksha, perfect understanding and the release from life in this world.Reincarnation, rebirth is the belief that an individual soul is born again until moksha is achieved.Karma- the belief that what goes around comes around, what you give you will receive. Bad karma is only avoided through meditation.Monism is the belief that Brahma and Atman are one and indivisible; God and human beings are one

Holy WritingsVedasUpanishadsBhagavad Gita, Song of the Lord

C. Impact of the Vedas on the social structure of India1. Once people were in the caste, social rank there is little hope for change except in another life. Those at the top castes are rewarded because of good karma.a. Brahmin- priestsb. Kshatriyas- rulers and warriorsc. Vaisyas- merchants and professionalsd. Sudras- workers and servantse. Pariahs- outcasts, untouchablesAim: How did Buddhism develop in India?Do Now: What are three Hindu beliefs?

BuddhismSiddhartha Guatama- founder of Buddhism, Buddha the enlightened oneFour Noble TruthsRecognize and acknowledge the presence of sufferingOrigin and nature of suffering is desire, by wanting things one cannot haveRefrain from doing things that make us suffer by putting aside desireThe path that leads to overcome suffering and attain enlightenment is by following certain rulesC. Noble Eightfold Path1. Right View, Right Thinking, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Diligence, Right Mindfulness, Right ConcentrationEnlightenment- awakening, wisdomNirvana- release from selfishness and painMeditation- stillnessYoga- union of the body, mind and spiritThree Jewels of BuddhismSangha- communityBuddha-teachingsDharma- purpose in life

Aim: How did Buddhism spread?

1. Buddhism spread from India to different parts of Asia, including China, where it became very prominent. 2. This occurred during the Mauryan Dynasty in India when Emperor Asoka converted to Buddhism and then sent out missionaries. a. Asoka was a kind ruler and the Mauryan Empire prosperedb. Asokas pillars inscribed Buddhas message3. Buddhism was also spread along the extensive trade routes between India and the rest of Asia. 4. The spread of Buddhism is considered an example of cultural diffusion. As merchants traded goods like Silk, they also traded cultural elements like Buddhism.

Document 7. . . The Buddha is reported to have exhorted [urged] his monks to go and travel around for the welfare of the multitudes, for the happiness of the multitudes, out of sympathy for the world, for the benefit, welfare, and happiness of gods and humans. No two should go in the same direction. Although this last admonition [caution] seems not to have been heeded [obeyed], it is true that Buddhist missions were not large and well-organized movements, and instead often took the form of itinerant monks (or groups of monks) traveling by land and sea in the company of traders and royal emissaries. According to traditional accounts, the first foreign mission was tothe island of Sri Lanka, and was led by the son of Asoka. . . .

Source: Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Buddhism in Practice, Asian Religions in Practice, Princeton University Press, 1999

7 According to this excerpt from Buddhism in Practice, how did Buddhism spread from its place of origin in ancient India to other parts of Asia? [1]_____________________________________________________________________-_____________________________________________________________________Document 8. . . With the rise of Buddhism, Koreas contacts with the outside world grew, and scholarship, arts, science and technology which were imported to Korea from China, India and regions beyond brought about the enrichment of Korean culture. As a result, one of the oldest astronomical charts in the world was produced, the oldest astronomical observatory called Chmsngdae was built, tumuli [burial mounds] architecture represented by the Ssangyng tomb developed, and the system of doctor of medicine was established in Korea. During the Three Kingdoms period, Koreas cultural progress in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, architecture and metallurgy reached the level of other advanced civilization of the world. . . .

Source: Andrew C. Nahm, A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History, Hollym

8 According to Andrew C. Nahm, what is one aspect of Korean culture that was influenced by the spread of Buddhism? [1]_____________________________________________________________________________________Document 9. . . The high period of Chinese influence in Japan was also marked by the acceptance ofBuddhism both as a dominant religion and as a powerful establishment. The adoption of a new universal religion must be considered a major turning point in the evolution of any peoples cultural history, and the arrival of Buddhism to Japan, like the spread of Christianity to the British Isles, was such a turning point. Some historians, in fact, have written of the early history of Japan as being divided into two distinct parts: Japan before and after the introduction of Buddhism. The impact of Buddhism on Japan was certainly more profound and lasting than it was on China itself, and Japan still stands as one of the major strongholds of the Buddhist religion in the world today. . . . Buddhism in Japan came to play three major roles. First as a religion it brought to Japan a new system of beliefs and pious attitudes. Secondly as a religious establishment which spread to Japan from the continent it was a major carrier of Chinese civilization to Japan. Thirdly, having established itself as a religious organization with social influence and economic power on Japanese soil, it became a major force in the nations political affairs. . . .

Source: John Whitney Hall, Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times, Delacorte Press

9 According to John Whitney Hall, what were two roles Buddhism played in Japan? [2](1)_________________________________________________________________________(2)_________________________________________________________________________August 2010 Global Studies Regents Document Based Essay Question

Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Use evidence from at least four documents in your essay. Support your response with relevant facts, examples, and details. Include additional outside information.

Historical Context:Throughout history, the spread of belief systems has influenced social, economic,and political developments in many regions. These belief systems include Islam,Christianity, and Buddhism.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, write an essay in which you Select two belief systems mentioned in the historical context and for each Describe how the belief system spread to a specific region or regions Discuss how the belief system influenced a region or regions socially,economically, and/or politically

Aim: How did geography help shape early Chinese civilization?Learning Intention: To be able to identify geographic factors that were important to the development of early Chinese civilization by analyzing mapsDo Now: Get Textbook, turn to page 88, begin reading

Read p. 88- top of 94Answer questions as notes 1. As you read about the geography of China, list the geographic features of China.Define each geographic featureUsing your knowledge of other cultures, what may these geographic features offer China (ex. Protection, etc).What isolated the Chinese people from peoples in other parts of Asia?Define: dynastyList the dynasties in China in order

Ancient ChinaGeographyHimalaya Mountains- highest chain of mountains in the world that borders China on the westProtected and isolated ChinaTien Shan Mountains- mountain chain that borders China on the north westProtected and isolated ChinaYellow River (Huang He River)- when flooded it leaves behind yellow silt which made for very fertile landWater to drink, bath, fertilize soil, irrigation, transportation/travelYangtze River (Chang Jiang River)- flows across Central China to the Yellow SeaWater to drink, bath, fertilize soil, irrigation, transportation/travelGobi Desert- desert that borders China to the northProtected and isolated ChinaPacific Ocean- ocean that borders China to the eastYellow Sea- in between China and the Korean peninsula

58B. Middle Kingdom- China was called this because they believed that China was the center of the civilized world and people who lived outside of China were barbarians (uncivilized people)C. Chinese contributions-EngineeringSilkToolsWritingBronzesAncient ChinaA. Dynasty- a series of rulers from the same familyB. Shang Dynasty 1532- 1027 BC1. Built elaborate palaces and tombs2. Anyang- a capital city3. Built walls around cities to protect from constant war4. Higher classes were protected by the walls and peasants lived outside5. Social classesa. nobles- King, warriors who owned the land and sent tribute to the Shang king for local controlb. peasants- worked the land for the overlordC. Zhou Dynasty 1027-256 BC1. Overthrew the Shang Dynasty because they thought the final king had been such a bad ruler that the gods had taken away the Shangs rule and given it to the Zhou.2. Mandate of Heaven- the belief that god has given instruction to a ruler giving them the right to rulw3. Dynastic Cycle- the pattern of rise, decline and replacement of dynasties4. Feudalism- political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. The nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates.5. Feudalism developed under the Zhou dynasty because their territory was so large they needed a system to help govern it