Ethical Issues in Foreign Policy Syllabus Issues in Foreign Policy Syllabus ... DVD of HBO documentary: ... Extreme Pain and Stress can Actually Impair” Newsweek, Sept 21,

Ethical Issues in Foreign Policy

Syllabus

John Norton Moore

Walter L. Brown Professor of Law Director, Center for National Security Law

David Little

T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict

Harvard University Divinity School

Class Web site: http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/jnmoore/ethicalissues/

January Term 2012

University of Virginia | School of Law | Charlottesville, Virginia

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January Term 2012

Syllabus

(NOTE: Reading assignments begin on page 3)

Professor John Norton Moore University of Virginia

Walter L. Brown Professor of Law School of Law

Director, Center for National Security Law Monday-Friday, 1:30-4:00 p.m.

Professor David Little

T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of

Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict

Harvard Divinity School

Date Topic

January 16 I. What is Ethical Thinking?

A. Contemporary Overviews of Ethics and International Affairs (Hoffmann and

Cohen)

B. Classical Positions

1. Realism (Machiavelli, Kennan)

2. Realism, Modified (Hume)

3. Idealism, Statist (Kant)

4. Idealism, Internationalist (Grotius)

January 17 II. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A. The History of International Law on the Control of Aerial Bombardment

B. Conventional Bombing Methods during WWII (Including the Firebomb Raids

on Tokyo)

C. The Human Cost

D. The Decision to Use the Bomb

E. Japan’s Decision to Surrender

F. The Role of Intelligence Information

January 18 III. Torture and Intelligence Gathering

A. National and International Prohibitions against Torture

B. The Israeli Experience

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C. Decisions by the Bush Administration to “Take off the Gloves” (Dumbing

Down the Prohibitions Against Torture)

D. Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo & Abu Ghraib

E. The Costs of Detainee Abuse

F. The Broader Debate about Torture

January 19 IV. The Crisis in Rwanda

A. Moral Issues: Humanitarian Intervention

B. Legal Issues

C. Clinton Policies

D. Policy Debates

January 20 V. The War in Iraq

A. Policy Background

B. Policy Debate

C. Legal Issues

D. Moral Issues

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Reading Assignments

Professor John Norton Moore January Term 2012

Walter L. Brown Professor of Law University of Virginia

Director, Center for National Security Law School of Law

Monday-Friday, 1:30-4:00 p.m.

Professor David Little

T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of

Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict

Harvard Divinity School

Texts for Reading Assignments

2012 Reader: A two-volume compilation of documents and reading materials prepared by Professor

Moore and Professor Little for this course is available in the Copy Center.

Reserve Materials: Materials indicated here as “Readings, On Reserve” are available in the Law Library. In addition to reading material, three films (DVD copies) have been placed on reserve

at the library as optional viewing for the sessions on “The Decision to Drop the

Atomic Bomb” and “Torture and Intelligence Gathering.” Original Child Bomb is an

hour in length (note: the DVD is slow to load), The Torture Question is 90 minutes

and Ghosts of Abu Ghraib is 78 minutes.

Online Materials: Note that some of the readings in the section on Rwanda can be found online.

Date Topic and Assignments

January 16 I. What is Ethical Thinking?

A. Contemporary Overviews

2012 Reader, Volume 1 (required): Insert 1 L.H. Gelb & J.A. Rosenthal, “The Rise of Ethics in Foreign Policy:

Reaching a Values Consensus,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2003

Readings, On Reserve (required):

#1 Stanley Hoffmann, “Ethics and International Affairs,” ch. 1 in Duties

Beyond Borders, pp. 1-43.

#2 Marshall Cohen, “Moral Skepticism and International Relations,” ch. 1

in International Ethics (Charles R. Beitz, ed.), pp. 3-50.

#2a Mark R. Amstutz, “Morality and Foreign Policy,” ch. 1 in

International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global

Politics, 2008, pp. 7-26. (Includes case study of 1999 NATO

intervention in Kosovo).

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B. Classical Positions: Realism, Modified Realism, Statist Idealism, Internationalist

Idealism


#4 George Kennan, “Morality and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 205-

218 (Winter 85/86).

Jan. 16 (cont.) Readings, On Reserve (recommended):

#3 Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, chs. 15, 18; Discourse, chs. 34, 40-

42.

#5 David Hume, “Of the Law of Nations,” Bk. III, Sect. 11, Treatise of

Human Nature.

#6 Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, Appendix I and II.

#7 Hugo Grotius, Prologomena to the Law of War and Peace.

#8 Arnold Wolfers, “Statesmanship and Moral Choice” and “National

Security as an Ambiguous Symbol,” chs. 4 and 10 of Discord and

Collaboration: Essays on International Politics.

#9 David Little, “Hugo Grotius and the Doctrine of the Just War,” from

Suche nach Frieden: Politische Ethik in der Fruhen Neuzeit, I.

#10 W.B. Gallie, “Kant on Perpetual Peace,” in Philosophers of Peace and

War.

January 17 II. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Skim the readings in this section for an overall assessment

A. The History of International Law on the Control of Aerial Bombardment

2012 Reader Vol. 1 (skim): 1-31 Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, chapters 5 and 6 (1976).

Readings, On Reserve (skim):

#11 Hays Parks, “Air War and the Law of War,” 32 The Air Force Law

Review, 1-225 (with emphasis on pages 1-55) (1990).

B. Conventional Bombing Methods during WWII (Including the Firebomb Raids

on Tokyo)


#12 The Strategic Air War against Germany 1939-1945, foreword, xxxiii-

xxxiv, 5-10, 88-98 (Frank Cass Publishers, 1998).

#13 Stephen Harper, Miracle of Deliverance, 109-150 (Stein and Day,

1985).

C. The Human Cost

On Reserve (optional):

Film: “Original Child Bomb”

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D. The Decision to Use the Bomb

Jan. 17 (cont.) 2012 Reader (skim):

32-38 Richard B. Frank, “Why Truman Dropped the Bomb,” 44 The

Weekly Standard (August 8, 2005).

39-48 Robert P. Newman, Truman and the Hiroshima Cult, 185-197

(Michigan State University Press, 1995).


#13a Sean L. Malloy, Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision

to Use the Bomb Against Japan, 2008, chp. 5 “The Ordeal of

Henry L. Stimson,” pp. 96-119

#14 J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the

Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan, Revised Edition, 75-110

(University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

#15 Robert P. Newman, Enola Gay and the Court of History, Preface, 1-

50 (Peter Lang Publishing, 2004).

Book: Hiroshima in History and Memory (Michael J. Hogan, ed.,

Cambridge University Press, 1996).

E. Japan’s Decision to Surrender


#16 Japan’s Longest Day, 13-60 (Corgi Books, 1968).

F. The Role of Intelligence Information

2012 Reader (skim):

49-102 Douglas J. MacEachin, The Final Months of the War With Japan:

Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb

Decision, Center for the Study of Intelligence (December

1998).

January 18 III. Torture and Intelligence Gathering

Skim the readings in this section for an overall assessment

A. National and International Prohibitions against Torture

2012 Reader Vol. 1 (skim):

103-109 Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

(Articles 2-3, 12-14, 17, 20, 25, 78, 129-131) (August 12, 1949).

110-149 Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons

in Time of War (August 12, 1949).

150-159 UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment; U.S. Reservations

(December 10, 1984).

160-171 Army Field Manual 34-52 on Intelligence Interrogation (May 8, 1987).

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172-173 18 USC Sec. 2340A; Title 18 – Crimes and Criminal Procedure

(January 5, 1999).

Jan. 18 (cont.) B. The Israeli Experience

2012 Reader (skim):

174-201 H.C. 5100/94, Pub. Comm. Against Torture in Isr. v. Gov't of Israel,

53(4) P.D. 817, 845.

C. Decisions by the Bush Administration to “Take off the Gloves” (Dumbing Down

the Prohibitions against Torture)

Class Handout (required):

Selections from M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Institutionalization of Torture by the

Bush Administration: Is Anyone Responsible? (Intersentia, 2011)

2012 Reader (skim):

202-251 Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales Re: Standards of Conduct for

Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A (August 1, 2002).

252-263 Department of Defense memos (October 11, 2002).

264 Memo for Secretary of Defense from William J. Haynes, General

Counsel of the Department of Defense regarding Counter-

Resistance Techniques (November 27, 2002).

265-316 Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War

on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and

Operational Considerations (March 6, 2003).

317-322 Department of Defense Memo on Counter-Resistance Techniques in

the War on Terror (April 16, 2003).

323-333 Department of Defense Directive Number 3115.09 (Nov. 3, 2005).


#17 David Luban, “Torture, American-Style,” Washington Post (November

27, 2005, B01).

#17a Darius Rejali, “Five Myths about Torture and Truth,” Washington Post

(December 16, 2007, B03).

D. Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo & Abu Ghraib

On Reserve (optional):

DVD of TV program: Frontline’s “The Torture Question”

DVD of HBO documentary: “Ghosts of Abu Ghraib”


Book: Seymour M. Hersh, Chain of Command, 1-72

(HarperCollins, 2004).

2012 Reader (skim):

334-350 Press briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD

General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel

Daniel Dell’Orto and Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

General Keith Alexander (June 22, 2004).

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E. The Costs of Detainee Abuse

Students are requested to reflect on the full national and international

implications of detainee abuse.

2012 Reader (skim):

351-352 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, 9 (Yale University Press, 2004).

Jan. 18 (cont.) F. The Broader Debate about Torture


#18 Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection, title page, 3-18,

183-198, 257-305 (Oxford University Press, 2004).

#19 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 571-598

(LexisNexis, 2005).

#20 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 625-626,

666-667 (LexisNexis, 2005).

2012 Reader (skim):

353-412 Jeremy Waldron, “Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the

White House,” (unpublished paper, 2005).

413-414 “The Cleveland Principles of International Law on the Detention and

Treatment of Persons in Connection with the ‘Global War on

Terror’” (2005).

415-467 Jordan J. Paust, “Executive Plans and Authorizations to Violate

International Law Concerning Treatment and Interrogation of

Detainees,” 43 Columbia J. Transnatl Law 811-863 (2005).

Readings, Online (recommended):

Sharon Begley, “The Tortured Brain: Extreme Pain and Stress can Actually

Impair” Newsweek, Sept 21, 2009. http://www.newsweek.com/id/215922

January 19 IV. The Crisis in Rwanda

A. Moral Issues: Humanitarian Intervention


#21 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, 67-81 (2004).

2012 Reader, Volume 2 (required) :

467A Terry Nardin, “The Moral Basis for Humanitarian Intervention,”

insert in Anthony F. Lang (ed.), Just Intervention. (Georgetown Univ.

Press, 2003), pp.11-27.

467B Michael Barnett, “Bureaucratizing the Duty to Aid: The United

insert Nations and Rwandan Genocide” (175-191), in Anthony F. Lang

(ed.), Just Intervention. (Georgetown Univ. Press, 2003),

pp. 174-191.

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467 C David Little, “Ground to Stand On: A Philosophical Reappraisal of

insert Human Rights Language,” 2010 (unpublished paper).

B. Legal Issues

Readings, On Reserve (recommended):

#22 Lee Feinstein and Anne-Marie Slaughter, “A Duty to Prevent,” 84

Foreign Affairs, 136-150 (Jan/Feb, 2004).

C. Clinton Policies


“U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Information, Intelligence, and US

Response.” 2004, by W. Ferroggiaro, available at

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB117/index.htm

“U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Evidence of Inaction.” 2001,

W. Ferroggiaro, ed. available at

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html

Jan. 19 (cont.) “U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Assassination of the Presidents and

the Beginning of the Apocalypse.” 2004, by W. Ferroggiaro,

available at


“U.N. Congo Report Offers New View on Genocide,” by Howard French, New

York Times 27 Aug 2010, available at

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/world/africa/28congo.html

UN Report: Democratic Republic of Congo, 1993-2003 (August 2010), skim the

Executive Summary, pp. 2-32 of this 566 p. document. Helpful maps

are in Annex IV beginning on p. 545. Available at

http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/DRC_MAPPING_RE

PORT_FINAL_EN.pdf


#23 James Bennet, “Clinton in Africa: The Overview; Clinton Declares

U.S., with World, Failed Rwandans, New York Times (March 26,

1998).

D. Policy Debate


#24 Samantha Power, “Rwanda, ‘Mostly in a Listening Mode,” A

Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, 328-389

(2002).

#25 Alan J. Kuperman, “Rwanda in Retrospect,” 79 Foreign Affairs 94-

118 (Jan./Feb., 2000).

#26 Alison L. Des Forges and Alan J. Kuperman, “Shame: Rationalizing

Western Apathy on Rwanda,” Foreign Affairs (May/June,

2000).

#27 Jonathan Rauch, “Now is the Time to Tell the Truth about Rwanda,”

National Journal (April 21, 2001).

#27a Larissa van den Herik, “The Schism between the Legal and the Social

Concept of Genocide in Light of the Responsibility to

Protect,” in The Criminal Law of Genocide: International,

Comparative and Contextual Aspects, (eds. Henham &


http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html


9

Behrens, 2007) pp.73-95. (Includes comparison of genocides

in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Darfur).


Ellis Cose, “A Message of Hope from a Pile of Bones,” Newsweek,

April 4, 2009 http://www.newsweek.com/id/192462

January 20 V. The War in Iraq

A. Policy Background

2012 Reader, Vol. 2 (required):

468-501 “Bush National Security Strategy (NSS) Report” of September 17,

2002.

502-507 Bush’s “Axis of Evil” speech of January 29, 2002.

508-512 Bush’s West Point speech of June 1, 2002.

513-517 Bush’s UN speech of September 12, 2002.

518-525 Bush’s Naval Academy speech, November 30, 2005

526-563 National Security Council’s “National Strategy for Victory in Iraq”

(November 2005).


#28 John Lewis Gaddis, “Grand Strategy in the Second Term,” 84 Foreign

Affairs 2-15 (Jan./Feb, 2005).


#29 Fouad Ajami, “Iraq and the Arabs’ Future,” 82 Foreign Affairs 2-18

(Jan./Feb., 2003).

B. Policy Debate


#30 George Lopez and David Cortright, “Containing Iraq: Sanctions

Worked,” 83 Foreign Affairs 90-103 (July/August, 2004).

#31 Larry Diamond, “What Went Wrong in Iraq?” 83 Foreign Affairs 34-56

(Sept./Oct., 2004).

#32 “Iraq Policy Briefing: Is There an Alternative to War?” International

Crisis Group Middle East Report No. 9 (Feb. 24, 2003), pp. 1-28.

#33 Gregory Gause, “Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?” 84 Foreign Affairs

62-76 (Sept./Oct., 2005).

C. Legal Issues

Readings, On Reserve (recommended): #34 Anthony Clark Arend, “International Law and the Preemptive

Use of Military Force,” Reshaping Rogue States, 19-36 (The

MIT Press, 2004)

#35 Michael J. Glennon, “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign

Affairs (May/June, 2003), pp. 16-35.

#36 Glen Frankel, “Blair Releases Memo Questioning Legality of Iraq

War,” Washington Post, A16 (April 29, 2005).

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#37 Jeffrey Addicott, Terrorism Law: The Rule of Law and the War on

Terror, Second Edition, 177-226 (Lawyers and Judges,

2004)

Jan. 20 (cont.) 2012 Reader (required):

564-567 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 658-660

(LexisNexis, 2005)

568-573 Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, Second

Edition, 179-186 (Oxford University Press, 2004)

574-576 The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United

States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction: Report to

the President of the United States, 10-11 (March 31, 2005)

577-589 Memo to British Prime Minister Tony Blair from Britain’s Attorney

General Peter Goldsmith concerning the legality of a war

in Iraq (dated March 7, 2003)

590-592 Memo from Matthew Rycroft to members of British government

concerning a Prime Minister’s meeting in Iraq July 23, 2002

(“The Downing Street Memo”).

593-595 Iraq Study Group Report: Executive Summary

D. Moral Issues

2012 Reader (required):

596-604 Steven Simon, “The Price of the Surge,” Foreign Affairs (May/June

2008)

605-617 Janice Love, “Contested Morality in U.S. Foreign Policy,” in

Enemy Combatants, Terrorism, and Armed Conflict Law,

(ed. Linnan, 2008), pp. 51-63. (On morality of the 2003 Iraq

invasion, Christian viewpoints on war, and American

prestige).

618-635 David Little, “Obama and Niebuhr: Religion and American

Foreign Policy,” 2010 (unpublished paper).


#38 John Langan, “Is There a Just Cause for War against Iraq?, in

Beestermoller and Little, Iraq: Threat and Response, pp. 49-57.

#39 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, pp. 143-168 (Yale University

Press, 2004).

#40 Anthony F. Lang Jr., “The Role of International Law and Ethics,” in

The Iraq War: Causes and Consequences, (ed. Fawn & Hinnebusch,

2006), pp. 269-280. (Analysis of why the U.S. instigated the Iraq

War and whether moral & legal claims are true).

Readings, Online (recommended): President Obama’s Remarks at the Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize (2009)

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-acceptance-nobel-peace-prize

JOHN NORTON MOORE

John Norton Moore is the Walter L. Brown Professor of Law at the University of Virginia

School of Law. He also directs the University’s Center for National Security Law and the Center for

Oceans Law & Policy and was the Director of the Graduate Law Program at Virginia for more than

twenty years. Viewed by many as the founder of the field of national security law, Professor Moore

chaired the prestigious American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on Law and National

Security for four terms. He is the author or editor of more than twenty-five books and over 160

scholarly articles and served for two decades on the editorial board of the American Journal of

International Law. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Law Institute,

the American Society of International Law, the Order of the Coif, Phi Beta Kappa, and numerous

other professional and honorary organizations.

In addition to his scholarly career, Professor Moore has a distinguished record of public

service. Among seven Presidential appointments, he has served two terms as the Senate-confirmed

Chairman of the Board of Directors of the United States Institute of Peace and, as the first Chairman,

set up this new agency. He currently serves as a Member of the Director of Central Intelligence’s

Historical Review Board. He also served as the Counselor on International Law to the Department of

State, and as Ambassador and Deputy Special Representative of the President to the Law of the Sea

Conference, Chairman of the National Security Council Interagency Task Force on the Law of the

Sea, and as a member of the United States’ legal team before the International Court of Justice in the

Gulf of Maine and Paramilitary Activities cases.

In the past, he has served as a consultant to both the President’s Intelligence Oversight Board

and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. He has also been a member of the National

Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, the United States Delegation to the Conference on

Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Presidential Delegation of the United States to observe

the elections in El Salvador. In 1990, he served, with the Deputy Attorney-General of the United

States, as the Co-Chairman of the United States-USSR talks on the Rule of Law. He also served as

the legal advisor to the Kuwait Representative to the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Boundary

Demarcation Commission.

Professor Moore has recently completed a book entitled Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the

Democratic Peace (Carolina Academic Press, 2004) which summarizes more than a decade and a

half of work concerning the origins of war and means to control war. The book also develops a

theoretical approach to international relations termed “incentive theory.”

His wife, Barbara, is the Director of the National Undersea Research Program in the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and is a former NOAA aquanaut. He is the proud

father of two daughters, Victoria and Elizabeth.

(W&P0701)

DAVID LITTLE

Little is the former T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor of the Practice in Religion, Ethnicity, and

International Conflict at Harvard Divinity School, and former Director of Initiatives in Religion and

Public Life. He was also an Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard

University. He retired from Harvard in 2009. Until the summer of 1999, he was Senior Scholar in

Religion, Ethics and Human Rights at the United States Institute of Peace in Washington, DC, where

earlier he was a Distinguished Fellow. One of his major responsibilities in that capacity was to direct

the Working Group on Religion, Ideology, and Peace, which conducted a multi-year study of religion,

nationalism, and intolerance, with special reference to the UN Declaration on the Elimination of

Intolerance and Discrimination. He was a member of the U.S. State Department Advisory Committee

on Religious Freedom Abroad from 1996 to 1998.

Little was formerly Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He taught previously

at Harvard and Yale Divinity Schools, and from time to time at several colleges and universities. He

was Distinguished Visiting Professor in Humanities at the University of Colorado, and has held the

Henry R. Luce Professorship in Ethics at Amherst College and Haverford College. He has written in

the areas of moral philosophy, moral theology, history of ethics, and the sociology of religion, with a

special interest in comparative ethics, human rights, religious liberty, and ethics and international

affairs. Little was educated at the College of Wooster, Union Theological Seminary (New York City),

and he holds his doctorate from Harvard University.

Little is co-author with Scott W. Hibbard of the USIP publication, Islamic Activism and U.S. Foreign

Policy (1997). Little is author of two of the volumes in the USIP series on religion, nationalism, and

intolerance (RNI), Ukraine: The Legacy of Intolerance (1991), and Sri Lanka: The Invention of Enmity

(1994). The RNI conference report on Tibet, Sino-Tibetan Coexistence: Creating Space for Tibetan

Self-Direction, written by Little and Hibbard, also appeared in 1994. While at Harvard, Little hopes to

produce a volume summarizing the conclusions of the RNI series, and to complete a study tentatively

entitled, "Rights and Emergencies: Protecting Human Rights in the Midst of Conflict." With his wife,

Priscilla, he is also working on a book that will introduce Roger Williams to a European audience.

Little's recently published articles include: "Rethinking Human Rights: Review Essay on Religion,

Relativism, and Other Matters," in the Journal of Religious Ethics, "A Different Kind of Justice:

Dealing with Human Rights Violations in Transitional Societies,” “Religion and Ethnicity in the Sri

Lankan Civil War,” in Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation; “Coming to Terms

with Religious Militancy,” Harvard Divinity School Bulletin; “Religious Freedom and Religious

Minorities” in Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe, and Rethinking

Religious Tolerance: Toward an Understanding of Tolerance and Reconciliation (with David

Chidester).

Earlier publications include Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: Freedom of Religion and

Conscience in the West and Islam (with John Kelsay and Abdulaziz Sachedina) (1988), Religion,

Order and Law: A Study in Pre-Revolutionary England (1969, 1984), and Comparative Religious

Ethics (with S.B. Twiss) (1978).

Little is married and he and his wife, Priscilla, have three married children, and seven

grandchildren.