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Ethnobotany. Lecture 21
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
March 18, 2013
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 1 / 48
Outline
1 Fruits, nuts and vegetablesBerriesNutsGourd plants
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Durian chemistry I
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Durian chemistry II
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Chocolate tree fruits (cacao “beans”)
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Chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao
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Avocado (Persea americana) pollination
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Fruits, nuts and vegetablesBerries
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Currants and gooseberries
Belong to Saxifragaceae family; multiple species of genus Ribesare cultivatedAll are shrubs, gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa) have spineswhereas currants (mostly R. rubrum and R. nigrum) notRich of pectins and vitamin C
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 9 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Gooseberry
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 10 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Black currant
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Blueberry and cranberry
Belong to heath family, Ericaceae and genus VacciniumVaccinium macrocarpon is American cranberry; V.corymbosum isthe most cultivated species of blueberriesHave high food and medicinal value, provide vitamins, antioxidants(carotenoids) and organic acids; V. vitis-idaea (lingonberry) isprobably most valuable
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 12 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Blueberry
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Cranberry
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Cranberry harvesting
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Berries
Lingonberry
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Fruits, nuts and vegetablesNuts
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Nuts in general
Contain proteins and oil in seed endosperm and/or cotyledonsThe main way of dispersal is the weak memory of collectinganimals
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 18 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Walnut, Juglans regia
Belongs to walnut family, Juglandaceae, only one species iscultivatedAsian originHuge deciduous tree, nuts are rich of tannins and group Bvitamins
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Walnut
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Pecan
Carya illinoiensis, one species of hickoryAmerican originSimilar to walnut, but has less proteins and more sugars
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Pecan
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Hazelnut, Corylus avellana and other species
Shrub of birch family, Betulaceae; several species are cultivatedNut is (among other common compounds) rich of carotenes
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Hazel female flower
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Pistachio, Pistacia vera
Deciduous trees of Central Asian originNuts promote the lowering of cholesterol levelGreen parts of tree contain poisonous urushiol, like allAnacardiacae family (including poison ivy)
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Pistachio
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Urushiol
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa
Large tropical tree of Lecythidaceae familyAmong others, it is the richest dietary source of selenium
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Brazil nut flowers
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Brazil nut fruit
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Macadamia, Macadamia integrifolia
Member of Proteaceae family; Australian plantRich of fats and microelements; toxic to dogs
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Macadamia
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Chestnut, Castanea sativa
Member of oak family, FagaceaeOld European culture, traditional to France, England and GermanyRich of tannins and therefore usually fried
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 33 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Nuts
Chestnut
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Fruits, nuts and vegetablesGourd plants
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Gourds, Cucurbitaceae family
≈ 900 species, mostly tropical and subtropical plantsPrefer dry regions, important component of different desertsHairy herbs or vines with tendrils (modified shoots)Flowers unisexualPetals and stamens fusedPistil with 3 carpels, ovary inferiorFruit is a berry
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 36 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Pumpkins and squashes, Cucurbita spp.
Central American originPlants of multiple uses; it is normal to harvest the underriped
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 37 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Pumpkinhead, Sawhorse and Tip (Ozma)
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus
African originThe source of water, multiple medicine uses (e.g., for kidneydiseases)
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Watermelon flower
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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Melon, Cucumis melo
Central Asian originRich of sugars (some cultivars up to 20%), used as sugar sourcein Central Asia
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 41 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Japanese square melon
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 42 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus
Annual herbaceous vine from India forests, wild relatives not foundMay grow as water culture, widely cultivated in greenhouses,some cultivars have one week for fruit development
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 43 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Indian Dosakai round cucumber
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 44 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Chayote, Sechium edule
One of relatively “new” cultures from MexicoHigh yield culture, one plant may give up to 40 kg of fruits
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 45 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Chayote
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 46 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
Summary
Nuts are plants accumulating oils and proteins in their seeds, theymostly dispersed by “bad memory” animalsGourd plants are intermediates between fruits and vegetables
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 21 March 18, 2013 47 / 48
Fruits, nuts and vegetables Gourd plants
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
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