Ethnocentrism in Costa Rica: Repercussions on Nursing Students

7/23/2019 Ethnocentrism in Costa Rica: Repercussions on Nursing Students

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Xtjjojm Bdi`; DPBJNCDJPXOSG OJ CNSPI XOCI

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci;

Xdvdxctssonjs nj Jtxsojm Giknx Spt`djps

Cixlns Dxjdspn Gnxi Sij`

LG'9028 Djmlosb Xbdpnxoc OQ

Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci

Ktjd 84, 866?


2/21

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9

Ihspxicp

Dpbjncdjpxosg os pbd tlpogipd nhspicld anx stccdssatl gtptil tj`dxspijòjm ignjm

btgij hdojms* Op os cxtcoil pn xdcnmjo{d ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg oj sncodpy oj nx`dx pn

dlogojipd ij` snapdj vxdktòcds ij` jdmipoqd cnj`tcps hdp}ddj ojòqo`tils oj pbd ctxxdjp

gtlpoctlptxil coqolo{iponj* Is dqdxy spt`y nj btgij hdbiqonx ij` ctlptxd, pbos sthkdcp

gippdx xdvxdsdjps i aiscojipojm ij` cngvldr cbilldjmd anx xdsdixcbdxs ij` pbd xdstlps }oll

biqd vn}dxatl d`tciponjil ivvlociponjs* Pbos spt`y anctsds nj i qdxy ogvnxpijp Cnspi

Xocij vnvtliponj }bocb os xdtoxd` pn hd dsvdcoilly i}ixd pn}ix`s pbos osstd; Jtxsojm

spt`djps* Op }is antj` pbip oj Cnspi Xoci dpbjncdjpxosg os vxdsdjp oj i bomb ldqdl, ij` op }oll

`dpdxonxipd pbnsd atptxd vxnadssonjils tilopy na sdxqocd*


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Ojpxn`tcponj

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci os jnpocdihld pbxntmbntp ops bospnxy ij` ops ctlptxd* Oj

pbos cntjpxy, pbd o`djpopy na pbd ojbihopijps xdlods nj pbd òaadxdjcds pbip pbdy stvvnsd`ly

biqd }opb npbdx cntjpxods* Ilpbntmb cngvixosnj }opb npbdxs os i cnggnj òspojcpoqdjdss

spxtcptxd ojspoptpd` oj ill jiponjs sdla'cnjcdvponj, Cnspi Xocij cisd os svdcoil oj pdxgs na

pbd ojsojtipd` ydp jnp pnpilly drvlocop stvdxonxopy ignjm ops jdombhnxs* Pbd bdombp na ops

vdnvlds n}j'`dclixd` tjotdjdss ldi`s Pocns pboje pbdgsdlqds is svicd` ntp axng pbdox

mdnmxivboc lnciponj is Cdjpxil Igdxocijs* Cnspi Xocij bospnxy anctsd` sptòds ixd

jtgdxnts ij` pbdy vxnqo`d qdxy ogvnxpijp ojanxgiponj ihntp bn} ops dpbjncdjpxosg os

gijoadspd`* Anx ojspijcd, Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ! [thxos Hodsij{ `dclixd` oj pbdox

spt`y pbip,

Gnsp Pocns ixd i}ixd na, ij` napdj nqdxdspogipd, pbd ctlptxil ij` vbysocil

òaadxdjcds hdp}ddj pbdgsdlqds ij` pbd gnsp cnjsvoctnts gojnxopods

Ojòijs, hlices na pbd ]dsp Ojòij ijcdspxy, Jociximtijs, ij` Cbojdsd*

Ilpbntmb pbdy moqd lov sdxqocd pn pnldxijcd, gijy cnjso`dx gdghdxs na

pbdsd mxntvs jnp njly òaadxdjp htp ilsn ojadxonx* "9???, v* 996/

Pbos ojanxgiponj moqds i hxni`dx `dscxovponj na dpbjncdjpxosg cbixicpdxospocs nj Cnspi

Xocijs* Gijy na pbdg hdlodqd pbip pbdy hdlnjm pn i òaadxdjp xicd ivixp axng pbnsd

gojnxopods ojso`d ij` ntpso`d pbd cntjpxy* Iccnxòjm pn npbdx sptòds atxpbdx gdjponjd` oj

pbd jdrp sdcponj, pbos stvdxonxopy addlojm cnggnjly antj` nj gijy Cnspi Xocijs os

xdlipd` pn i òspnxp ogimd pbdy biqd na pbdgsdlqds is òaadxdjp pn pbd npbdxs* Gnloji

"8663/ olltspxipds pbos osstd }opb i kntxjil ixpocld antj` oj Li Jiconj nj Adhxtixy 89sp

na

9???* Pbd ixpocld os tj`dx pbd popld Pocns bicoi dl 8666 ij` op bis i vbnpnmxivb sbn}ojm

antx gn`dls tsd` pn vnxpxiop Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj* Pbd ojpdxdspojm aicp ihntp pbos vocptxd


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os pbip pbnsd antx gn`dls }dxd }bopd, ij` dqdj p}n na pbdg biqd hlnj` biox "v* 9/* Pbd

nhsdxqiponj pbip pbd itpbnx gi`d nj pbos ixpocld os pbip op ò` jnp sbn}d` vdnvld axng npbdx

dpbjoc hicemxntj` stcb is Ojòmdjnts nx Hlice pn xdvxdsdjp Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj* Is i

xdstlp, op os cldix pbip gijy vdnvld sdd pbdgsdlqds is }bopd vdnvld ij` bn} op os xdaldcpd`

ij` tstilly xdojanxcd` nj vnvtlix gdòi* Pbos ogimojixy }bopdjdss os spxnjmly xdlipd` pn

cbixicpdxospocs moqdj drcltsoqdly pn Cnspi Xocijs, stcb is vdicdatl vdnvld, bix` }nxedxs,

`dgncxips, dpc* Jnjdpbdldss, op os ogvnssohld anx i sncodpy pn hd axdd na dpbjncdjpxosg

hdcitsd op os antj` oj ill ctlptxds na pbd }nxl` htp oa op os piedj pn pbd drpxdgd, op hdcngds i

qdxy ìjmdxnts adiptxd* @n`` "9??9/ spipd`, Nj pbntsij`s na nccisonjs pbxntmbntp

bospnxy, dpbjncdjpxosg bis ld` pn }ixs, piednqdxs, ij` bnsp na jdmipoqd hdbiqonxs "v*49/*

Pbdxdanxd, op os cldixly cnjaoxgd` pbip bomb ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg iaadcp ojpdxctlptxil

vdxsnjil xdliponjsbovs ij` op bis xiosd` qonldjp hdbiqonxs ignjm btgij hdojms*

Vxnvdx btgij ojpdxicponj os cxtcoil anx ill pbnsd vxnadssonjils oj pbd bdipb aodl`, oj

nx`dx pn xdicb pbd xdtoxd` cnggopgdjp pn ill vdnvlds }dll hdojm* Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils oj

Cnspi Xoci ixd aicojm pbd òaaoctlp pise na moqojm bdilpb issospijcd pn tsdxs nj i atll'pogd knh

hisos* Pbts, pbdsd svdcoilosps ixd svdjòjm gnxd pogd }opb vdnvld axng pbd giojspxdig pbij

npbdx gdòcil vxnadssonjils* Gnxdnqdx, Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils, is btgij hdojms pbip hdlnjm

pn i moqdj sncodpy }opboj i svdcoaoc ctlptxd, vnssdss i cdxpioj ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg dqdj oa

pbdox vxnadssonj xdtoxds pbdg pn hd vixpoctlixly sdjsopoqd pn}ix`s òaadxdjp ctlptxd vdnvld*

Cnjsdtdjply, op os isstgd` pbip oa bomb ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg ixd antj` nj pbdsd

locdjsdds, pbd sdxqocd pbip pbdy moqd }oll hd jdmipoqdly iaadcpd`* Pbos cxopocil soptiponj vtps

byvnpbdpocilly oj ìjmdx gijy vipodjps oj i qopil gngdjp na pbdox loqds* Oj npbdx }nx`s,

dpbjncdjpxosg pn i cdxpioj vnojp bixgs somjoaocijply pbd civicopy na pbos vnvtliponj pn


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ojpdxicp }opb vdnvld na npbdx ctlptxds ij` dpbjoc hicemxntj`s pbip ixd jdcdssopipojm

atjìgdjpil bdilpb stvvnxp*

@dsvopd pbd somjoaocijp cnjpxohtponj pbip bospnxy xdsdixcbdxs vxnqo`d nj pbd

òsctssd` ctlptxd5 nj'aodl` ij` tvìpd` sptòds nj pbos gippdx }dxd jnp antj`* Oj i`òponj, i

qdxy bombly ojpdxctlptxil cnjpicp drvnsd` vixp na Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj, stcb is Jtxsojm

vxnadssonjils, biqd jnp hdojm i sthkdcp na spt`y vxnvnsd` hy vxdqonts ojqdspomipnxs*

Atxpbdxgnxd, `td pn pbd cxtdlpy, ojpnldxijcd, ij` òscxogojiponj pn}ix`s sdqdxil dpbjoc

mxntvs ij` òaadxdjp vdnvld oj mdjdxil, pbos spt`y }oll sdxqd pn gdistxd ij` djtgdxipd

pbd cbixicpdxospocs na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg oj i mxntv na sdjonx Jtxsojm Giknx

spt`djps na pbd Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "TCX/* Op os }nxpby pn gdjponj ilsn pbip pbd

cnjso`dxd` vnvtliponj os pbd hommdsp oj pbd Jtxsojm Scbnnl bospnxy ij` pbdy ixd ill Cnspi

Xocijs* Oj pbd vxdsdjp xdsdixcb vivdx, pbd anlln}ojm tdsponjs ixd pn hd ijs}dxd`;

Bn} dpbjncdjpxoc ixd pbd Jtxsojm spt`djps> ]bip cbixicpdxospocs na Dpbjncdjpxosg ixd vxdsdjp oj Jtxsojm Spt`djps> Bn} Dpbjncdjpxosg cij iaadcp jdmipoqdly oj pbd tilopy na sdxqocd pbip

Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils moqd>

Pbdox ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg ij` gnsp cnggnj cbixicpdxospocs }oll hd `dscxohd`, ij` op }oll

hd drvliojd` oa pbdsd cbixicpdxospoc iaadcp jdmipoqdly pbd tilopy na sdxqocd pbip pbos cxopocil

vnvtliponj os hdojm pxiojd` pn vxnqo`d* Pbd jdrp sdmgdjp os `dqnpd` pn lncipd dpbjncdjpxosg

pxiops oj ill pbd antj` ìpi vxdvixd` hy xdsdixcbdxs oj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy*

Xdqod} na Lopdxiptxd

Dpbjncdjpxosg os i òaaoctlp pnvoc pn ijily{d `td pn pbd cngvldropy na btgij

hdbiqonx* Pbos cnjcdvp os tstilly cnjatsd` }opb pdxgs loed xicosg ij` rdjnvbnhoi ij` pbdy


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giy hd cnjjdcpd` }opb sdqdxil isvdcps nx jdmipoqd sygvpngs na i moqdj ctlptxd* Pn drvlioj

hxodaly, Xicosg os hisd` oj pbd vbysocil òaadxdjcds `td pn bdxdòpy, loed pbd cnlnx na pbd

seoj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, Rdjnvbnhoi os i mdjdxilo{d` bipd pn anxdomjdxs "Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxe,

9?=?/* Jnjdpbdldss, dpbjncdjpxosg os `daojd` hy Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe is ij ippopt`d na i

mxntv na ippxohtpojm pbdgsdlqds i cdjpxil vnsoponj oj pdxgs na stvdxonxopy, kt`mojm jdmipoqdly

npbdx mxntvs pbip ixd òaadxdjp "9?=?, v* 40/* Gnxdnqdx, oj pbd cisd na dpbjncdjpxosg pbos

cngvixosnj }opb npbdx mxntvs os spxocply oj pdxgs na ctlptxd5 pbip os, i moqdj mxntv giy biqd

òaadxdjp cnlnxs ij` jiponjilopods htp pbdy sbixd i ctlptxd pbip os nqdxdspogipd` ihnqd npbdx

ctlptxds* Btgij hdojms axng ijy ctlptxd, biqd pbdox n}j }bogsocil hoisd` qiltds pn kt`md

npbdx ctlptxds dqdj oa pbdy pxy pn hd nhkdcpoqd* Pbts, op os hdlodqd` pbip dqdxy btgij hdojm os

dpbjncdjpxoc pn i cdxpioj ldqdl* Oj aicp, @n`` "9??9/ `dscxohds pbos osstd is i tjoqdxsil

pdj`djcy pbip os vixp na pbd ippopt`d syspdg sngdpogds ltxeojm oj ojpdxctlptxil

cnggtjociponj clogipds "v* 88/* Dpbjncdjpxosg hdcngds, bdjcd, bixgatl njly oa op os

vxdsdjp oj bombdx ldqdls* Cnjqdxsdly, oj pbd cisd na pbd vxdsdjp tilopipoqd xdsdixcb, oj }bocb

i pdsp "Sdd Ivvdjòr/ `dsomjd` hy @n`` "9??2/ }is tpolo{d` anx gdistxojm pbip svdcoaoc

ldqdl, op os qdxy ogvnxpijp pn pied ojpn iccntjp pbip cdxpioj qixoihlds ilpdx pbd drvdcpd`

xdstlps* Pbd vixpocovijps na tijpopipoqd sptòds }oll aied sngd na pbd dqiltiponj spipdgdjps

pn aop ojpn pbdox n}j sncoil `dsoxiholopy scild, dqdj oa pbdy ejn} pbip pbd xdsvnjsds ixd

ijnjygnts* Iccnxòjm pn D`}ix`s, i sthkdcps xdsvnjsds giy hd ailsoaod` oj stcb i }iy

pbip bd nhpiojs dopbdx i bombdx nx i ln}dx scnxd nj i vixpoctlix qixoihld pbij bd }ntl` oa bos

xdsvnjsds }dxd cngvldpdly icctxipd* Pbd vbdjngdjnj `dscxohd` hy D`}ix`s os ejn}j is

Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld* Pbd itpbnx gieds i òspojcponj hdp}ddj aieojm mnn` ij`

aieojm hi` oj bos atxpbdx drvlijiponj nj pbd Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld; Aieojm mnn`

xdadxs pn pbd pdj`djcy pn cxdipd i gnxd aiqnxihld ogvxdssonj "/ pn moqd sncoilly `dsoxihld


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xdsvnjsds pn opdgs oj sdla'`dscxovponj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, ij ojòqo`til giy ilpdx bos

xdsvnjsds oj nx`dx pn cxdipd ij i`qdxsd ogimd na bog nx bdxsdla "9?4=, vv* 43'40/* Pbd

Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld os, ip pbos pogd, njd na aicpnxs pn hd cnjso`dxd` ojpn pbd

cngvldropy na dpbjncdjpxosg ijilysos*

Pbd spt`y nj dpbjncdjpxosg gi`d hy Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/ `dscxohds pbd

`dmxdds na dpbjncdjpxosg ij` op bis ilsn i }o`d drvlijiponj nj pbos pnvoc5 pbdxdanxd, pbdox

}nxe os mnojm pn hd pbd hisoc sntxcd anx pbd ijilysos na pbd sptòds nj Cnspi Xocij

dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbos xdsdixcb* Iccnxòjm pn pbd itpbnxs, Aoxsp @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg ncctxs

}bdj op hdcngds dqo`djp nj vdnvlds hdbiqonx ij` hdlodas5 oj aicp, op os drvlocoply drvxdssd`

hy pbd mxntv oj jtgdxnts }iys* Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg pieds vlicd }bdj op ivvdixs

pn hd ojjncdjp ij` ogvlocop oj sncodpy* Anx ojspijcd, i mxntv na vdnvld addl bnjnxd` hdcitsd

npbdx ctlptxds ixd `dqno` na pbdox vxoqoldmds, }bocb tstilly ixd gdxdly ctlptxd òaadxdjcds

loed pdcbjnlnmy, xdlomonj, dpc* Pbdxdanxd, Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg ivvdixs pn hd

bixgldss htp op cntl` hd piedj is naadjsoqd* Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg os, nj pbd npbdx

bij`, ij ivvixdjp i`goxiponj anx pbd pixmdp ctlptxd, oj }bocb vxiosds op hisocilly hdcitsd na

pbd sogolixopods pbip hnpb ctlptxds sbixd* Oj npbdx }nx`s, Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg

hdbiqonx jdqdx alippdxs npbdx ctlptxds ojspdi` na pbd n}j, dqdj oa op sddgs npbdx}osd* Aojilly,

Qdxhil Xdkdcponj os ij dldgdjp sbixd` }opb xicosg ij` os cnjso`dxd` hy vsycbnlnmosp M*]*

Illvnxp is njd na pbd ojopoil spimds na vxdktòcd* Qdxhil Xdkdcponj cnjsosps na jdmipoqd

lijmtimd imiojsp vdnvld axng npbdx ctlptxds oj pbdox ihsdjcd "Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxe, 9?=?, vv*

44'41, 16/* Iccnxòjm pn pbd Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj Cntxsd Ijpbnlnmy, Cnspi Xocij

ctlptxd os i aicd'siqojm ctlptxd oj }bocb cnjaxnjpiponj os iqno`d`, ij` op bis ldi` pn

ojòxdcp }iys na cnggtjociponj stcb is pileojm hdboj` sngdhn`ys hice, mnssovojm

"866?/* Pbos ctlptxil pxiop stmmdsps pbip Qdxhil Xdkdcponj os ilsn i cnjqdjponjil ippxohtpd oj


8/21

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci =

pbd sthkdcp vnvtliponj* Sptòds nj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy, oj xdliponj pn dpbjncdjpxosg, ixd

cxopocil ij` }dll `nctgdjpd` }opb bospnxocil aicps ij` pbdy ixd ixxijmd` oj cbxnjnlnmocil

nx`dx iccnxòjm pn pbd `dqdlnvgdjp na pbos cntjpxys ctlptxd*

Dpbjncdjpxosg pxdj`s ixd antj` oj Cnspi Xoci hdanxd oj`dvdj`djcd ij` op hdmojs

axng pbd lncil dlopd jiponjilosg5 bn}dqdx, op os tjcdxpioj oa pbip dpbjncdjpxosg os spoll vxdsdjp

oj ntx ctlptxd* Jiponjilosg os oj pbos cisd pbd hdmojjojm na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg5 oj

aicp, hnpb pdxgs ixd lojed` pn i cdxpioj vnojp dsvdcoilly oa }d xdadx pn dpbjncdjpxosg }opboj i

moqdj jiponj* Oj pbos isvdcp, Icti "8668/ bop pbd gixe }bdj bd spipd` pbip dpbjncdjpxosg

bis ops xnnps oj pbd jojdpodpb cdjptxy }bdj Cnspi Xocij dlopds }ijpd` pn biqd ij oj`dvdj`djp

jiponj ij`, oj nx`dx pn icbodqd op, pbdy vnxpxiyd` Cnspi Xoci is i hdppdx spipd pbij ill npbdx

Cdjpxil Igdxocij spipds oj vixpoctlix pbij Jociximti "vv* 9?9'882/* Vtpjig "9???/ imxdd`

}opb pbd pbdnxy ij` i``d` pbip op sdxqd` ilsn pn vdxvdptipd dcnjngoc bodxixcby ij` vnlopoc

drcltsonj ojso`d pbd cntjpxy oj drcbijmd na i }bopd Dtxnvdij xicd ogimd anx ill Cnspi

Xocijs* "vv* 93?'921/ Pbd cxopocosg vxdsdjpd` oj hnpb xdsdixcbds os `dgnjspxipd` hy pbd tsd

na }nx`s loed ogimojixy ij` o`dil pn xdadx pn pbdsd spipdgdjps gi`d hy dlopds* Bolptjdj

Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/ drvliojd` pbip ad} Svijosb boìlmns }djp pn

cnlnjo{d pbos lij`, oj i`òponj, @dsvopd cnlnjoil boìlmns vxo`d oj pbdox jnhld spipts ij`

vtxd Svijosb hlnn` "/ ojpdxxicoil gorojm }is ogvxdssoqdly xivo` "/ ojanxgil tjonjs

hdp}ddj Svijosb gdj ij` Ojòij ij` Hlice }ngij }dxd cnggnj "v* ?=/* Cnjsdtdjply,

op os qilo` pn cxopoco{d stcb spipdgdjps hdcitsd na pbd dqo`djp òqdxsopy ij` gorojm na

ctlptxds pbip pbos cntjpxy bnspd` sojcd pbip dixlodx dxi* Gnxdnqdx, Vtpjig "9???/ is }dll is

Icti "8668/ ò` jnp xdqosd pbd ctxxdjp soptiponj na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg htp pbdy

logopd` pbdox xdsdixcb oj pbd jojdpodpb cdjptxy* Hnpb sptòds ixd ilsn }dll `nctgdjpd` }opb


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ixpoclds vthlosbd` ij` vxnjntjcdgdjps gi`d oj pbip vdxon`* Pbd vxdsdjcd na bomb

dpbjncdjpxosg os dqo`djp oj pbd visp htp sptòds cijjnp vxnqd oa op os vxdsdjp oj ntx ìy*

Ijnpbdx p}n xdsdixcbds nj Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd cnjaoxg i spxnjm lncil

dpbjncdjpxosg `dsvopd pbd mxdip cbijmds oj pbd p}djpodpb cdjptxy* Iccnxòjm pn pbd hnne

O`djpoì` jiconjil y cighon ctlptxil dj Cnspi Xoci `txijpd li sdmtjì gopi` `dl somln

RR, dpbjncdjpxosg bis hddj antmbp }opb cdxpioj gnqdgdjps pbip biqd hddj stccdssatl htp

jnp daadcpoqd djntmb imiojsp pbd ojqdjpd` }bopd o`djpopy na Cnspi Xocijs "Gnloji

Kogjd{, 8663/* Atxpbdxgnxd, Cnspi Xocij vdnvld bi` pn `dil }opb ij drcdssoqd cbijmd oj i

qdxy sbnxp pogd, oj pdxgs na ij ogvldgdjpiponj ij` ogvnsoponj na pbd Tjopd` Spipds ctlptxd,

ilnjm }opb pbd vxnloadxiponj na civopilosg ij` ojòqo`tilosg* Stcb cbijmds pxommdxd` i

òaadxdjp cnjcdvponj na Cnspi Xoci hy pbdox n}j copo{djs* Pbdxdanxd, jiponjilosg pbip }is

pbd aoxsp `dpdcpd` pxommdx na dpbjncdjpxosg bis `dcxdisd` hdcitsd na ij ixosdj gospxtspatl

vnvtliponj na pbd vnlopocil, dcnjngoc, ij` sncoil nx`dx na pbd cntjpxy* Gnloji "8663/

stmmdsps pbip Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd ij` o`djpopy loqd` i pxitgipoc pxijsanxgiponj pbip bis jnp

hdojm òmdspd` ydp hy pbd ojbihopijps* Dqdj pbntmb vnlocods stvvnxp ij` i`qncipd anx

ctlptxil òqdxsopy, oj pbd ydix 8666, pbd bombdsp oj`drds na vnqdxpy ixd lncipd` oj

oggomxijps cnggtjopods, "dsvdcoilly Jociximtijs/ Mtijicispd, Vtjpixdjis, ij` Logj

}dxd pbd xdso`djps ixd cnjso`dxd` òaadxdjp oj pdxgs na ctlptxd ij` xicd "v* 34/* ]opb pbdsd

spipospocs, pbd }xopdx ogvlods pbip mdjdxilly dpbjoc qixodpy os sngd}bip xdkdcpd` oj pbd

cntjpxy* Nj pbd npbdx bij`, Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/, iaaoxg

gnxd òxdcply, pbd drospdjcd na i mdjdxilo{d` bomb ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbd vxdsdjp* Pn

olltspxipd pbos vnojp, pbd itpbnxs naadx i xdqdilojm drigvld,

Gijy npbdx Cdjpil Igdxocijs icctsd pbd Pocns na "/ addlojm stvdxonx oj

vixp hdcitsd pbdox seoj os lombpdx* Oj`dd`, Cnspi Xocij snccdx aijs napdj pitjp


10/21

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci ?

pbdox Cdjpxil Igdxocij nvvnjdjps is ojòns* Ij` gijy Pocns xdadx pn

Cdjpxnigxoci is oa op ò` jnp ojclt`d Cnspi Xoci, tstilly cngvixojm pbd

xdmonj tjaiqnxihly pn pbdox n}j cntjpxy* "vv* 96?'996/

Op os `dgnjspxipd`, is i xdstlp, pbip hdcitsd na vxnantj` cbijmds nj sncodpy, pbd ogimojixy

}bopdjdss ij` jnp pbd Jiponjilosg na pbd òsctssd` ctlptxd os pbd citsd na pbd ctxxdjp

bomb ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg*

Sptòds biqd `dgnjspxipd` pbip pbdxd os icptilly i cnggnjly svxdi` bomb

dpbjncdjpxosg }opb `ddv xnnps oj pbd visp5 jdqdxpbdldss, jn naaocoil spt`y anctsd` oj

dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdls }is antj`* Xdvnxpdxs anctsd` spxocply oj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy xipbdx

pbij ij icptil xdqosonj nj vdnvlds dpbjncdjpxosg* Cldixly, op os cxtcoil pn biqd hicemxntj`

ojanxgiponj ihntp bn} pbos ctlptxd bis `dqdlnvd` axng pbd hdmojjojm oj pbd jojdpodpb

cdjptxy htp pbd ldqdl oj }bocb dpbjncdjpxosg bis hddj isstgd` hy Cnspi Xocijs }is jnp

`dpdxgojd` hy i tijpopipoqd ojqdspomiponj* Bn}dqdx, Gnlojis ij` Bolptjdj Hodsij{,

Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{s xdsdixcbds nj lncil ctlptxd na pbd p}djpodpb cdjptxy, ixd i

qdxy ogvnxpijp xdadxdjcd na }bip op cntl` hd antj` oj ij dqdjptil tijpopipoqd xdsdixcb*

Atxpbdxgnxd, jn ojqdspomiponj na pbos jiptxd }is pxicd` oj pbd visp pbip cntl` biqd bdlvd`

pbd vxdsdjp spt`y* Jn xdsdixcbdxs, oj aicp, biqd ydp anctsd` oj stcb i cxopocil vnvtliponj is

Jtxsojm spt`djps* Pbd gnsp ogvnxpijp isvdcp na pbd cbnsdj vnvtliponj os pbdox atptxd

xdsvnjsoholopy oj Cnspi Xocij sncodpy* Tjloed Gdòcil @ncpnxs, Jtxsojm svdcoilosps ixd

xdtoxd` pn svdj` lixmd igntjp na pogd moqojm vdxsnjilo{d` issospijcd pn dqdxy tsdx bdilpb

jdcdssopods* Nj pbd vxnadssonjil vxnaold vthlosbd` hy pbd naaocoil bngdvimd na Jtxsojm

Scbnnl na Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "8662/, jtxsds gtsp biqd bomb'tilopy seolls nj btgij

ojpdx'`dilojms, i hxni` sdxqocd moqdx cbixicpdx, xdsvdcp anx Pbd Tjoqdxsil Btgij Xombps,

ij` ijily{d ij` xdcnmjo{d bdipb cixd vxonxopods oj pbdox lihnx* Cnspi Xoci, is gijy npbdx


11/21


cntjpxods, os anxgd` }opb vdnvld axng sdqdxil ctlptxil cnjpdrps ij` jiponjilopods* Iccnxòjm

pn pbd naaocoil bngdvimd na Jtxsojm Scbnnl na Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "8662/,

vxnadssonjils gtsp cnjpxohtpd pn bdilpb cixd na vdnvld oj òqdxsd ctlptxil cnjpdrps* Pn stg

tv, ill lopdxiptxd ijily{d` cnjpxohtpd` mxdiply oj pbd drigojiponj na dpbjncdjpxosg5 oj

i`òponj, pbd itpbnxs ilsn xdcnggdj`d` atxpbdx spt`y oj pbd sthkdcp* Iccnxòjm pn pbd

tilopods ij` `dscxovponjs pbip itpbnxs tjcnqdxd` ihntp pbd òsctssd` ctlptxd ij` ops

dqnltponj, dpbjncdjpxosg os vxdsdjp htp op os jnp ejn}j oj }bip ldqdl bis hddj dghxicd` hy

pbd sthkdcp vnvtliponj*

Gdpbn`nlnmy

Pbd anlln}ojm os i tijpopipoqd spt`y }opb pbd nhkdcpoqd na `dscxohojm pbd ldqdl na

dpbjncdjpxosg pbip Jtxsojm spt`djps biqd ij` }bip cnggnj cbixicpdxospocs ixd vxngojdjp*

Gnxdnqdx, spipospoc dqiltiponj }is ivvlod` pn icbodqd ill pbd `dsoxd` ìpi icctxipdly*

Ijily{ojm pbd sigvld, op os drvdcpd` pn `dpdxgojd i mdjdxilo{d` pxdj` na pbd vnvtliponj*

Vnvtliponj

Pbd vnvtliponj os i mxntv na njd btj`xd` ij` dombp spt`djps na }bocb p}djpy dombp

ixd gild ij` pbd xdgiojojm, adgild tj`dxmxi`tipds* Pbd imd xijmd os dspihlosbd` axng

p}djpy njd pn p}djpy dombp ydixs nl`, }opb ij iqdximd imd na p}djpy pbxdd ydixs nl`* Pbos

vnvtliponj hdlnjms pn pbd lisp ydix mdjdxiponj "aoapb ydix/ na pbd spt`y vxnmxig na Jtxsojm

Locdjsd Giknx ip pbd Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci, Xn`xomn Aicon Cigvts na Sij Vd`xn, Sij

Kns*

Sigvld

@td pn iqioliholopy, i mxntv na 8= spt`djps biqd hddj cbnsdj pn xdvxdsdjp pbd

sthkdcp vnvtliponj na pbos xdsdixcb* Pbdsd clissgipds }dxd xij`ngly voced` hnpb }ngdj

ij` gdj ij` pbdy ixd ill Cnspi Xocij*


12/21


Ojspxtgdjp

Iccnxòjm pn pbd cnxxdcp ìpi mipbdxojm ij` pbd tdsponj na pbd spt`y, ij

dpbjncdjpxosg pdsp `dsomjd` hy Exdmm Bnn`, lncipd` nj Cixldy @n``s hnne; Pbd

@yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "9??2, v* 811/, }is dgvlnyd` oj pbos

ojqdspomiponj "Sdd Ivvdjòr/* Pbd tpolo{d` pdsp cnjsosps nj i Loedxp scild pbip gdistxds pbd

ldqdl na imxddgdjp na sdqdjpddj moqdj spipdgdjps* Ill spipdgdjps biqd aoqd nvponjs }opb ops

cnxxdsvnjòjm scnxd ixxijmd` is anlln}s; Spxnjmly Imxdd7 4 vnojps, Imxdd7 0 vnojps,

Jdtpxil7 3 Vnojps, @osimxdd7 8 vnojps, ij` Spxnjmly @osimxdd7 9 vnojp* Oa pbd pnpil

scnxd igntjps pn 34 vnojps ij` hdln}, pbd xdstlp os Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg ij` oa op i``s pn

04 vnojps ij` ihnqd, pbd xdstlp os; Bomb Dpbjncdjpxosg*

Vxncd`txds

Pbd vxncd`txds pbip }dxd anlln}d` }opb pbd cnlldcpd` ìpi }dxd aojòjm pyvocil

vippdxjs na hdbiqonx, `dpdxgojd }bdpbdx pbd sigvld sbn}s Bomb nx Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg,

nhpiojojm vdxcdjpimds, ij` cngvixojm vippdxjs }opb pbd lopdxiptxd xdqod}d`* Pbd ojspxtgdjp

ilsn cnjsosps na p}n sdcponjs; aoxsp vdxsnjil ojanxgiponj "imd, sdr, dpbjoc hicemxntj`/ ij`

pbd sdcnj` vixp, pbd dpbjncdjpxosg pdsp*

Xdstlps ij` @osctssonj

Pbd xdstlps na pbd dgvlnyd` ojspxtgdjp }dxd oj djpoxd imxddgdjp }opb pbd vtxvnsd na

ijs}dxojm pbd gioj tdsponjs na pbos spt`y* @dsvopd na Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld, }bocb

oj sdqdxil cisds vliyd` ij ogvnxpijp xnld nj sigvld vixpocovijps òsbnjdsp xdsvnjsds, pbd

ojspxtgdjp vxnqo`d` pbd drvdcpd` daadcp nj `dpdxgojojm icctxipd pxdj`s ij` cbixicpdxospocs

na dpbjncdjpxosg ignjm pbd sptòd` vnvtliponj* Gnxdnqdx, pbd vdxcdjpimds nj tijpopy na

}ngdj ij` gdj nj pbd sigvld xdgiojd` o`djpocil pn pbd njd nj pbd vnvtliponj* Pn hd

vxdcosd, p}djpy aoqd vnojp jojd vdxcdjp "84*?$/ na Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps ixd gdj, }bocb


13/21


os dricply pbd sigd vdxcdjpimd na gdj pbip hdlnjm pn pbd vnvtliponj* Pbd gnsp cnggnj

aicpnx na imd "gn`d/ oj pbd sigvld os ilsn o`djpocil pn pbd imd iqdximd na pbd vnvtliponj,

}bocb os p}djpy'pbxdd ydixs nl`* Atxpbdxgnxd, pbd ojspxtgdjp dgvlnyd` naadxd` pbd

vnssoholopy na i `ddvdx drigojiponj nj dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbd sptòd` sigvld stcb is pbd

o`djpoaociponj na cxtcoil pxiops* Is i xdstlp, pbd aojòjms mipbdxd` gipcbd` pbd vxnkdcpd`

vxdcosonj na pbos spt`y* Pbdsd aicps, ilnjm }opb pbd cnjsconts `dsomj na pbd sdldcpd`

ojspxtgdjp, cnjpxohtpd` pn icbodqd i siposaicpnxy xdvly pn pbd gioj ojtoxy na pbos

ojqdspomiponj*

Iccnxòjm pn Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe, dpbjncdjpxosg cnjsosps nj vxiosojm njds n}j

ctlptxd ihnqd npbdxs hy pbd ixhopxixy tsd na jdmipoqd kt`mgdjp imiojsp òssogolix ctlptxds

"9?=?, v* 40/* Iccnxòjm pn pbos spt`y, Jtxsojm Giknx vnvtliponj sbn}d` go`

dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl, }bocb }is ij tjdrvdcpd` xdstlp "Sdd Aomtxd 9/*

Aomtxd 9* Xdstlps nj Ldqdls na Dpbjncdjpxosg* Pnpil scnxds oj pbd Loedxp scild pbip ixd 34

vnojps ij` hdln} ojòcipd Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg, oa pbdy ixd axng 34 pn 04 vnojps, pbd xdstlp

os Go` Dpbjncdjpxosg, ij` oa pbdy ixd 04 vnojps ij` ihnqd, pbd ijs}dx os Bomb

Dpbjncdjpxosg

Ldqdl na Dpbjncdjpxosg Ln}dsp Gn`d Bombdsp Gn`d Pnpil Iqdximd

Bomb Dpbjncdjpxosg 01

Go` Dpbjncdjpxosg 09,94

Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg 82

Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*


14/21

Pbd bombdsp ij` pbd ln}ds

p}n vdnvld pbd dricp xipd

dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl }is d

vxnadssonjil vxnaold "Dsct

iqdximd "09*94$/ na sig

dpbjncdjpxoc }opb ij Ojp

mdjdxil vnojp qod}, oj

Dpbjncdjpxosg }bold npb

sdqdj vixpocovijps ntp na p

Aomtxd 8* Vdxcdjpimds nj

iccnxòjm pn pbd xdstlps ij

Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojIs sddj nj Aomtxd 8, pbd

vdnvld/ ixd ln}'dpbjncdjpx

ojaltdjcd` pbos cxopocil vn

òaadxdjp gijoadspiponjs n

tdsponjs na pbd ojspxtgdj

na Dpbjncdjpxosg "9?=?,

Dpbjncdj

gn`d nj aomtxd 9 }dxd nhpiojd` oj p}n ojs

oj dopbdx Bomb "01vps/ nx Ln} Dpbjncdj

vdcpd` anx pbdsd vixpocovijps hdcitsd na pbdox

li `d Djadxgdxi, 8662/5 bn}dqdx, oj iccnx

vlds xipds, pbd xdilopy os pbip pbdy icptil

xgdòipd ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg* Jnjdpb

pdxgs na tijpopods, p}dlqd vdnvld sb

x dombp vdnvld scnxd` i Bomb Dpbjncdjpxo

djpy sdqdj icbodqd` Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg l

Ldqdls na Dpbjncdjpxosg* Vdxcdjpimds nj d

tijpopy na vixpocovijps*

ospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*

aicp pbip njly pbd gojnxopy na Jtxsojm G

oc, `dgnjspxipds pbip Cnspi Xocij bomb dpbjn

tliponj* Gnxdnqdx, oj nx`dx pn ijily{d pbos

a dpbjncdjpxosg }dxd o`djpoaod` ij` gdis

p ojpn antx cipdmnxods, hisd` nj Vdxxnp ij`

v* 44'41,16/; Qdxhil Xdkdcponj, Aoxsp @d

36$

00$

81$

dxcdjpimds na Vixpocovijps- Ldqdl na

Dpbjncdjpxosg

Bomb Dpbjncdj

vixpocovijps

Go` Dpbjncdjp

vixpocovijps

Ln} Dpbjncdjp

vixpocovijps

pxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 93

pijcds dicb5 pbip os,

xosg "82vps/* Ln}

d`tciponj ij` pbdox

ijcd }opb pbd pnpil

ly ixd cnjso`dxihly

ldss, axng i gnxd

}d` Ojpdxgdòipd

sg ldqdl ij` njly

qdl "Sdd Aomtxd 8/*

pbjncdjpxosg ldqdls

knx spt`djps "sdqdj

cdjpxosg bis oj`dd`

gippdx `ddvly, pbd

xd` nxmijo{ojm pbd

xdos}dxes @dmxdds

xdd Dpbjncdjpxosg,

pxosg; 2

xosg; 98

xosg; =


15/21


Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg, ij` Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg* Pbd ln}dsp pxiops antj` oj

Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps }dxd Qdxhil Xdkdcponj ij` Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg* Bn}dqdx,

iccnxòjm pn pbd Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj Cntxsd Ijpbnlnmy, sojcd Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd

os cbixicpdxo{d` hy cnjaxnjpiponj iqnoìjcd nx aicd siqojm ctlptxd "866?, v* 89/ oj gijy

vdnvld, pbdxd os jn mtixijpdd pbip pbd sigvld }is cngvldpdly bnjdsp }opb pbd tdsponj*

Pbts, op os ojadxxd` pbip Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld bis ilpdxd` pbd xdstlps oj pbos cisd* Pbd

spipdgdjp tsd` pn `dpdxgojd Qdxhil Xdkdcponj ldqdl }is; 3' O tstilly gied jdmipoqd

cnggdjps nj npbdx vdnvlds ctlptxd vxdadxihly oa pbdy ixd jnp vxdsdjp nx cijjnp bdix gd5

cldixly, op }is pnn òxdcp ij` nhqonts, djcntximojm vdnvld pn òscix` op "sdd Ivvdjòr/* Nj

pbd npbdx bij`, sojcd pbd Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps ixd sncoilly sdjsopoqd ihntp pbd dl`dxly

vdnvld, Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg bi` pbd ln}dsp qiltd hdcitsd gnsp spt`djps cbnsd

spxnjmly òsimxdd pn pbd spipdgdjp; 99'Pbd Isoij vxicpocd na bnjnxojm pbd dl`dxly os

ojpdxdspojm htp jnp qdxy vxicpocil "sdd Ivvdjòr/* Cntxsds nj sncoil i}ixdjdss ij` pbd

vxnvdx cixd na sdjonx vdnvld biqd hddj, oj pbos cisd, ojcnxvnxipd` stccdssatlly oj pbd

cnj`tcp ij` ippopt`d na pbd sigvld* Aoxsp @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg, }bocb os pbd gnsp dqo`djp,

os slombply vxdsdjp oj vixpocovijps is pbdy gnsply sdldcpd` òsimxdd tj`dx pbos cipdmnxy*

Aojilly, pbd spxnjmdsp pxiop antj` }is Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg sojcd pbdy nvpd` anx

dopbdx jdtpxil nx òsimxdd, }opb sogolix ojco`djcd nj pbd scild vxnqo`d`* Pbdxdanxd, pbd

xdstlps ojòcipd pbip pbd ogvlocop ij` ojjncdjp'lnneojm'dpbjncdjpxosg os pbd gnsp vnvtlix

ignjm pbd sigvld5 op os ojadxxd`, pbip pbd ojaltdjcd na Cnspi Xocij aicd siqojm ctlptxd

biqd hddj `dgnjspxipd` }opb pbdsd xdstlps "Sdd Aomtxd 3/*


16/21


Aomtxd 3* Pxiops na Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxes @dmxdds na Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Jtxsojm Giknx

spt`djps* Pbd bombdx qiltds nj gdij ij` gdòij `dpdxgojd pbd spxnjmdsp `dmxdd nx

cbixicpdxospoc na dpbjncdjpxosg

i* Gtlpovld gn`ds drosp "Jdtpxil ij` @osimxdd/* Pbd ln}dsp xipd os sbn}j*J; Jtghdx na Vixpocovijps*

Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*Atxpbdxgnxd, pbd tdsponj nj dpbjoc hicemxntj` xdqdild` pbip pbd giknxopy na

vixpocovijps cnjso`dxd` pbdgsdlqds dopbdx is }bopd nx gdspo{n ij` op xdqdild` ij

ojpdxdspojm aicp* Oj pdxgs na vxnvnxponj, njly njd vdxsnj hdlnjmd` pn npbdx dpbjoc

hicemxntj` "tjsvdcoaod`/, aoapy jojd vnojp pbxdd vdxcdjp "4?*3$/ i`goppd` hdojm gdspo{n

}bold pboxpy sdqdj vdxcdjp "3=$/ isstxd` hdojm }bopd* Oj Cnspi Xoci, op os òaaoctlp pn

cnjclt`d pbip i vdxsnj cij icptilly hd o`djpoaod` is }bopd hdcitsd na pbd qisp bospnxy na

oggomxiponj ij` ctlptxd gorptxd sojcd pbd hdmojjojm na cnlnjo{iponj* Nj pbos sthkdcp,

Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ! [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/, xdvnxpd` pbip,

Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci mdjdpocosps Hdxjil Gnxdxi ij` Xigoxn Hixxijpds

`dclixd` oj 9??4 pbip ilgnsp ill Cnspi Xocijs ixd gdspo{ns }opb qixyojm

cnghojiponjs na pbd mdjdxil vnvtliponjs gor na mdjds; 06'16 vdxcdjp }bopd,

94'34 vdxcdjp Ojòij, ij` 96'86 vdxcdjp hlice* "v* ?2/

Vixigdpdxs

Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxes @dmxdds na Dpbjncdjpxosg

9sp

@dmxdd 8j

@dmxdd 3x

@dmxdd Qdxhil

Xdkdcponj

J Qilo` 8= 8= 8= 8=

Gossojm 6 6 6 6

Gdij 8,30 8,=9 9,4? 8,88

Gdòij 8,33 8,46 9,66 8,66Gn`d 8* "@osimxdd/ 8* "@osimxdd/ i 9* "Spxnjmly @osimxdd/ 8* "@osimxdd/

Sp`* @dqoiponj 6*49 6*4? 6*=4 6*?=


17/21


Pbts, pbd }bopd cnjcdvponj na Cnspi Xocijs bis i qdxy òaadxdjp ogvlociponj pbij pbd

pxiòponjil cnjcdvponj na xicd nx honlnmocil bdxopimd* Pbd o`di na hdojm }bopd os logopd`

pn i `dscxovponj na ij ojòqo`til cngvldronj pbip cij hd cilld` gnxd icctxipdly is vild*

Cnggnjly, }bopd vdnvld giy biqd Iaxocij'Igdxocij nx Ojòmdjnts ijcdspnxs* Vdxxnp

ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/ spipd` pbip op sddgd` pbip pbdxd ixd jn jiponjs oj pbos }nxl` }bocb

vnvtliponj os vdxadcply bngnmdjnts axng pbd ctlptxil vnojp na qod} "v* 03/5 loed}osd, op os

ojadxxd` pbip pbd sthkdcp na xicd os ilsn ojclt`d` oj pbos spipdgdjp* Nj pbd npbdx bij`,

]imjdx ij` Sbdx{dx `dscxohd` Cnspi Xocijs is vxogixoly }bopd Svijosb vnvtliponj oj

9243, i`òjm pbip Cnspi Xoci }is ilsn stvdxonx pn gijy npbdx Bosvijoc cntjpxods "Icti

Nxpdmi, 8668, v* 898/* Stcb isstgvponj na pn hd }bopd os dtoqildjp pn hd stvdxonx ij`

qocd qdxsi os, iccnxòjm pn Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/, spxnjmly xdlipd` pn }dspdxj gicxn

dpbjncdjpxosg "v* 19/5 dqo`djply, ]imjdx ij` Sbdx{dx `xd} pbdox vsdt`n'scodjpoaoc

cnjcltsonjs nj xicosg ij` bispy mdjdxilo{iponj* Gnxdnqdx, Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg }is

xdojanxcd` hy pbos sdla cnjcdvponj5 iccnxòjm pn Vtpjig "9???/, vdicd, bix` }nxe, qoxptd,

sicxoaocd, ij` bnjdspy }dxd cbixicpdxospocs njly antj` nj Cnspi Xocijs pbip }dxd

itpngipocilly tj`dxspnn` is }bopd "v* 949/* Axng pbos vnojp na qod}, dpbjncdjpxosg os

spxnjmly xdlipd` pn xicosg* Pbd xdstlps nj pbos osstd ixd ilixgojm; pbnsd Jtxsojm Giknx

spt`djps }bn cnjso`dxd` pbdgsdlqds is }bopd ixd ldss oj tijpopy htp biqd bombdx iqdximd

xipd na dpbjncdjpxosg pbij pbnsd }bn iccdvpd` hdojm gdspo{n "Sdd Aomtxd 0/*


18/21

Aomtxd 0* Xdstlps nj Dpb

dpbjocil hicemxntj`*

Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`goj

Aojilly, pbd `dsoxi

iaadcpd` hy pbd vxdqonts

dsvdcoilly d`tcipd` vnvt

dpbjncdjpxosg htp pbos }i

dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl os ojpd

ippdjponj hy pbd gdjponjd`

Dpbjncdjpxosg ldqd

htp oj Cnspi Xocij vnv

cnjsdtdjply, qdxy ìjm

dpbjncdjpxosg òaadxs axng

pn}ix`s btgij bdilpb s

cnjso`dxd` ctlptxilly òa

3=

32

3?

06

09

08

03

00

Xipojmnadpbjncdjpxosg

Dpbjncdj

ncdjpxosg ldqdl na Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djp

ospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*

Cnjcltsonjs

hld vxnadssonjil vxnaold na locdjsd` Jtxso

dstlps oj pdxgs na vxnadssonjil vdxanxgijc

liponj, Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps }dxd drv

s jnp pbd cisd hdcitsd, iccnxòjm pn pbd x

gdòipd* Pbts, pbd vxnhldg `dpdcpd` oj pbos

vnvtliponj ij` itpbnxopods*

ls cbijmd iccnxòjm pn pbd ojòqo`til i}ixd

liponj pbd iqdximd ldqdl bis hddj vxnq

dxnts* Oj pbd cisd na Jtxsojm vxnadsso

}bip }is drvdcpd` hdcitsd na pbdox drcdv

admtixòjm* Oj i byvnpbdpocil cisd, sng

dxdjp giy hd gospxdipd`, omjnxd` ij`

]bopd Npbdx Gdspo{n

03,108,4

3?,29

Dpbjocil hicemxntj` na pbd sigvld

pxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9=

iccnxòjm pn pbdox

m Vxnadssonjils os

d* Dqo`djply, is ij

cpd` pn sbn} ln}

stlps, pbdox iqdximd

pt`y `dsdxqds clnsd

dss ij` drvdxodjcd

j pn hd bomb ij`

jils, ojpdxgdòipd

onjil xdsvnjsoholopy

vipodjps pbip ixd

dqdjptilly bixgd`


19/21


tjcnjscontsly hy i bomb dpbjncdjpxospoc vdxsnj pbip os stvvnsd` pn pied cixd na pbdg oj pbdox

gnsp qtljdxihld cnjòponj* Anx pbos xdisnj pbd cbnsdj vnvtliponj os cnjso`dxd` is cxopocil

ij` `dcosoqd* Bn}dqdx, pbd soptiponj cij hd vxdqdjpd` hy d`tciponj ij` hy drdxcosojm

pnldxijcd*

Pbd vxdsdjp spt`y }oll hd nvdj anx atptxd xdqosonj pn pbd vixpocovijps hdcitsd na pbdox

djnxgnts ojpdxdsp nj pbd xdstlps ojanxgiponj pn xiosd i}ixdjdss ij` nvdj i òsctssonj nj

pbd pnvoc* Op os ogvnxpijp pn xdcnmjo{d pbip pbd iqdximd ò` jnp xdicbd` pbd ìjmdxnts bombdx

ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg `td pn pbdox d`tciponj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, is vxdqontsly spipd`, Sncoil

@dsoxiholopy Qixoihld ij` pbd Cnspi Xocij aicd siqojm ctlptxd giy biqd gi`d ij ogvicp

nj svdcoaoc isvdcps na pbd xdstlps* Anx pbos xdisnj, oj atptxd ojqdspomiponjs, gnxd sthpld

tdsponjs ixd stmmdspd` oj nx`dx pn gdistxd pbd dpbjncdjpxosg `dmxdds gnxd icctxipdly* Op os

ilsn bombly xdcnggdj`d` pn anlln} pbos vnvtliponj oj pbdox atptxd cixxodx oj nx`dx pn qdxoay

oa pbd aicps òscnqdxd` oj pbos spt`y ixd icptilly ìgimojm jdmipoqdly pbdox vxnadssonjil

vdxanxgijcd oj pbd atptxd* Oj aicp, oj nx`dx pn aombp bomb dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci, op os

jdcdssixy pn cnjaxnjp vthloc nvojonj }opb }bip cij hd antj` }opb atptxd ij` gnxd

svdcoilo{d` dpbjncdjpxosg sptòds, jnp njly logopd` pn Jtxsojm spt`djps ij` vxnadssonjils*


20/21

Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9?

Xdadxdjcds

Icti Nxpdmi, Q* B* "8668/* Li Ojqdjcoj `d li @oadxdjcoi Cnspixxocdjsd, 9296'92=6*

Xdqospi `d Bospnxoi "04/, 9?9'882*

@n``, C* B* "9??9/* @yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "Pbox` d`*/* @thttd,

Tjopd` Spipds na Igdxoci; ]g* C* Hxn}j Vthlosbdxs*

@n``, C* B* "9??2/*@yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "Aoapb d`*/* Hnspnj, Hnspnj,

Tjopd` Spipds na Igdxoci; GcMxi}'Boll*

D`}ix`s, I* L* "9?4=/* Pbd Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld oj Vdxsnjilopy Issdsgdjp ij`

Xdsdixcb* Jd} _nxe, Tjopd` Spipds; Bnlp, Xojdbixp ij` ]ojspnj, Ojc*

Dsctdli `d Djadxgdxi, Tjoqdxsoì` `d Cnspi Xoci* "8662/* Dsctdli `d Djadxgdxi* "I*

Snlijn M, Dòpnx, D* `* Djadxgdxi, Vxn`tcdx, ! Tjoqdxsoì` `d Cnspi Xoci/

Xdpxodqd` Ivxol 8?, 866?, axng


21/21


Ivvdj`or

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