EU CEREAL FARMS ECONOMICS – FADN REPORT 2010ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/pdf/cereals_report_2010.pdfwith low figures in Finland, Denmark or Cyprus. The specialist cereals farms

EU cereal farms report 2010

based on FADN data

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Directorate L. Economic analysis, perspectives and evaluations L.3. Microeconomic analysis of EU agricultural holdings

Brussels, October 2010 Unit L3 D(2010)

EU CEREAL FARMS REPORT - 2010 -

Executive summary:

The study estimates margins in cereal production and provides indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States. In 2007, EU gross margins for grain maize (1088 €/ha) were above the average margins for cereals (549 €/ha), while common wheat (523 €/ha) and barley margins (411 €/ha) were below the average. After 2 years of very high level in 2007 and 2008, cereal prices dropped back to their normal level in 2009. As costs are structurally increasing, it is estimated that cereals margins fell considerably from 2007 to 2009, reaching their lowest level over the last ten years. Margin levels among farms within individual Member States varied significantly, with many producers of common wheat or barley returning negative margins, especially in 2009. The highest margins were often recorded in Italy, Ireland, with low figures in Finland, Denmark or Cyprus. The specialist cereals farms in the EU earned on average € 21 400 of Farm Net Income in 2007, but this covers a range from negative figures to over € 80 000 among the Member States. The high levels of margins did not necessarily translate into high levels of income. The top Farm Net Income levels were recorded in the UK, Slovakia, Germany and France, and the lowest in Cyprus, Romania, Greece and Poland. MS of EU-15 had a higher level of operating costs than the new MS but their better yields and higher grain prices resulted in better gross margins in EU-15. However, when all costs were taken into account by the indicator of Economic Profit, lower overheads and less expensive own factors often worked to the advantage of farms in the new MS. The Economic Profit was highest for Slovakia in 2007, and lowest for cereal producers in Denmark. Its negative value for the EU in most of the analysed period demonstrated that family factors, especially labour, were underpaid as in most other agricultural sectors.

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Source: DG AGRI EU FADN

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Commission européenne, B-1049 Bruxelles / Europese Commissie, B-1049 Brussel - Belgium. Telephone: (32-2) 299 11 11. 1


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The analysis covers the accounting years from 2000 to 2007, and an additional estimate of gross margins has been made for 2008 and 2009. When considering development over time, it should be kept in mind that important policy changes occurred during this period. Mainly, the decoupling of direct payments during 2004-2006, but also the decoupling of Complementary National Direct Payments that took place in some new MS in 2007, affects negatively the level of gross margins while it may not impact the farm income.

The analysis is based on data in the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. FADN is a system of sample surveys that take place each year and focuses on accountancy data from farms. The data are fairly comprehensive in terms of covering farming activities, but production costs are recorded only as an aggregate per farm. For the calculation of margins, then, it was necessary to allocate costs to particular crops.


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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 4

2. COMMON WHEAT ................................................................................................... 6

2.1. Farms specialising in common wheat production ............................................. 6

2.2. Gross margin in common wheat production – EU level ................................... 7

2.3 Levels of margins in common wheat production in Member States ................. 8

3. BARLEY ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.1. Farms specialising in barley production............................................................ 9

3.2. Gross margin in barley production – EU level................................................ 10

3.3. Levels of margins in barley production in Member States ............................. 11

4. GRAIN MAIZE......................................................................................................... 12

4.1. Farms specialising in grain maize production................................................. 12

4.2. Gross margin in grain maize production – EU level ....................................... 13

4.3. Levels of margins in grain maize production in Member States..................... 14

5. ALL CEREALS......................................................................................................... 15

5.1. Farms specialising in cereal production .......................................................... 15

5.2. Gross margins in cereal production – EU level............................................... 16

5.3. Levels of margins in cereal production in Member States .............................. 17

5.4. The influence of energy and other industrial input cost on margins ............... 18

6. INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN PRODUCTION OF CEREALS............ 19

6.1. Description of farms specialised in production of cereals .............................. 19

6.2. Indicators of income for specialist cereal farms – EU level............................ 20

6.3. Levels of income in specialist cereal farms in Member States ....................... 21

7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 22

8. ANNEX ..................................................................................................................... 23

8.1. Cost definitions................................................................................................ 23

8.2. Costs allocation to particular crop production ................................................ 25

8.3. Estimation of selected output and cost items for 2008 and 2009.................... 25

8.4. Income indicators ............................................................................................ 26

8.5. Distribution of gross margins .......................................................................... 27

8.6. Income indicators – specialist cereal farms and other types of farms............. 29

8.7. Detailed tables ................................................................................................. 30

8.7.1. Common wheat – margins................................................................. 30

8.7.2. Barley – margins................................................................................ 55

8.7.3. Grain maize – margins....................................................................... 75

8.7.4. Income of farms specialised in production of cereals ....................... 92


1. INTRODUCTION

The study aims to estimate margins in cereal production and to provide indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States. Gross, net, and net economic margins are calculated and presented in the tables. In the text, gross margins are mainly discussed. As indicators of income, farm net value added, farm net income and economic profit are presented. The analysis covers the accounting years from 2000 to 2007. Gross margins have been estimated for 2008 and 2009. The calculations are based on data collected in the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database.

Cereals market situation in the analysed period For most of the analysed period, European cereal producers experienced relatively stable prices of grain. In nominal terms, the 2006 cereals prices were 3 % higher than in 2000, according to Eurostat. In real terms (deflated) it was a 14 % decrease. The average EU prices of barley fell even in nominal terms between 2000 and 2006. There were major price fluctuations on the cereals market during the period 2007-2009. First, in 2007-2008, prices shot up by more than half of their previous levels. Shortly after, the prices fell rapidly but on average stayed above their pre-2007 levels. The production of cereals was also fairly stable, with a rising trend. 2009 production in the EU-27 was 7 % higher than in 2000 (based on DG Agri data). There were, however, two periods during that decade when production levels diverged from the trend line. In 2003-2004 it fell markedly in one year and set a record high the next. Then the 2008 hike in cereals production was preceded by two low harvests.

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Fig. 1. Index of cereal prices, nominal, 2000=100

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Fig. 2. Index of common wheat prices, nominal, 2000=100

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Fig. 3. Index of barley prices, nominal, 2000=100

Fig. 4. Index of grain maize prices, nominal, 2000=100

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EU barley specialists (EU FADN data & est.)

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pacts of the

0 % of the total Standard Gross Margin (SGM)

to minimise interference from data related to activities other than cereal production, a sample of farms that are highly specialised in cereal production is selected2. For particular cereals, at least 40 % of the farm’s output must come from the type of cereal being studied. In the case of average margins for all cereals together, the required specialisation in cereals is at least 66 %. Second, any operating costs related to cereal production which are not directly attributed to it in the database are allocated to cereal production according to a particular set of rules. The estimated margins for 2008 and 2009 are based on several assumptions and on available information about cereals yields, prices and costs. These methods are presented in detail in the Annex (point 8.2). Estimated income of farms oriented towards cereal production relies on data from whole farms. Such farms will derive at least two thirds of their output from cereals.

Farm Accountancy Data Network and FADN data The Farm Accountancy Data Network is an instrument for evaluating the income and business activities of agricultural holdings in the European Union and the imCommon Agricultural Policy. FADN is a system of sample surveys that take place each year and that collect structural and accountancy data from farms. It covers farms above a minimum economic size (threshold), in order to represent the most relevant part of the agricultural activity of the EU Member States (MS), i.e. at least 9covered in the Farm Structure Survey (FSS). For 2007, the sample contains some 81 000 holdings in EU-27, which represent 5.1 million farms out of a total of 13.7 million farms included in the FSS. The aim is to provide representative data by reference to (i) region, (ii) economic size of farms and (iii) type of farming. FADN is the only source of micro-economic data that is harmonised, i.e. the accounting principles are the same for all EU countries.1 One characteristic of FADN is that it focuses on farms or agricultural holdings, and not on individual agricultural enterprises (activities). The collected data reflect that aspect – they are fairly comprehensive in terms of covering the output of farming activities, but many items (especially costs) are not attributed to a particular agricultural activity and are recorded only as an aggregate per farm. So if we are to estimate margins of selected crops, such as cereals in this case, the data need to be disaggregated. That is done in two stages. First, in order

1 For more information about FADN see: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/index_en.cfm 2 In addition, in order to protect the individual character of FADN data and to support quality of the

estimates, results based on fewer than 15 sample farms are not calculated.

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/index_en.cfm


2. COMMON WHEAT

2.1. Farms specialising in common wheat production

To calculate common wheat margins, an annual sample of between 1 300 and 3 900 farms was used, representing between 68 000 and 204 000 farms specialised in common wheat production throughout the EU. For the year 2007, the represented farms cultivated equivalent of 35% of the area of common wheat in the EU3. The characteristics of agriculture in particular Member States (MS) are such that it was not possible to find farms with the required minimum specialisation level in all of the Member States. Out of 27 MS, up to 21 are represented, depending on the year. In practice, the minimum specialisation rate of 40% of the farm output from common wheat production resulted in the identification of farms having an average of 53% of their output coming from common wheat. The farms yielding analysis data had on average 100 ha of utilised agricultural area (UAA), of which around half was under common wheat. Apart from common wheat, the specialised producers devoted on average some 15 % of their UAA to other cereals, most commonly to barley. Farms in Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia and the UK tended to be two to three times larger. Germany’s average came from very big farms in the east of the country and smaller ones in the west. The smallest wheat farms were in Italy and Greece. In terms of economic size4, British and German farms were clearly the largest, and those in Greece and Romania the smallest. The average wheat yields were 5.2 t/ha in 2007, but varied markedly among MS and from year to year, with the lowest yields occurring in farms in Bulgaria, and the highest in Ireland. The analysed farms had an average workforce of 1.2 to 1.5 Annual Work Units (AWU) during the period under review, with the MS of the EU-15 tending to use a smaller workforce and those of the EU-12 having a workforce above the average.

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Fig. 5. Common wheat area per farm, MS avg, ha, in 2007

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urce: EU FADN – DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 dat

3 In comparison with Farm Structure Survey (FSS) figures provided by EUROSTAT.

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4 The concept of Standard Gross Margin (SGM) is used to determine the economic size of farms. The standard Gross Margin (SGM) of a crop or livestock item is defined as the value of output from one hectare or from one animal less the cost of variable inputs required to produce that output. The sum of SGM in the farm determines its economic size.


2.2. Gross margin in common wheat production – EU level

In 2007 the average EU margin of receipts over operating costs (i.e. the gross margin) for common wheat production was 523 €/ha. Margins exceeding 500 €/ha were reached annually till 2004, but were followed by two years of average margins below 400 €/ha. We estimate that 2008 brought an average margin of 616 €/ha in the EU. However, this was followed by a major decline in 2009 to an average of no more than 40 €/ha. Since coupled direct payments were reduced in 2005-2006, common wheat margins depended afterwards on production, prices and costs levels. In fact, all of these factors changed significantly between 2007 and 2009. With wheat prices growing strongly, and outweighing slightly increased costs and lower yields, the 2007 gross margin per ha reached a level last seen in 2004, and the margin per tonne set a record of € 100. Wheat prices and yields continued to grow in 2008, and it is estimated that margins for that year were even higher, despite a marked 9 % growth in production costs. Costs grew by a further 8 % in 2009, while prices and yields decreased. This almost halved the wheat output, and in 2009 average EU margins were down to only 7 % of the previous year’s value. If analysed without coupled payments, EU common wheat margins turned negative, to € -41/ha and € -8/t in 2009. Common wheat receipts in the EU were fairly stable at 1100-1200 €/ha until 2004, with direct payments making up some 30 % of these receipts. In 2005-2006, the reduction in those payments5 brought receipts down to below 1000 €/ha. Then revenue per ha recovered, reaching almost € 1300 in 2008, before falling below € 770 the following year — the lowest in the analysed decade. In contrast to the stable period of 2000-2004, the five years which followed were characterised by much greater volatility in receipts from common wheat. In terms of the cost structure, the main items were fertilisers and crop protection, constituting 22 % and 18 % respectively of common wheat production costs in 2007. It is estimated that fertiliser costs rose to 31 % of all operating costs in 2009. In contrast, nominal costs of crop protection rose only marginally, and their share in the cost structure decreased. Other important cost items were machinery, fuel and energy. Taken together, they accounted for a quarter of operating costs in 2007. Nominally, they grew relatively little afterwards, so their share is estimated at 23 % in 2009.

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Fig. 7. Common wheat - determinants of gross margins with coupled payments,

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Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data.

5 In certain MS a proportion of direct payments remained coupled. Also, some other direct payments (e.g. to

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2.3 Levels of margins in common wheat production in Member States

The gross margin of common wheat production varied quite markedly among Member States and among farms within individual MS. In all MS the average gross margins were positive in 2007. They grew again in 2008 in EU-10 and EU-2, thereby pushing the EU average up further. In Belgium and Ireland gross margins were the highest in that period, exceeding 1000 €/ha and twice the average for the EU. The lowest margins in those two years were below 200 €/ha — in Romania, Slovakia and Bulgaria in 2007, in Latvia and Estonia in 2008. The picture changed radically in 2009. That year only two MS, Belgium and Denmark, had gross margins above 200 €/ha, and in eight MS the margins turned negative. On average, EU-10 margins were negative in 2009, while those in EU-15 and EU-2 stayed positive.

The high Belgian and Irish margins in 2007-2008 were mainly due to their high yields of 8-9 t/ha, which in a period of increased wheat prices generated high revenue. The operating costs in these two MS were also significant (800-900 €/ha), but they did not top the cost table. In 2009 the sharp fall in wheat prices almost halved Belgian margins. Ireland suffered in addition a fall in yields, and its gross margin was negative that year.

Estonian wheat margins were among the lowest because of yields of no more than 3 t/ha, and wheat prices below the average. The low operating costs were not enough to compensate for the very low revenue per ha. A further deterioration in 2009 pushed the Estonian wheat gross margin below -100 €/ha — a situation it shared with Latvia.

The variability of margins can be significant even within particular Member States. As the chart in point 8.5.1 of the Annex demonstrates, many specialist wheat farmers in 2007 in the UK, Italy and France enjoyed high margins similar to those in Belgium or Ireland. On the other hand, some farmers struggled with negative margins, especially in Finland and Slovakia, but also in Bulgaria, Greece and even in the UK.

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Sour ata. ce: EU FADN – DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 d

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3. BARLEY

3.1. Farms specialising in barley production

To calculate margins, data were selected from a group of farms specialised in barley production. Some 870-1670 sample farms are used each year, representing between 63 000 and 106 000 farms throughout the EU specialised in barley production. For 2007, the farms represented accounted for 26 % of the area of barley production in the EU. The FADN data make no distinction between types of barley.

The minimum specialisation rate of 40 % of farm output from barley grain production resulted in practice in surveyed farms having an average of 63 % of their output coming from barley grain. Due to the characteristics of agriculture in particular Member States, farms with the minimum specialisation level required were found in only certain selected MS. Thirteen of the 27 MS are represented.

The farms yielding analysis data are analysed have on average 60-70 ha of utilised agricultural area, of which more than half is under barley. The largest barley farms are in Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the UK (over 100 UAA), and the smallest (approx. 20 ha UAA) in Poland, Italy, Greece and Cyprus. In terms of economic size, British, French and Czech farms were the largest. Similarly, the area under barley varies in size, ranging in recent years from 10-13 ha in Italy and Poland to 60 ha and more in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic or Slovakia. Apart from barley, specialised producers devoted 6-8 ha to other cereals, usually common wheat.

The average barley yields were 3-4 t/ha, although these figures varied quite a lot between MS and years, with the lowest (about 2 t/ha) being in farms in Cyprus and the highest (above 6 t/ha) in Ireland. In 2009 yields were significantly reduced.

The workforce on the farms analysed was relatively stable during the decade, at close to 0.9 AWU. In Denmark it was half that level. In the three Baltic States and the Czech Republic it was around 1.5 AWU. In the UK the workforce diminished in 2006-2007, as a result of more smaller farms specialising in barley production.

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3.2. Gross margin in barley production – EU level

The average EU gross margin in the period 2000–2004 ranged from 270 €/ha to 360 €/ha. In 2005 and 2006 the margins fell sharply to below 200 €/ha. For the two years that followed, they climbed above 400 €/ha, before declining to 80 €/ha in 2009. The 2009 margin was estimated at 20 % of the 2007 level. Calculated per tonne, the EU average margin was 107 € in 2007, before falling to 25 €/t in 2009.

Up to 2005 about 60-70 % of barley receipts came from grain, and the remainder from direct payments. Any variations in the level of margin in that period were mainly due to receipts from grain. Afterwards, coupled direct payments fell to 10 % or less of the receipts from barley, and the margins relied more on market conditions. Incidentally, there were high variations in market conditions between 2006 and 2009, reflected in the changing level of the margin.

Barley receipts went up from 450 €/ha in 2006 to €780-790 in 2007-2008, which was a combined result of barley price rises (by more than 40 % in comparison with 2006) and very high yields (approx. 25 % above 2006 level). Production costs grew sharply too (by 40 %). 2009 brought the prices and yields of barley back to pre-2007 levels, while the costs of production hardly changed and remained some 100 €/ha higher than before. The net result is that the estimated 2009 gross margin for barley is exceptionally low, albeit still positive on average in the EU.

In terms of the cost structure, fertilisers accounted for 24 % of operating costs in 2007, but their value grew year by year, and in 2009 they accounted for an estimated 30 % of barley production costs. Fuel, energy and maintenance costs (machinery, buildings) accounted for 30 % of the cost structure in 2007. This increased to 31 % the following year as a consequence of higher motor fuel costs, but in 2009 it fell to 28 % due to cheaper fuel and energy. Other important items were costs of seeds (12 %) and of contract work (13 %). From 2007 to 2009, the cumulative share of seeds, fertilisers and crop protection grew from 46 % to 51 %, while the share of fuel, energy, maintenance and contract work declined from 43 % to 39 %.

Average operating cost levels varied from 200 €/ha to over 700 €/ha among MS up to 2006. They then rose to 300-900 €/ha in 2008-2009. The increasing costs of fertilisers were the main contributor to that rise, followed by higher fuel, energy and maintenance costs. Seeds and crop protection costs too were clearly higher in 2007-2009 than in the preceding years.

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Fig. 13. Barley - determinants of gross margins with coupled payments, EU avg,

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3.3. Levels of margins in barley production in Member States

Barley margin levels shifted significantly several times during the decade under review. Prior to 2004, barley margins per hectare ranged in the MS from around 20 €/ha to 500-600 €/ha. In 2005-2006 they fell to between -100€/ha and +250 €/ha. In the following two years they rebounded to pre-2004 levels, in some cases exceeding 700 €/ha. Then in 2009, the estimated margins dipped to record lows, with over half the Member States recording negative figures. The initially very large difference (over 250 €/ha) between higher EU-15 margins and lower EU-10 figures narrowed to less than 20 €/ha (estimated) in 2009. Ireland, the UK and Italy had the highest margins for most of the period, and Czech margins were highest in the last two years. The lowest barley margins were usually recorded in the Scandinavian MS, Latvia, Estonia and Cyprus.

The high profitability of barley production in Ireland (a margin of 660 €/ha in 2007) was possible thanks to one of the highest levels of receipts per ha, and despite relatively high costs. Irish costs were up to 600 €/ha until 2004, and subsequently rose even more, to 700-800 €/ha, in the last three years. Ireland had relatively high levels of fertilizer and crop protection costs. Except for 2005-2006 and 2009, Irish receipts exceeded 1100 €/ha. This was thanks to high yields of grain (6 t/ha), sold at average EU prices, and an additional 100 €/ha from straw sales. The table-topping Czech margins in 2008-2009 were due to high yields and moderate cost levels.

Finnish barley margins were most often the lowest in the EU, resulting from relatively high costs, while receipts per hectare were only around the EU average. In 2009 the gross margin in Finland is estimated at below -200 €/ha, with rising costs, especially those for fertilizers, while the exceptionally high prices of 2007-2008 returned to normal levels the following year.

Margin levels vary significantly within MS, and the pattern of distribution (point 8.5.2 in the Annex) shows that in 2007 not only Irish, Italian and British producers, but also many in the Czech Republic, Spain and Poland enjoyed good margins. At the other end of the scale, apart from the low-margin MS mentioned above, were even some less fortunate Italian growers.

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Fig. 16. Barley - average EU gross margin


4. GRAIN MAIZE

4.1. Farms specialising in grain maize production

To calculate margins, data were selected from a group of specialised farms. For grain maize, some 1300-2300 sample farms are used, representing 98 000 to 225 000 farms in the EU. For 2007, they represented 33 % of the grain maize area in the EU. The surveyed farms, with at least 40 % of farm output from grain maize, in fact resulted in farms averaging 66 % maize. There were enough farms with the required minimum specialisation level in 13 out of 19 maize-growing Member States.

The farms had on average 23-34 ha of UAA in the period, of which about half was under grain maize. In addition it, the specialised producers devoted some 20% of their UAA to other cereals, most often to common wheat and barley. Among Member States, the average maize farm areas ranged from 7 to 80 ha up to 2003, but by 2007 exceeded 200 ha. The bigger farms were found mainly in some new MS, but also in the eastern part of Germany. Unlike wheat or barley farms, the grain maize farms in the EU-15 (with on average 27 ha UAA) were nearly half the size of those in the EU-10 Member States (avg. 49 ha). In terms of economic size, the EU-10 grain maize specialist farms were bigger on average than the EU-15 holdings up to 2006, but this difference was balanced out when the German farms entered the specialist maize growers sample in 2007.

The average yields of grain maize in 2007 were 8.4 t/ha, but varied among MS from about 2-3 t/ha in Bulgaria and Romania to some 12 t/ha in Greece and Germany.

The analysed farms had an average workforce of 1.1-1.2 AWU. Farms in the EU-15 usually had a smaller workforce than in the EU-10, where there was a bigger workforce on bigger farms. In contrast, the farms in Bulgaria and Romania were both small and had more workers.

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Fig. 17. Grain maize area per farm, MS avg, ha, in 2007

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Fig. 18. Grain maize yields, MS avg,


4.2. Gross margin in grain maize production – EU level

In the period 2000–2003 the average EU gross margin (with coupled payments) in grain maize production ranged from 850 €/ha to 920 €/ha. This was much higher than for barley or common wheat. Despite that, it was on a slight downward trend. In nominal terms, the 2003 value was 8 % below the 2000 figure. In 2004 the margin fell by 29 % in comparison with the previous year and stayed in the range 600-650 €/ha till 2006. Then the average margins levels doubled to 1100-1400 €/ha the following two years, but fell drastically to an estimated EU average of 480 €/ha in 2009.

The falling margins levels since 2004 were only partly a result of the inclusion of lower margin producers from the EU-10 in 2004. This statistical effect contributed to about 1/3 of the decrease. For the most part, the change was due to the lower level of direct payments since that year in EU-15. Aid for grain maize was reduced by a cumulative 200 €/ha up to 2007. The fat margins of 2007-2008 were due mainly to grain prices rocketing by 50 % in EU-15 and doubling in EU-10. Fortunately for growers, the high prices were sparked by increasing demand and not by reduced production, so the net result was higher receipts. However, the steady rise in production costs accelerated to more than 10 % in 2007-2009, and gained a further 5 % in 2009. When prices fell to more ordinary levels in 2009 and production costs did not, the squeeze on average EU margins reduced them to about 1/3 of the 2008 level and 80 % of that of 2006. Farms in the new Member States suffered relatively smaller declines in their margins because of their lower costs.

In the cost structure, fertilisers and seeds were the main items, accounting for 21 % and 15 % respectively of grain maize production costs in 2007. Together with crop protection and water, they made up 51 % of operating costs. It is estimated the major growth in fertilizer costs pushed this share up to 56 % in 2009. Other important cost items were motor fuel and contract work, each accounting for 13 % in 2007.

In the MS of the EU-10, production costs per hectare of grain maize were some 40 % lower than in the EU-15, while those in EU-2 were one third of the average EU-15 level. However, when calculated per tonne of maize, 2007 costs were higher in the new MS than in the old MS because of particularly low yields in the new MS that year. In the two subsequent years this changed, and the costs per tonne too were lower in EU-10 and EU-2.

0

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1500

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2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

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2006

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(e)

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Fig. 19. Grain maize - determinants of gross ins with direct payments, MS avg, €/hamarg

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1 200

1 400

- 13 -

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UE15UE10UE2

/ha


Fig. 20. Grain maize - avg. operating costs, €


4.3. Levels of margins in grain maize production in Member States Farms specialising in grain maize were found in relatively few Member States. Despite that, the range of margins observed was very wide. From 2000 to 2003, grain maize margins in the Member States of EU-15 ranged from 400-500 € per hectare to as high as 1200-1300 €/ha. The lowest figures were recorded in Portugal, and the highest in neighbouring Spain. Even if the level of margins generally fell in the enlarged EU-25 in 2004-2006, top values for Spanish producers lost relatively little and continued to exceed 1000 €/ha. Since the 2004 enlargement, Hungary and Slovakia became the new Member States with the lowest margins — at 100 €/ha or less. In EU-27 in 2007 the lowest margins were found in Bulgaria and Romania. After the price turbulence of 2007-2008, estimates see Spain as continuing to enjoy the highest margins, at around 1250 €/ha. The 2009 margins would seem to be lowest (less than 100 €/ha) in France, while the previously struggling Bulgaria and Romania had margins around 400 €/ha. Spanish specialist producers owed their margins to a combination of very high receipts per ha and relatively low costs. The receipts were just below 2000 €/ha until 2006 and even more thereafter. That was possible thanks to yields of 11-12 t/ha and grain prices above the EU average. The residual coupled payment supported receipts to the tune of a little more than 100 €/ha in 2007. The key to low production costs in Spain (maximum 900 €/ha) was having the costs of fertiliser, crop protection, machinery, buildings maintenance and contract work well below EU-15 average. On the other hand, Spanish seed costs were among the highest, and Spanish water costs were evidently the highest. Low gross margins in Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 resulted mainly from very low receipts of 500-700 €/ha. These were the consequence of exceptionally low, drought-affected yields, while maize prices in the two countries remained at the EU average or a little above. The situation was helped by operating costs as low as 350 €/ha, which enabled margins to remain positive. This low cost level was also key to limited absolute cost rises in 2008-2009, which in turn resulted in margins close to the EU average. The situation is estimated to have developed differently in a high cost — high receipts producer like Greece. There, above-average prices, the third or second highest in the EU, combined with top-level yields of 12 t/ha were sufficient to sustain above-average margins till 2008. A further growth in the highest Greek production costs (1250 €/ha in 2007), against a general drop in maize prices, cut Greek margins to well below the average in 2009. With margins variability, some farmers in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Austria had margins close to 2000 €/ha, as in Spain. However, in several MS under review there were also farmers with negative margins (see Annex point 8.5.3).

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maxminmedian

Fig. 21. Grain maize - gross margins with coupled payments, MS avg, €/ha

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UE10

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Fig. 22. Grain maize - avg EU gross marginswith coupled payments, €/ha


5. ALL CEREALS6

5.1. Farms specialising in cereal production

Data from a group of 3100-6900 sample farms were selected to calculate these margins. They represented from around 200 000 farms for EU-15 to some 440 000 farms in the EU-27, all specialised in cereal production. For 2007, represented farms had an equivalent of 28 % of the area of cereal production in the EU.

The specialisation rate of 66 % or more of farm output coming from the cereals grain production resulted in practice in EU farms in this category having on average 82 % of their output coming from grain. Between MS there were differences in this respect, ranging from 70-72 % of cereals specialisation in Germany to 87-91 % in Greece.

The size of farms from which the analysis data are taken is on average about 52 ha UAA, of which some 72 % is devoted to cereal production. Specialist cereal farms in the EU-15 have, on average, a similar acreage to those in the EU-10 Member States, while those in EU-2 were smaller. Farm sizes range from under 13-16 ha UAA in Greece and Italy to over 150 ha UAA in the UK and Estonia, and 200-300 ha or more in Slovakia. In terms of economic size, the value of farm output from EU-10 cereals specialist farms was 75 % of that in EU-15 holdings in 2007.

The analysed farms had an average workforce of 1.1 AWU, with the EU 15 MS being below that figure (0.9 AWU) and the new MS being above the average at around 1.3 AWU for EU-10 and 1.6 AWU for EU-2. However, that indicator covers widely varying situations, with farms in Denmark and Finland having little more than 0.5 AWU, compared to those in the Czech Republic with 2 AWU and farms in Slovakia with average 3-6 AWU per farm.

The use of irrigation in cereal production was reported mainly by producers from the southern MS, but there were also reports from Poland and Latvia.

0

50

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150

200

250

EL IT RO CY PL PT AT UE DK IE ES HU FI FR SE LT UK CZ LV DE EE BG SK

Fig. 23. Cereals area per farm, MS avg, ha,

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9

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2001

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2003

2004

2005

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2007

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(e)

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max min median

Fig. 24. Cereals yields, MS at/ha

vg,


6 The rationale for analysing several cereals is the fact that farmers normally grow a selection of them, as the

agronomic requirements are often similar (perhaps with the exception of rice). Also, this approach allows profitability indicators to be compared across a broader selection of Member States.

- 15 -


5.2. Gross margins in cereal production – EU level

The average EU per hectare gross margin was fairly stable over the period 2000–2003, within the range of 470 €/ha to 495 €/ha. Between 2004 and 2006 this was gradually reduced by a cumulative 43 % to about 280 €/ha. This was only to a small extent the statistical result of the EU average embracing the new MS producers with their lower margins. The main reason was the reduction in direct payments for cereals. In 2007 and 2008 the average EU gross margin for cereals grew by as much as 300 €/ha a year, which brought it up to an estimated 870 €/ha. This was brought about principally by the growth of margins in EU-15, as those in EU-10 rose slower and averaged only 374 €/ha in 2008. The general slump in margin levels in 2009 affected all MS. The EU average was cut to 245 €/ha and in EU-10 to as little as 20 €/ha. These variations were driven very largely by receipts and only to very small extent by costs, which remained relatively stable. Till 2005, about 70 % of cereals revenue came from production, the remainder being direct payments. As a result of decoupling, the share of direct payments in EU cereals receipts fell to about 10 %. Receipts were fairly stable at 900-1000 €/ha till 2003, then they gradually slid to 750 €/ha in 2006. They are then estimated to have gone up by 700 €/ha in two years and down by over 590 €/ha in 2009. Such volatility in the period 2007-2009 was due mainly to fluctuating grain prices, and to a lesser extent to yield variations. In contrast, operating costs were fairly stable until 2006, at 450-490 €/ha. Afterwards they climbed steadily by over 140 €/ha in three years. The main items contributing to that growth were fertilizers (half of all operating costs growth), machinery costs, seeds and crop protection costs. The share of fertilizers in operating costs grew from 23 % in 2006 to an estimated 30 % in 2009. In 2007, cereals operating costs per ha varied from about 210-320 €/ha in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Spain and Cyprus to over 805-925 €/ha in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Expenditure on fertilisers was highest and rising in France, Germany and UK, while the figures in Bulgaria, Romania and Spain were three to four times lower. Crop protection expenses ranged from less than 20 €/ha in Spain to as much as 180 €/ha in the UK. France, Germany and Ireland spent over 140 €/ha on crop protection, but for half of MS the cost did not exceed 60 €/ha.

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1400

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(e)

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Fig. 25. Cereals, determinants of gross , €/ha

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500

600

700

800

Fig. 26. Cereals, average operating costs, €/hamargins with direct payments, MS avg

- 16 -

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

(e)

2009

(e)

UE15 UE10 UE2

Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007

data.


5.3. Levels of margins in cereal production in Member States

In the period 2000-2004, average cereal production gross margins varied between Member States from as little as 45-215 €/ha to as much as 710-800 €/ha. In the next two years they were much lower, ranging from minus 35 and minus115 €/ha to around +435 €/ha. This decrease was due to a combination of lower production and lower grain prices in 2005 and the effect of the decoupling of payments in 2006. 2007-2008 saw a rapid increase in margins to an average of 870 €/ha. In half the MS the gross margins were above 600 €/ha. The drastic decline in margins in 2009 brought them down to 245 €/ha on average, and in almost half the MS analysed they became negative. Greek, Italian and Irish specialist cereal producers recorded the highest cereals margins, ranging from 400 €/ha to over 1500 €/ha depending on season. However, after the plunge of margins in 2009, the Irish producers lost their top position, while those in Greece and Italy are estimated to have continued to ride high. In 2007 Irish (and British) farmers had the highest level of receipts, at 1580 €/ha. Apart from grain, an important item in Irish receipts was straw. Operating costs in Ireland were 206 €/ha lower than the highest British costs, mainly thanks to smaller expenditure for machinery and buildings upkeep. Producers in Italy preferred to grow more profitable durum wheat, which accounted for nearly half of the cereals area on their farms. Producers in Greece owed their high margins to a combination of high receipts (high prices and yields) and moderate costs. Low gross margins were recorded mainly in the Nordic MS and Cyprus. Low Finnish margins were the consequence of modest receipts and above-average costs. While specific costs in Finland were relatively low, the general cost level was inflated by expenses on upkeep of machinery and buildings and on energy. Receipts from cereals were restrained due to relatively low yields, while prices remained quite close to the EU average. In Cyprus, different reasons resulted in similarly low margins. Cypriot cereal specialists had costs per hectare, especially non-specific costs, which were well below the EU average. However, that advantage was lost, in spite of good cereals prices, because of record low yields, at 40 % or less of average cereals yield in the EU. The net economic margin was calculated taking into account all costs, including overheads and costs assigned to own factors. The margin was negative for EU cereal specialists throughout the analysed period (2000-2007), falling on average to below - 300 €/ha in 2006, and to less than - 1000 €/ha in Denmark. In 2007, when grain prices rallied significantly, the net economic margin rose to - 82 €/ha for the EU as a whole, and was positive in some Member States. In Estonia and Lithuania it exceeded 100 €/ha.

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maxminmedian

Fig. 27. Cereals - gross margins with coupled direct payments, €/ha

0100200300400500600700800900

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Fig. 28. Cereals, avg EU gross margins with coupled direct payments, €/ha


- 17 -


5.4. The influence of energy and other industrial input cost on margins

Cereal production requires large areas, and relies on machinery and hence fuel. In fact, agrotechnical requirements leave relatively little room for manoeuvre in this respect, even for less intensive forms of production. In the northern EU there may be additional expenditure on energy for drying the grain. The recent volatility on the energy and fertilizers markets makes an even stronger case for paying some attention to that aspect of costs. Fuel and energy are recorded together with lubricants, which are also based on petroleum and used for operating machinery. Other mineral and industrial inputs, such as fertilisers and crop protection products, are likewise included in the cost comparison. On average, fuels (including lubricants) and energy accounted for over 12 % of operating costs per hectare for cereals. In 2007 the share was 15 %, growing to an estimated 17 % the following year. Although in nominal terms this was higher in 2009 than in 2007, its share of operating costs was down to 14 %. The reason was the even higher increase in fertilizer costs per hectare. While in 2007 fertilizers cost cereal specialists 118 €/ha (22 % of operating costs), the subsequent price rises are thought to have brought the fertilizer bill up to 185 €/ha, which was 30 % of the costs. Crop protection costs constituted 13 % of operating costs in 2007, the same as two years later. The share of fuels and energy costs in the operating cost structure varied from less than 5 % to over 25 % among MS, with about 14 % in EU-15 and about 20 % in EU-10 and EU-2. This share was smallest in relatively high-cost producers like Ireland, Denmark and France. It was highest in such low-cost producers as Latvia and Bulgaria — but also in Portugal and Hungary, where the operating costs level was close to the EU average. Unlike other operating cost items, fuel cost per ha was higher in EU-10 than in EU-15, even in nominal terms. The share of fertilizers and crop protection costs in 2007 was on average 35 % in EU-15, 40 % in EU-10 and 29 % in EU-2. It was highest in Poland, Lithuania and Ireland, where it exceeded 45 %, and lowest in Austria (22 %). In several MS (FI, DK, PT, RO, IT and ES) it was below 30 % in 2007. Overall, fuels, fertilisers and crop protection expenses accounted for over half of cereal production operating costs in the EU in 2007, and that figure is estimated to have grown to 57 % in 2009. Producers in EU-15 (especially in Austria and Denmark) were proportionally less dependent on these cost items, while those in the new MS (especially Lithuania and Poland) saw a majority of their operating expenses in cereals production accounted for in this way.

0%

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fuels, lubricants and energy

crop protection

fertilisers22%

15%

13%

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Fig. 29. Cereals - average selected cost items, share in operating costs

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EU-15 EU-10 EU-2

fertilisers crop protection fuels, lubricants and energy

Fig. 30. Cereals, avg selected cost items in 2007, €/ha

132 11253

8260

29

85

88

58


- 18 -


6. INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN PRODUCTION OF CEREALS

6.1. Description of farms specialised in production of cereals

The overall picture of cereal farms analysed here is influenced by the structure of the sample of farms resulting from implementing the specialisation threshold. The largest number of cereals specialists was found in Italy and Spain. Significant numbers came from France, Greece, Poland and Hungary. In the other MS, fewer farms met the specialisation criteria. On average, the specialist cereal farms were of medium size - between 22 and 29 European Size Units (ESU) during the period under review. However, this average concealed big differences in economic size among Member States, from below 10 ESU in Greece, Cyprus and Romania to well over 100 ESU in the United Kingdom. On average, specialist cereal farms in EU-15 were twice as big in economic terms as in the new Member States. The utilised agricultural area of cereal farms was around 50 ha, an average which was much the same for EU-15 and the new MS. Some 50 % of those farms' area was rented. Producers in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Cyprus and France rented over 80 % of their land. Production on rented land was also customary in the Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania and Greece (some 2/3 of UAA rented). On the other end of the spectrum were cereal specialists in Denmark, UK, and Ireland, who owned the majority of their farmland and rented relatively little (up to 30 %). Cereal producers had little or no animal production (2 % of farm output), although there was proportionally more (4-5 %) in Ireland and Poland. More significant than that, but also marginal on average (approx. 3 %) was output from activities other than crop or animal production, especially in Austria, Sweden and Slovakia (8-11 % in 2007). The average farm workforce was close to 1 AWU, within a range from 0.5 to more than 3 AWU among Member States. The lowest labour figures were in Denmark, Greece, Finland and Sweden, and the highest in Slovakia and Bulgaria. The majority (78 % in 2007) of labour was own unpaid labour. That share was lower in many EU-10 MS, and in Bulgaria and Slovakia the majority of labour was paid. Sweden, the UK and Estonia had the highest UAA per AWU, with more than 100 ha/AWU, while Romania and Greece were at the other end of the scale with less than 25 ha/AWU in 2007. Cereal specialists in EU-15 worked about one-and-a-half times more UAA per AWU than in the new Member States.

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EU-15

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Fig. 31. Economic size of cereal specialist farms, ESU/farm

Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI0

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30

40

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60

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EU-15

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EU-2

Fig. 32. Utilised agricultural area in cereal specialist farms, ha/farm

Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI

- 19 -


6.2. Indicators of income for specialist cereal farms – EU level

The Farm Net Value Added indicator (FNVA)7 for an average EU specialist cereal farm has fluctuated between € 16 000 and 18 000 since 2000, with two exceptions. In 2005 it fell below € 12 000 per farm, and in 2007 it shot up to € 27 000. In comparison with other types of farms, specialist cereal farms tended to have a low FNVA, together with average fieldcrops (where they belong), other permanent crops, other grazing livestock and mixed production farms. However, when expressed by AWU, this indicator shows that specialist cereal farms have in fact performed better. At € 24 900, their FNVA/AWU in 2007 was the highest of the various types of farming — see charts in point 8.6 in the Annex. That situation was a one-off in 2007, because a mere two years before that, cereal specialists’ FNVA had been among the lowest. The Farm Net Income indicator (FNI)8 includes also the expenditure on external factors, making its value per farm € 5 000 – 6 000 lower than the FNVA. Farms specialising in cereals in the EU earned on average € 21 400 Farm Net Income in 2007. That figure had always been around € 10 000 – 12 000 since 2000, with the exception of 2005, when it dropped to below € 7 000, and 2007, when it was twice the usual level. In most of the Member States involved in the analysis, the average FNI was consistently positive, and up to € 17 000 – 45 000 depending on the year, or even above € 80 000 in the very good year 2007. In some MS however, like in Denmark, Sweden, Cyprus or Slovakia, average FNI could be negative, dropping to €-10 000. Specialist cereal farms had less Farm Net Income than average fieldcrops farms for most of the period, except for 2007. It was also possible to factor in the cost of using cereal farms' own resources, such as labour, land and capital. So the calculated Economic Profit was usually negative9 and estimated at an annual €-3 000 to €-8 000 per average EU specialist cereal farm. Only in the particularly good year 2007 did it become positive, at € 7 000. Remarkably, cereal specialists in the new Member States had better income results than their counterparts in EU-15, when measured by the economic profit indicator.

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

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Fig. 33. Farm net income per farm, € '000

Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI-15

-10

-5

0

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

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EU-10

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Fig. 34. Economic profit per farm, € '000


7 Remuneration of the fixed factors of production (work, land and capital), whether they be external or

family factors. See chart in point 8.4 in the Annex. 8 Remuneration of fixed factors of production of the family (work, land and capital) and remuneration of the

entrepreneur’s risks (loss/profit) in the accounting year. See chart in point 8.4 in the Annex. 9 The economic profit indicates the amount of money that would remain if all factors were to be

remunerated. The cost of own factors is imputed and does not correspond to an actual cash expenditure. In addition, farmers may indeed accept a remuneration which is smaller than from alternative economic activities.

- 20 -


6.3. Levels of income in specialist cereal farms in Member States

Farm Net Value Added ranged from € 2 000 - 7 000 to € 50 000 – 100 000 on average among the Member States of the EU. For most of the period, British cereal farms stood out, with twice or three times the average of the indicator. In recent years, German, French and Slovak farms too have recorded very high FNVA. The lowest FNVA figures were for Cyprus, Romania and Greece. In terms of AWU, FNVA ranged from € 2 000 to € 80 000. In 2007, the lowest FNVA/AWU figures were for cereal farms in Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland; the highest were for the United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland and Germany. It was the British cereal farms which had the highest Farm Net Income, but high FNI figures were also recorded for Slovak, German, French and Estonian holdings. In Cyprus the cereal farms FNI was negative in 2007, and in Romania it was only just positive. British farms did not necessarily owe their high farm income to their cost / revenue ratio. This was most favourable for producers in Spain. In fact, the costs borne by British cereal farmers accounted for between 82 % and 96 % of revenues; only in 2007 did they fall to 68 %, leaving farmers with a relatively small surplus. However, farms in the UK were the biggest in economic size, which meant that this narrow margin translated into large amounts in absolute terms. The low or even negative results from Cypriot farms were mainly linked to their relatively low output on the one hand, and to increased costs of external factors on the other. Cereal growers on the island relied heavily on rented land with consequences in terms of sizeable and inflexible rents. After imputing farms’ own factor costs10 and subtracting them from Farm Net Income, thus estimating Economic Profit, the picture changed radically. In many MS the indicator became negative, and only in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ireland and Hungary did it remain positive throughout the period. It was only in the outstanding 2007 that most European cereal specialists had a positive Economic Profit, the exceptions being Denmark, Cyprus, Italy and Romania. High family labour costs, and to a lesser extent own capital costs, cut the Economic Profit in countries like UK, Germany and France.

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Fig. 35. Total specific costs/ farm, € '000

Source: EU FADN – DG AGRI02468

101214161820

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EU-15

EU-10

EU-2

Fig. 36. Imputed cost of unpaid family factors/ farm, € '000/farm


10 See details of the method in point 8.1 of the Annex.

- 21 -


7. CONCLUSIONS The average EU gross margin with coupled payments in the production of common wheat was estimated at 523 €/ha in 2007 and just 40 €/ha in 2009. This collapse of over 90 % was due mainly to the combined effects of lower grain prices and higher production costs. The average margin varied considerably from one Member State to another. Whereas in 2007 the average common wheat margin was positive in all Member States, it dropped in 2009 to below zero for more than a third of MS under review. The average EU barley gross margin was 411 €/ha in 2007 but only about 20 % of that, 82 €/ha, in 2009. Again, no negative values were observed on average in MS in 2007, but it is estimated that two years later barley margins became negative in most of the MS. The margins in grain maize production in the EU were 1088 €/ha on average in 2007 but less than half of that (484 €/ha) two years later. Grain maize (and durum wheat) gross margins were above the average for cereals, while barley margins were consistently lower. Soft wheat provided higher than average margins before 2007, but since then it is estimated to have lost that advantage. In the period 2007-2009 cereals margins were highly volatile. On the back of exceptionally high grain prices and good yields they peaked in 2008, but then in 2009 they were squeezed or even became negative when prices returned to more usual levels but the costs of production kept rising. Margins among farms within particular Member States varied significantly. In some of the MS, many farms are liable to have margins that differ markedly from the national average, in either direction. In general, MS of EU-15 had much the same level of specific costs as the new MS, but gained from better yields and higher grain prices, resulting in higher gross margins in EU-15. However, when all costs were taken into account, lower overheads and less expensive own factors often gave an advantage to the new MS. The average income of farms specialising in the production of cereals was € 27 400 in 2007, as measured by the Farm Net Value Added indicator. That level put specialised cereal farms among those less profitable. However, when related to Annual Work Units, in the exceptional 2007 year the income-generating performance in specialist cereal farms was comparable with other high-earning types of farming. Farm Net Income covering all paid costs resulted in € 21 400 per average EU cereal specialist farm. Yet with all costs, including the imputed costs of unpaid own factors taken into account in the Economic Profit indicator, cereals production generated less profit than alternative economic activities, apart from in a very good year like 2007.

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grain maizecommon wheatavg. cerealsbarleydurum wheat

Fig. 37. Average cereals gross margins in the EU, €/ha

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farm net value addedfarm net incomeeconomic profit

Fig. 38. Average income in specialist cereal farms in the EU, € '000/farm


- 22 -


- 23 -

8. ANNEX

8.1. Cost definitions

Symbols in the table below refer to cost variables described in detail in the "Farm Return Data Definitions"11 and "Definitions of Variables used in FADN standard results"12 documents.

Specific costs F72 - Seeds and seedlings purchased F73 - Seeds and seedlings produced and used on the farm F74 - Fertilizers and soil improvers F75 - Crop protection products F76 - Other specific crop costs F81 - Water

Operating costs

Non specific costs F60 - Contract work (machinery hire) F61 - Current upkeep of machinery and equipment F62 - Motor fuels and lubricants F63 - Car expenses F78 - Upkeep of land improvements and buildings F79 - Electricity F80 - Heating fuels F82 - Insurance F83 - Taxes and other dues F84 - Other farming overheads

Depreciation SE360 - Depreciation Total external factors - Wages paid - Rent paid - Interest paid

SE370 - Wages paid SE375 - Rent paid SE385 - Interest paid

Other farm costs

Imputed unpaid family factors - Family labour costs - Own capital cost

See the definitions below.

Family labour costs: calculated on the basis of the wages the farm owner would have to pay if he hired employees to do the work carried out by the family members.

It is taken to be the average regional wage per hour in the FADN database13 multiplied by the number of hours worked by family workers on the farm. The wage recorded in FADN corresponds to the gross wage plus social security payments. The number of hours worked by family workers is sometimes overestimated. Thus the method uses a maximum of 3000 hours per Annual Work Unit.

11 http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/ ricc_1256_2008pdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d

12 http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/ definitions_variables/_EN_1.0_&a=d

13 If there are not enough farms (fewer than 20) with paid labour at regional level, the national average is used.

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/ricc_1256_2008pdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/ricc_1256_2008pdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/definitions_variables/_EN_1.0_&a=d

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/agri/rica/library?l=/information_documentatio/basic_definitions/definitions_variables/_EN_1.0_&a=d


- 24 -

Own capital cost

– Own land cost: estimated on the basis of the rent that the owner of the farm would have to pay if he needed to rent the land he is using.

It is estimated as the owned area multiplied by the rent paid per ha on the same farm or, if there is no rented land on the farm, by the average rent paid per ha in the same region and for the same type of farming14.

– Cost of own capital (except land): the cost of own capital (permanent crops, buildings, machinery and equipment, forest land, livestock and crop stocks) is estimated at its 'opportunity cost', i.e. how much the farmer could earn if he were to invest the equivalent of its capital value in a bank.

The interest paid on the capital is not known, as this information is optional in the FADN farm return. Nevertheless, to take into account the actual interest rate paid on the farm, a ‘weighted’ interest rate is calculated as the weighted average of this interest rate for debts, and the long-term interest rate, taken from the Global Insight database, for net worth. If the ‘weighted’ interest rate is lower than the LT interest rate (which means that the calculated rate of interest paid is lower than the LT interest rate), the LT interest rate is used instead of the ‘weighted’ interest rate.

Own capital value (excluding land and land improvement) is estimated as the average value of the assets (closing plus opening valuation divided by 2) multiplied by the real interest rate15. The figure is adjusted by subtracting the inflation rate16 from the nominal interest rate. Where the inflation rate is higher than the interest rate, the real interest rate may be negative, leading to a negative cost of capital which will add to the profit (i.e. it is more profitable to invest in farm assets than to put the money in the bank). The total circulating capital is not valued because of the unreliability of this variable in some MS. Nevertheless, the value of crop stocks is taken into account.

14 If there are not enough farms (fewer than 20) in a given region for a type of farming, the national rent per

ha for the given type of farming is used (the TF8 classification is used). 15 Any increase in the value of assets is excluded from income calculations. For example, land appreciates

in value over time, which is one of the reasons why investors invest in land. This gain is not included in the income; it would therefore not be consistent to include it in the cost of capital. In addition, in FADN, assets are valued at replacement value. Depreciation is based on this replacement value and therefore already takes any increase in prices (inflation) into account. Consequently, it would mean double counting if we included the inflation part of interest in the cost of capital.

16 The inflation rate is based on the Eurostat annual average rate of change in the Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICPs) — available from 1997. Inflation rates based on price indexes of GDP and gross fixed capital consumption have been tested, but they are very high and tended towards very high negative costs for capital, mainly in the EU-10. An inflation rate based on price indexes for gross fixed capital consumption has been tested, as this seemed to be more closely related to assets. However, this rate has tended to fluctuate widely over the years for certain MS. In addition, land is one of the most important assets which does not depreciate. It follows that the inflation rate of gross fixed capital consumption must not be more closely linked to the change in the price of agricultural assets than to the consumer price indices.


- 25 -

To calculate unpaid capital costs, we avoid double counting by deducting the interest paid from the sum of the own land cost and the cost for own capital except land:

Imputed unpaid capital costs = own land cost + estimated cost for own capital except land — interests paid

Total cost of imputed unpaid family factors is then the sum of family labour costs and unpaid capital costs:

Imputed unpaid family factors = family labour cost + unpaid capital costs

8.2. Costs allocation to particular crop production

Cost item per enterprise Allocation key Seeds & seedlings17 Output of the analysed crop / Output of arable crops Fertilisers, crop protection, fuel Output of the analysed crop / Output of crops & crop products Water18 Output of irrigated analysed crop / Output of irrigated crops Other specific costs Output of the analysed crop / Output of crops & crop products Non-specific costs Output of the analysed crop / Total output of the farm Other farm costs Output of the analysed crop / Total output of the farm

8.3. Estimation of selected output and cost items for 2008 and 2009

Selected output and cost items for 2008 and 2009 were estimated on the strength of the following assumptions and calculations:

- crop areas assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, - coupled subsidies assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, - by-products values assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, - 2007 cereals prices indexed based on DG AGRI’s AGRIVIEW19 price reporting by MS (on annual price averages of particular cereals or their aggregates), - 2007 cereals yields indexed based on DG AGRI’s Outlook yield and production estimates, which are based in turn largely on Eurostat data20, - cereals output calculated from the above as areas x yields x prices, - 2007 costs indexed on the basis of EUROSTAT price indexes (Agricultural prices and price indices21, EAA Economic Accounts for Agriculture22, and inflation rates where specific price indexes were not available23).

17 Seeds and seedlings are not allocated to permanent crops, as the corresponding item on the FADN farm

return only refers to arable crops. Young trees and bushes for a new plantation are considered to be an investment.

18 Some M.S. do not provide separate records for irrigated crops (this is the case for Italy). In this case, farm costs relating to water are allocated using the same allocation key as for farming overheads. However, this cost is allocated only to crops that are likely to be irrigated (i.e. rice, grain maize).

19 http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/prices/monthly_en.pdf. 20 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_cpp_crop&lang=en. 21 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_outa&lang=en. 22 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=aact_eaa04&lang=en. 23 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsieb060

&plugin=1.

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/prices/monthly_en.pdf

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_cpp_crop&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apri_pi05_outa&lang=en

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=aact_eaa04&lang=en

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsieb060&plugin=1

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsieb060&plugin=1


8.4. Income indicators

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8.5. Distribution of gross margins

The box-plots below illustrate the distribution (i.e. the range of values and their concentration) of gross margins with direct payments for specialised farms by Member State in 2007. The vertical axis represents the gross margin at individual farm level in €/ha. The horizontal axis indicates the Member States that were studied24. The line in the box represents the median, i.e. 50 % of the farmers have a margin lower than or equal to the median. The cross represents the average margin in the Member State. The box delimits the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3), the values separating one quarter and three quarters of the represented specialised farms respectively. Thus, 50 % of farms have margins between the levels indicated by the top and the bottom of the box. The whiskers represent the percentiles 5 (P5) and 95 (P95). Thus, the extreme 10 % values (5 % with the highest margins and 5 % with the lowest ones) are not indicated.

8.5.1 Common wheat, levels of gross margin in 2007, € / ha

24 BEL — Belgium, BGR — Bulgaria, CZE — Czech Republic, DAN — Denmark, DEU — Germany, EST

— Estonia, IRE — Ireland, ELL — Greece, ESP — Spain, FRA — France, ITA — Italy, CYP — Cyprus, LVA — Latvia, LTU — Lithuania, LUX — Luxembourg, HUN — Hungary, MLT — Malta, NED — The Netherlands, OST — Austria, POL — Poland, POR — Portugal, ROU — Romania, SVN — Slovenia, SVK — Slovakia, SUO — Finland, SVE — Sweden, UKI — United Kingdom.

- 27 -


8.5.2 Barley, levels of gross margin in 2007, € / ha

8.5.3 Grain maize, levels of gross margin in 2007, € / ha

- 28 -


8.6. Income indicators – specialist cereal farms and other types of farms

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Cerealspecialists

(1)Fieldcrops

(2)Horticulture

(3) Wine (4) Otherpermanent

crops

(5) Milk (6) Othergrazing

livestock

(7)Granivores

(8) Mixed

2005 2006 2007

Farm Net Value Added per farm in 2005-2007€ '000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Cerealspecialists

(1)Fieldcrops

(2)Horticulture


crops


livestock

(7)Granivores

(8) Mixed

2005 2006 2007

Farm Net Value Added per AWU in 2005-2007€ '000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Cerealspecialists

(1)Fieldcrops

(2)Horticulture


crops


livestock

(7)Granivores

(8) Mixed

2005 2006 2007

Farm Net Income per farm in 2005-2007€ '000

- 29 -


8.7. Detailed tables

8.7.1. Common wheat – margins

- 30 -

5

0

European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009)farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1586 1362 1334 1376 2326 2009 2297 3932Farms represented number 79742 69825 73035 68370 101850 89014 101332 204175Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 92.4 92.4 92.6 101.7 84.3 86.1 89.8 76.6Total labour input AWU 1.18 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.21 1.29 1.53Common wheat area ha 45.7 43.9 46.4 48.8 42.1 43.6 43.4 37.3 37.3 37.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4Common wheat production t 324 286 327 313 286 288 280 196 218 196Common wheat yield t / ha 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.5 5.2 5.8 5.3Common wheat price € / t 112 120 104 126 103 99 128 201 205 129Common wheat output '000 € 36.2 34.3 33.9 39.4 29.4 28.5 35.7 39.3 44.8 25.3Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2Grain maize ha 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 2.2 1.3 1.4 2.8Barley ha 10.1 10.7 10.7 11.7 8.2 7.7 9.1 7.4Oats ha 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8Rye ha 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4Total output '000 € 67.6 64.7 63.8 74.3 55.3 55.0 67.9 71.5

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 792 780 731 808 698 655 824 1053 1200 678by-products (straw) €/ha 9 11 11 10 9 7 9 9 9 9coupled direct payments €/ha 307 327 331 328 393 286 83 79 79 79other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 1 0 0 7 2 2 2Receipts per hectare €/ha 1109 1118 1072 1146 1107 948 916 1143 1291 768Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 156 171 152 179 163 144 142 218 221 146

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 328 342 315 310 294 304 327 334 365 432

including: Seeds €/ha 61 61 57 57 53 52 55 69 72 70Fertilizers €/ha 116 134 121 117 116 123 136 136 163 227

Crop protection €/ha 135 135 125 123 114 117 122 112 113 119Water €/ha 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Other specific costs €/ha 16 11 11 13 11 11 13 16 16 1Non-specific costs €/ha 258 265 245 263 244 250 282 287 310 296

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 52 54 44 44 50 61 69 74 88 79machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 78 80 71 76 64 62 71 72 74 80

Contract work €/ha 47 45 47 51 49 47 53 58 60 56Energy €/ha 11 11 9 9 9 10 11 11 13 12

Other direct costs €/ha 71 76 73 82 72 71 78 72 75 7Operating costs per hectare €/ha 586 607 560 573 538 554 609 620 675 728Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 83 93 79 89 79 84 94 118 116 138

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 191 197 177 180 154 149 172 165Total external factors €/ha 222 231 205 211 167 169 204 204 - Wages paid €/ha 71 70 59 58 48 51 60 68 - Rent paid €/ha 99 105 100 106 83 81 103 100 - Interest paid €/ha 52 56 46 47 37 37 41 35Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 332 342 314 425 268 267 287 278 - Family labour costs €/ha 212 228 210 215 179 183 207 200 - Own capital cost €/ha 120 114 104 210 89 84 80 79

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 215 184 181 246 169 109 224 442 534 -41with coupled direct payments €/ha 523 511 512 574 569 395 307 523 616 40without coupled direct payments €/t 30 28 26 38 25 16 35 84 91 -with coupled direct payments €/t 74 78 73 89 84 60 48 100 105

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -198 -244 -201 -145 -153 -209 -151 73with coupled direct payments €/ha 109 83 130 183 247 78 -68 154without coupled direct payments €/t -28 -37 -29 -23 -22 -32 -23 14with coupled direct payments €/t 15 13 18 29 36 12 -11 29

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -530 -585 -515 -571 -421 -476 -439 -206with coupled direct payments €/ha -222 -259 -184 -242 -21 -190 -356 -125without coupled direct payments €/t -75 -90 -73 -89 -62 -72 -68 -39with coupled direct payments €/t -31 -40 -26 -38 -3 -29 -55 -24

88


- 31 -

18

8

1

UE-15farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1586 1362 1334 1376 1287 1159 1418 2079Farms represented number 79742 69825 73035 68370 64349 62807 72415 113074Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 92.4 92.4 92.6 101.7 103.1 97.1 101.6 86.8Total labour input AWU 1.18 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.14 1.22 1.12Common wheat area ha 45.7 43.9 46.4 48.8 50.6 47.9 47.9 40.5 40.5 40.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4Common wheat production t 324 286 327 313 365 338 337 265 256 245Common wheat yield t / ha 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.4 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.1Common wheat price € / t 112 120 104 126 104 101 129 205 210 139Common wheat output '000 € 36.2 34.3 33.9 39.4 38.0 34.2 43.3 54.3 53.7 34.1Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4Grain maize ha 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.2Barley ha 10.1 10.7 10.7 11.7 10.5 8.8 10.4 9.4Oats ha 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.1Rye ha 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3Total output '000 € 67.6 64.7 63.8 74.3 71.6 66.3 82.3 98.8

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 792 780 731 808 750 714 904 1342 1327 843by-products (straw) €/ha 9 11 11 10 11 9 12 14 14 14coupled direct payments €/ha 307 327 331 328 327 261 75 72 72 72other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 1 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 1109 1118 1072 1146 1088 984 991 1429 1414 929Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 156 171 152 179 151 139 141 218 224 154



Crop protection €/ha 135 135 125 123 133 133 138 153 153 162Water €/ha 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1






Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 215 184 181 246 157 108 244 575 493 -56with coupled direct payments €/ha 523 511 512 574 484 369 320 647 566 17without coupled direct payments €/t 30 28 26 38 22 15 35 88 78 -with coupled direct payments €/t 74 78 73 89 67 52 46 99 89 3



9


- 32 -

4

UE-10farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.54%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1039 850 879 1451Farms represented number 37501 26207 28917 45125Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 52.0 59.7 60.1 58.8Total labour input AWU 1.17 1.37 1.48 1.53Common wheat area ha 27.5 33.3 32.2 29.4 29.4 29.4 in which irrigated area ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2Common wheat production t 152 168 138 138 151 143Common wheat yield t / ha 5.5 5.1 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.9Common wheat price € / t 97 89 122 196 209 120Common wheat output '000 € 14.7 15.0 16.9 27.1 31.7 17.2Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 2.5 1.4 1.6 2.4Barley ha 4.2 4.9 5.8 5.8Oats ha 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5Rye ha 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2Oth.cereals ha 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8Total output '000 € 27.3 27.8 32.0 50.1

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 535 452 525 920 1076 585by-products (straw) €/ha 2 1 1 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/ha 101 83 59other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 28 14 14 14Receipts per hectare €/ha 667 536 585 936 1091 601Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 121 106 136 199 212 123

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 196 201 223 295 325 384

including: Seeds €/ha 39 38 44 63 69 63Fertilizers €/ha 93 99 109 141 160 223

Crop protection €/ha 56 60 65 84 88 90Water €/ha 0 0 0 0 0

Other specific costs €/ha 7 5 5 7 8 7Non-specific costs €/ha 135 140 156 222 241 231

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 53 63 70 88 100 96machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 23 27 32 53 55 55

Contract work €/ha 33 26 27 37 39 37Energy €/ha 5 6 7 9 10 9

Other direct costs €/ha 21 19 20 34 36 3Operating costs per hectare €/ha 331 342 379 517 566 615Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 60 68 88 110 110 126

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 82 91 98 131Total external factors €/ha 58 61 67 101 - Wages paid €/ha 26 27 33 52 - Rent paid €/ha 20 20 21 32 - Interest paid €/ha 12 14 14 16Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 107 113 141 160 - Family labour costs €/ha 68 75 92 113 - Own capital cost €/ha 39 37 49 46

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 206 111 147 405 512 -28with coupled direct payments €/ha 336 194 206 419 526 -14without coupled direct payments €/t 37 22 34 86 100 -6with coupled direct payments €/t 61 38 48 89 102 -3

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 66 -41 -18 174with coupled direct payments €/ha 196 42 41 188without coupled direct payments €/t 12 -8 -4 37with coupled direct payments €/t 35 8 10 40

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -41 -153 -158 14with coupled direct payments €/ha 89 -70 -99 28without coupled direct payments €/t -7 -30 -37 3with coupled direct payments €/t 16 -14 -23 6


UE-2farms specialised in the production of common wheat: % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 402Farms represented number 45976Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 68.7Total labour input AWU 2.57Common wheat area ha 37.2 37.2 37.2 in which irrigated area ha 0.3Common wheat production t 80 199 138Common wheat yield t / ha 2.1 5.3 3.7Common wheat price € / t 178 191 112Common wheat output '000 € 14.2 38.0 15.4Durum wheat ha 0.0Grain maize ha 7.1Barley ha 4.1Oats ha 0.2Rye ha 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1Total output '000 € 25.4

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 382 1021 414by-products (straw) €/ha 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 383 1022 415Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 178 191 112

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 150 162 190

including: Seeds €/ha 57 59 61Fertilizers €/ha 53 62 87

Crop protection €/ha 26 26 28Water €/ha 1 1 1

Other specific costs €/ha 13 14 13Non-specific costs €/ha 120 135 133

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 52 61 61machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 19 21 22

Contract work €/ha 30 32 30Energy €/ha 5 6 6

Other direct costs €/ha 13 15 14Operating costs per hectare €/ha 270 297 322Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 125 56 87

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 49Total external factors €/ha 132 - Wages paid €/ha 61 - Rent paid €/ha 63 - Interest paid €/ha 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 82 - Family labour costs €/ha 73 - Own capital cost €/ha 9

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 114 725 92with coupled direct payments €/ha 114 725 92without coupled direct payments €/t 53 135 25with coupled direct payments €/t 53 135 25

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -68with coupled direct payments €/ha -67without coupled direct payments €/t -31with coupled direct payments €/t -31

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -149with coupled direct payments €/ha -149without coupled direct payments €/t -69with coupled direct payments €/t -69

- 33 -


Belgiumfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.48%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 19Farms represented number 1031Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 55.6Total labour input AWU 1.00Common wheat area ha 24.6 24.6 24.6 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 193 217 229Common wheat yield t / ha 7.8 8.8 9.3Common wheat price € / t 226 235 157Common wheat output '000 € 43.6 51.1 36.0Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 1.1Barley ha 2.1Oats ha 0.4Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 90.8

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 1772 2079 1465by-products (straw) €/ha 73 73 73coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1846 2152 1539Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 235 244 165



Crop protection €/ha 170 175 179Water €/ha







Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 596with coupled direct payments €/ha 596without coupled direct payments €/t 76with coupled direct payments €/t 76

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 188with coupled direct payments €/ha 188without coupled direct payments €/t 24with coupled direct payments €/t 24

- 34 -


Bulgariafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.55%)


Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 399 722 303by-products (straw) €/ha 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 401 724 305Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 188 192 106








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 44Total external factors €/ha 143 - Wages paid €/ha 55 - Rent paid €/ha 80 - Interest paid €/ha 9Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha -7 - Family labour costs €/ha 7 - Own capital cost €/ha -14




- 35 -


- 36 -

0

Czech Republicfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.51%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 93 64 110 217Farms represented number 1235 1068 1538 3147Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 142.6 113.7 121.8 103.7Total labour input AWU 2.37 1.77 2.20 1.88Common wheat area ha 76.9 63.2 64.7 54.9 54.9 54.9 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 436 309 326 255 314 287Common wheat yield t / ha 5.7 4.9 5.0 4.6 5.7 5.2Common wheat price € / t 96 92 118 194 238 131Common wheat output '000 € 41.7 28.6 38.5 49.5 74.5 37.6Durum wheat ha 0.0Grain maize ha 4.8 2.1 5.4 8.1Barley ha 21.2 19.4 18.7 14.7Oats ha 2.1 1.7 0.7 0.8Rye ha 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.4Total output '000 € 83.0 57.9 77.7 92.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 542 452 596 902 1358 686by-products (straw) €/ha 2 1 1 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 544 453 596 904 1360 688Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 96 93 118 194 238 131



Crop protection €/ha 70 64 77 108 115 118Water €/ha






Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 179 94 144 313 729 36with coupled direct payments €/ha 179 94 144 313 729 36without coupled direct payments €/t 32 19 29 67 128 7with coupled direct payments €/t 32 19 29 67 128 7

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 12 -47 -61 47with coupled direct payments €/ha 12 -47 -61 47without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -10 -12 10with coupled direct payments €/t 2 -10 -12 10

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -79 -166 -199 -122with coupled direct payments €/ha -79 -166 -199 -122without coupled direct payments €/t -14 -34 -40 -26with coupled direct payments €/t -14 -34 -40 -26


- 37 -

8

8

Denmarkfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.55%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 91 100 85 112 113 88 89 133Farms represented number 4527 4482 3346 4245 4495 3631 3066 4124Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 44.9 44.6 46.7 51.2 50.9 54.2 66.1 62.7Total labour input AWU 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.66Common wheat area ha 25.0 24.8 27.3 28.4 27.8 33.2 40.3 32.8 32.8 32.8 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 192 201 202 200 184 230 274 211 252 260Common wheat yield t / ha 7.7 8.1 7.4 7.0 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.4 7.7 7.9Common wheat price € / t 110 113 99 122 112 102 125 210 240 149Common wheat output '000 € 21.1 22.8 20.0 24.4 20.6 23.5 34.3 44.3 60.5 38.8Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 8.4 8.8 8.7 9.3 8.7 8.3 9.5 11.3Oats ha 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.8Rye ha 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.2 0.2Total output '000 € 37.9 41.3 35.7 46.1 38.5 42.6 60.9 81.7

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 845 916 735 861 738 708 851 1351 1845 1184by-products (straw) €/ha 13 22 27 22 17 29 18 18 18 1coupled direct payments €/ha 302 324 319 320 321other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1160 1262 1080 1203 1076 737 869 1369 1863 1203Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 152 156 146 171 163 106 128 212 242 152



Crop protection €/ha 87 82 91 95 88 82 87 102 121 120Water €/ha






Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 254 295 106 245 106 106 244 572 981 257with coupled direct payments €/ha 556 619 425 565 427 106 244 572 981 257without coupled direct payments €/t 33 36 14 35 16 15 36 89 128 3with coupled direct payments €/t 73 76 57 80 65 15 36 89 128 32

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -365 -405 -561 -419 -511 -497 -417 -214with coupled direct payments €/ha -62 -81 -242 -99 -191 -497 -417 -214without coupled direct payments €/t -48 -50 -76 -59 -77 -72 -61 -33with coupled direct payments €/t -8 -10 -33 -14 -29 -72 -61 -33


2


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3

8

1

Germanyfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.49%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 188 167 140 184 161 158 239 404Farms represented number 4253 4399 3519 4813 3797 3773 5910 8894Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 165.3 138.2 157.2 137.0 172.6 188.2 174.7 174.8Total labour input AWU 2.00 1.82 1.77 1.65 1.81 1.87 1.76 1.88Common wheat area ha 82.5 69.6 81.7 69.4 87.8 100.4 85.6 81.8 81.8 81.8 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 611 552 567 474 699 766 637 558 667 644Common wheat yield t / ha 7.4 7.9 6.9 6.8 8.0 7.6 7.4 6.8 8.2 7.9Common wheat price € / t 124 120 108 129 104 102 136 227 231 146Common wheat output '000 € 75.6 66.3 61.2 61.2 72.4 78.1 86.6 126.5 154.1 93.9Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2Grain maize ha 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.9 2.1Barley ha 21.9 15.8 15.1 15.5 17.4 19.7 22.2 23.3Oats ha 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.0Rye ha 3.4 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.8 1.5 1.2 2.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.1 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.8Total output '000 € 153.4 136.5 125.2 123.8 155.0 160.7 182.2 241.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 916 952 750 882 825 778 1012 1547 1884 1148by-products (straw) €/ha 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3coupled direct payments €/ha 330 363 358 363 354other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1247 1317 1110 1247 1181 780 1014 1550 1888 1151Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 169 166 160 182 148 102 136 227 231 146









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 281 322 134 258 235 166 305 560 947 -2with coupled direct payments €/ha 611 685 492 621 590 166 305 560 947 -2without coupled direct payments €/t 38 41 19 38 30 22 41 82 116with coupled direct payments €/t 83 86 71 91 74 22 41 82 116 0

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -182 -133 -293 -164 -171 -231 -124 44with coupled direct payments €/ha 148 230 65 199 183 -231 -124 44without coupled direct payments €/t -25 -17 -42 -24 -22 -30 -17 6with coupled direct payments €/t 20 29 9 29 23 -30 -17 6


0


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1

6

11

Greecefarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 45 36 31 16 18 20 37 50Farms represented number 3142 2496 4278 1149 990 1549 3662 7304Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 22.7 21.7 15.7 29.9 39.5 25.6 26.4 19.8Total labour input AWU 0.85 0.77 0.92 0.98 1.15 1.03 0.88 0.70Common wheat area ha 14.3 12.8 8.9 17.3 20.2 16.3 14.4 13.3 13.3 13.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5Common wheat production t 38 44 27 47 76 54 37 43 53 5Common wheat yield t / ha 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.7 3.3 2.6 3.2 4.0 3.9Common wheat price € / t 145 158 134 150 147 124 136 217 219 137Common wheat output '000 € 5.5 6.9 3.6 7.0 11.1 6.7 5.1 9.2 11.7 7.0Durum wheat ha 4.7 4.7 2.5 5.3 6.6 4.5 5.0 0.9Grain maize ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2Barley ha 1.2 0.6 0.1 2.4 4.2 1.2 0.7 0.5Oats ha 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1Total output '000 € 9.7 12.0 7.0 12.2 17.3 9.6 8.0 12.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 386 540 408 405 549 412 352 697 882 526by-products (straw) €/ha 1coupled direct payments €/ha 138 150 154 152 153 155other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 16 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 540 691 562 557 702 567 352 697 882 526Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 203 202 184 207 188 171 136 217 219 137



Crop protection €/ha 32 36 29 39 46 40 47 40 43 43Water €/ha 0




Other direct costs €/ha 4 3 2 0 6 9 36 11 11Operating costs per hectare €/ha 296 313 267 302 371 376 420 419 475 486Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 111 91 88 112 99 113 162 131 118 126

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 105 120 175 125 192 181 208 208Total external factors €/ha 82 78 62 95 198 144 151 130 - Wages paid €/ha 9 4 7 9 13 9 5 2 - Rent paid €/ha 68 74 55 86 181 134 144 126 - Interest paid €/ha 5 0 3 0 2 1Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 221 238 427 220 317 313 315 347 - Family labour costs €/ha 156 162 283 162 230 289 267 252 - Own capital cost €/ha 65 77 144 58 87 24 48 94

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 91 228 141 103 178 36 -68 278 408 40with coupled direct payments €/ha 245 378 296 255 331 191 -68 278 408 40without coupled direct payments €/t 34 67 46 38 48 11 -26 87 101 10with coupled direct payments €/t 92 111 97 95 89 58 -26 87 101 10

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -96 29 -95 -117 -212 -289 -426 -60with coupled direct payments €/ha 58 180 59 35 -59 -134 -426 -60without coupled direct payments €/t -36 9 -31 -43 -57 -87 -164 -19with coupled direct payments €/t 22 53 19 13 -16 -40 -164 -19



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3

21

Spain farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 249 209 208 173 165 125 140 257Farms represented number 16627 14985 16987 12849 9840 8742 9745 29843Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 62.7 55.0 58.8 78.3 78.5 64.7 64.7 31.9Total labour input AWU 0.93 0.99 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.78Common wheat area ha 30.6 27.4 28.6 35.2 35.6 29.1 29.1 17.7 17.7 17.7 in which irrigated area ha 2.9 3.4 3.4 1.4 1.1 1.7 3.3 1.1Common wheat production t 111 77 95 109 119 68 97 67 78 59Common wheat yield t / ha 3.6 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.3 3.4 3.8 4.4 3.3Common wheat price € / t 120 142 129 130 135 133 143 194 203 141Common wheat output '000 € 13.3 10.9 12.3 14.3 16.0 9.1 13.9 12.9 15.7 8.3Durum wheat ha 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2Grain maize ha 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1Barley ha 13.0 10.5 12.7 19.0 17.5 14.7 16.4 5.9Oats ha 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.4Rye ha 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1Total output '000 € 22.6 17.5 19.9 25.8 29.7 16.2 25.0 19.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 435 398 430 405 449 312 479 731 892 472by-products (straw) €/ha 6 7 5 10 12 4 5 7 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 163 182 187 168 166 172 43 32 32 32other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 604 587 621 583 626 488 527 770 930 510Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 167 209 187 188 188 209 157 204 212 153






Contract work €/ha 29 29 32 29 26 34 35 53 55 54Energy €/ha 4 2 3 2 5 12 5 2 2




Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 92 37 55 98 142 -47 52 254with coupled direct payments €/ha 254 219 242 266 308 126 96 286without coupled direct payments €/t 25 13 17 31 43 -20 16 67with coupled direct payments €/t 70 78 73 86 92 54 29 76

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -208 -322 -273 -172 -115 -355 -369 -351with coupled direct payments €/ha -45 -140 -86 -4 50 -183 -326 -320without coupled direct payments €/t -57 -115 -82 -55 -35 -152 -110 -93with coupled direct payments €/t -12 -50 -26 -1 15 -78 -97 -85


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7

8

Estoniafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 22 17 21 24Farms represented number 144 105 155 266Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 228.2 209.6 253.2 191.2Total labour input AWU 1.96 1.66 1.92 1.83Common wheat area ha 96.5 109.7 123.4 74.9 74.9 74.9 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 268 340 318 261 213 196Common wheat yield t / ha 2.8 3.1 2.6 3.5 2.8 2.6Common wheat price € / t 108 98 111 184 183 114Common wheat output '000 € 28.8 33.4 35.5 48.0 39.0 22.5Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 42.8 32.5 41.0 28.5Oats ha 3.1 6.0 5.8 11.7Rye ha 2.5 2.2 4.1 5.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2Total output '000 € 58.6 70.4 68.3 92.4

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 299 304 288 641 521 300by-products (straw) €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 36 36 36Receipts per hectare €/ha 299 304 288 677 558 336Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 108 98 111 194 196 128










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -94 -4 -48 149with coupled direct payments €/ha -94 -4 -48 186without coupled direct payments €/t -34 -1 -19 43with coupled direct payments €/t -34 -1 -19 53

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -135 -45 -99 72with coupled direct payments €/ha -135 -45 -99 109without coupled direct payments €/t -49 -14 -38 21with coupled direct payments €/t -49 -14 -38 31


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7

0

9

8

Francefarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 524 447 471 388 403 342 441 583Farms represented number 23069 20997 21832 18546 20976 19014 23782 29829Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 114.9 112.7 111.8 113.6 111.3 106.2 112.8 114.3Total labour input AWU 1.29 1.22 1.36 1.37 1.29 1.28 1.30 1.32Common wheat area ha 54.0 50.8 53.5 52.8 52.4 50.4 51.6 50.2 50.2 50.2 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 411 357 414 339 405 363 363 349 382 401Common wheat yield t / ha 7.6 7.0 7.7 6.4 7.7 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.6 8.0Common wheat price € / t 104 113 99 121 98 95 122 191 176 119Common wheat output '000 € 42.8 40.2 41.0 41.1 39.6 34.6 44.1 66.6 67.2 47.7Durum wheat ha 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0Grain maize ha 4.0 3.8 4.4 3.4 5.1 3.1 3.2 2.7Barley ha 10.3 13.2 12.1 11.4 9.8 9.4 10.9 12.7Oats ha 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.8Total output '000 € 85.0 80.4 81.2 83.0 79.4 70.6 87.6 129.8

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 794 790 765 779 756 686 855 1326 1338 949by-products (straw) €/ha 4 6 5 6 7 3 3 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 324 353 369 368 365 350 89 88 88 88other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1122 1149 1139 1152 1127 1039 947 1421 1433 1044Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 147 164 147 179 146 144 135 205 189 131




Other specific costs €/ha 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Non-specific costs €/ha 243 249 234 241 249 250 288 330 357 343





Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 194 147 191 208 171 91 207 591 520 46with coupled direct payments €/ha 517 500 560 575 536 442 295 679 607 134without coupled direct payments €/t 25 21 25 32 22 13 29 85 68with coupled direct payments €/t 68 71 72 90 69 61 42 98 80 17



6


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3

Hungaryfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 208 127 96 194Farms represented number 10732 3926 4187 9023Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 43.8 77.4 59.9 55.2Total labour input AWU 0.60 0.90 0.79 0.92Common wheat area ha 23.4 42.4 30.8 27.6 27.6 27.6 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 128 185 123 101 154 119Common wheat yield t / ha 5.5 4.4 4.0 3.7 5.6 4.3Common wheat price € / t 95 83 103 190 179 109Common wheat output '000 € 12.2 15.4 12.7 19.3 27.6 13.0Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 5.6 4.5 4.1 6.7Barley ha 2.8 3.1 2.8 3.3Oats ha 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2Rye ha 0.1 0.3 0.2Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.4Total output '000 € 23.2 28.6 23.9 37.8

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 521 364 412 697 998 470by-products (straw) €/ha 4 1 1 3 3 3coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 46 46 46Receipts per hectare €/ha 525 365 413 745 1047 518Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 96 83 104 204 188 120










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -4 -110 -108 -47with coupled direct payments €/ha -4 -110 -108 -2without coupled direct payments €/t -1 -25 -27 -13with coupled direct payments €/t -1 -25 -27 0



Irelandfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15Farms represented number 684Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 96.6Total labour input AWU 0.94Common wheat area ha 46.1 46.1 46.1 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 369 382 250Common wheat yield t / ha 8.0 8.3 5.4Common wheat price € / t 221 218 145Common wheat output '000 € 81.5 83.4 36.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 11.3Oats ha 5.1Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2Total output '000 € 128.8










Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 1005 989 -25with coupled direct payments €/ha 1005 989 -25without coupled direct payments €/t 125 119 -5with coupled direct payments €/t 125 119 -5


Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 150with coupled direct payments €/ha 150without coupled direct payments €/t 19with coupled direct payments €/t 19

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1

9

9

0

2

Italyfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 86 82 63 69 65 112 108 171Farms represented number 11364 6980 6194 7087 6213 9971 9305 10446Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 9.7 12.0 12.9 15.4 12.2 13.0 15.5 19.2Total labour input AWU 0.70 0.75 0.82 0.91 0.90 0.76 1.03 0.86Common wheat area ha 5.7 7.3 8.5 9.8 8.0 8.2 9.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 in which irrigated area ha 1.3 1.4 0.6 1.3 1.3Common wheat production t 33 36 44 54 47 48 55 61 65 6Common wheat yield t / ha 5.8 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7Common wheat price € / t 156 149 142 149 131 139 147 219 246 163Common wheat output '000 € 5.2 5.5 6.3 8.0 6.2 6.6 8.1 13.4 15.9 9.9Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2Grain maize ha 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.9Barley ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.7Oats ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2Total output '000 € 9.1 9.4 10.6 13.1 10.6 11.8 13.7 23.6




Crop protection €/ha 50 47 46 73 60 50 52 67 71 74Water €/ha 0 4 4 4 4







Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 37 -87 -56 -235 56 -3 -169 201with coupled direct payments €/ha 305 211 269 42 340 -3 -169 201without coupled direct payments €/t 6 -17 -11 -43 9 -1 -29 35with coupled direct payments €/t 52 42 51 8 58 -1 -29 35



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2

Lithuaniafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 241 196 140 205Farms represented number 2323 2269 2455 3238Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 115.4 101.4 103.2 104.3Total labour input AWU 1.98 1.68 1.78 1.79Common wheat area ha 55.6 52.5 51.1 47.8 47.8 47.8 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 285 260 156 229 220 206Common wheat yield t / ha 5.1 5.0 3.1 4.8 4.6 4.3Common wheat price € / t 95 83 114 181 190 114Common wheat output '000 € 27.0 21.5 17.9 41.5 41.8 23.4Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 15.9 14.5 16.9 17.8Oats ha 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.3Rye ha 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2Oth.cereals ha 2.1 1.8 3.3 2.6Total output '000 € 49.2 38.6 33.3 72.1

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 486 409 350 869 875 489by-products (straw) €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 41 41 41Receipts per hectare €/ha 486 409 350 909 915 530Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 95 83 114 190 199 123










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 117 44 -19 297with coupled direct payments €/ha 117 44 -19 338without coupled direct payments €/t 23 9 -6 62with coupled direct payments €/t 23 9 -6 71

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 53 -30 -91 210with coupled direct payments €/ha 53 -30 -91 250without coupled direct payments €/t 10 -6 -30 44with coupled direct payments €/t 10 -6 -30 52


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8

Latviafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 73 70 79 122Farms represented number 520 487 547 1159Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 258.4 227.6 307.9 222.9Total labour input AWU 3.26 2.66 3.56 2.78Common wheat area ha 136.0 125.1 168.8 115.6 115.6 115.6 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 550 513 578 479 428 394Common wheat yield t / ha 4.0 4.1 3.4 4.1 3.7 3.4Common wheat price € / t 104 90 120 183 188 122Common wheat output '000 € 57.2 46.0 69.2 87.6 80.6 48.0Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 24.7 24.4 34.0 25.4Oats ha 3.4 1.7 2.0 3.0Rye ha 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.0Oth.cereals ha 2.4 1.3 1.5 1.1Total output '000 € 104.3 88.5 126.3 142.4

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 420 368 410 758 697 415by-products (straw) €/ha 0 1 1 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 421 369 411 759 698 416Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 104 90 120 183 188 122













Austriafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.46%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 17 29Farms represented number 629 877Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 54.6 67.6Total labour input AWU 0.62 0.87Common wheat area ha 23.3 27.5 27.5 27.5 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 129 123 144 126Common wheat yield t / ha 5.5 4.5 5.2 4.6Common wheat price € / t 112 209 251 156Common wheat output '000 € 14.5 25.8 36.2 19.6Durum wheat ha 0.2Grain maize ha 2.6 4.1Barley ha 6.3 7.4Oats ha 0.2Rye ha 0.2 0.9Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.9 2.3Total output '000 € 31.6 55.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 622 937 1314 711by-products (straw) €/ha 1 6 6 6coupled direct payments €/ha 327other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 950 943 1319 716Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 171 210 252 157

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 172 225 248 330

including: Seeds €/ha 59 75 83 86Fertilizers €/ha 71 94 108 179

Crop protection €/ha 42 51 53 61Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 0 5 5 5Non-specific costs €/ha 223 316 338 321

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 53 83 95 79machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 53 83 88 87

Contract work €/ha 73 75 77 78Energy €/ha 3 6 7 6

Other direct costs €/ha 41 68 70 70Operating costs per hectare €/ha 395 541 586 650Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 71 121 112 143

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 171 256Total external factors €/ha 150 171 - Wages paid €/ha 2 7 - Rent paid €/ha 125 135 - Interest paid €/ha 24 28Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 275 378 - Family labour costs €/ha 163 203 - Own capital cost €/ha 112 175

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 227 402 733 66with coupled direct payments €/ha 554 402 733 66without coupled direct payments €/t 41 90 140 14with coupled direct payments €/t 100 90 140 14

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -94 -25with coupled direct payments €/ha 233 -25without coupled direct payments €/t -17 -6with coupled direct payments €/t 42 -6

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -369 -403with coupled direct payments €/ha -42 -403without coupled direct payments €/t -66 -90with coupled direct payments €/t -8 -90

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3

Polandfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.54%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 381 359 422 665Farms represented number 22314 18188 19865 27802Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 37.6 41.3 41.6 40.2Total labour input AWU 1.24 1.37 1.47 1.57Common wheat area ha 20.3 23.8 23.1 20.5 20.5 20.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3Common wheat production t 121 133 111 110 105 106Common wheat yield t / ha 6.0 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.2Common wheat price € / t 98 93 130 204 220 123Common wheat output '000 € 11.9 12.3 14.4 22.5 23.0 13.1Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7Barley ha 1.8 2.5 3.1 2.9Oats ha 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4Rye ha 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2Oth.cereals ha 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8Total output '000 € 21.6 22.3 27.1 42.3

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 585 516 623 1099 1121 639by-products (straw) €/ha 2 0 1 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 65Receipts per hectare €/ha 651 516 623 1102 1123 642Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 109 93 130 205 220 124










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 129 -23 41 321with coupled direct payments €/ha 194 -23 41 321without coupled direct payments €/t 22 -4 9 60with coupled direct payments €/t 32 -4 9 60



Romaniafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.57%)














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9

Finlandfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 24 31 32 47 47 46 45 57Farms represented number 1408 1978 2382 3670 3306 3141 3070 4044Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 68.6 62.3 61.3 54.7 61.7 56.9 59.9 62.5Total labour input AWU 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.71 0.73 0.65 0.60 0.65Common wheat area ha 36.4 30.8 31.5 27.5 31.1 26.0 28.8 29.3 29.3 29.3 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 167 122 121 104 116 105 110 125 112 128Common wheat yield t / ha 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.8 4.3 3.8 4.4Common wheat price € / t 126 130 130 121 106 89 121 209 254 151Common wheat output '000 € 21.0 15.9 15.7 12.6 12.3 9.3 13.3 26.2 28.5 19.3Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 10.4 11.2 9.4 7.6 9.3 10.6 7.9 10.0Oats ha 1.6 3.0 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.6 2.4 1.6Rye ha 4.7 1.3 2.2 1.0 1.4 0.4 1.9 2.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2Oth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 35.5 26.7 26.9 21.4 21.2 17.1 24.1 44.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 578 517 499 457 395 359 463 895 975 659by-products (straw) €/ha 0 1 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 260 262 258 246 261 251other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 838 780 757 703 656 609 463 895 975 659Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 183 196 197 185 175 152 121 209 254 151









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 41 -65 -79 -107 -172 -254 -129 219 246 -90with coupled direct payments €/ha 301 196 179 138 89 -3 -129 219 246 -90without coupled direct payments €/t 9 -16 -21 -28 -46 -63 -34 51 64 -21with coupled direct payments €/t 66 49 47 37 24 -1 -34 51 64 -21

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -253 -436 -459 -543 -592 -675 -549 -227with coupled direct payments €/ha 7 -174 -200 -297 -331 -425 -549 -227without coupled direct payments €/t -55 -110 -119 -143 -158 -168 -144 -53with coupled direct payments €/t 2 -44 -52 -78 -88 -106 -144 -53



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4

5

4

Swedenfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.52%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 47 52 37 39 35 33 33 61Farms represented number 2270 2728 2277 2182 1617 1835 1728 2579Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 100.6 89.1 96.3 91.2 88.4 95.6 114.0 127.5Total labour input AWU 0.76 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.62 0.81 0.79 0.88Common wheat area ha 43.5 39.5 41.9 44.2 36.3 43.1 46.2 52.3 52.3 52.3 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 254 218 249 237 206 295 274 324 312 309Common wheat yield t / ha 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.4 5.7 6.8 5.9 6.2 6.0 5.9Common wheat price € / t 108 108 102 108 96 95 108 220 254 166Common wheat output '000 € 27.3 23.5 25.4 25.6 19.7 28.1 29.6 71.2 79.3 51.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haBarley ha 10.4 7.2 9.8 6.5 9.7 11.7 10.8 16.6Oats ha 12.1 10.2 9.8 11.9 9.3 8.1 11.3 10.2Rye ha 2.9 2.3 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.2 4.8 3.7Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2Oth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 53.1 43.2 46.7 51.0 39.6 55.9 58.8 135.6

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 627 595 606 579 542 651 640 1363 1517 979by-products (straw) €/ha 2 3 1 2 1 2 0 4 4coupled direct payments €/ha 260 283 287 290 281other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 889 882 895 871 824 653 641 1367 1521 983Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 153 160 150 163 146 95 108 220 254 167








Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 264 285 249 204 204 173 159 186Total external factors €/ha 201 202 221 154 129 136 166 288 - Wages paid €/ha 58 33 26 6 2 3 46 - Rent paid €/ha 73 70 106 96 63 85 109 187 - Interest paid €/ha 71 99 89 58 59 49 54 56Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 418 331 330 302 432 395 368 375 - Family labour costs €/ha 213 219 221 210 270 290 275 268 - Own capital cost €/ha 205 112 109 92 162 105 92 107

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 37 -5 36 59 -6 57 -4 580 628 95with coupled direct payments €/ha 297 278 324 350 275 57 -4 580 628 95without coupled direct payments €/t 6 -1 6 11 -1 8 -1 93 105 16with coupled direct payments €/t 51 50 54 65 49 8 -1 93 105 16

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -428 -492 -433 -299 -339 -252 -329 105with coupled direct payments €/ha -168 -208 -146 -8 -58 -252 -329 105without coupled direct payments €/t -73 -89 -73 -56 -60 -37 -56 17with coupled direct payments €/t -29 -38 -24 -2 -10 -37 -56 17



Slovakiafarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 20 16 22Farms represented number 153 124 205Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 201.2 199.6 320.5Total labour input AWU 2.26 2.28 5.32Common wheat area ha 109.0 100.1 131.3 131.3 131.3 in which irrigated area ha 15.8Common wheat production t 507 468 456 592 525Common wheat yield t / ha 4.6 4.7 3.5 4.5 4.0Common wheat price € / t 89 83 180 200 113Common wheat output '000 € 45.1 38.6 82.1 118.7 59.3Durum wheat ha 0.7Grain maize ha 21.5 8.5 18.3Barley ha 28.0 30.1 40.7Oats ha 0.6 2.2Rye ha 0.3 1.7Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.7 3.6 4.4Total output '000 € 94.4 80.3 154.0

Receipts from common wheat (average per farm):grain €/ha 413 386 625 904 452by-products (straw) €/ha 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 413 386 626 905 452Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 89 83 180 201 113

Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 219 189 267 293 292

including: Seeds €/ha 50 43 82 91 88Fertilizers €/ha 46 81 97 109 104

Crop protection €/ha 40 65 68 71 75Water €/ha 0 0 0

Other specific costs €/ha 83 20 21 25Non-specific costs €/ha 164 237 225 240 242

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 31 42 68 76 61machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 36 41 36 36 38

Contract work €/ha 41 112 59 61 71Energy €/ha 8 3 13 15 12

Other direct costs €/ha 48 39 50 52 60Operating costs per hectare €/ha 383 426 492 533 534Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 82 91 142 118 133

Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production:Depreciation €/ha 25 60 158Total external factors €/ha 62 61 168 - Wages paid €/ha 22 14 122 - Rent paid €/ha 36 40 37 - Interest paid €/ha 3 7 9Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 21 49 70 - Family labour costs €/ha 25 43 43 - Own capital cost €/ha -3 6 27

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 31 -41 134 371 -81with coupled direct payments €/ha 31 -41 134 371 -81without coupled direct payments €/t 7 -9 39 82 -20with coupled direct payments €/t 7 -9 39 82 -20

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -56 -162 -192with coupled direct payments €/ha -56 -162 -192without coupled direct payments €/t -12 -35 -55with coupled direct payments €/t -12 -35 -55

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -77 -210 -261with coupled direct payments €/ha -77 -210 -261without coupled direct payments €/t -17 -45 -75with coupled direct payments €/t -17 -45 -75

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6

2

United Kingdomfarms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 293 205 233 306 238 204 228 284Farms represented number 11208 9176 10611 11813 11206 9416 9592 12552Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 190.2 199.9 182.6 187.7 182.1 211.4 209.7 198.4Total labour input AWU 1.99 1.90 1.70 1.67 1.60 1.69 1.82 1.75Common wheat area ha 98.1 93.6 94.6 88.7 93.7 103.3 97.1 89.4 89.4 89.4 in which irrigated area haCommon wheat production t 826 687 811 716 771 870 847 702 760 728Common wheat yield t / ha 8.4 7.3 8.6 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.7 7.9 8.5 8.1Common wheat price € / t 112 125 100 126 104 102 131 206 217 144Common wheat output '000 € 92.4 85.8 81.5 90.3 80.5 88.8 110.7 144.6 165.2 104.8Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2Grain maize ha 0.1 0.4 0.3Barley ha 15.0 16.4 14.9 13.8 11.2 8.2 11.6 11.1Oats ha 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.1 3.4 3.8Rye ha 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0Total output '000 € 163.5 154.7 150.5 163.3 139.0 166.3 195.6 247.0













2


8.7.2. Barley – margins

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35

5

50

European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009)farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 983 929 907 868 1169 1017 1213 1670Farms represented number 67597 63489 64106 62523 83361 77102 90606 106166Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 63.4 64.6 68.3 67.1 61.6 58.4 62.9 63.6Total labour input AWU 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0Barley area ha 37.6 37.2 39.8 37.9 34.7 33.3 35.2 34.5 34.5 34.5 in which irrigated area ha 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.5Barley production t 139 112 122 130 128 80 109 132 135 114Barley yield t / ha 3.7 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.7 2.4 3.1 3.8 3.9 3.3Barley price € / t 113 122 112 118 118 118 129 183 187 121Barley output '000 € 15.7 13.7 13.7 15.3 15.1 9.4 14.1 24.0 25.2 13.9Common wheat ha 5.8 4.8 5.9 5.4 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.2Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4Grain maize ha 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3Oats ha 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9Rye ha 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2Total output '000 € 25.0 22.4 22.2 24.6 24.3 15.0 22.3 37.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 418 369 344 403 437 283 400 697 732 402by-products (straw) €/ha 7 7 5 7 10 9 8 10 10 10coupled direct payments €/ha 174 184 180 185 186 182 43 48 48 48other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0 1 1 1 1Receipts per hectare €/ha 599 559 529 596 634 474 451 757 791 462Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 162 186 172 174 172 198 146 198 202 139

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 135 149 141 138 142 138 134 168 189 200







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 67 69 68 77 69 72 72 115Total external factors €/ha 92 93 89 80 74 75 74 83 - Wages paid €/ha 24 27 25 19 21 15 16 22 - Rent paid €/ha 49 46 48 44 40 44 47 44 - Interest paid €/ha 20 20 15 17 13 16 12 17Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 282 287 262 305 340 313 320 367 - Family labour costs €/ha 184 193 174 206 217 221 226 252 - Own capital cost €/ha 98 93 87 99 124 92 94 115


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 8 -64 -65 -16 26 -136 -13 164with coupled direct payments €/ha 183 120 115 169 213 46 30 213without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -21 -21 -5 7 -57 -4 43with coupled direct payments €/t 49 40 37 49 58 19 10 56



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35

6

51

EU-15farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 983 929 907 868 993 796 1013 1393Farms represented number 67597 63489 64106 62523 76109 67495 79288 89710Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 63.4 64.6 68.3 67.1 63.6 61.4 67.0 69.5Total labour input AWU 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0Barley area ha 37.6 37.2 39.8 37.9 35.9 35.2 37.6 37.8 37.8 37.8 in which irrigated area ha 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.7Barley production t 139 112 122 130 134 81 117 146 141 118Barley yield t / ha 3.7 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.7 2.3 3.1 3.9 3.7 3.1Barley price € / t 113 122 112 118 119 121 131 183 189 125Barley output '000 € 15.7 13.7 13.7 15.3 15.9 9.8 15.2 26.8 26.6 14.8Common wheat ha 5.8 4.8 5.9 5.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.2Durum wheat ha 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.5Grain maize ha 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2Oats ha 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0Rye ha 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1Total output '000 € 25.0 22.4 22.2 24.6 25.4 15.5 23.8 41.7

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 418 369 344 403 444 280 405 708 705 390by-products (straw) €/ha 7 7 5 7 10 9 8 11 11 11coupled direct payments €/ha 174 184 180 185 180 173 40 44 44 44other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 599 559 529 596 634 462 453 763 760 445Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 162 186 172 174 170 200 146 198 204 143










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 8 -64 -65 -16 31 -146 -13 165with coupled direct payments €/ha 183 120 115 169 211 27 27 209without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -21 -21 -5 8 -63 -4 43with coupled direct payments €/t 49 40 37 49 57 12 9 54



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1

EU-10farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 176 221 200 265Farms represented number 7252 9607 11319 11716Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 41.2 37.6 34.0 37.1Total labour input AWU 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2Barley area ha 22.0 20.5 18.7 19.8 19.8 19.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0Barley production t 70 69 56 66 74 76Barley yield t / ha 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.8Barley price € / t 102 95 112 171 183 105Barley output '000 € 7.2 6.5 6.3 11.3 13.5 7.9Common wheat ha 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.3Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Grain maize ha 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3Oats ha 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4Rye ha 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2Oth.cereals ha 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.5Total output '000 € 12.6 11.9 11.5 20.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 326 317 336 572 685 401by-products (straw) €/ha 4 3 4 3 3 3coupled direct payments €/ha 15other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 12 18 18 18Receipts per hectare €/ha 342 335 340 593 706 423Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 107 100 114 177 188 110

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 137 134 147 178 198 227


Crop protection €/ha 27 31 31 39 40 41Water €/ha 0 0





Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 82 82 80 103Total external factors €/ha 45 37 44 48 - Wages paid €/ha 9 10 15 14 - Rent paid €/ha 28 21 23 24 - Interest paid €/ha 8 6 6 10Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 148 173 185 212 - Family labour costs €/ha 116 129 135 167 - Own capital cost €/ha 32 43 50 45





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9

Cyprusfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.66%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 34 23 17 24Farms represented number 1960 1459 805 948Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 19.5 22.4 28.9 26.9Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.8Barley area ha 17.3 15.9 24.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 in which irrigated area ha 0.2 0.9 0.7Barley production t 37 34 56 35 43 20Barley yield t / ha 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.8 2.2 1.0Barley price € / t 143 147 131 164 199 131Barley output '000 € 5.2 4.9 7.3 5.8 8.6 2.7Common wheat ha 0.0Durum wheat ha 0.3 0.6 1.2 0.9Grain maize haOats ha 0.3Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 7.3 7.6 11.3 8.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 302 310 303 292 433 134by-products (straw) €/ha 17 31 48 39 39 3coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 319 341 351 331 472 173Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 151 162 152 186 217 169



Crop protection €/ha 22 16 18 32 37 28Water €/ha 1 4

Other specific costs €/ha 1 1 0 0 0Non-specific costs €/ha 105 168 76 109 116 126






Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -191 -193 -154 -196with coupled direct payments €/ha -191 -193 -154 -196without coupled direct payments €/t -90 -92 -66 -110with coupled direct payments €/t -90 -92 -66 -110



Czech Republicfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.53%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 23Farms represented number 230 331Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 105.7 112.2Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.8Barley area ha 57.5 60.9 60.9 60.9 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 260 265 359 345Barley yield t / ha 4.5 4.3 5.9 5.7Barley price € / t 90 186 222 121Barley output '000 € 23.4 49.1 79.7 41.8Common wheat ha 26.0 24.4Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.4 0.4Oats ha 0.6 0.8Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 46.6 89.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 407 806 1308 687by-products (straw) €/ha 2 -6 -6 -6coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 409 800 1302 681Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 90 184 221 120

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 159 249 274 295

including: Seeds €/ha 49 76 89 76Fertilizers €/ha 46 80 87 118

Crop protection €/ha 64 91 97 99Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 0 1 1 1Non-specific costs €/ha 149 241 255 245

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 64 90 97 86machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 24 46 46 46

Contract work €/ha 40 45 48 49Energy €/ha 1 9 10 8

Other direct costs €/ha 20 51 54 55Operating costs per hectare €/ha 308 489 529 540Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 68 113 90 95

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 66 124Total external factors €/ha 53 79 - Wages paid €/ha 16 30 - Rent paid €/ha 31 40 - Interest paid €/ha 6 8Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 117 132 - Family labour costs €/ha 83 108 - Own capital cost €/ha 34 24

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 100 311 773 141with coupled direct payments €/ha 100 311 773 141without coupled direct payments €/t 22 72 131 25with coupled direct payments €/t 22 72 131 25

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -19 108with coupled direct payments €/ha -19 108without coupled direct payments €/t -4 25with coupled direct payments €/t -4 25


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1

Denmarkfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 69 73 74 75 60 67 68 85Farms represented number 4252 4334 3526 3712 2936 4074 3121 3548Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 35.3 32.8 35.2 31.3 31.9 26.7 36.7 35.7Total labour input AWU 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5Barley area ha 21.6 19.2 22.1 19.0 19.6 17.0 22.8 22.4 22.4 22.4 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 106 91 101 92 91 85 105 99 94 115Barley yield t / ha 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.2 5.1Barley price € / t 122 118 111 119 106 103 122 213 205 112Barley output '000 € 13.0 10.8 11.2 10.9 9.6 8.8 12.7 21.0 19.3 12.8Common wheat ha 2.8 2.9 4.5 3.4 3.3 4.1 4.7 3.6Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4Rye ha 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.4 0.3Total output '000 € 22.8 19.6 20.4 20.5 17.8 16.0 23.4 37.6

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 602 562 506 575 491 516 559 941 862 574by-products (straw) €/ha 10 7 9 8 4 9 9 12 12 12coupled direct payments €/ha 302 320 319 319 317other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 914 890 834 902 812 525 568 952 874 586Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 186 187 182 187 176 105 124 216 208 114









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 92 -31 -44 5 -95 -115 -16 277 132 -205with coupled direct payments €/ha 394 289 275 324 222 -115 -16 277 132 -205without coupled direct payments €/t 19 -6 -10 1 -21 -23 -3 63 31 -40with coupled direct payments €/t 80 61 60 67 48 -23 -3 63 31 -40




Germanyfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.49%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 19Farms represented number 519 494Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 80.0 78.8Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.3Barley area ha 35.2 35.1 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 204 179Barley yield t / ha 5.8 5.1Barley price € / t 101 125Barley output '000 € 20.7 22.3Common wheat ha 10.1 10.9Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.6 0.3Oats ha 1.1 0.1Rye ha 2.9 1.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 3.2 1.6Total output '000 € 41.3 46.6

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 587 635by-products (straw) €/ha 1 1coupled direct payments €/ha 325other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 914 636Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 158 125

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 216 271

including: Seeds €/ha 45 61Fertilizers €/ha 99 124

Crop protection €/ha 68 84Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 4 3Non-specific costs €/ha 325 343

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 82 98machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 72 78

Contract work €/ha 45 47Energy €/ha 12 14

Other direct costs €/ha 113 106Operating costs per hectare €/ha 541 613Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 93 120

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 218 191Total external factors €/ha 158 133 - Wages paid €/ha 4 2 - Rent paid €/ha 113 101 - Interest paid €/ha 41 30Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 485 429 - Family labour costs €/ha 356 331 - Own capital cost €/ha 128 98

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 48 22with coupled direct payments €/ha 373 22without coupled direct payments €/t 8 4with coupled direct payments €/t 64 4

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -328 -301with coupled direct payments €/ha -3 -301without coupled direct payments €/t -57 -59with coupled direct payments €/t 0 -59


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Greecefarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.60%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 18Farms represented number 3297Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 24.0Total labour input AWU 0.6Barley area ha 13.2 13.2 13.2 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 37 37 39Barley yield t / ha 2.8 2.8 3.0Barley price € / t 182 192 122Barley output '000 € 6.8 7.1 4.8Common wheat ha 0.9Durum wheat ha 1.8Grain maize ha 0.3Oats ha 0.7Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 11.4

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 518 540 363by-products (straw) €/ha 31 31 31coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 549 571 394Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 193 203 132

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 182 211 237







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 137Total external factors €/ha 108 - Wages paid €/ha 6 - Rent paid €/ha 102 - Interest paid €/haImputed unpaid family factors €/ha 321 - Family labour costs €/ha 246 - Own capital cost €/ha 75

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 180 154 -40with coupled direct payments €/ha 180 154 -40without coupled direct payments €/t 63 55 -14with coupled direct payments €/t 63 55 -14



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3

41

0

24

Spain farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.66%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 756 666 682 609 748 542 681 976Farms represented number 50684 44484 49235 47032 60499 50061 58181 62639Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 69.0 71.5 74.0 70.8 65.0 66.0 74.2 77.3Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1Barley area ha 41.7 42.3 43.6 40.8 37.3 38.8 42.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 in which irrigated area ha 1.7 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.8 2.4Barley production t 144 107 121 124 129 67 116 157 147 110Barley yield t / ha 3.5 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 1.7 2.7 3.6 3.4 2.5Barley price € / t 110 126 113 117 122 131 132 174 180 126Barley output '000 € 15.9 13.5 13.6 14.6 15.8 8.8 15.3 27.4 26.4 13.8Common wheat ha 6.4 5.2 6.2 5.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.5Durum wheat ha 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.6Grain maize ha 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2Oats ha 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7Rye ha 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Total output '000 € 24.0 20.8 21.0 22.3 24.0 12.7 22.4 40.6

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 381 320 312 357 424 226 362 634 612 320by-products (straw) €/ha 3 2 2 4 9 6 3 3 3coupled direct payments €/ha 146 154 158 156 156 153 35 38 38 38other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 530 476 472 516 588 385 400 675 653 361Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 154 188 171 169 170 223 146 186 192 142










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 87 19 -10 65 119 -76 50 221with coupled direct payments €/ha 233 173 148 221 275 77 86 259without coupled direct payments €/t 25 8 -4 21 34 -44 18 61with coupled direct payments €/t 68 68 54 73 79 44 31 71

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -147 -206 -231 -193 -202 -358 -233 -119with coupled direct payments €/ha -1 -52 -73 -37 -46 -205 -198 -81without coupled direct payments €/t -42 -81 -84 -63 -58 -207 -85 -33with coupled direct payments €/t 0 -21 -26 -12 -13 -118 -72 -22


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7

Estoniafarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.54%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 37 35 30 28Farms represented number 653 480 438 355Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 108.0 115.4 110.5 143.0Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7Barley area ha 44.7 60.9 55.4 67.4 67.4 67.4 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 106 176 139 184 164 163Barley yield t / ha 2.4 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.4Barley price € / t 104 97 107 170 181 117Barley output '000 € 11.0 17.1 14.9 31.3 29.6 19.0Common wheat ha 10.5 12.0 12.9 14.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 3.7 1.9 1.5 1.7Rye ha 1.1 1.9 1.7 0.7Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 1.2 0.4Total output '000 € 19.7 32.7 26.6 57.5

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 247 280 268 465 439 282by-products (straw) €/ha 1 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 35 35 35Receipts per hectare €/ha 247 281 268 499 473 317Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 104 97 107 183 195 131













Francefarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.46%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15 21 15Farms represented number 746 1227 796Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 110.4 104.9 119.0Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.2 1.2Barley area ha 47.6 42.9 50.5 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 310 240 344Barley yield t / ha 6.5 5.6 6.8Barley price € / t 99 119 107Barley output '000 € 30.8 28.5 36.8Common wheat ha 28.6 23.5 26.7Durum wheat ha 0.7Grain maize ha 0.8 0.6 0.1Oats ha 1.1 0.1Rye ha 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.5Oth.cereals ha 0.6 1.6Total output '000 € 67.8 60.9 81.3

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 648 663 729by-products (straw) €/ha 5 3 7coupled direct payments €/ha 372 366 355other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1024 1032 1091Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 157 185 160

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 332 301 287







Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 243 261 184Total external factors €/ha 128 135 135 - Wages paid €/ha 18 14 14 - Rent paid €/ha 92 103 103 - Interest paid €/ha 18 18 18Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 219 219 187 - Family labour costs €/ha 181 198 176 - Own capital cost €/ha 38 21 11


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -261 -264 -122with coupled direct payments €/ha 111 102 234without coupled direct payments €/t -40 -47 -18with coupled direct payments €/t 17 18 34

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -480 -483 -309with coupled direct payments €/ha -108 -117 47without coupled direct payments €/t -74 -87 -45with coupled direct payments €/t -17 -21 7

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9

8

Irelandfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.57%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 16 18 26 28 18 33 49Farms represented number 2021 2174 2366 2871 2535 2587 3467Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 37.9 38.9 42.8 37.3 33.4 44.5 42.7Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9Barley area ha 21.4 21.8 22.7 20.2 17.1 24.1 22.0 22.0 22.0 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 137 174 140 134 103 154 136 135 115Barley yield t / ha 6.4 8.0 6.2 6.6 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.2Barley price € / t 107 85 116 103 108 124 203 191 124Barley output '000 € 14.6 14.7 16.1 13.8 11.1 19.0 27.5 25.8 14.2Common wheat ha 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 25.9 26.6 27.0 25.0 20.8 33.8 44.8

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 682 674 711 685 651 790 1254 1174 645by-products (straw) €/ha 68 68 68 60 101 103 121 121 121coupled direct payments €/ha 355 372 377 370other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1104 1114 1156 1115 753 893 1375 1295 766Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 173 140 188 168 125 140 223 211 147

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 336 316 320 333 365 344 375 408 428

including: Seeds €/ha 66 59 55 61 61 62 66 72 65Fertilizers €/ha 132 128 149 155 169 176 184 210 245

Crop protection €/ha 120 113 105 106 111 99 116 117 109Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 19 17 10 11 24 7 9 9Non-specific costs €/ha 251 266 262 251 263 300 340 362 340

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 40 36 37 41 46 50 70 80 69machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 64 65 68 62 72 73 93 99 100

Contract work €/ha 120 129 121 114 102 145 121 125 117Energy €/ha 2 5 6 3 4 5 6 7 6

Other direct costs €/ha 26 31 30 31 40 27 49 51 4Operating costs per hectare €/ha 588 582 582 583 628 644 714 770 768Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 92 73 95 88 104 101 116 125 147

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 83 106 100 183 159 178 219Total external factors €/ha 155 144 91 107 56 86 110 - Wages paid €/ha 1 37 47 49 25 29 30 - Rent paid €/ha 128 84 28 36 19 29 55 - Interest paid €/ha 25 23 16 22 12 28 26Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 562 572 641 641 860 666 854 - Family labour costs €/ha 353 316 315 334 472 392 502 - Own capital cost €/ha 209 256 326 307 388 274 352

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 162 160 197 162 124 249 660 525 -2with coupled direct payments €/ha 517 532 574 532 124 249 660 525 -2without coupled direct payments €/t 25 20 32 24 21 39 107 86 0with coupled direct payments €/t 81 67 93 80 21 39 107 86 0

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -76 -90 7 -128 -90 -15 331with coupled direct payments €/ha 279 283 384 242 -90 -15 331without coupled direct payments €/t -12 -11 1 -19 -15 -2 54with coupled direct payments €/t 44 35 62 36 -15 -2 54

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -639 -662 -634 -769 -950 -682 -523with coupled direct payments €/ha -284 -289 -257 -399 -950 -682 -523without coupled direct payments €/t -100 -83 -103 -116 -158 -107 -85with coupled direct payments €/t -44 -36 -42 -60 -158 -107 -85


Italyfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 18 28 17 22 40 69 63Farms represented number 2469 3586 1889 1255 2750 3489 3586Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 9.0 9.4 11.5 18.5 22.7 21.5 18.2Total labour input AWU 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8Barley area ha 5.8 4.7 9.2 10.5 11.3 12.7 13.0 13.0 13.0 in which irrigated area ha 0.7 1.1 0.2 1.8Barley production t 25 20 38 46 48 47 52 60 52Barley yield t / ha 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.2 3.7 4.0 4.7 4.0Barley price € / t 143 161 147 141 135 153 237 232 147Barley output '000 € 3.6 3.2 5.6 6.5 6.4 7.2 12.4 14.1 7.6Common wheat ha 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.4Durum wheat ha 0.2 2.3 0.4 0.4 1.9 2.2 0.3Grain maize ha 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.5Oats ha 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.5 0.4Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.2 0.0 0.2Total output '000 € 5.2 6.1 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.9 18.0

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 621 684 609 617 572 567 953 1082 585by-products (straw) €/ha 9 27 1 31 22 11 35 35 35coupled direct payments €/ha 354 185 146 255other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 984 895 756 903 594 578 988 1117 620Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 226 210 182 206 141 156 246 240 156

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 98 168 142 264 141 143 178 204 222

including: Seeds €/ha 33 61 46 89 61 59 68 79 79Fertilizers €/ha 45 77 49 94 54 60 70 82 99

Crop protection €/ha 19 24 33 60 23 18 30 32 33Water €/ha 0 3 3 3

Other specific costs €/ha 2 6 13 21 3 5 7 8 8Non-specific costs €/ha 312 285 228 471 243 196 267 292 285

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 78 100 75 112 98 85 117 138 129machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 23 51 55 45 35 28 32 32 32

Contract work €/ha 50 64 44 57 59 42 69 71 73Energy €/ha 2 1 0 0 0

Other direct costs €/ha 160 67 54 256 51 40 49 50 51Operating costs per hectare €/ha 410 453 369 735 384 338 445 496 507Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 94 106 89 168 91 92 111 107 128

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 577 338 264 215 191 168 228Total external factors €/ha 13 96 31 329 106 66 51 - Wages paid €/ha 3 2 182 30 42 20 - Rent paid €/ha 13 64 29 142 76 23 30 - Interest paid €/ha 29 0 5 0 1 2Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 1777 1366 928 1448 835 973 931 - Family labour costs €/ha 1394 1158 764 1204 687 747 719 - Own capital cost €/ha 383 208 164 244 148 226 212

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 220 258 240 -87 210 240 543 621 112with coupled direct payments €/ha 573 443 386 168 210 240 543 621 112without coupled direct payments €/t 50 61 58 -20 50 65 135 133 28with coupled direct payments €/t 132 104 93 39 50 65 135 133 28

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -370 -176 -55 -632 -88 6 264with coupled direct payments €/ha -16 9 91 -376 -88 6 264without coupled direct payments €/t -85 -41 -13 -144 -21 2 66with coupled direct payments €/t -4 2 22 -86 -21 2 66

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -2147 -1542 -983 -2079 -923 -967 -667with coupled direct payments €/ha -1794 -1358 -837 -1824 -923 -967 -667without coupled direct payments €/t -493 -362 -237 -475 -218 -261 -166with coupled direct payments €/t -412 -319 -202 -417 -218 -261 -166

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8

Lithuaniafarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.56%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 33 59 59 83Farms represented number 1220 1187 1390 2036Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 57.1 69.7 75.9 63.6Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6Barley area ha 24.7 35.6 40.7 33.9 33.9 33.9 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 85 122 95 112 112 121Barley yield t / ha 3.5 3.4 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.6Barley price € / t 90 93 104 173 168 97Barley output '000 € 7.7 11.4 9.9 19.4 18.8 11.7Common wheat ha 7.7 10.8 13.4 9.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.6Rye ha 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5Oth.cereals ha 0.8 2.2 3.4 2.9Total output '000 € 14.0 20.0 18.0 34.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 312 319 243 572 555 346by-products (straw) €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 41 41 41Receipts per hectare €/ha 312 319 243 613 596 387Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 90 93 104 185 180 109










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 27 14 -52 211with coupled direct payments €/ha 27 14 -52 252without coupled direct payments €/t 8 4 -22 64with coupled direct payments €/t 8 4 -22 76



Latviafarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.57%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 27 16 21Farms represented number 647 498 584Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 69.5 65.1 68.0Total labour input AWU 1.4 1.6 1.2Barley area ha 34.4 35.1 28.5 28.5 28.5 in which irrigated area ha 0.6Barley production t 95 88 73 69 63Barley yield t / ha 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.2Barley price € / t 79 103 172 187 111Barley output '000 € 7.5 9.1 12.6 12.8 7.0Common wheat ha 9.9 6.2 5.0Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 0.5 0.3 0.6Rye ha 2.9 1.1 1.8Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0Oth.cereals ha 2.2 2.9 1.2Total output '000 € 13.7 16.4 21.2

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 217 259 442 450 246by-products (straw) €/ha 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 217 259 442 450 246Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 79 103 172 187 112

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 93 121 190 223 216

including: Seeds €/ha 28 42 41 54 44Fertilizers €/ha 44 63 108 126 123

Crop protection €/ha 15 12 34 34 39Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 6 4 8 9 9Non-specific costs €/ha 105 111 173 201 210

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 59 63 80 94 106machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 23 24 36 42 39

Contract work €/ha 9 11 26 30 29Energy €/ha 6 5 6 7 8

Other direct costs €/ha 9 8 25 28 28Operating costs per hectare €/ha 199 232 363 424 426Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 72 93 141 176 193

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 41 65 92Total external factors €/ha 18 32 40 - Wages paid €/ha 7 20 15 - Rent paid €/ha 5 3 5 - Interest paid €/ha 6 8 20Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 79 111 145 - Family labour costs €/ha 64 93 114 - Own capital cost €/ha 15 18 31

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 19 26 80 26 -179with coupled direct payments €/ha 19 26 80 26 -179without coupled direct payments €/t 7 11 31 11 -81with coupled direct payments €/t 7 11 31 11 -81

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -40 -70 -52with coupled direct payments €/ha -40 -70 -52without coupled direct payments €/t -15 -28 -20with coupled direct payments €/t -15 -28 -20

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -119 -182 -197with coupled direct payments €/ha -119 -182 -197without coupled direct payments €/t -43 -73 -77with coupled direct payments €/t -43 -73 -77

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7

Polandfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 26 42 46 71Farms represented number 2306 4819 6586 6471Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 22.1 18.3 17.6 18.8Total labour input AWU 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1Barley area ha 13.2 11.0 9.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 in which irrigated area ha 0.1Barley production t 52 43 36 41 41 47Barley yield t / ha 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.4Barley price € / t 97 89 121 168 192 106Barley output '000 € 5.0 3.8 4.4 6.9 7.9 4.9Common wheat ha 3.0 1.4 1.6 1.9Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2Oats ha 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.3Rye ha 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.5Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3Oth.cereals ha 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.0Total output '000 € 9.2 7.1 8.1 12.5

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 378 350 457 646 733 460by-products (straw) €/ha 0 1 1 4 4 4coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 65Receipts per hectare €/ha 443 351 459 650 736 463Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 113 89 121 169 193 107










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 8 -41 23 128with coupled direct payments €/ha 72 -41 23 128without coupled direct payments €/t 2 -10 6 33with coupled direct payments €/t 18 -10 6 33



Finlandfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.60%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 49 47 37 38 65 61 64 86Farms represented number 3691 3724 3052 3130 5085 4590 4405 6452Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 53.3 53.6 59.6 58.1 55.8 54.8 58.9 59.7Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7Barley area ha 30.1 30.2 32.7 32.9 30.8 30.9 32.5 30.3 30.3 30.3 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 126 111 124 122 110 116 116 118 112 117Barley yield t / ha 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.9Barley price € / t 119 112 106 108 111 97 116 215 233 120Barley output '000 € 14.9 12.4 13.2 13.2 12.2 11.3 13.5 25.5 26.2 14.1Common wheat ha 3.5 3.7 5.0 4.7 6.5 4.8 5.1 5.8Durum wheat haGrain maize ha 0.0 0.0Oats ha 5.8 5.9 8.0 5.9 5.1 5.0 3.5 5.1Rye ha 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.5Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.1Total output '000 € 24.7 20.8 23.1 21.1 20.5 18.8 23.2 41.9

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 496 412 403 402 396 365 415 840 862 464by-products (straw) €/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 218 224 225 217 228 216other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 714 636 627 619 624 581 415 840 863 464Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 171 172 165 167 174 154 117 215 233 120









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 5 -83 -33 -101 -125 -152 -97 228 201 -218with coupled direct payments €/ha 223 141 192 116 102 64 -97 228 201 -218without coupled direct payments €/t 1 -22 -9 -27 -35 -40 -27 58 54 -56with coupled direct payments €/t 53 38 50 31 29 17 -27 58 54 -56



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Swedenfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.54%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 16 15Farms represented number 1276 1309Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 37.9 42.6Total labour input AWU 0.4 0.5Barley area ha 20.1 17.8 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 60 57Barley yield t / ha 3.0 3.2Barley price € / t 92 91Barley output '000 € 5.5 5.2Common wheat ha 4.1 3.2Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 2.8 2.2Rye ha 0.7 0.2Summer cer_mix. ha 0.9Oth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 10.3 9.4

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 275 290by-products (straw) €/ha 0coupled direct payments €/ha 225 259other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 500 550Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 168 172

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 153 170

including: Seeds €/ha 42 48Fertilizers €/ha 71 77

Crop protection €/ha 29 30Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 12 15Non-specific costs €/ha 291 357

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 51 87machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 81 103

Contract work €/ha 65 51Energy €/ha 53 58

Other direct costs €/ha 41 58Operating costs per hectare €/ha 445 528Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 149 166

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 386 257Total external factors €/ha 140 94 - Wages paid €/ha 0 - Rent paid €/ha 33 40 - Interest paid €/ha 107 53Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 509 566 - Family labour costs €/ha 327 423 - Own capital cost €/ha 182 143

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -170 -238with coupled direct payments €/ha 55 22without coupled direct payments €/t -57 -75with coupled direct payments €/t 18 7

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -695 -589with coupled direct payments €/ha -471 -329without coupled direct payments €/t -233 -185with coupled direct payments €/t -158 -103


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Slovakiafarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 18Farms represented number 163Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 114.5Total labour input AWU 1.5Barley area ha 59.8 in which irrigated area ha 1.4Barley production t 217Barley yield t / ha 3.6Barley price € / t 110Barley output '000 € 23.9Common wheat ha 24.8Durum wheat ha 1.0Grain maize ha 3.7Oats haRye ha 0.3Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.3Total output '000 € 43.7

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 400by-products (straw) €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 400Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 110

Barley production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 156

including: Seeds €/ha 52Fertilizers €/ha 48

Crop protection €/ha 51Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 5Non-specific costs €/ha 140

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 42machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 21

Contract work €/ha 27Energy €/ha 1

Other direct costs €/ha 49Operating costs per hectare €/ha 296Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 82

Other farm costs, attributed to barley production:Depreciation €/ha 51Total external factors €/ha 56 - Wages paid €/ha 10 - Rent paid €/ha 40 - Interest paid €/ha 6Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 44 - Family labour costs €/ha 47 - Own capital cost €/ha -3

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 103with coupled direct payments €/ha 103without coupled direct payments €/t 29with coupled direct payments €/t 29



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- 74 -

0

1

United Kingdomfarms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.53%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 37 49 34 47 33 30 45 78Farms represented number 1785 2354 1715 2206 1671 1313 2146 4410Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 129.7 124.1 106.1 116.2 134.3 138.2 99.8 97.8Total labour input AWU 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1Barley area ha 64.5 59.3 54.0 56.1 65.8 60.6 49.9 40.7 40.7 40.7 in which irrigated area haBarley production t 372 320 288 342 377 390 308 226 218 214Barley yield t / ha 5.8 5.4 5.3 6.1 5.7 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.2Barley price € / t 129 127 117 123 113 115 136 221 215 131Barley output '000 € 47.8 40.6 33.7 42.1 42.5 45.1 42.0 49.9 46.9 28.0Common wheat ha 13.7 8.5 6.2 7.3 11.7 4.3 5.3 4.7Durum wheat haGrain maize haOats ha 2.7 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.2Rye ha 0.7Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 96.4 76.7 64.5 77.9 84.0 79.1 78.4 91.3

Receipts from barley (average per farm):grain €/ha 741 684 624 750 646 744 842 1224 1152 686by-products (straw) €/ha 40 46 43 40 33 55 86 90 90 9coupled direct payments €/ha 359 343 353 352 342other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1140 1073 1020 1141 1021 798 929 1314 1242 776Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 198 199 191 188 178 124 150 237 232 148









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 130 58 51 154 44 77 220 504 303 -168with coupled direct payments €/ha 489 401 404 506 386 77 220 504 303 -168without coupled direct payments €/t 23 11 10 25 8 12 36 91 57 -32with coupled direct payments €/t 85 74 76 83 67 12 36 91 57 -32




8.7.3. Grain maize – margins

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4

6

1

9

3

European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009)farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.66%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1435 1503 1430 1331 1794 1745 1792 2265Farms represented number 102549 113064 98718 101482 114176 112253 115688 225079Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 26.2 26.6 29.4 30.0 30.9 30.6 33.8 23.3Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2Grain maize area ha 13.8 13.8 15.3 15.6 16.9 15.8 17.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 in which irrigated area ha 3.0 2.7 3.5 6.4 5.5 5.1 5.5 3.5Grain maize production t 142 141 160 148 164 156 168 102 113 107Grain maize yield t / ha 10.3 10.2 10.4 9.5 9.7 9.8 9.7 8.4 9.3 8.8Grain maize price € / t 129 125 124 143 118 118 137 211 236 148Grain maize output '000 € 18.3 17.7 19.8 21.1 19.3 18.4 23.0 21.5 26.7 15.8Common wheat ha 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.9 2.8Durum wheat ha 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7Barley ha 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.2Oats ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2Total output '000 € 28.4 26.8 30.0 31.5 29.7 28.2 34.8 31.8

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1327 1283 1291 1354 1137 1161 1334 1759 2187 1293by-products (straw) €/ha 4 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4coupled direct payments €/ha 421 444 446 344 219 303 109 170 170 170other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 2 4 1 0 5 6 6Receipts per hectare €/ha 1754 1734 1744 1703 1365 1467 1448 1939 2366 1472Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 170 170 167 179 141 149 149 232 255 168

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 445 467 455 468 415 432 442 448 502 569







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 287 308 289 266 237 243 255 249Total external factors €/ha 185 199 190 200 172 187 195 194 - Wages paid €/ha 44 45 49 41 45 54 54 67 - Rent paid €/ha 111 121 114 129 100 106 116 107 - Interest paid €/ha 30 33 27 30 28 27 26 20Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 791 865 864 811 655 697 678 609 - Family labour costs €/ha 642 704 702 678 540 581 546 475 - Own capital cost €/ha 149 161 162 133 115 117 132 134


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 28 -81 -20 43 -32 -83 42 468with coupled direct payments €/ha 451 367 427 387 192 220 152 644without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -8 -2 5 -3 -8 4 56with coupled direct payments €/t 44 36 41 41 20 22 16 77

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -763 -945 -884 -767 -687 -781 -636 -141with coupled direct payments €/ha -340 -498 -436 -424 -463 -478 -527 35without coupled direct payments €/t -74 -92 -85 -81 -71 -79 -65 -17with coupled direct payments €/t -33 -49 -42 -45 -48 -49 -54 4


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6

9

1

EU-15farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.67%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 1435 1503 1430 1331 1362 1285 1342 1725Farms represented number 102549 113064 98718 101482 99542 93457 102393 122855Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 26.2 26.6 29.4 30.0 26.4 27.2 28.0 28.6Total labour input AWU 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0Grain maize area ha 13.8 13.8 15.3 15.6 14.5 14.0 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 in which irrigated area ha 3.0 2.7 3.5 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.4Grain maize production t 142 141 160 148 151 148 152 154 161 150Grain maize yield t / ha 10.3 10.2 10.4 9.5 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.7 11.2 10.4Grain maize price € / t 129 125 124 143 123 125 145 210 233 157Grain maize output '000 € 18.3 17.7 19.8 21.1 18.6 18.5 22.0 32.2 37.5 23.6Common wheat ha 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.9Durum wheat ha 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1Barley ha 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6Oats ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2Total output '000 € 28.4 26.8 30.0 31.5 27.9 27.7 32.3 46.5

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1327 1283 1291 1354 1280 1316 1542 2240 2608 1639by-products (straw) €/ha 4 4 5 5 6 4 6 6 6coupled direct payments €/ha 421 444 446 344 255 346 132 144 144 144other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 2 4 1 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 1754 1734 1744 1703 1541 1667 1681 2389 2758 1789Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 170 170 167 179 148 158 157 224 246 172










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 28 -81 -20 43 -43 -71 81 636with coupled direct payments €/ha 451 367 427 387 212 275 213 781without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -8 -2 5 -4 -7 8 60with coupled direct payments €/t 44 36 41 41 20 26 20 73



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9

EU-10farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.58%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 432 460 450 466Farms represented number 14634 18796 13295 18143Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 61.8 47.5 78.9 48.8Total labour input AWU 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.9Grain maize area ha 33.4 24.6 40.4 24.8 24.8 24.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.3 0.4 0.1Grain maize production t 253 195 292 126 221 199Grain maize yield t / ha 7.6 7.9 7.2 5.1 8.9 8.0Grain maize price € / t 94 91 106 216 222 146Grain maize output '000 € 23.8 17.8 31.0 27.3 49.0 29.1Common wheat ha 13.5 10.0 16.0 8.7Durum wheat ha 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1Barley ha 2.1 2.0 3.7 2.5Oats ha 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4Rye ha 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0Oth.cereals ha 1.8 1.0 1.1 0.7Total output '000 € 41.9 30.7 53.8 46.5

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 714 722 767 1102 1975 1174by-products (straw) €/ha 2 1 1 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/ha 150 40 59other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 19 36 36 36Receipts per hectare €/ha 886 763 827 1140 2012 1211Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 117 96 114 224 226 151

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 253 277 266 322 357 404







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 118 134 128 170Total external factors €/ha 104 129 143 117 - Wages paid €/ha 41 53 56 44 - Rent paid €/ha 31 44 56 48 - Interest paid €/ha 33 32 31 25Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 98 156 123 150 - Family labour costs €/ha 65 109 78 116 - Own capital cost €/ha 32 48 45 34


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 0 -112 -54 195with coupled direct payments €/ha 170 -72 5 230without coupled direct payments €/t 0 -14 -7 38with coupled direct payments €/t 22 -9 1 45



EU-2farms specialised in the production of grain maize: % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.62%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 74Farms represented number 84081Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 10.0Total labour input AWU 1.5Grain maize area ha 6.3 6.3 6.3 in which irrigated area ha 0.1Grain maize production t 21 41 41Grain maize yield t / ha 3.4 6.6 6.5Grain maize price € / t 211 242 133Grain maize output '000 € 4.4 10.0 5.4Common wheat ha 1.5Durum wheat ha 0.2Barley ha 0.2Oats ha 0.1Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0Total output '000 € 7.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 711 1592 868by-products (straw) €/ha 0 0 0coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 711 1592 868Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 211 242 133

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 202 216 255







Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 119Total external factors €/ha 164 - Wages paid €/ha 127 - Rent paid €/ha 33 - Interest paid €/ha 3Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 324 - Family labour costs €/ha 254 - Own capital cost €/ha 70




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Bulgariafarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.49%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 15Farms represented number 897Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 25.9Total labour input AWU 1.3Grain maize area ha 9.8 9.8 9.8 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 24 81 82Grain maize yield t / ha 2.4 8.2 8.3Grain maize price € / t 223 177 97Grain maize output '000 € 5.3 14.4 7.9Common wheat ha 9.1Durum wheat haBarley ha 0.6Oats ha 0.2Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 10.8













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Germanyfarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.51%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 18Farms represented number 474Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 119.7Total labour input AWU 1.6Grain maize area ha 48.9 48.9 48.9 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 601 805 755Grain maize yield t / ha 12.3 16.5 15.5Grain maize price € / t 143 175 125Grain maize output '000 € 85.9 140.7 94.4Common wheat ha 21.7Durum wheat haBarley ha 5.4Oats ha 3.6Rye ha 3.8Summer cer_mix. ha 0.5Oth.cereals ha 0.6Total output '000 € 167.1













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- 81 -

0

59

9

7

Greecefarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.67%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 191 216 162 210 235 191 244 358Farms represented number 18588 19727 19823 23236 24417 21834 30659 41035Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 6.9 7.5 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.2 9.7 9.7Total labour input AWU 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7Grain maize area ha 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 in which irrigated area ha 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.9Grain maize production t 44 47 48 51 57 59 62 64 64 61Grain maize yield t / ha 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.0 12.1 11.5Grain maize price € / t 138 143 143 145 146 132 149 233 261 154Grain maize output '000 € 6.0 6.7 6.9 7.4 8.3 7.8 9.2 14.8 16.8 9.4Common wheat ha 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6Durum wheat ha 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2Barley ha 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4Oats ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0Total output '000 € 9.9 11.4 11.0 11.4 12.3 11.5 12.6 20.3

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1616 1719 1763 1779 1804 1628 1811 2798 3167 1780by-products (straw) €/ha 5 3 3 1 1 1 2 0 0coupled direct payments €/ha 168 244 226 198 222 205other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 6 0 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 1795 1966 1992 1979 2027 1834 1813 2798 3167 1780Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 154 164 161 161 164 148 149 233 261 154










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 77 137 153 93 137 -28 -108 761with coupled direct payments €/ha 251 381 379 291 359 177 -108 761without coupled direct payments €/t 7 11 12 8 11 -2 -9 63with coupled direct payments €/t 21 32 31 24 29 14 -9 63



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1

8

7

1

Spain farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.69%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 297 348 303 284 255 287 241 313Farms represented number 16030 16517 18198 17435 19293 19257 19770 23609Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 43.7 44.0 44.7 43.1 36.5 40.3 37.7 37.4Total labour input AWU 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Grain maize area ha 16.1 15.9 16.2 17.2 15.7 14.6 14.8 15.2 15.2 15.2 in which irrigated area ha 16.1 15.9 16.2 17.2 15.6 14.5 14.8 15.0Grain maize production t 178 177 177 186 170 157 186 173 167 171Grain maize yield t / ha 11.1 11.1 10.9 10.8 10.8 10.7 12.5 11.4 11.0 11.3Grain maize price € / t 132 132 129 137 128 132 141 236 236 178Grain maize output '000 € 23.5 23.3 22.8 25.6 21.8 20.7 26.3 40.9 39.4 30.4Common wheat ha 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.6 2.5Durum wheat ha 1.4 1.7 1.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.2Barley ha 5.4 6.8 7.8 7.3 5.5 7.1 5.2 5.6Oats ha 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1Total output '000 € 36.5 34.7 34.3 37.7 32.5 31.1 37.5 54.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1456 1467 1408 1486 1387 1412 1772 2699 2598 2005by-products (straw) €/ha 2 2 3 4 4 1 3 1 1coupled direct payments €/ha 429 423 458 442 426 433 110 108 108 108other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 0Receipts per hectare €/ha 1887 1892 1868 1932 1817 1846 1885 2808 2707 2114Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 171 170 171 179 168 172 150 246 246 188










Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 602 526 430 629 473 349 703 1619with coupled direct payments €/ha 1032 949 888 1072 899 782 812 1727without coupled direct payments €/t 54 47 39 58 44 33 56 142with coupled direct payments €/t 93 85 81 99 83 73 65 151

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -80 -207 -317 -85 -312 -493 -232 567with coupled direct payments €/ha 349 215 141 357 114 -60 -122 675without coupled direct payments €/t -7 -19 -29 -8 -29 -46 -18 50with coupled direct payments €/t 32 19 13 33 11 -6 -10 59


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5

11

Francefarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.65%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 266 290 266 257 235 232 240 315Farms represented number 13367 17874 16611 18282 13762 14015 15378 18133Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 81.5 72.9 70.5 71.5 75.7 70.0 73.4 76.9Total labour input AWU 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4Grain maize area ha 45.7 39.8 38.8 37.8 42.6 38.0 38.3 39.2 39.2 39.2 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 436 370 374 318 413 371 370 384 368 346Grain maize yield t / ha 9.6 9.3 9.6 8.4 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.4 8.8Grain maize price € / t 124 119 114 141 115 122 144 196 214 161Grain maize output '000 € 54.2 44.0 42.7 44.8 47.5 45.4 53.3 75.3 78.9 55.9Common wheat ha 9.5 7.3 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.6 8.4 9.7Durum wheat ha 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5Barley ha 1.3 2.5 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.4Oats ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Rye ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9Total output '000 € 86.2 67.5 67.0 69.4 73.9 69.0 80.7 113.9

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1188 1107 1101 1187 1115 1193 1392 1923 2015 1427by-products (straw) €/ha 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5coupled direct payments €/ha 416 446 460 445 264 236 58 66 66 66other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1607 1556 1565 1636 1384 1432 1455 1994 2087 1498Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 168 167 162 194 143 147 151 203 222 169









Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 280 173 176 240 156 164 327 754 716 20with coupled direct payments €/ha 697 619 636 685 420 399 385 820 782 86without coupled direct payments €/t 29 19 18 28 16 17 34 77 76with coupled direct payments €/t 73 67 66 81 43 41 40 84 83 10

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha -208 -322 -288 -245 -328 -347 -173 202with coupled direct payments €/ha 208 123 172 200 -64 -111 -115 267without coupled direct payments €/t -22 -35 -30 -29 -34 -36 -18 21with coupled direct payments €/t 22 13 18 24 -7 -11 -12 27


2


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1

Hungaryfarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.57%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 317 342 349 357Farms represented number 11443 14936 10587 14460Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 56.8 47.7 78.4 47.0Total labour input AWU 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.8Grain maize area ha 28.9 23.9 39.4 24.3 24.3 24.3 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 227 193 301 107 227 198Grain maize yield t / ha 7.8 8.1 7.7 4.4 9.3 8.1Grain maize price € / t 96 91 103 226 227 151Grain maize output '000 € 21.8 17.5 30.9 24.3 51.4 29.9Common wheat ha 13.7 10.5 16.4 8.4Durum wheat ha 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0Barley ha 2.1 1.7 3.2 1.6Oats ha 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4Rye ha 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.6Total output '000 € 39.6 30.5 53.4 41.4

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 753 734 786 997 2112 1230by-products (straw) €/ha 2 1 1 2 2 2coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 46 46 46Receipts per hectare €/ha 755 735 787 1044 2160 1278Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 96 91 103 237 232 157











Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -156 -308 -167 -41with coupled direct payments €/ha -156 -308 -167 5without coupled direct payments €/t -20 -38 -22 -9with coupled direct payments €/t -20 -38 -22 1


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6

9

Italyfarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.69%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 628 584 640 526 578 528 567 651Farms represented number 48384 54014 38498 38935 38754 34594 34749 36376Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 14.2 12.9 17.8 17.8 15.9 15.9 18.0 19.0Total labour input AWU 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8Grain maize area ha 9.0 8.6 11.6 11.6 10.6 10.4 11.2 11.4 11.4 11.4 in which irrigated area ha 7.5 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.3Grain maize production t 98 94 128 113 112 116 117 122 128 107Grain maize yield t / ha 10.9 11.0 11.0 9.7 10.6 11.2 10.4 10.7 11.2 9.4Grain maize price € / t 128 124 127 148 122 119 143 198 206 143Grain maize output '000 € 12.5 11.7 16.2 16.6 13.6 13.8 16.7 24.2 26.3 15.4Common wheat ha 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.3Durum wheat ha 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4Barley ha 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6Oats ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Rye ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Total output '000 € 18.4 16.9 23.1 23.3 19.6 20.2 24.7 35.7

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1400 1365 1397 1434 1290 1323 1493 2128 2311 1352by-products (straw) €/ha 8 6 9 7 10 9 12 13 13 13coupled direct payments €/ha 465 520 472 162 173other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 1873 1891 1877 1603 1473 1332 1505 2141 2325 1365Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 171 172 171 165 139 119 144 200 207 145



Crop protection €/ha 80 73 74 75 76 72 81 93 100 105Water €/ha 19 12 12 19 35 36 3







Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 35 -44 56 109 0 27 126 554with coupled direct payments €/ha 499 476 527 271 173 27 126 554without coupled direct payments €/t 3 -4 5 11 0 2 12 52with coupled direct payments €/t 46 43 48 28 16 2 12 52



Austriafarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.59%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 16 15 16 19 30Farms represented number 570 558 422 747 1085Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 44.0 49.6 55.4 41.0 38.4Total labour input AWU 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1Grain maize area ha 20.9 23.4 27.7 19.3 20.9 20.9 20.9 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 205 215 262 131 221 231 205Grain maize yield t / ha 9.8 9.2 9.5 6.8 10.6 11.0 9.8Grain maize price € / t 181 172 152 238 216 341 219Grain maize output '000 € 37.2 37.0 39.9 31.1 47.7 78.6 44.9Common wheat ha 4.6 5.4 6.9 5.3 2.0Durum wheat ha 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.6Barley ha 2.6 2.8 0.9 1.6 2.4Oats haRye ha 0.1 0.0 0.0Summer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.5Total output '000 € 64.8 64.2 63.6 52.8 82.9

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1776 1581 1440 1617 2283 3760 2147by-products (straw) €/ha 8 4 2 6 8 8 8coupled direct payments €/ha 324 322other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 2108 1906 1442 1622 2291 3768 2155Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 215 207 152 239 217 342 220

Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm):Specific costs €/ha 464 402 427 441 515 570 743

including: Seeds €/ha 197 188 180 187 217 240 248Fertilizers €/ha 172 142 159 160 199 227 378

Crop protection €/ha 92 71 85 92 90 94 107Water €/ha

Other specific costs €/ha 2 1 3 1 9 9 9Non-specific costs €/ha 606 532 523 570 582 621 590

including: motor fuels and lubricants €/ha 84 88 98 109 139 159 132machines & buildings upkeep €/ha 109 79 83 95 106 112 111

Contract work €/ha 207 155 173 179 157 162 163Energy €/ha 30 29 37 17 22 26 21

Other direct costs €/ha 175 181 131 169 157 162 162Operating costs per hectare €/ha 1069 934 949 1011 1097 1191 1333Operating costs per tonne of grain €/t 109 101 100 149 104 108 136

Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 333 310 342 336 378Total external factors €/ha 199 238 270 193 222 - Wages paid €/ha 33 44 52 36 41 - Rent paid €/ha 115 142 167 116 134 - Interest paid €/ha 52 52 51 42 47Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 604 568 566 612 609 - Family labour costs €/ha 350 363 333 351 355 - Own capital cost €/ha 253 205 233 261 254

Gross margin: receipts over operating costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 715 651 493 612 1194 2577 822with coupled direct payments €/ha 1039 973 493 612 1194 2577 822without coupled direct payments €/t 73 71 52 90 113 234 84with coupled direct payments €/t 106 106 52 90 113 234 84

Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 183 103 -119 83 593with coupled direct payments €/ha 507 425 -119 83 593without coupled direct payments €/t 19 11 -13 12 56with coupled direct payments €/t 52 46 -13 12 56

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha -421 -465 -685 -529 -16with coupled direct payments €/ha -97 -143 -685 -529 -16without coupled direct payments €/t -43 -51 -72 -78 -2with coupled direct payments €/t -10 -16 -72 -78 -2

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Polandfarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.62%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 92 76 60 73Farms represented number 2755 2730 2139 2265Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 82.6 48.5 68.8 66.4Total labour input AWU 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.6Grain maize area ha 52.7 30.6 40.1 32.8 32.8 32.8 in which irrigated area ha 0.6Grain maize production t 370 215 206 257 239 252Grain maize yield t / ha 7.0 7.0 5.1 7.8 7.3 7.7Grain maize price € / t 87 90 132 188 198 125Grain maize output '000 € 32.3 19.3 27.3 48.3 47.4 31.7Common wheat ha 13.5 8.7 11.6 9.8Durum wheat ha 0.3Barley ha 1.6 3.2 2.9 6.7Oats ha 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5Rye ha 3.0 0.4 0.7 1.6Summer cer_mix. ha 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3Oth.cereals ha 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.7Total output '000 € 50.7 30.5 46.2 78.7

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 614 632 680 1471 1443 964by-products (straw) €/ha 0 1 0 1 1 1coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 65Receipts per hectare €/ha 679 634 680 1472 1444 965Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 97 90 132 188 199 126



Crop protection €/ha 46 57 55 76 81 80Water €/ha 0







Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 136 29 33 654with coupled direct payments €/ha 201 29 33 654without coupled direct payments €/t 19 4 6 84with coupled direct payments €/t 29 4 6 84

Net economic margin (after own factors) = net margin – imputed own factors costswithout coupled direct payments €/ha 31 -95 -128 453with coupled direct payments €/ha 95 -95 -128 453without coupled direct payments €/t 4 -13 -25 58with coupled direct payments €/t 14 -13 -25 58

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14

Portugalfarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 36 50 41 31 39 26 26 36Farms represented number 5365 4289 4739 2613 2469 2945 889 1889Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 9.2 25.5 11.1 22.0 10.9 8.3 23.6 20.0Total labour input AWU 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3Grain maize area ha 4.8 9.1 6.2 7.1 6.4 4.8 9.8 9.3 9.3 9.3 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 38 78 53 59 47 31 77 94 78 74Grain maize yield t / ha 7.9 8.7 8.6 8.4 7.3 6.5 7.8 10.2 8.4 8.0Grain maize price € / t 157 157 153 162 166 178 184 208 258 193Grain maize output '000 € 5.9 12.3 8.1 9.6 7.7 5.6 14.1 19.6 20.0 14.3Common wheat ha 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.3Durum wheat ha 0.3 2.3 0.3 4.5 0.6 0.0Barley ha 0.1 0.1 0.6Oats ha 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2Rye ha 0.1 0.0Summer cer_mix. ha 0.0Oth.cereals ha 0.0Total output '000 € 10.1 19.5 12.7 16.3 10.9 8.8 23.8 29.5

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 1249 1357 1310 1359 1205 1153 1444 2119 2162 1549by-products (straw) €/ha 6 10 2 22 3 2 7 7 7coupled direct payments €/ha 4 13 5 13 3other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/ha 121 153 47Receipts per hectare €/ha 1379 1533 1364 1394 1211 1153 1446 2126 2169 1555Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 173 177 159 166 167 178 184 208 258 194








Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 156 260 247 212 346 570 276 270Total external factors €/ha 163 195 136 148 328 51 91 165 - Wages paid €/ha 89 101 50 76 31 27 2 64 - Rent paid €/ha 45 67 42 40 74 12 88 99 - Interest paid €/ha 28 28 44 32 223 13 1 3Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 549 500 846 714 999 892 796 630 - Family labour costs €/ha 413 438 752 559 1035 756 596 520 - Own capital cost €/ha 136 62 94 155 -37 135 200 110


Net margin (before own factors) = gross margin – depreciation – external factors without coupled direct payments €/ha 68 -162 -10 34 -448 -295 318 585with coupled direct payments €/ha 193 4 42 48 -445 -295 318 585without coupled direct payments €/t 9 -19 -1 4 -62 -46 41 57with coupled direct payments €/t 24 0 5 6 -61 -46 41 57



Romaniafarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.63%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 59Farms represented number 83184Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 9.8Total labour input AWU 1.5Grain maize area ha 6.2 6.2 6.2 in which irrigated area ha 0.1Grain maize production t 21 41 40Grain maize yield t / ha 3.4 6.6 6.5Grain maize price € / t 211 243 134Grain maize output '000 € 4.4 9.9 5.4Common wheat ha 1.4Durum wheat ha 0.2Barley ha 0.2Oats ha 0.1Rye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals ha 0.0Total output '000 € 7.1

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 714 1592 868by-products (straw) €/hacoupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 714 1592 868Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 211 243 134












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Slovakiafarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.54%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 19 28 30 15Farms represented number 153 220 250 158Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 94.6 154.1 232.6 225.5Total labour input AWU 1.6 3.2 4.2 4.3Grain maize area ha 45.9 80.6 114.2 97.6 97.6 97.6 in which irrigated area ha 21.5 20.1 14.6Grain maize production t 334 719 789 542 951 776Grain maize yield t / ha 7.3 8.9 6.9 5.6 9.8 8.0Grain maize price € / t 85 83 101 257 250 138Grain maize output '000 € 28.4 59.6 79.4 139.3 237.5 107.0Common wheat ha 13.3 30.8 45.3 53.1Durum wheat ha 2.7 3.4 1.8 4.0Barley ha 16.2 14.4 33.5 36.6Oats ha 0.1 0.8 1.4Rye ha 1.0 0.3Summer cer_mix. ha 0.1Oth.cereals ha 0.1 0.1 0.2Total output '000 € 53.6 116.2 157.7 241.8

Receipts from grain maize (average per farm):grain €/ha 618 740 695 1428 2434 1096by-products (straw) €/ha 3coupled direct payments €/haother crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) €/haReceipts per hectare €/ha 621 740 695 1428 2434 1096Receipts per tonne of grain €/t 85 83 101 257 250 138








Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production:Depreciation €/ha 53 125 150 179Total external factors €/ha 67 94 160 182 - Wages paid €/ha 9 32 62 98 - Rent paid €/ha 53 47 71 69 - Interest paid €/ha 5 15 26 15Imputed unpaid family factors €/ha 63 66 47 79 - Family labour costs €/ha 64 60 57 65 - Own capital cost €/ha -1 7 -10 14




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Sloveniafarms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.49%)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) 2009(e)Representativeness of the sample:Sample farms number 16Farms represented number 1068Structural information (average per farm):Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 13.3Total labour input AWU 0.8Grain maize area ha 6.1 6.1 6.1 in which irrigated area haGrain maize production t 54 48 50Grain maize yield t / ha 8.9 7.9 8.1Grain maize price € / t 172 203 131Grain maize output '000 € 9.3 9.8 6.5Common wheat ha 3.0Durum wheat haBarley ha 0.7Oats haRye haSummer cer_mix. haOth.cereals haTotal output '000 € 19.1













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8.7.4. Income of farms specialised in production of cereals

European Union average (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006, and EU-27 in 2007)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sample farms number 3296 3272 3300 3101 4471 3884 4256 6890Farms represented number 205625 212722 202984 207420 265234 238391 275800 440257

Economic size ESU 28.3 26.7 28.5 28.0 23.9 22.4 24.2 22.2Total labour input AWU 0.88 0.84 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.97 1.10Unpaid labour input AWU 0.79 0.76 0.83 0.85 0.82 0.83 0.87 0.86Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 52.6 48.7 54.5 53.0 52.0 49.2 53.3 51.5Rented U.A.A. ha 26.4 24.6 27.7 26.3 25.3 24.3 27.4 26.9Total livestock units LU 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 2.0

Total output '000 € 30.5 27.6 29.6 30.1 28.2 24.1 31.1 44.3Total output crops & products '000 € 28.9 26.2 28.3 28.8 26.9 22.8 29.6 42.2Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7Other output '000 € 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.4

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 15.6 15.4 16.3 15.6 13.6 12.6 14.3 13.3Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 15.6 15.2 16.3 15.7 13.5 12.5 14.1 13.2Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1

Total Inputs '000 € 34.7 33.2 34.7 33.2 30.7 30.1 32.9 36.2Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 21.0 20.3 21.5 20.7 20.0 19.7 21.4 23.7• Total specific costs '000 € 10.9 10.9 11.4 10.7 10.4 10.1 10.8 12.3 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.0 - Fertilisers '000 € 4.4 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.8 5.1 - Crop protection '000 € 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5• Total farming overheads '000 € 10.1 9.4 10.1 10.1 9.6 9.7 10.6 11.4 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.7 - Energy '000 € 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.5 - Contract work '000 € 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 - Other farming overheads '000 € 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6Depreciation '000 € 7.1 6.8 6.9 6.5 5.8 5.6 6.1 6.4Total external factors '000 € 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.0 4.8 4.8 5.4 6.0 - Wages paid '000 € 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.8 - Rent paid '000 € 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.6 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.2 - Interest paid '000 € 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 17.0 16.3 17.6 17.6 15.5 14.9 15.8 14.4Family labour cost '000 € 11.9 11.8 12.7 13.1 10.9 11.2 11.7 10.4Own capital cost '000 € 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.6 3.7 4.0 4.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 18.1 15.8 17.5 18.5 15.9 11.3 17.6 27.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 20.6 18.8 18.8 20.1 17.4 12.3 18.2 24.9Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 11.4 9.8 11.2 12.5 11.1 6.6 12.5 21.4Economic profit '000 € -5.6 -6.5 -6.4 -5.1 -4.4 -8.3 -3.3 7.0

Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies – taxes) – intermediate consumption – depreciationFarm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies – taxes) – external factorsEconomic profit = FNI – imputed unpaid family factors cost

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EU-152000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 15.6 15.4 16.3 15.6 15.1 13.5 15.3 16.2Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 15.6 15.2 16.3 15.7 15.1 13.5 15.2 16.2Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0





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EU-102000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sample farms number 1348 1188 1205 2030Farms represented number 49410 42642 49912 74738

Economic size ESU 12.2 13.0 13.7 14.3Total labour input AWU 1.06 1.18 1.28 1.34Unpaid labour input AWU 0.86 0.91 1.02 1.05Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 52.6 55.8 52.7 54.1Rented U.A.A. ha 28.5 30.4 28.3 29.5Total livestock units LU 1.5 1.1 1.4 3.1

Total output '000 € 24.9 24.4 25.3 39.4Total output crops & products '000 € 23.8 23.3 24.0 37.2Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.2Other output '000 € 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.1

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 7.1 8.3 9.8 10.1Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 6.8 8.1 9.1 9.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.3

Total Inputs '000 € 22.9 27.1 26.5 32.8Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 16.3 19.2 18.5 23.0• Total specific costs '000 € 9.2 10.5 9.9 13.3 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 4.0 4.7 4.4 5.6 - Crop protection '000 € 2.2 2.8 2.4 3.0 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.9 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3• Total farming overheads '000 € 7.1 8.7 8.6 9.7 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.2 - Energy '000 € 3.0 3.9 4.0 4.3 - Contract work '000 € 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.8 - Other farming overheads '000 € 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4Depreciation '000 € 4.1 4.6 4.6 5.9Total external factors '000 € 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.9 - Wages paid '000 € 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.8 - Rent paid '000 € 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 - Interest paid '000 € 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 5.1 6.2 7.0 7.6Family labour cost '000 € 3.3 4.1 4.7 5.6Own capital cost '000 € 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.0

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 11.4 8.6 11.2 20.3FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 10.8 7.3 8.8 15.2Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 9.1 5.5 8.6 16.7Economic profit '000 € 4.0 -0.7 1.6 9.1


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EU-22000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sample farms number 300Farms represented number 70867

Economic size ESU 6.2Total labour input AWU 1.63Unpaid labour input AWU 0.77Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 36.8Rented U.A.A. ha 24.0Total livestock units LU 1.3

Total output '000 € 15.1Total output crops & products '000 € 14.6Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.3Other output '000 € 0.2

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 4.5Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 4.3Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.2

Total Inputs '000 € 16.6Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 9.9• Total specific costs '000 € 5.6 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.0 - Fertilisers '000 € 1.8 - Crop protection '000 € 1.0 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.1 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.7• Total farming overheads '000 € 4.2 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 0.7 - Energy '000 € 2.0 - Contract work '000 € 1.1 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.4Depreciation '000 € 2.2Total external factors '000 € 4.5 - Wages paid '000 € 2.2 - Rent paid '000 € 2.0 - Interest paid '000 € 0.3

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 3.1Family labour cost '000 € 2.4Own capital cost '000 € 0.6

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 7.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 4.5Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 3.1Economic profit '000 € 0.0


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Bulgaria2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007






Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € -1.0Family labour cost '000 € 1.3Own capital cost '000 € -2.2

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 39.8FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 11.1Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 20.3Economic profit '000 € 21.2


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Cyprus2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sample farms number 25 19 16Farms represented number 684 1366 593

Economic size ESU 15.3 4.9 8.6Total labour input AWU 1.05 0.48 0.80Unpaid labour input AWU 0.96 0.48 0.79Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 40.8 18.0 28.9Rented U.A.A. ha 35.4 14.8 25.9Total livestock units LU 0.0

Total output '000 € 13.2 4.4 8.6Total output crops & products '000 € 13.1 4.4 8.6Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.1Other output '000 € 0.1

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 7.4 5.4 5.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 7.4 5.4 5.9Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 €

Total Inputs '000 € 26.0 9.5 16.8Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 11.1 4.8 9.0• Total specific costs '000 € 6.8 1.8 5.8 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.3 0.7 1.7 - Fertilisers '000 € 3.5 0.9 2.5 - Crop protection '000 € 1.0 0.3 1.6 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € - Other specific costs '000 € 0.0 0.0• Total farming overheads '000 € 4.3 3.0 3.3 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 2.3 0.7 1.5 - Energy '000 € 1.0 1.2 0.9 - Contract work '000 € 0.9 0.9 0.8 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.0Depreciation '000 € 7.0 3.3 3.3Total external factors '000 € 7.9 1.4 4.5 - Wages paid '000 € 0.6 0.0 0.2 - Rent paid '000 € 6.6 1.3 4.2 - Interest paid '000 € 0.7 0.0 0.1

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 10.3 4.6 7.4Family labour cost '000 € 8.8 3.6 6.7Own capital cost '000 € 1.5 1.0 0.8

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 2.5 1.8 2.2FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 2.4 3.7 2.7Farm net income (FNI) '000 € -5.4 0.4 -2.4Economic profit '000 € -15.7 -4.2 -9.8


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Czech Republic2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 15.3 23.1 21.1 24.1Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 15.3 23.0 20.8 24.0Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.2 0.3 0.2



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 29.4 22.4 24.4 43.1FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 13.8 12.5 11.8 20.4Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 18.5 13.6 15.7 29.9Economic profit '000 € 4.9 -2.8 -2.4 13.1


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Denmark2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 11.3 11.1 10.8 9.2 11.1 9.6 12.2 12.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 11.2 11.0 10.7 9.1 11.0 9.6 12.2 12.9Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 9.4 8.8 5.0 7.4 4.4 2.7 10.6 24.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 17.7 17.3 9.9 15.8 9.2 5.6 21.6 46.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € -5.0 -5.4 -9.6 -4.6 -8.9 -10.4 -6.6 1.7Economic profit '000 € -25.3 -26.7 -32.1 -26.9 -35.2 -34.9 -33.9 -21.5


- 99 -


Germany2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 45.6 38.9 39.7 35.7 41.4 46.4 41.1 54.5Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 46.6 40.2 41.8 37.0 42.4 47.7 41.6 56.5Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.9 -1.4 -2.1 -1.3 -1.1 -1.3 -0.5 -2.0





- 100 -


Greece2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 5.2 5.8 5.1 5.7 5.9 6.1 8.2 8.4Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 5.1 5.8 5.1 5.7 5.8 6.1 8.2 8.4Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0

Total Inputs '000 € 9.4 10.4 10.1 11.1 10.8 11.2 13.1 14.9Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 5.8 6.2 5.7 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.8 8.9• Total specific costs '000 € 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.8 - Seeds and plants '000 € 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 - Fertilisers '000 € 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 - Crop protection '000 € 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3• Total farming overheads '000 € 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.5 4.1 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 - Energy '000 € 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 - Contract work '000 € 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 - Other farming overheads '000 € 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4Depreciation '000 € 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.5Total external factors '000 € 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.5 - Wages paid '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 - Rent paid '000 € 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 - Interest paid '000 € 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0




- 101 -


Spain 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 10.8 11.9 13.0 12.2 10.9 9.7 11.0 10.3Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 11.1 12.1 13.2 12.4 11.0 9.8 10.7 10.5Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 -0.2



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 20.9 19.2 20.1 22.3 22.0 11.2 19.8 30.1FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 21.6 20.0 19.9 23.8 23.6 12.4 20.7 31.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 16.6 15.0 15.4 18.6 19.0 8.3 16.9 27.0Economic profit '000 € 2.4 1.0 0.4 3.5 1.6 -7.2 0.0 8.6


- 102 -


Estonia2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007







Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 14.5 19.1 23.3 53.6FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 8.9 11.2 15.0 30.8Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 18.5 17.9 19.3 47.0Economic profit '000 € 11.6 8.0 9.7 36.6


- 103 -


France2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 35.6 38.0 36.9 35.4 36.4 33.9 35.2 34.3Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 35.4 37.8 36.8 35.2 36.2 33.7 35.0 34.1Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 38.2 33.4 36.1 36.0 32.7 28.0 38.7 70.2FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 29.9 26.3 26.5 26.9 25.5 21.5 30.4 54.4Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 21.2 16.0 20.3 21.3 18.0 13.8 23.9 54.7Economic profit '000 € -3.7 -8.7 -0.6 -0.1 -3.9 -8.5 0.9 29.9


- 104 -


Hungary2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007









- 105 -


Ireland2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 38.6 22.0 25.0 24.2Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 38.6 22.3 25.1 24.6Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 -0.3 0.0 -0.4

Total Inputs '000 € 89.6 44.7 44.5 47.4Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 60.6 31.6 33.4 32.8• Total specific costs '000 € 37.6 18.5 17.7 18.0 - Seeds and plants '000 € 5.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 - Fertilisers '000 € 15.0 7.8 8.4 7.4 - Crop protection '000 € 16.0 7.6 5.9 6.1 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € - Other specific costs '000 € 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.6• Total farming overheads '000 € 23.0 13.1 15.7 14.9 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 4.9 1.8 3.0 3.6 - Energy '000 € 4.0 1.4 1.3 2.2 - Contract work '000 € 12.3 8.8 10.4 7.2 - Other farming overheads '000 € 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.9Depreciation '000 € 7.6 5.7 4.8 7.4Total external factors '000 € 21.4 7.4 6.2 7.2 - Wages paid '000 € 2.7 0.6 0.1 1.7 - Rent paid '000 € 17.0 6.5 5.1 4.5 - Interest paid '000 € 1.7 0.4 1.0 1.0




- 106 -


Italy2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 8.0 7.1 8.1 7.2 6.7 6.5 7.5 7.7Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 8.0 6.7 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.4 7.5 7.7Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 0.5 0.0 -0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 8.2 7.8 10.0 9.1 7.8 7.8 10.6 18.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 11.8 12.1 12.6 10.9 10.1 10.0 12.6 23.0Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 7.0 7.0 8.1 6.5 6.2 6.2 8.3 15.5Economic profit '000 € -7.6 -7.0 -10.9 -11.7 -11.3 -11.7 -11.8 -2.7


- 107 -


Lithuania2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007









- 108 -


Latvia2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007









- 109 -


Austria2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sample farms number 17 23 22 20 20 21 50Farms represented number 705 882 877 791 639 640 1717

Economic size ESU 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.4 21.0 26.9 20.0Total labour input AWU 0.86 1.01 1.00 0.88 0.86 0.99 0.78Unpaid labour input AWU 0.84 0.96 0.94 0.86 0.81 0.87 0.73Total Utilised Agricult. Area ha 43.3 45.1 50.1 50.1 46.9 60.4 51.4Rented U.A.A. ha 18.1 22.3 19.4 21.6 19.5 30.4 26.6Total livestock units LU 2.1 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.1 0.6

Total output '000 € 28.5 35.7 37.4 33.8 34.2 45.8 53.8Total output crops & products '000 € 25.6 31.7 32.3 30.4 31.5 41.2 47.7Total output livest.&products '000 € -0.1 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4Other output '000 € 3.0 3.5 4.2 3.3 2.6 4.5 5.7

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 25.9 25.8 30.6 28.6 25.5 36.9 28.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 27.4 27.2 31.0 29.2 27.3 37.8 29.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -1.5 -1.4 -0.4 -0.6 -1.8 -0.9 -0.9

Total Inputs '000 € 37.5 41.8 43.0 38.2 46.1 54.0 51.9Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 22.3 25.3 24.5 21.1 28.0 31.9 30.7• Total specific costs '000 € 9.2 9.3 8.5 8.2 10.2 11.1 11.5 - Seeds and plants '000 € 3.5 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 5.2 4.9 - Fertilisers '000 € 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.8 3.7 4.0 - Crop protection '000 € 2.0 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.0 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3• Total farming overheads '000 € 13.2 15.9 16.0 13.0 17.8 20.8 19.1 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.1 6.0 5.3 - Energy '000 € 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.9 4.3 4.2 - Contract work '000 € 3.4 5.3 4.5 3.2 5.2 5.6 5.1 - Other farming overheads '000 € 2.5 3.4 4.7 2.9 4.6 4.8 4.5Depreciation '000 € 10.6 10.7 12.6 10.3 11.3 12.4 12.7Total external factors '000 € 4.6 5.8 5.9 6.7 6.8 9.7 8.5 - Wages paid '000 € 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.5 0.6 - Rent paid '000 € 2.8 3.8 3.5 4.9 5.1 6.5 5.9 - Interest paid '000 € 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.7 2.0

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 17.3 18.7 21.1 18.2 20.2 20.1 18.3Family labour cost '000 € 9.9 11.4 11.7 11.0 11.2 11.9 10.0Own capital cost '000 € 7.4 7.3 9.4 7.2 9.0 8.3 8.3

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 22.9 27.0 31.2 31.5 22.2 39.4 40.2FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 26.7 26.7 31.2 35.8 25.8 39.8 51.6Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 16.9 19.8 24.9 24.2 13.7 28.8 30.8Economic profit '000 € -0.4 1.1 3.8 6.1 -6.5 8.6 12.5


- 110 -


Poland2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.5Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 5.0 5.6 5.8 6.7Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € -0.1 -0.4 0.0 -0.2



Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 9.8 6.3 7.5 15.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 8.4 4.6 5.9 11.3Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 8.5 3.4 6.0 13.4Economic profit '000 € 3.3 -2.9 -0.8 5.1


- 111 -


Portugal2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 17.8 10.8 8.1 15.4 8.4 8.1 11.6 20.8Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 17.5 10.9 7.6 15.3 8.1 8.1 11.5 20.8Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1

Total Inputs '000 € 25.8 23.0 19.5 28.4 15.1 14.2 16.8 26.9Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 16.4 15.4 13.0 18.3 8.7 11.0 11.6 18.0• Total specific costs '000 € 7.8 8.5 6.4 10.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 8.2 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.8 2.1 2.1 3.8 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.5 - Fertilisers '000 € 3.3 3.5 2.7 3.9 2.1 2.1 2.5 3.5 - Crop protection '000 € 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.7 1.3 1.2 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.6 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.7• Total farming overheads '000 € 8.6 6.9 6.6 8.2 3.8 5.7 5.9 9.8 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.7 0.5 1.0 1.3 2.1 - Energy '000 € 2.8 2.2 1.8 3.1 1.3 1.3 2.4 4.7 - Contract work '000 € 2.1 1.7 2.5 1.5 1.4 2.8 0.9 1.6 - Other farming overheads '000 € 1.9 1.5 1.4 2.0 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.4Depreciation '000 € 6.1 4.8 4.7 7.1 2.7 2.5 3.3 4.4Total external factors '000 € 3.3 2.8 1.8 3.0 3.6 0.7 1.9 4.5 - Wages paid '000 € 1.5 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.8 2.1 - Rent paid '000 € 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.1 2.4 - Interest paid '000 € 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 11.0 8.7 8.4 11.6 8.2 14.4 11.0 10.4Family labour cost '000 € 7.4 7.7 6.9 8.3 9.0 7.9 7.7 8.1Own capital cost '000 € 3.5 0.9 1.5 3.3 -0.8 6.5 3.3 2.4

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 13.5 7.9 6.6 8.9 6.1 7.3 14.7 27.7FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 11.5 7.1 7.3 7.7 6.1 7.1 12.3 20.7Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 10.6 5.0 5.3 6.1 2.8 6.6 12.9 23.2Economic profit '000 € -0.4 -3.7 -3.1 -5.5 -5.5 -7.8 2.0 12.8


.2

- 112 -


Romania2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007






Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 3.3Family labour cost '000 € 2.5Own capital cost '000 € 0.8

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 5.4FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 3.6Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 2.0Economic profit '000 € -1.3


- 113 -


Finland2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007



Total output '000 € 24.0 21.1 21.1 18.3 17.7 16.2 21.4 40.4Total output crops & products '000 € 22.7 19.8 19.4 17.2 16.3 15.4 20.1 37.9Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.2Other output '000 € 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.4 0.8 1.2 2.3

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 29.9 32.0 32.6 30.9 31.5 32.1 29.7 35.4Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 29.9 32.0 32.6 30.9 31.3 31.8 29.5 35.2Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Total Inputs '000 € 39.0 41.1 41.8 41.2 43.0 42.6 44.5 52.4Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 23.9 24.9 24.5 23.1 24.6 25.1 26.5 30.8• Total specific costs '000 € 8.6 9.1 8.9 8.2 9.0 8.8 9.4 10.8 - Seeds and plants '000 € 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.5 - Fertilisers '000 € 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.4 - Crop protection '000 € 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5• Total farming overheads '000 € 15.3 15.8 15.6 14.8 15.6 16.3 17.0 20.0 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 4.7 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.2 6.5 - Energy '000 € 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 - Contract work '000 € 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.2 - Other farming overheads '000 € 5.6 5.2 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.7 6.3Depreciation '000 € 10.5 11.0 12.3 12.9 13.6 12.5 12.9 15.2Total external factors '000 € 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.1 6.3 - Wages paid '000 € 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7 - Rent paid '000 € 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.3 - Interest paid '000 € 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.3




- 114 -


Sweden2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007



Total output '000 € 30.9 29.8 39.2 31.9 26.4 45.1 45.2 95.1Total output crops & products '000 € 26.0 25.4 34.5 27.2 23.1 38.3 40.9 85.2Total output livest.&products '000 € 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.3 -0.2 0.7Other output '000 € 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.5 3.4 6.5 4.4 9.2

Subsidies and taxes '000 € 20.0 20.4 24.6 20.2 20.4 23.5 25.0 24.6Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 20.0 20.4 24.6 20.2 20.4 23.5 25.0 24.6Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 €

Total Inputs '000 € 57.6 54.1 70.2 50.5 47.3 64.2 70.5 83.8Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 30.5 30.1 39.5 29.6 28.6 40.0 45.4 55.7• Total specific costs '000 € 12.4 13.0 20.3 14.1 12.5 18.0 22.5 27.3 - Seeds and plants '000 € 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.2 2.9 4.2 4.4 5.5 - Fertilisers '000 € 6.0 6.4 11.4 6.9 6.1 9.8 11.2 12.4 - Crop protection '000 € 2.2 2.2 3.5 2.8 1.9 2.9 3.8 5.3 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.9 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 - Other specific costs '000 € 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.7 1.0 0.7 2.2 3.0• Total farming overheads '000 € 18.1 17.1 19.2 15.5 16.1 22.0 22.9 28.4 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 6.3 6.4 5.1 4.5 4.6 5.5 5.9 8.3 - Energy '000 € 6.4 5.7 7.2 5.2 5.0 9.2 8.6 9.0 - Contract work '000 € 2.8 2.4 4.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 5.2 5.6 - Other farming overheads '000 € 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.1 4.0 3.2 5.5Depreciation '000 € 16.7 14.9 16.6 12.1 12.1 14.2 14.6 12.9Total external factors '000 € 10.4 9.1 14.1 8.8 6.6 10.0 10.6 15.2 - Wages paid '000 € 2.3 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.9 - Rent paid '000 € 3.9 3.2 8.2 5.5 3.2 6.9 6.9 8.7 - Interest paid '000 € 4.2 4.4 4.7 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.4 4.7


Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 3.8 5.2 7.7 10.4 6.1 14.5 10.2 51.1FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 6.3 8.7 11.0 17.3 11.3 19.3 14.7 74.1Farm net income (FNI) '000 € -6.6 -3.9 -6.4 1.6 -0.5 4.5 -0.4 35.9Economic profit '000 € -32.2 -24.6 -33.6 -20.8 -25.3 -25.5 -28.8 6.4


- 115 -


Slovakia2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 13.4 19.5 30.1 54.0Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 12.5 19.5 22.9 49.6Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.8 7.2 4.4


Imputed unpaid family factors '000 € 5.0 8.8 6.9 18.0Family labour cost '000 € 5.6 8.1 8.5 10.5Own capital cost '000 € -0.6 0.7 -1.6 7.5

Income indicatorsFarm Net Value Added (FNVA) '000 € 24.3 15.5 9.4 113.3FNVA per AWU '000 €/AWU 10.1 4.9 2.7 19.1Farm net income (FNI) '000 € 16.7 3.5 -8.5 67.6Economic profit '000 € 11.7 -5.3 -15.4 49.6


- 116 -


- 117 -

United Kingdom2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




Subsidies and taxes '000 € 66.5 60.8 53.1 51.3 57.6 43.1 62.0 53.9Balance current subsid.&taxes '000 € 66.5 60.5 53.1 51.1 57.5 42.8 62.0 52.9Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 € 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 1

Total Inputs '000 € 179.1 160.3 136.8 134.5 162.9 126.6 179.5 171.4Total intermed. consumpt. '000 € 106.0 97.0 86.6 84.1 106.7 85.8 117.7 118.3• Total specific costs '000 € 57.8 51.9 47.4 42.4 55.1 42.5 58.7 56.6 - Seeds and plants '000 € 9.4 8.4 7.6 6.4 8.5 6.7 8.6 8.3 - Fertilisers '000 € 16.8 17.4 15.5 13.7 18.5 14.8 21.1 19.4 - Crop protection '000 € 24.8 21.3 19.8 17.7 23.5 17.8 22.9 20.9 - Feed for grazing livestock '000 € 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.6 2.5 - Feed for pigs&poultry '000 € 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Other specific costs '000 € 5.1 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.5 2.7 4.4 5.4• Total farming overheads '000 € 48.2 45.1 39.2 41.7 51.7 43.2 59.0 61.7 - Machin.&build. current costs '000 € 17.0 15.6 13.0 14.0 15.8 11.7 16.8 19.1 - Energy '000 € 9.9 8.9 7.3 6.4 9.0 7.3 12.5 11.9 - Contract work '000 € 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.0 11.2 11.3 12.8 15.1 - Other farming overheads '000 € 11.2 10.9 9.4 12.3 15.6 13.0 16.9 15.6Depreciation '000 € 30.8 28.1 23.3 23.8 24.6 19.0 24.9 24.2Total external factors '000 € 42.3 35.3 26.8 26.6 31.6 21.8 37.0 28.9 - Wages paid '000 € 19.5 18.3 14.1 11.9 15.3 9.1 19.7 14.6 - Rent paid '000 € 14.2 11.1 7.6 9.7 11.2 6.5 12.6 8.5 - Interest paid '000 € 8.6 5.9 5.2 5.0 5.0 6.3 4.7 5.8




.0

European Commission EU Cereal Farms - Report 2010 The text of this publication is for information purposes only and is not legally binding.

How to obtain EU publications Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s Representations or the Delegations of the European Union. You can obtain their contact details by linking http://ec.europa.eu or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Publications for sale: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • Priced subscriptions (Official Journal of the EU, Legal cases of the Court of Justice as well as

certain periodicals edited by the European Commission) can be ordered from one of our sales agents.

You can obtain their contact details by linking http://bookshop.europa.eu, or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758.

The study estimates margins in cereal production and provides indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States.

European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture http://bookshop.europa.eu

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture

http://bookshop.europa.eu/

Documents

EU CEREAL FARMS ECONOMICS – FADN REPORT 2010ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/pdf/cereals_report_2010.pdfwith low figures in Finland, Denmark or Cyprus. The specialist cereals farms