Dansk standard DS/EN 1997-2 + AC

2. udgave

2011-06-29

Eurocode 7: Geoteknik –Del 2: Jordbundsundersøgelse og -prøvning

Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 2: Ground investigation and testing

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DS/EN 1997-2 + AC KøbenhavnDS projekt: M256943ICS: 91.070.70; 93.020

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The corrigendum has not been incorporated into the English version but can be found at the end of the document.

EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 1997-2

March 2007

ICS 91.060.01; 91.120.20 Supersedes ENV 1997-2:1999, ENV 1997-3:1999

English Version

Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2: Ground investigationand testing

Eurocode 7 - Calcul géotechnique - Partie 2:Reconnaissance des terrains et essais

Eurocode 7 - Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung in derGeotechnik - Teil 2: Erkundung und Untersuchung des

Baugrunds

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 June 2006.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONC O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O NEUR OP ÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 1997-2:2007: E

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

2

Contents .............................................................................................................................. Page Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 7

Section 1 General.................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 10

1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 7 ................................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 Scope of EN 1997-2.................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Normative references........................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Assumptions ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Distinction between Principles and Application Rules .................................................... 12 1.5 Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 13

1.5.1 Terms common to all Eurocodes ................................................................................ 13 1.5.2 Terms common to Eurocode 7 .................................................................................... 13 1.5.3 Specific definitions used in EN 1997-2 ...................................................................... 13

1.6 Test results and derived values ......................................................................................... 14 1.7 The link between EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2 .................................................................. 15

Section 2 Planning of ground investigations ........................................................................ 20

2.1 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.1.2 Ground ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.3 Construction materials ................................................................................................ 22 2.1.4 Groundwater ............................................................................................................... 22

2.2 Sequence of ground investigations ................................................................................... 22 2.3 Preliminary investigations ................................................................................................ 23 2.4 Design investigations........................................................................................................ 24

2.4.1 Field investigations ..................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Laboratory tests........................................................................................................... 27

2.5 Controlling and monitoring .............................................................................................. 31 Section 3 Soil and rock sampling and groundwater measurements .................................. 33

3.1 General.............................................................................................................................. 33 3.2 Sampling by drilling ......................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Sampling by excavation.................................................................................................... 33 3.4 Soil sampling .................................................................................................................... 33

3.4.1 Categories of sampling methods and laboratory quality classes of samples .............. 33 3.4.2 Soil identification........................................................................................................ 34 3.4.3 Planning of soil sampling............................................................................................ 34 3.4.4 Handling, transport and storing of samples ................................................................ 35

3.5 Rock sampling .................................................................................................................. 35 3.5.1 Categories of sampling methods................................................................................. 35 3.5.2 Rock identification...................................................................................................... 36 3.5.3 Planning of rock sampling .......................................................................................... 36 3.5.4 Handling, transport and storing of samples ................................................................ 37

3.6 Groundwater measurements in soils and rocks ................................................................ 37 3.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.6.2 Planning and execution of the measurements ............................................................. 37 3.6.3 Evaluation of results of groundwater measurements .................................................. 38

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Indholdsfortegnelse

Side

Forord..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Kapitel 1 Generelt ................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Anvendelsesområde .......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Anvendelsesområde for eurocode 7 .................................................................................................. 10 1.1.2 Anvendelsesområde for EN 1997-2 .................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Normative referencer ......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Forudsætninger .................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Forskellen mellem principper og anvendelsesregler .................................................................................... 12 1.5 Definitioner .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.5.1 Termer fælles for alle eurocodes ......................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Termer fælles for eurocode 7 ............................................................................................................... 13 1.5.3 Specifikke definitioner anvendt i EN 1997-2 ....................................................................................... 13 1.6 Forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ............................................................................................................. 14 1.7 Sammenhæng mellem EN 1997-1 og EN 1997-2 ............................................................................................ 15 1.8 Symboler og enheder ........................................................................................................................................ 16

Kapitel 2 Planlægning af jordbundsundersøgelser ........................................................................................ 20 2.1 Formål .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.2 Jordbund ................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.3 Byggematerialer .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.4 Grundvand ............................................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 Rækkefølge af jordbundsundersøgelser ......................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Indledende undersøgelser ................................................................................................................................ 23 2.4 Projektundersøgelser ......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Feltundersøgelser ................................................................................................................................. 24 2.4.2 Laboratorieforsøg ................................................................................................................................. 27 2.5 Kontrol og overvågning ..................................................................................................................................... 31Kapitel 3 Prøveudtagning af jord og fjeld og grundvandsmålinger ............................................................ 33 3.1 Generelt ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Prøveudtagning ved boring .............................................................................................................................. 33 3.3 Prøveudtagning ved udgravning ..................................................................................................................... 33 3.4 Udtagning af jordprøver .................................................................................................................................... 33 3.4.1 Kategorier af prøveudtagningsmetoder og laboratoriekvalitetsklasser for prøver ..................... 33 3.4.2 Jordidentifikation .................................................................................................................................. 34 3.4.3 Planlægning af jordprøveudtagning .................................................................................................. 34 3.4.4 Håndtering, transport og opbevaring af prøver ................................................................................ 35 3.5 Udtagning af fjeldprøver ................................................................................................................................... 35 3.5.1 Kategorier af prøveudtagningsmetoder ............................................................................................ 35 3.5.2 Fjeldidentifikation .................................................................................................................................. 36 3.5.3 Planlægning af fjeldprøveudtagning .................................................................................................. 36 3.5.4 Håndtering, transport og opbevaring af prøver ................................................................................ 37 3.6 Grundvandsmålinger i jord og fjeld ................................................................................................................. 37 3.6.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 37 3.6.2 Planlægning og udførelse af målingerne .......................................................................................... 37 3.6.3 Vurdering af resultater af grundvandsmålinger ............................................................................... 38

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

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Section 4 Field tests in soil and rock ..................................................................................... 40 4.1 General.............................................................................................................................. 40 4.2 General requirements........................................................................................................ 40

4.2.1 Planning a specific test programme ............................................................................ 40 4.2.2 Execution .................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.3 Evaluation ................................................................................................................... 41

4.3 Cone penetration and piezocone penetration tests (CPT, CPTU)..................................... 42 4.3.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 42 4.3.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 43 4.3.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 43

4.4 Pressuremeter tests (PMT)................................................................................................ 45 4.4.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 45 4.4.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 45 4.4.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 46 4.4.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 47

4.5 Flexible dilatometer test (FDT) ........................................................................................ 48 4.5.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 48 4.5.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 48 4.5.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 48 4.5.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 49

4.6 Standard penetration test (SPT)........................................................................................ 49 4.6.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 49 4.6.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 49 4.6.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 49 4.6.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 50

4.7 Dynamic probing tests (DP) ............................................................................................. 51 4.7.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 51 4.7.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 52 4.7.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 52 4.7.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 52

4.8 Weight sounding test (WST) ............................................................................................ 53 4.8.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 53 4.8.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 53 4.8.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 54 4.8.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 54

4.9 Field vane test (FVT)........................................................................................................ 55 4.9.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 55 4.9.2 Specific requirements.................................................................................................. 55 4.9.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 55 4.9.4 Use of test results and derived values ......................................................................... 55

4.10 Flat dilatometer test (DMT)............................................................................................ 56 4.10.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 56 4.10.2 Specific requirements................................................................................................ 56 4.10.3 Evaluation of test results ........................................................................................... 56 4.10.4 Use of test results and derived values ....................................................................... 57

4.11 Plate loading test (PLT) .................................................................................................. 57 4.11.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 57 4.11.2 Specific requirements................................................................................................ 58 4.11.3 Evaluation of test results ........................................................................................... 58 4.11.4 Use of test results and derived values ....................................................................... 58

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Kapitel 4 Feltforsøg i jord og fjeld ...................................................................................................................... 40 4.1 Generelt ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Generelle krav ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Planlægning af et specifikt forsøgsprogram ..................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Udførelse ................................................................................................................................................ 41 4.2.3 Vurdering ................................................................................................................................................ 41 4.3 Tryksondering (CPT) og tryksondering med måling af porevandstryk (CPT, CPTU, CPTM) .................... 42 4.3.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 43 4.3.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 43 4.4 Pressiometerforsøg (PMT) ................................................................................................................................ 45 4.4.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.4.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 45 4.4.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 46 4.4.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 47 4.5 Forsøg med fleksibelt dilatometer (FDT) ......................................................................................................... 48 4.5.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 4.5.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 48 4.5.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 48 4.5.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 49 4.6 Standardpenetrationsforsøg (SPT) .................................................................................................................. 49 4.6.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 49 4.6.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 49 4.6.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 49 4.6.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 50 4.7 Rammesonderinger (DP) ................................................................................................................................... 51 4.7.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.7.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 52 4.7.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 52 4.7.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 52 4.8 Drejesondering (WST) ....................................................................................................................................... 53 4.8.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.8.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 53 4.8.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 54 4.8.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 54 4.9 Feltvingeforsøg (FVT) ......................................................................................................................................... 55 4.9.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 4.9.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 55 4.9.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 55 4.9.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 55 4.10 Forsøg med fladt dilatometer (DMT) ............................................................................................................... 56 4.10.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.10.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 56 4.10.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 56 4.10.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 57 4.11 Pladebelastningsforsøg (PLT) ........................................................................................................................... 57 4.11.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.11.2 Specifikke krav ....................................................................................................................................... 58 4.11.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 58 4.11.4 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater og udledte værdier ...................................................................... 58

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

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Section 5 Laboratory tests on soil and rock ......................................................................... 60

5.1 General.............................................................................................................................. 60 5.2 General requirements for laboratory tests ........................................................................ 60

5.2.1.General requirements .................................................................................................. 60 5.2.2 Procedures, equipment and presentation..................................................................... 60 5.2.3 Evaluation of test results ............................................................................................. 60

5.3 Preparation of soil specimens for testing.......................................................................... 61 5.3.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 61 5.3.2 Requirements .............................................................................................................. 61

5.4 Preparation of rock specimens for testing ........................................................................ 62 5.4.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 62 5.4.2 Requirements .............................................................................................................. 62

5.5 Tests for classification, identification and description of soil .......................................... 63 5.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 63 5.5.2 Requirements for all classification tests ..................................................................... 63 5.5.3 Water content determination....................................................................................... 63 5.5.4 Bulk density determination ......................................................................................... 64 5.5.5 Particle density determination..................................................................................... 64 5.5.6 Particle size analysis ................................................................................................... 64 5.5.7 Consistency limits determination................................................................................ 65 5.5.8 Determination of the density index of granular soil ................................................... 66 5.5.9 Soil dispersibility determination ................................................................................. 67 5.5.10 Frost susceptibility .................................................................................................... 68

5.6 Chemical testing of soil and groundwater ........................................................................ 68 5.6.1 Requirements for all chemical tests ............................................................................ 68 5.6.2 Organic content determination.................................................................................... 70 5.6.3 Carbonate content determination ................................................................................ 71 5.6.4 Sulfate content determination ..................................................................................... 71 5.6.5 pH value determination (acidity and alkalinity) ......................................................... 72 5.6.6 Chloride content determination................................................................................... 72

5.7 Strength index testing of soil ............................................................................................ 73 5.7.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 73 5.7.2 Requirements .............................................................................................................. 73 5.7..3 Use of test results ....................................................................................................... 73

5.8 Strength testing of soil ...................................................................................................... 73 5.8.1 Objective and scope .................................................................................................... 73 5.8.2 General requirements .................................................................................................. 74 5.8.3 Evaluation and use of test results................................................................................ 75 5.8.4 Unconfined compression test ...................................................................................... 75 5.8.5 Unconsolidated, undrained triaxial compression test ................................................. 76 5.8.6 Consolidated triaxial compression test ....................................................................... 76 5.8.7 Consolidated direct shear box tests............................................................................. 77

5.9 Compressibility and deformation testing of soil............................................................... 78 5.9.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 78 5.9.2 Oedometer compressibility testing ............................................................................. 78 5.9.3 Triaxial deformability testing ..................................................................................... 80

5.10 Compaction testing of soil .............................................................................................. 81 5.10.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 81 5.10.2 Compaction tests....................................................................................................... 81 5.10.3 California Bearing ratio (CBR) test .......................................................................... 81

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Kapitel 5 Laboratorieforsøg i jord og fjeld ........................................................................................................ 60 5.1 Generelt ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 5.2 Generelle krav til laboratorieforsøg ................................................................................................................. 60 5.2.1 Generelle krav ........................................................................................................................................ 60 5.2.2 Procedurer, udstyr og præsentation ................................................................................................... 60 5.2.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 60 5.3 Tildannelse af delprøver af jord til forsøg ....................................................................................................... 61 5.3.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 5.3.2 Krav ......................................................................................................................................................... 61 5.4 Tildannelse af delprøver af fjeld til forsøg ....................................................................................................... 62 5.4.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.4.2 Krav ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.5 Forsøg til klassifikation, identifikation og beskrivelse af jord ....................................................................... 63 5.5.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 63 5.5.2 Krav til alle klassifikationsforsøg ......................................................................................................... 63 5.5.3 Bestemmelse af vandindhold ............................................................................................................. 63 5.5.4 Bestemmelse af densitet (total) ........................................................................................................... 64 5.5.5 Bestemmelse af korndensitet .............................................................................................................. 64 5.5.6 Analyse af kornstørrelse ....................................................................................................................... 64 5.5.7 Bestemmelse af konsistensgrænser .................................................................................................. 65 5.5.8 Bestemmelse af relativ lejringstæthed for granular jord ................................................................. 66 5.5.9 Bestemmelse af jords erosionsfølsomhed ........................................................................................ 67 5.5.10 Frostfølsomhed ..................................................................................................................................... 68 5.6 Kemisk undersøgelse af jord og grundvand................................................................................................... 68 5.6.1 Krav til alle kemiske forsøg .................................................................................................................. 68 5.6.2 Bestemmelse af organisk indhold ...................................................................................................... 70 5.6.3 Bestemmelse af carbonatindhold ....................................................................................................... 71 5.6.4 Bestemmelse af sulfatindhold ............................................................................................................. 71 5.6.5 Bestemmelse af pH-værdi (aciditet og alkalitet) ............................................................................... 72 5.6.6 Bestemmelse af chloridindhold .......................................................................................................... 72 5.7 Undersøgelse af jords styrkeindeks ................................................................................................................. 73 5.7.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 5.7.2 Krav ......................................................................................................................................................... 73 5.7.3 Anvendelse af forsøgsresultater ......................................................................................................... 73 5.8 Undersøgelse af jords styrke ............................................................................................................................ 73 5.8.1 Formål og anvendelsesområde .......................................................................................................... 73 5.8.2 Generelle krav ........................................................................................................................................ 74 5.8.3 Vurdering og anvendelse af forsøgsresultater .................................................................................. 75 5.8.4 Simpelt trykforsøg ................................................................................................................................ 75 5.8.5 Ukonsolideret, udrænet triaksialt trykforsøg..................................................................................... 76 5.8.6 Konsolideret triaksialt trykforsøg ........................................................................................................ 76 5.8.7 Konsoliderede skæreboksforsøg ........................................................................................................ 77 5.9 Undersøgelse af jords sammentrykkelighed og deformation ..................................................................... 78 5.9.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 78 5.9.2 Undersøgelse af sammentrykkelighed i ødometer .......................................................................... 78 5.9.3 Undersøgelse af triaksial stivhed ........................................................................................................ 80 5.10 Jordindstampningsforsøg ................................................................................................................................ 81 5.10.1 Emne ....................................................................................................................................................... 81 5.10.2 Indstampningsforsøg ........................................................................................................................... 81 5.10.3 California bearing ratio-forsøg (CBR-forsøg) .................................................................................... 81

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

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5.11 Permeability testing of soil ............................................................................................. 82 5.11.1 Objective ................................................................................................................... 82 5.11.2 Requirements ............................................................................................................ 82 5.11.3 Evaluation and use of test results.............................................................................. 83

5.12 Tests for classification of rocks ...................................................................................... 84 5.12.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 84 5.12.2 Requirements for all classification tests ................................................................... 84 5.12.3 Rock identification and description .......................................................................... 84 5.12.4 Water content determination..................................................................................... 85 5.12.5 Density and porosity determination .......................................................................... 86

5.13 Swelling testing of rock material.................................................................................... 86 5.13.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 86 5.13.2 General requirements ................................................................................................ 87 5.13.3 Evaluation of test results ........................................................................................... 87 5.13.4 Swelling pressure index under zero volume change................................................. 87 5.13.5 Swelling strain index for radially-confined specimens with axial surcharge ........... 88 5.13.6 Swelling strain developed in unconfined rock specimen.......................................... 89

5.14 Strength testing of rock material .................................................................................... 89 5.14.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 89 5.14.2 Requirements for all strength tests............................................................................ 89 5.14.3 Evaluation of test results ........................................................................................... 90 5.14.4 Uniaxial compression and deformability test ........................................................... 90 5.14.5 Point load test............................................................................................................ 91 5.14.6 Direct shear test......................................................................................................... 92 5.14.7 Brazil test .................................................................................................................. 93 5.14.8 Triaxial compression test .......................................................................................... 94

Section 6 Ground investigation report ................................................................................. 95

6.1 General requirements........................................................................................................ 95 6.2 Presentation of geotechnical information ......................................................................... 95 6.3 Evaluation of geotechnical information ........................................................................... 96 6.4 Establishment of derived values ....................................................................................... 97

Annex A (informative) List of test results of geotechnical test standards.......................... 98

Annex B (informative) Planning of geotechnical investigations ....................................... 101

Annex C (informative) Example of groundwater pressure derivations based

on a model and long term measurements .......................................................... 109Annex D (informative) Cone and piezocone penetration tests .......................................... 111

Annex E (informative) Pressure meter test ........................................................................ 121

Annex F (informative) Standard penetration test ............................................................. 125

Annex G (informative) Dynamic probing test .................................................................... 129

Annex H (informative) Weight sounding test 134 Annex I (informative) Field vane test................................................................................. 133

Annex J (informative) Flat dilatometer test Example of correlations between EOED

and DMT results .................................................................................................. 138Annex K (informative) Plate loading test ............................................................................ 139

Annex L (informative) Detailed information on preparation of soil specimens

for testing .............................................................................................................. 143Annex M (informative) Detailed information on tests for classification, identification

and description of soil.......................................................................................... 150 Annex N (informative) Detailed information on chemical testing of soil......................... 157

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5.11 Undersøgelse af jords permeabilitet ............................................................................................................... 82 5.11.1 Formål ..................................................................................................................................................... 82 5.11.2 Krav ......................................................................................................................................................... 82 5.11.3 Vurdering og anvendelse af forsøgsresultater .................................................................................. 83 5.12 Forsøg til klassificering af fjeld.......................................................................................................................... 84 5.12.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 84 5.12.2 Krav til alle klassifikationsforsøg ......................................................................................................... 84 5.12.3 Identifikation og beskrivelse af fjeld ................................................................................................... 84 5.12.4 Bestemmelse af vandindhold ............................................................................................................. 85 5.12.5 Bestemmelse af densitet og porøsitet ................................................................................................ 86 5.13 Undersøgelse af fjeldmateriales kvældning ................................................................................................... 86 5.13.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 86 5.13.2 Generelle krav ........................................................................................................................................ 87 5.13.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 87 5.13.4 Kvældningsindeks for tryk uden volumenændring ......................................................................... 87 5.13.5 Kvældningsindeks for tøjning for radiært indesluttede delprøver med aksial overfladelast...... 88 5.13.6 Kvældningstøjning i ikke-radiært indesluttede fjeldprøver ............................................................. 89 5.14 Undersøgelse af fjeldmateriales styrke ........................................................................................................... 89 5.14.1 Generelt .................................................................................................................................................. 89 5.14.2 Krav til alle styrkeforsøg ....................................................................................................................... 89 5.14.3 Vurdering af forsøgsresultater ............................................................................................................ 90 5.14.4 Enakset tryk- og stivhedsforsøg .......................................................................................................... 90 5.14.5 Pointload-forsøg .................................................................................................................................... 91 5.14.6 Direkte forskydningsforsøg ................................................................................................................. 92 5.14.7 Brazil-forsøg ........................................................................................................................................... 93 5.14.8 Triaksialt trykforsøg............................................................................................................................... 94

Kapitel 6 Geoteknisk undersøgelsesrapport ................................................................................................... 95 6.1 Generelle krav ..................................................................................................................................................... 95 6.2 Præsentation af geoteknisk information ......................................................................................................... 95 6.3 Vurdering af geoteknisk information ............................................................................................................... 96 6.4 Fastlæggelse af udledte værdier ...................................................................................................................... 97

Anneks A (informativt) Liste over forsøgsresultater i geotekniske forsøgsstandarder ....................................... 98

Anneks B (informativt) Planlægning af geotekniske undersøgelser ....................................................................... 101

Anneks C (informativt) Eksempel på udledning af grundvandstryk baseret på en model og på langtidsmålinger ................................................................................................................ 109

Anneks D (informativt) Tryksondering med og uden måling af porevandstryk .................................................... 111

Anneks E (informativt) Pressiometerforsøg (PMT) ..................................................................................................... 121

Anneks F (informativt) Standardpenetrationsforsøg (SPT) ...................................................................................... 125

Anneks G (informativt) Rammesondering (DP) ........................................................................................................... 129

Anneks H (informativt) Drejesondering (WST) ............................................................................................................ 132

Anneks I (informativt) Feltvingeforsøg (FVT) ............................................................................................................... 133

Anneks J (informativt) Forsøg med fladt dilatometer (DMT).................................................................................... 138

Anneks K (informativt) Pladebelastningsforsøg (PLT) ................................................................................................ 139

Anneks L (informativt) Detaljeret information om tildannelse af jordprøver til forsøg ....................................... 143

Anneks M (informativt) Detaljeret information om forsøg til klassifikation, identifikation og beskrivelse af jord ................................................................................................................... 150

Anneks N (informativt) Detaljeret information om kemisk undersøgelse af jord ................................................. 157

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Annex O (informative) Detailed information on strength index testing of soil ............... 162

Annex P (informative) Detailed information on strength testing of soil.......................... 163

Annex Q (informative) Detailed information on compressibility testing of soil .............. 165

Annex R (informative) Detailed information on compaction testing of soil .................... 166

Annex S (informative) Detailed information on permeability testing of soil .................. 168

Annex T (informative) Preparation of specimen for testing on rockmaterial................. 170

Annex U (informative) Classification testing of rock material ......................................... 171

Annex V (informative) Swelling testing of rock material .................................................. 173

Annex W (informative) Strength testing of rock material ................................................. 175

Annex X (informative) Bibliography................................................................................... 180

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Anneks O (informativt) Detaljeret information om styrkeindeksforsøg i jord ....................................................... 162

Anneks P (informativt) Detaljeret information om styrkeforsøg med jord ............................................................. 163

Anneks Q (informativt) Detaljeret information om undersøgelse af jords sammentrykkelighed ..................... 165

Anneks R (informativt) Detaljeret information om indstampningsforsøg med jord ............................................ 166

Anneks S (informativt) Detaljeret information om undersøgelse af jords permeabilitet .................................... 168

Anneks T (informativt) Tildannelse af delprøver til undersøgelse af fjeldmateriale ............................................. 170

Anneks U (informativt) Forsøg til klassifikation af fjeldmateriale ............................................................................ 171

Anneks V (informativt) Undersøgelse af fjeldmateriales kvældning ....................................................................... 173

Anneks W (informativt) Undersøgelse af fjeldmateriales styrke .......................................................................... 175

Anneks X (informativt) Bibliografi ................................................................................................................................... 180

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

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Foreword

This document (EN 1997-2: 2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 "Structural Eurocodes", the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. This document supersedes ENV 1997-2:1999 and ENV 1997-3:1999. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Background of the Eurocode programme

In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonization of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works, which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market). The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts: EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

1 Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) concerning the

work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).

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Forord

Dette dokument (EN 1997-2:2007) er udarbejdet af teknisk komité CEN/TC 250, Structural Eurocodes, hvis sekretariat varetages af BSI.

Denne europæiske standard skal inden september 2007 have status som national standard, enten ved at der udgi-ves en identisk tekst, eller ved formel godkendelse, og modstridende nationale standarder skal være trukket tilbage senest marts 2010.

Dette dokument erstatter ENV 1997-2:1999 og ENV 1997-3:1999.

CEN/TC 250 har ansvaret for samtlige eurocodes for bærende konstruktioner.

I henhold til CEN/CENELEC’s interne regler er de nationale standardiseringsorganisationer i følgende lande forplig-tet til at implementere denne europæiske standard: Belgien, Bulgarien, Cypern, Danmark, Estland, Finland, Frankrig, Grækenland, Irland, Island, Italien, Letland, Litauen, Luxembourg, Malta, Nederlandene, Norge, Polen, Portugal, Rumænien, Schweiz, Slovakiet, Slovenien, Spanien, Storbritannien, Sverige, Tjekkiet, Tyskland, Ungarn og Østrig.

Baggrund for eurocodeprogrammet

I 1975 besluttede Kommissionen for de Europæiske Fællesskaber at igangsætte et handlingsprogram på bygge- og anlægsområdet på grundlag af traktatens artikel 95. Formålet med programmet var at fjerne tekniske handelshin-dringer og at harmonisere tekniske specifikationer.

Inden for dette handlingsprogram tog Kommissionen initiativ til at fastlægge et sæt harmoniserede tekniske regler for projektering af konstruktioner, der i første omgang skulle tjene som et alternativ til de gældende regler i med-lemslandene og senere erstatte dem.

Med støtte fra en styrekomité med repræsentanter fra medlemslandene varetog Kommissionen i 15 år udviklingen af eurocodeprogrammet, der førte til den første generation af europæiske byggenormer i 1980’erne.

I 1989 besluttede Kommissionen og medlemslandene i EU og EFTA, på grundlag af en aftale1 mellem Kommissio-nen og CEN, at overdrage udarbejdelsen og offentliggørelsen af eurocodes til CEN i form af en række mandater med det formål at give disse eurocodes en fremtidig status som europæisk standard (EN). Dette forbinder de facto eurocodes med de bestemmelser i alle Rådets direktiver og/eller Kommissionens beslutninger, der vedrører euro-pæiske standarder (fx Rådets Direktiv 89/106/EØF om byggevarer og Rådets Direktiv 93/37/EØF, 92/50/EØF og 89/440/EØF om offentlige bygge- og anlægsarbejder samt tilsvarende EFTA-direktiver igangsat med henblik på etablerin-gen af det indre marked).

Eurocodeprogrammet for bærende konstruktioner omfatter følgende standarder, der som hovedregel består af et antal dele:

EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Projekteringsgrundlag for bærende konstruktioner

EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Last på bærende konstruktioner

––––––––––1 Aftale mellem Europa-Kommissionen og Den Europæiske Komite for Standardisering, CEN, om udarbejdelsen af eurocodes

for projektering af bygge- og anlægsarbejder (BC/CEN/03/89).

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EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.

Status and field of application of Eurocodes

The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: — as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential

requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 – Mechanical resistance and stability – and Essential Requirement N°2 – Safety in case of fire;

— as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services; — as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products

(ENs and ETAs). The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes. The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases.

2 According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of

the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs.

3 According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels

for each requirement where necessary ; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and of

proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ; c) serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.

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EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Betonkonstruktioner

EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Stålkonstruktioner

EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Kompositkonstruktioner i stål og beton

EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Trækonstruktioner

EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Murværkskonstruktioner

EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geoteknik

EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Konstruktioner i seismiske områder

EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Aluminiumkonstruktioner

Eurocodestandarder anerkender det ansvar, som myndighederne i hvert medlemsland har, og har sikret deres ret til at fastsætte værdier med relation til sikkerhedsforhold på nationalt niveau, hvor disse fortsat er forskellige fra med-lemsland til medlemsland.

Status og anvendelsesområde for eurocodes

Medlemslandene i EU og EFTA anerkender, at eurocodes anvendes som referencedokumenter til følgende formål:

– som et middel til at eftervise bygge- og anlægsarbejders overensstemmelse med de væsentlige krav i Rådets Direktiv 89/106/EØF, i særdeleshed væsentligt krav nr. 1 – Mekanisk modstandsevne og stabilitet – og væsentligt krav nr. 2 – Brandsikring

– som grundlag for at udforme kontrakter for bygge- og anlægsopgaver og tilhørende tekniske ydelser

– som ramme for udarbejdelsen af harmoniserede tekniske specifikationer for byggevarer (EN’er og ETA’er).

I det omfang, eurocodes omhandler selve bygværket, har de en direkte sammenhæng med de basisdokumenter2, der henvises til i artikel 12 i byggevaredirektivet, skønt de adskiller sig fra harmoniserede produktstandarder3. Der-for er det nødvendigt, at CEN’s tekniske komitéer og/eller EOTA’s arbejdsgrupper, der beskæftiger sig med produkt-standarder, tager tilstrækkeligt hensyn til de tekniske aspekter, som fremkommer i forbindelse med arbejdet med eurocodes, med det formål at der opnås fuldstændig overensstemmelse mellem disse tekniske specifikationer og eurocodes.

Eurocodestandarderne fastlægger fælles regler for projektering af almindelige bærende konstruktioner og kompo-nenter af såvel traditionel som nyskabende art. Usædvanlige bygningsformer eller projekteringsbetingelser er ikke omfattet specifikt, og det vil i sådanne tilfælde være nødvendigt for den projekterende at anvende yderligere eks-pertviden.

––––––––––2 I henhold til art. 3.3 i byggevaredirektivet skal de væsentlige krav (ER) udmøntes konkret i form af basisdokumenter for etab-

leringen af den nødvendige forbindelse mellem de væsentlige krav og mandaterne for harmoniserede EN'er og ETAG'er/ETA'er.

3 I henhold til art. 12 i byggevaredirektivet skal basisdokumenterne:a) præcisere de væsentlige krav, idet de harmoniserer terminologien og de tekniske grundlag og anfører klasser eller niveauer

for hvert enkelt krav, når dette er nødvendigtb) anvise fremgangsmåder for påvisning af den indbyrdes sammenhæng mellem disse klasser eller niveauer af krav og de

tekniske specifikationer: fx beregnings- og påvisningsmetoder, tekniske konstruktionsregler m.m.c) tages i betragtning ved udarbejdelse af harmoniserede standarder og retningslinjer for den europæiske tekniske godken-

delse.Eurocodes spiller de facto en lignende rolle på området omfattet af væsentligt krav ER 1 og en del af væsentligt krav ER 2.

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National Standards implementing Eurocodes

The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex. The National annex may only contain information on those parameters, which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.: − values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode; − values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode; − country specific data (geographical, climatic), e.g. snow map; − the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode. It may also contain: − decisions on the application of informative annexes; − references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the

Eurocode.

Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for

products

There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products, which refer to Eurocodes, should clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account.

Additional information specific to Eurocode 7

EN 1997-2 gives guidance for the planning and interpretation of geotechnical laboratory and field tests that are used for the support of geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works. EN 1997-2 is intended for clients, designers, geotechnical laboratories, field testing laboratories and public authorities. EN 1997-2 is intended to be used with EN 1997-1. When using EN 1997-2, particular regard should be paid to the underlying assumptions and conditions given in 1.3. The six sections of EN 1997-2 are complemented by 24 informative annexes.

National annex for EN 1997-2

The national standard implementing EN 1997-2 should have a national annex containing allinformation concerning the application of EN 1997-2 in the relevant country.

4 See Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1.

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Nationale standarder, der implementerer eurocodes

De nationale standarder, der implementerer eurocodes, vil indeholde eurocodens tekst i sin helhed (med annekser), som den er offentliggjort af CEN, og der kan foran være en national forside og et nationalt forord og til sidst et natio-nalt anneks.

Det nationale anneks må kun indeholde oplysninger om de parametre, for hvilke der i eurocoden er givet mulighed for national valgfrihed, kaldet nationalt bestemte parametre, der skal anvendes ved projektering af bygge- og an-lægsarbejder til opførelse i det pågældende land, dvs.:

– værdier og/eller klasser, hvor eurocoden indeholder alternativer

– værdier, der skal anvendes, hvor der kun er angivet et symbol i eurocoden

– landespecifikke data (geografiske, klimatiske), fx snekort

– de fremgangsmåder, der skal følges, hvis der er angivet alternative fremgangsmåder i eurocoden.

Det kan også indeholde:

– beslutninger om anvendelsen af informative annekser

– henvisninger til ikke-modstridende supplerende oplysninger, der er en hjælp for brugeren af eurocoden.

Sammenhæng mellem eurocodes og harmoniserede tekniske specifikationer (EN'er og ETA'er) for byggevarer

Der er behov for overensstemmelse mellem de harmoniserede tekniske specifikationer for byggevarer og konstruk-tionsnormerne4. Desuden bør alle de oplysninger, der ledsager byggevarernes CE-mærkning, og som henviser til eurocodes, tydeligt angive, hvilke nationalt bestemte parametre der er anvendt.

Yderligere oplysninger, der er specifikke for eurocode 7

EN 1997-2 giver vejledning om planlægning og tolkning af geotekniske laboratorie- og feltforsøg, som anvendes til at underbygge geoteknisk projektering af bygge- og anlægsarbejder.

EN 1997-2 er beregnet for bygherrer, projekterende, geotekniske laboratorier, laboratorier, der udfører feltforsøg, og offentlige myndigheder.

EN 1997-2 er beregnet til at skulle bruges sammen med EN 1997-1.

Ved brugen af EN 1997-2 bør der tages særligt hensyn til de underliggende forudsætninger og betingelser anført i 1.3.

De seks kapitler i EN 1997-2 suppleres med 24 informative annekser.

Nationalt anneks til EN 1997-2

Den nationale standard, der implementerer EN 1997-2, bør have et nationalt anneks med alle oplysninger vedrø-rende brugen af EN 1997-2 i det pågældende land.

––––––––––4 Se art. 3.3 og art. 12 i byggevaredirektivet samt 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 og 5.2 i basisdokument 1.

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Section 1 General

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 7

(1) EN 1997 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990:2002, which establishes the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability, describes the basis of design and verification and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability. (2) EN 1997 is intended to be applied to the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering works. It is subdivided into various separate parts (see 1.1.2). (3) EN 1997 is concerned with the requirements for strength, stability, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. (4) Numerical values of actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in design are provided in EN 1991 for the various types of construction. Actions imposed by the ground, such as earth pressures, shall be calculated according to the rules of EN 1997. (5) Separate European Standards are intended to be used to treat matters of execution and workmanship. They are denoted in the relevant sections. (6) In EN 1997 execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to conform to the assumptions of the design rules. (7) EN 1997 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. EN 1998 provides additional rules for geotechnical seismic design, which complete or adapt the rules of this standard. 1.1.2 Scope of EN 1997-2

(1) EN 1997-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1 and provides rules supplementary to EN 1997-1 related to: − planning and reporting of ground investigations; − general requirements for a number of commonly used laboratory and field tests; − interpretation and evaluation of test results; − derivation of values of geotechnical parameters and coefficients. In addition, examples of the application of field test results to design are given. NOTE Establishment of characteristic values is covered in EN 1997-1. (2) This document gives no specific provisions for environmental ground investigations. (3) Only commonly used geotechnical laboratory and field tests are covered in this standard. These were selected on the basis of their importance in geotechnical practice, availability in

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Kapitel 1 Generelt

1.1 Anvendelsesområde

1.1.1 Anvendelsesområde for eurocode 7

(1) EN 1997 skal anvendes sammen med EN 1990:2002, som fastsætter principper og krav til sikkerhed og anvende-lighed, beskriver grundlaget for projektering og for eftervisning, samt giver retningslinjer for beslægtede aspekter inden for konstruktioners pålidelighed.

(2) EN 1997 gælder for geotekniske områder af bygge- og anlægsarbejder. Den er inddelt i forskellige separate dele (se 1.1.2).

(3) EN 1997 omhandler krav til konstruktioners styrke, stabilitet, anvendelighed og holdbarhed. Andre krav, fx vedr. varme- eller lydisolering, er ikke taget i betragtning.

(4) Numeriske værdier for last på bygge- og anlægsarbejder, der skal medtages i dimensioneringen, er anført i EN 1991, der gælder for forskellige konstruktionstyper. Laster hidrørende fra jord, som fx jordtryk, skal beregnes i hen-hold til reglerne i EN 1997.

(5) Andre europæiske standarder gælder for udførelse af konstruktionen. De er angivet i de relevante kapitler.

(6) EN 1997 dækker udførelse i den udstrækning, det er nødvendigt for at opfylde forudsætningerne i dimensione-ringsreglerne.

(7) EN 1997 dækker ikke de specielle krav i forbindelse med seismisk dimensionering. I EN 1998 angives suppleren-de regler for geoteknisk seismisk dimensionering, der supplerer eller tilpasser reglerne i denne standard.

1.1.2 Anvendelsesområde for EN 1997-2

(1) EN 1997-2 gælder sammen med EN 1997-1 og opstiller supplerende regler i forhold til EN 1997-1 vedrørende:

– planlægning og rapportering af jordbundsundersøgelser

– generelle krav til et antal almindeligt anvendte laboratorie- og feltforsøg

– tolkning og vurdering af forsøgsresultaterne

– udledning af værdier af geotekniske parametre og koefficienter.

Desuden gives eksempler på anvendelse af resultater af feltforsøg som grundlag for dimensionering.

NOTE – Fastlæggelse af karakteristiske værdier er omfattet af EN 1997-1.

(2) Dette dokument opstiller ikke konkrete forholdsregler for miljømæssige aspekter af jordbundsundersøgelser.

(3) Kun almindeligt anvendte geotekniske laboratorie- og feltforsøg er omfattet af denne standard. Disse er udvalgt på basis af deres betydning for geoteknisk praksis, tilgængelighed i kommercielle geotekniske laboratorier og

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commercial geotechnical laboratories and existence of an accepted testing procedure in Europe. The laboratory tests on soils are mainly applicable to saturated soils. NOTE It is expected that updates of the present standard will gradually include laboratory and field tests covering additional aspects of soil and rock behaviour. (4) The provisions of this standard apply primarily to projects of geotechnical category 2, as defined in 2.1 of EN 1997-1:2004. The ground investigation requirements for category 1 projects are normally limited as the verifications often will be based on local experience. For geotechnical category 3 projects, the amount of investigations required will normally be at least the same as indicated for geotechnical category 2 projects in the following sections. Additional investigations and more advanced tests, related to the circumstances that place a project in geotechnical category 3, may be necessary. (5) The derivation of parameter values is dedicated primarily to the design of pile and spread foundations based on field testing, as detailed in Annexes D, E, F and G of EN 1997-1:2004.

1.2 Normative references

(1) The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this European Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this European Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the last edition of the normative document referred to applies. EN 1990:2002 Eurocode — Basis of structural design EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules EN ISO 14688-1 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification

of soil — Part 1: Identification and description

EN ISO 14688-2 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification

of soil — Part 2: Classification principles

EN ISO 14689-1 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification

of rock - Part 1: Identification and description

EN ISO 22475-15 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling by drilling and

excavation and groundwater measurements — Part 1: Technical

principles of execution

EN ISO 22476-15 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 1:

Electrical CPT and CPTU

EN ISO 22476-2 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 2: Dynamic

probing

EN ISO 22476-3 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 3:

Standard penetration test EN ISO 22476-45 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 4: Ménard

pressuremeter test EN ISO 22476-55 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 5: Flexible

dilatometer test

EN ISO 22476-66 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 6: Self

boring pressuremeter test

5 to be published

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tilstedeværelsen af en accepteret forsøgsprocedure i Europa. Laboratorieforsøg på jordprøver er primært anvende-lige på mættet jord.

NOTE – Det forventes, at opdaterede udgaver af denne standard gradvis vil inkludere laboratorie- og feltforsøg, der dækker yderligere aspekter ved jords og fjelds opførsel.

(4) Bestemmelserne i denne standard gælder primært for projekter i geoteknisk kategori 2, som defineret i 2.1 i EN 1997-1:2004. Krav til jordbundsundersøgelser for projekter i kategori 1 er normalt begrænsede, da eftervisningerne ofte vil være baseret på lokal erfaring. For projekter i geoteknisk kategori 3 vil det krævede antal undersøgelser nor-malt være mindst det samme som angivet for projekter i geoteknisk kategori 2 i de følgende kapitler. Yderligere un-dersøgelser og mere avancerede forsøg, som vedrører de omstændigheder, der anbringer et projekt i geoteknisk kategori 3, kan være nødvendige.

(5) Udledningen af parameterværdier vedrører primært dimensionering af pælefundering og direkte fundering ba-seret på feltforsøg som beskrevet i detaljer i anneks D, E, F og G i EN 1997-1:2004.

1.2 Normative referencer

(1) Normative referencer er henvisninger til andre dokumenter, hvis bestemmelser gælder for denne europæiske standard. Når daterede referencer ændres eller revideres, vil ændringen eller revisionen ikke gælde for denne stan-dard. Parter, der indgår aftaler på grundlag af denne europæiske standard, opfordres imidlertid til at undersøge muligheden for at anvende den nyeste udgave af de normative dokumenter, der er angivet nedenfor. For udaterede referencer gælder den seneste udgave af det pågældende normative dokument.

EN 1990:2002 Eurocode – Basis of structural design

EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules

EN ISO 14688-1 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 1: Identifi-cation and description

EN ISO 14688-2 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 2: Classifi-cation principles

EN ISO 14689-1 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of rock – Part 1: Identifi-cation and description

EN ISO 22475-15 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Sampling by drilling and excavation and groundwater measurements – Part 1: Technical principles of execution

EN ISO 22476-15 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests

EN ISO 22476-2 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 2: Dynamic probing

EN ISO 22476-3 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 3: Standard penetration test

EN ISO 22476-45 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test

EN ISO 22476-55 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test

EN ISO 22476-65 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 6: Self boring pressuremeter test

––––––––––5 Under udgivelse.

EN 1997-2: 2007 (E)

12

EN ISO 22476-86 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 8: Full

displacement pressuremeter test

EN ISO 22476-96 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 9: Field

vane test

EN ISO 22476-126 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 12:

Mechanical CPT

EN ISO 22476-136 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 13: Plate

loading test

NOTE The Bibliography presents a number of CEN ISO Technical Specifications (CEN ISO/TS), giving information on procedures, equipment, evaluation and presentation for some field and laboratory tests. These technical specifications may become European/ISO standards in due time. The National Standards Body may decide to keep its national standard in force during the lifetime of a CEN ISO/TS. National Annexes to EN 1997-2 may give information regarding national practise involved.

1.3 Assumptions

(1) Reference is made to - EN 1990:2002, 1.3 and EN 1997-1:2004, 1.3. (2) The provisions of this standard are based on the assumptions given below: − data required for design are collected, recorded and interpreted by appropriately qualified

personnel; − structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel; − adequate continuity and communication exist between the personnel involved in data-

collection, design and construction;

1.4 Distinction between Principles and Application Rules

(1) Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in EN 1997-2 between Principles and Application Rules. (2) The Principles comprise: − general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative; − requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically

stated. (3) The Principles are preceded by the letter P. (4) The Application Rules are examples of generally recognised rules which follow the Principles and satisfy their requirements. (5) It is permissible to use alternatives to the Application Rules given in this standard, provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are at least equivalent with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and durability, which would be expected when using the Eurocodes. NOTE If an alternative design rule is submitted for an application rule, the resulting design cannot be claimed to be wholly in accordance with EN 1997-2, although the design will remain in accordance with the Principles of EN 1997-1. When EN 1997-2 is used in respect of a property listed in an Annex Z of a product standard or an ETAG, the use of an alternative design rule may not be acceptable for CE marking.

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EN ISO 22476-76 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 7: Borehole jack test

EN ISO 22476-86 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 8: Full displacement pressuremeter test

EN ISO 22476-96 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 9: Field vane test

EN ISO 22476-12 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 12: Mechanical CPT

EN ISO 22476-136 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing – Part 13: Plate loading test

NOTE – Bibliografien indeholder et antal CEN ISO Technical Specifications (CEN ISO/TS), der indeholder oplysninger om frem-gangsmåder for, udstyr til, vurdering og præsentation af nogle felt- og laboratorieforsøg. Disse tekniske specifikationer kan med tiden blive til europæiske standarder/ISO-standarder. Det nationale standardiseringsorgan kan beslutte, at en af dets nati-onale standarder fortsat skal være i kraft i en CEN ISO/TS' levetid. Nationale annekser til EN 1997-2 kan give oplysninger om den gældende nationale praksis.

1.3 Forudsætninger

(1) Der henvises til EN 1990:2002, 1.3 og EN 1997-1:2004, 1.3.

(2) Bestemmelserne i denne standard er baseret på følgende forudsætninger:

– de nødvendige data for projekteringen indsamles, registreres og fortolkes af velkvalificerede medarbejdere

– konstruktioner projekteres af velkvalificerede og erfarne medarbejdere

– der er tilstrækkelig kontinuitet og kommunikation mellem de medarbejdere, der er beskæftiget med indsamling af data, beregning og udførelse.

1.4 Forskellen mellem principper og anvendelsesregler

(1) Afhængigt af karakteren af de enkelte punkter skelnes der i EN 1997-2 mellem principper og anvendelsesregler.

(2) Principperne omfatter:

– generelle udsagn og definitioner, hvortil der ikke findes alternativer

– krav og beregningsmodeller, hvortil der ikke tillades alternativer, medmindre dette er specifikt angivet.

(3) Principperne er markeret med P efter punktets nummer.

(4) Anvendelsesreglerne er eksempler på almindeligt anerkendte regler, der er i overensstemmelse med princip-perne og opfylder deres krav.

(5) Det er tilladt at anvende andre regler end de anvendelsesregler, der er angivet i denne standard, hvis det eftervi-ses, at de alternative regler er i overensstemmelse med de relevante principper og mindst er tilsvarende, for så vidt angår den konstruktionssikkerhed, anvendelighed og holdbarhed, der forventes, når disse eurocodes anvendes.

NOTE – Hvis en anvendelsesregel erstattes med en alternativ projekteringsregel, kan den fremkomne projektering ikke hævdes at være i fuld overensstemmelse med EN 1997-2, skønt projekteringen stadig vil være i overensstemmelse med principperne i EN 1997-1. Når EN 1997-2 anvendes med hensyn til en egenskab i et anneks Z i en produktstandard eller en ETAG, er der ikke sikkerhed for, at en alternativ projekteringsregel kan accepteres som grundlag for CE-mærkning.

––––––––––6 Under udgivelse.