Europe 15th-17th centuries: An small overview to start 4th ESO

8/14/2019 Europe 15th-17th centuries: An small overview to start 4th ESO

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Europe,15th-18th centuries

A social, economical, political,

scientific and religiouspicture.


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Index

1. Society in Modern Times Europe

2. Economy

3. Political situation4. Scientific Revolution of the 17th

century

5. Religious climate: the ProtestantReformation and the division of theChristian World


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1. Society in Modern Times

Europea. Terms and vocabularyb. Main characteristics: the States of

the Realmc. Different groups: Aristocracy, Clergy

and Peasants

d. The old institutions remain: guildse. The growing of the bourgeoisie


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a. Terms and vocabulary

Aristocracy: arepeople consideredto be in the highest

social class insociety, whotraditionally haveland, money, andpower. They areoften members of ahereditary nobility.


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Estates of the Realm: were the broaddivisions of society, usually distinguishingnobility, clergy, and commonersrecognized in the Middle Ages and later.

Peasant: is an agricultural worker whosubsists by working a small plot of ground.


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Privilege: is a special entitlement orimmunity granted by a government orother authority to a restricted group,

either by birth or on a conditional basis.

The privileged social groups were the

aristocracy and the clergy


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b. Main characteristics: the Statesof the Realm

Hierarchical society characterized by:

aristocratic elites with inherited legal privileges;

established churches closely associated with thestate and the aristocracy;

urban labor force usually organized into guilds; rural peasantry subject to high taxes and feudal

dues.

Tradition, Hierarchy, Privilege, Corporate feeling


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c. Different groups: Aristocracy

15 % of population

most social, political, economicpower

wealth based on land

manual labor considered beneath

them interest in economic growth,

innovation (like commercial classes)


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Different groups: Peasants

lives of economic and social dependency,exploitation, vulnerability

all household members worked; work products

went to family, not individual farming major occupation, but rarely adequate

one or more family members might workelsewhere and send wages home


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d. The old institutions remain:guilds

Guilds:

The guild was at the centre of Europeanhandicraft organization into thesixteenth century.

The guilds also maintained funds in

order to support infirm or elderlymembers, as well as widows andorphans of guild members


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e. The growing of the

bourgeoisie They were a part of the merchant classes ofEuropean feudalism Their power came from employment, education,and wealth, as distinguished from those whose

power came from being born into an aristocraticfamily of land owners.

The bourgeoisie emerged from late feudal andearly modern towns, through the control of longdistance trade and petty manufacture.


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2. Economy

Mercantilism: economic theory that holdsthat the prosperity of a nation is dependentupon its supply of capital.

Mercantilism suggests that the rulinggovernment should advance these goals byplaying a protectionist role in the economy;by encouraging exports and discouraging

imports, notably through the use of tariffsand subsidies.


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Mercantilist ideas were the dominanteconomic ideology of all of Europe in the

early modern period Mercantilismhelped createtrade patterns suchas the triangulartrade in the North

Atlantic, in whichraw materials wereimported to themetropolis andthen processedand redistributed

to other colonies.


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3. Political situation


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The 17th Century saw a rise insystematic skepticism,experimentalism, and reasoningbased on observed facts andmathematical laws

Francis Bacon direct observationwas essential to ascertain truth

Rene Descartes applied

mathematical methods andreasoning to philosophy


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e. Religious climate: the ProtestantReformation and the division of the

Christian World

The Protestant Reformation was aChristian reform movement in

Europe which begun with MartinLuther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.


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Why?

Many western Catholics were troubled bywhat they saw as false doctrines andmalpractices within the church:

the teaching and sale of indulgences. the practice of buying and selling church

positions (simony)

considerable corruption within the church'shierarchy. This corruption was seen bymany at the time as systemic, evenreaching the position of the Pope.


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Luther and his Ninety-FiveTheses

were points for debate that criticizedthe church and the Pope.

The most controversial points werefocused on the practice ofsellingindulgences and the church'spolicy on purgatory.


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The expansion of the

Reformation Calvinism (Switzerland) Anglicanism (UK)

Wars in Europe since 1540


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The Counter-Reformation

denotes the period of Catholic revival beginningwith the Council of Trent and ending at the closeof the Thirty Years' War, 1648.

The way the Catholic Church tried to findbridges with the new Protestants.

It failed ant it built an even closer Church.

This meant the broke of the Christian World.

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Europe 15th-17th centuries: An small overview to start 4th ESO