EUROPE IN THE 1800s and IMPERIALISM

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• The Industrial Revolution started in the 1780s in Great

Britain• Five factors that contributed to the start of the

Industrial Revolution were that Great Britain had a large population, lots of money, lots of colonies, lots of natural resources, and was politically stable– Four factors of production:• Capital = money used to invest• Entrepreneur = a person who starts businesses in

order to make a profit• Land = factory and resources needed to start a

business• Labor = workers to work in the factory

• The first industry to be industrialized was textiles (production of cloth)– Two inventions that helped advance the production of

cotton cloth were the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny

– The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine

• Two other industries that greatly expanded were coal and iron

• Factory owners began to realize that the more the machines ran, the more money they made, so they began to require workers to work in shifts so they could make more money– The problem with factory work is that workers worked

long hours for little pay in dangerous conditions

• One social impact of the Industrial Revolution is that it led to the growth of cities– It also led to the growth of the industrial middle class and the

industrial working class– Factories hired more women than men because they paid

women less• Mass production = system of manufacturing large numbers of

identical items– Assembly line = the product moves from worker to worker as

each one performs a step in the manufacturing process– Interchangeable parts = identical machine-made parts

• Several groups were against the Industrial Revolution, such as Socialists, Luddites, and Romantics– A major goal of the Luddites was to destroy the machines and

factories– Socialism states that society, usually in the form of government,

owns and controls the means of production

• Karl Marx is the father of Communism and he wrote The Communist Manifesto– In this book he stated that two new classes have

emerged:• Proletariat = working class• Bourgeoisie = factory owners who owned all the

means of production and oppressed the working class– Eventually Marx believed that the Proletariat would rise

up and overthrow the Bourgeoisie in a violent revolution• Labor unions came about to try to gain better wages and

working conditions for workers– One thing workers did to pressure factory owners into

complying was to go on strike• Strike = workers refuse to work in order to achieve their

demands

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 and UNIFICATION• There were 50 revolutions in 1848, and it starts in France– The middle class in France wanted the right to vote– The June Days was a violent class struggle in the streets of

Paris– The conservatives win and establish the Second Republic• Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon, becomes the

first president– France was the only nation to have a successful revolution

in 1848• The problem with the Austrian Empire is that it had too many

nationalities– Each nationality wanted to have its own government

• Both the Italian and German states in 1848 wanted a constitution and unification

• Two nations did not have a revolution in 1848:– Great Britain due to the fact that the government was slowly

reforming and giving people what they want– Russia because the people were too scared of their ruler, Czar

Nicholas I• Crimean War started off as a war between Russia and the

Ottoman Empire– The major effect of this war was that it destroyed the Concert

of Europe• Italian Unification

– The Italians turn to the Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont– Count Cavour will unify northern Italy– Guiseppe Garibaldi will unify southern Italy– For unification to happen, the Italians have to get Austria out

of Italy– They go to war against Austria and achieve unification in 1861

• German Unification– Germans turn to the German state of Prussia to lead the way in

unification– Otto von Bismarck will single-handedly bring about German

unification– He uses three wars to unify Germany:

• War against Denmark• Austro-Prussian (against Austria)• Franco-Prussian (against France)

– Prussia/Germany wins the Franco-Prussian War– They force France to sign the Treaty of Versailles which

makes France have to give them Alsace-Lorraine and makes France pay 5 billion francs

– As a result France now wants revenge– Germany achieves unification in 1871

• Unification in both Germany and Italy was achieved through war and these unifications upset the balance of power in Europe

EUROPE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1800s• The most stable nation in Europe was Great Britain– Queen Victoria ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901– It was stable because it kept reforming and increasing

the number of voters• Suffragists were women who were trying to gain

the right to vote• Women in Britain received the right to vote after

World War I• Ireland had a potato famine in 1846 and one million

people starved to death

• In France Louis-Napoleon created the Second French Empire, taking the title Napoleon III– The Second French Empire collapsed when France lost

the Franco-Prussian War• Austria initiated the Compromise of 1867 which created

the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary• In Russia Czar Alexander II emancipates the serfs and few

years later he is assassinated– In 1904 Russia loses a war to Japan– Bloody Sunday = workers who go to complain to the

czar are shot by soldiers, hundreds are killed• To end the riots, Czar Nicholas II creates the Duma

(Russian legislative assembly)• In Italy the Catholic Church refuses to recognize Italy as a

legitimate nation

• After unification Germany became the strongest military and industrial power in Europe–However Bismarck felt that France was a big

threat and his greatest fear was that France and Russia would form a military alliance–To deal with this threat he makes alliances and

tries to isolate France

• Manifest Destiny states that the U.S. has the right to take all land to the Pacific Ocean

• The main cause of the U.S. Civil War was the issue of states rights–Abolitionism = movement to end slavery– Emancipation = the act of setting free

• In 1898 the United States annexes Hawaii–That same year the United States wins the

Spanish-American War and gains the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

IMPERIALISM• Imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over

other lands– In the 1800s the Europeans began to take over Asia

and Africa• There were several motives for imperialism:– To gain money (financial motives)– National pride– Rivalry– Social Darwinism = Europeans thought they were

superior to African and Asian people– White Man’s Burden = Europeans felt they had a

moral responsibility to civilize primitive peoples

• Vocab– Protectorate = a political unit that depends on

another nation for its protection– Indirect rule = local rulers are allowed to maintain

their positions of authority– Direct rule = local rulers are removed from power and

replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country• Indirect rule is cheaper to use• The two chief goals of colonial regimes was to gain

natural resources and open markets

• Who owns what in Southeast Asia–Great Britain owns India, Burma, and

Singapore– France owns Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia–The U.S. owns the Philippines

• The only nation in Southeast Asia to maintain its independence is Thailand–Both France and Britain decide to use Thailand

as a buffer state

• In the “Scramble for Africa” Europeans are taking over Africa– Europeans were able to easily conquer Africa and Asia because

they had superior weapons– Great Britain took over Egypt to protect the Suez Canal– France owned the most land in Africa– Italy tried to take over Ethiopia and lost – they were the only

European nation to lose to an African nation– The British and the Boers fought against each other in the Boers

War• Boers were descendents of the original Dutch settlers• After several years of fighting the British win the war

– In 1885 Europeans met at the Berlin Conference where they divided up Africa• A consequence of this conference that we see today is tribal

warfare• The only two African nations to maintain their independence were

Ethiopia and Liberia

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA AND JAPAN• The British had an unfavorable balance of trade with China,

so they began to sell them opium– This led to the Opium War, which Britain eventually won– After the war Britain made China sign a treaty which

forced China to open more ports for trade, give Britain the island of Hong Kong, and agree to extraterritoriality• Extraterritoriality = refers to Europeans living by their

own laws while living on Chinese soil• One of the most devastating civil wars in history was the Tai

Ping Rebellion in which 20 million Chinese were killed– The leader of the Tai Ping was Hong Xiuquan, who

thought he was related to Jesus

• Imperialism in China consists of Europeans creating Spheres of Influence, in which they have exclusive trading rights

• In 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy– The Open Door Policy states that all nations should have

access to the Chinese markets• One group in China, the Boxers, hated foreigners in China– Around 1900 these Boxers launch the Boxer Rebellion in

which they begin to roam the countryside killing foreigners

• Japan didn’t want anything to do with Europeans or western nations, so they followed a policy of isolationism

• The first nation to get Japan to open up for trade was the United States– The U.S. uses military pressure (the threat of attack) to get

the Japanese to agree to trade

• Japan doesn’t want to be taken over like China, so they begin to reform– The Emperor’s return to power and his policy to turn

Japan into a modern nation is referred to as the Meiji Restoration

– Some of the ways Japan changes is by adopting Western army and military practices, making their government more western and modern, and by reforming their school system

• Japan gains a modern army and decides to use it to take over other countries, like Korea– Japan will defeat first China, then Russia, in their goal

to annex Korea– As a result Japan is now seen as a modern nation and a

great power

• In India the Sepoy Mutiny breaks out after the British decide to grease their bullets with pig and cow fat–These new bullets anger the Hindus and

Muslims in India since cows are sacred to the Hindus and pigs are taboo for the Muslims

• Great Britain’s most important colony is India–Queen Victoria even adopts the title Empress

of India

Opium War Tai Ping Rebellion

BetweenCauses

LeaderWho WinsResults

Foreign influence:Increased or Decreased?

Britain and ChinaPeasant rebels and the Chinese gov’t

British selling opium in China

Economic problems, weak gov’t

N/A Hong Xiuquan

Great BritainQing Dynasty with the help of the Europeans

Open more ports

Hong Kong

Extraterritoriality

Bloodiest civil war with 20 million dead

Increased Increased

CHINA JAPAN How trade est.Gov’t collapseRelations w/ U.S.

Reform

Resistance toChangeBecome moreModernImperialized orImperializer

Imperialized Imperializer

NO YES

YES - government NO only the Samurai

NONE all fails MEIJI REFORMS become like the West

British force opium through war

US forces Japan to trade under military threat

Fall of the Qing dynastyEmperor retakes power

Open Door Policy Forces trade