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Europe in the Middle Ages
500-1000 Early Middle Ages
(Stagnation and the status quo)
1000-1350 High Middle Ages
(Growth returns)http://christdesert.org/images/Audio/1-alma.auClick link for Chant
Development of feudalism:
• What is Feudalism? A decentralized social and political order formed for reasons of protection.
• Why Feudalism?
Serfs paying their lord.
The Granger Collection, New York
Early Middle Ages
• Germanic kings unified kingdoms
• Blend of Roman, Christian & Germanic societies created base for new European culture
• Rise of the Franks – from Danube to Pyrenees– Carolingians became the dominant family
• Charles Martel
Charles Martel(Charles the Hammer)
• Frankish “King” won the Battle of Tours in 732, – saved Europe from the Islamic expansionism that had
conquered Iberia.
• A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy cavalry, chivalry– a catalyst for the feudal system
• His son Pepin crowned by pope as king of the Franks
• Formed an alliance with the pope
Charlemagne (~742-814)(Charles the Great)• Son of Charles Pepin• Establishes Carolingian empire – based on comitatus
(king works in consultation with warriors)• Attempts to rebuild “Roman” Empire
– Strong administration – secular + religious– Revives art and culture
• Focus of Europe shifts North• Saves the Pope (Leo III) and is rewarded with the title
“Holy Roman Emperor” (Power shift from Constantinople to Northern Europe)
• reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural, educational and ecclesiastical (He outlawed “whoring, drunkenness, and covetousness” among the nuns and converted the Saxons.)
• After his death roads degrade and villas turn to castles.
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Role of the church in society• Stability• Investiture• Regular clergy (monks and nuns
who follow strict rules) (separation)
• Secular clergy (Bishops and Cardinals who were not trained as priests)
Invasion and Migration• Vikings
– Seamen and warriors– Why migrate – Technology– Convert to Christianity– Places of settlement
• Magyars• Muslims• Led to rise of regional
lords• Feudalism & manorialism
grow
Central & Late Middle Ages
• Commercial expansion & economic growth
• National monarchies developed bureaucracies that challenged vassal localism
High Middle Ages• social change
– rising middle class– Guilds – led to governance of towns– guilds and women
• economics– agricultural growth (new tech, techniques, lands
and crops)– population growth– urbanization– Trade– Hanseatic League
Cultural development
• Literacy increased – intellectual speculation spurred new ideas
• development of schools and universities from Cathedrals
• diffusion of learning from Byzantines and Muslims
• Urban centers patronized arts
– Sicily & Reconquista of Iberia– Military-Religious ordersConversion of Scandinavia and Baltic to
Christianity
Oxford University