European Colonial Expansion

Political, Social, & Economic Developments

European control of the world before A.D. 1400

The Portuguese Empire

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Started a school for map makers in Portugal.

• Map makers are called Cartographers.

• Vasco da Gamma and Bartholomew Dias were two of his students.

New Map-making Technologies

• Included the compass was used to find direction.

• The cross-staff was used to find latitude.

• Latitude is the measure of distance north or south.

New Map-making Technologies

• The chronometer was used to find longitude.

• Longitude is the measure of distance east or west.

• The astrolabe was used to triangulate a ship’s position at sea.

New Transportation Technologies

• The Caravel was a ship that used both square and triangular sails.

• It combined speed & maneuverability to create a better ship.

The Caravel

              

New Weapons

• Europeans used gunpowder invented by the Chinese to create cannons and rifles.

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The Columbian Exchange

New World Old World

Animals Plants Animals PlantsAlpacas Corn Horses WheatGuinea pigs Cocoa Cattle OatsRaccoons Avocados Pigs CoffeeBeavers Chili Pepper Chickens GarlicLlamas Peanuts Goats Onions Turkeys Squash (incl. pumpkin) Rabbits PeachesBison Strawberries Sheep Lettuce

Diseases DiseasesSyphilis Influenza Measles

Malaria SmallpoxTuberculosis

• Resulted in the spread of animals, plants, and diseases around the world

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Economic Motivations for Exploring

• Islamic nations blocked Europe from getting spices, silk, ivory, and gold from Africa & Asia.

Bartholomew Dias

• He was the first European to sail to the southern tip of Africa.

• Today the southern tip of Africa is called the Cape of Good Hope.

Vasco da Gama

• He was the first European to sail directly from Europe to India around Africa.

• His voyage turned a $10,000.00 investment into $600,000.00

The Portuguese

• Built the first trading post in India.

• Built the first trading post in China.

• First to sail around Africa.

• First to sail from Europe to India.

• Were the first to settle in Brazil, South America.

European control of the world before A.D. 1400

The Spanish Empire

Christopher Columbus

• Sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in A.D. 1492.

• Thought he had reached islands near India.

• He named the native people Indians.

Hernando Cortes

• Spanish explorer who conquered Mexico.

• He destroyed the Aztec empire.

• He made Mexico part of the Spanish empire.

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Vasco Balboa

• He was the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean by going west.

• He claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain.

• Francisco Pizarro traveled with him.

The Canary Island Canine was the breed of dog brought to the New World by Balboa.They are large and powerful dogs.

Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish explorer who conquered Peru.

• He destroyed the Inca empire.

• He made western South America part of the Spanish empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

• Magellan was the first man to circumnavigate the earth.• He proved the earth is round.

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Conflict between Portugal & Spain was solved by the Treaty of

Tordesillas.

• The pope got both nations to agree to this treaty. • It gave most of the New World to Spain & all of

Africa and most of Asia to Portugal

Modern day results of Portuguese & Spanish exploration

• Mexico, Central America, & South America are Catholic Christians.

• Portuguese is the official language in Brazil.• Spanish is the official language in Mexico,

Central America, and most of South America.• European sports like soccer are enjoyed.• Beef, chicken, onions, cheese, and rice are

common foods.• Political corruption and social unrest are also

common.

European control of the world before A.D. 1400

The French Empire

Jacques Cartier

• He was sent by the king of France to find a Northwest passage to China.

• He discovered the St. Lawrence River• He named the land he explored Canada.

Jacques Marquette & Louis Jolliet

• They were the first Europeans to explore the Mississippi River.

• Marquette & Jolliet traveled from Canada to modern Tennessee.

• They explored the Mississippi River for France.

La Salle

• He claimed the Mississippi River and its tributaries for France.

• He named the land Louisiana after king Louis XIV of France.

• His second expedition failed to locate where the Mississippi River meets the Gulf of Mexico.

Results of French exploration

• The French set up trading-post colonies.

• They took furs and timber back to France

• They tried to live peacefully with the native Indians.

• Most Canadians speak both English and French today.

North America Europe

Africa

South America

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Sugar, Cotton, Rice,

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Middle Passage

European control of the world before A.D. 1400

The Dutch Empire

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The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands

• The Dutch established trading-post and plantation colonies.

• They established the Dutch East India Company that paid 18% dividends yearly for 200 years.

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Three types of Colonies• Trading-post colonies

created to get raw materials like furs, spices, gold, etc…

Portugal, France, and the Dutch built these colonies.

• Plantation coloniescreated large farms to grow crops like sugar, cotton, & tobacco.

Spain & Britain built these colonies.

• Settlement coloniescreated to provide a new home for social outcasts.

Britain primarily built these colonies.

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European control of the world before A.D. 1400

The British Empire

John Cabot

• He reached Newfoundland, Canada in 1497.

• He thought he was in Asia, north of Japan.

• He disappeared on his second voyage.

Sir Walter Raleigh

• He was the first Englishman to establish a settlement colony in the New World in 1584.

• The colony failed.• He was later accused

of treason and beheaded by King James I.

John Smith

• He established the first permanent English settlement colony in the New World in 1607.

• The colony was owned by the Virginia Company.

• The settlement was named Jamestown.

Plymouth Colony

• Plymouth was a settlement colony.

• One third of its residents were Separatists.

• They sought religious freedom to worship according to the teachings of the Bible.

• Plymouth began in 1620.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Was established by English Puritans.

• They wanted to purify the Church of England from false worship.

• They started Harvard University as a school to train preachers.

The Spanish Armada

• England stole gold from Spanish ships coming back from the New World.

• In 1588, Spain attacked England to retaliate.

• Spain lost over 50 ships but England lost only 7.

Francis Drake

• He circumnavigated the world attacking Spanish ships.

• He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I.

• He was responsible for England’s victory against the Spanish Armada.

Results of English exploration

• English settlement colonies were established in the New World, Africa, and Australia.

• English religion, law, language, economics, and culture spread worldwide.

• England became the most powerful nation in the world.

• The sun never set on the British empire.

European control of the world before A.D. 1400

European control of the world by 1700.