Colonial Democratic

Developments

• Mayflower Compact – Pilgrims consent

to be governed.

• Albany Plan of Union – Franklin tries to

organize 13 colonies – rejected by colonial

governments.

• House of Burgesses – Virginia – elected

representative government

• New England style town meetings

Declaration of Independence

• John Locke – Natural Rights - Life,

Liberty, Property – borrowed ideas from

him

• Jefferson – Head of committee

• Consent of the Governed – Authority

comes from – Right to rebel

• List of Grievances against King George III

Articles of Confederation - 1781-1789 Weakness in Articles

of Confederation

Example Change in Constitution

No Standing Army In ability to deal with the threat

of "Shay's Rebellion"

Federal Government is given

the power to raise and

maintain a standing army

No Federal Taxation States did not pay debts to

Congress and so federal gov't

had no $$

Congress is granted the

power to tax, impose duty and

raise tariffs

No Single National

Currency

States minted money, no set

exchange disrupted trade

among the states

Congress is granted sole

power to coin money

No Executive

Leadership

Failure of direct leadership

resulted in indecision

A strong executive (President)

is created

Each State had

Equal Vote in

Congress

Smaller states with low

populations had disproportional

power

Bicameral Legislature with

proportional representation in

the House of Reps.

Required Unanimous

Vote to Amend

Complete inability to correct

the failures under the articles

The 1787 Constitutional

Convention completely

replaced the Articles rather

than amending them

Foreign Problems

• Britain – No Trade, Still control forts in

Northwest territory, Indian agitation

• France – Want debts paid off, No trade with

West Indies until then.

• Spain – Trade on Mississippi River

Domestic Problems

• Shay’s Rebellion – Massachusetts –

Disgruntled Farmer tried to stop

foreclosures.

Successes of Articles

• Won the Revolutionary War

– Treaty of Paris

• Northwest Ordinance –

– Plan for admitting new states

– Provisions for schools

Constitutional Convention

• 55 Delegates – Philadelphia – Rework or “Tweak” the Articles of Confederation –

• Attendees included Washingtion, Franklin, Madison (Father of Constitution), Hamilton.

• Regional, political and economic differences threatened to jeopardize the process.

• Bundle of Compromises

Ratification Debate

3 Branches of Government

• Legislative Branch

– Article I – Make laws – Senate and House of

Representatives

• Executive Branch

– Article II – Enforce laws - Cabinet

• Judicial Branch

– Article III – Interpret laws – Supreme Court

Legislative Branch

• Main roles and powers:– To pass legislation (laws)

– Declare war

– Impeach federal officials

– Override presidential vetoes (2/3 vote in each house)

• Powers– Senate: - Term 6 years - 17th amendment (Direct)

• Approve treaties (by 2/3 vote)

• Serve as jury in impeachment trials

• Select a Vice-President if the electoral college fails to

• 2 Senators from each state

– House of Representatives: Term 2 years• Serve as prosecution in impeachment trial

• Select a President if the electoral college fails to

• Proportional to population – Fixed at 435 – Census

Executive Branch

• Chief Executive – 4 year term – 22nd Amendment – (2 in row)

– Enforce the laws passed by Congress

• Chief Diplomat– Act a representative of the United States to foreign governments

• Chief Legislator– Propose a federal budget

– Veto legislation

• Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces– Supreme commander of all branches of US military

• Chief of State– Serve as ceremonial head of US Government

• Judicial– Grant pardon (forgiving an individual of his/her crime(s))

– Grant amnesty (forgiving a group of people of a specific class of crime)

Judicial Branch

• Judicial review - determine if laws passed

by Congress are allowable by the

Constitution

– Marbury vs. Madison (1803), Not expressly

granted the court by the Constitution.

• Main roles and powers:

– Interpret the law

– The Supreme Court hears cases of appeal from

lower federal and state courts

• Judges serve for life

Checks and Balances

• Executive Branch Checks on the

Legislative Branch

– President has the power to veto laws passed by

the Congress

• Executive Branch Checks on the Judicial

Branch

– President has the power to pardon individuals

convicted of crimes

Checks and Balances

• Legislative Branch Checks on the

Executive Branch

– Congress can overturn a Presidential veto

with a 2/3 vote of both houses

• Legislative Branch Checks on the

Judicial Branch

– Senate can reject nominees to the federal

courts/Supreme Court

Checks and Balances

• Judicial Branch Checks on the

Executive Branch

– Supreme Court can use the power of judicial

review to rule presidential actions

unconstitutional

• Judicial Branch Checks on the

Legislative Branch

– Supreme Court can use the power of judicial

review to rule laws unconstitutional

Federalism

• Divided Powers in US Government

The US Constitution specifically states what types

of powers are to be granted to what governments.

• Delegated Powers - Powers specifically assigned

to the Federal Government. Fear a national

government that would overstep its bounds. These

are also referred to as enumerated powers.

• Reserved Powers - All powers not specifically

delegated the Federal Government are to be

reserved or saved for the State Governments.

Federalism

• Concurrent Powers - Concurrent powers are

those that both the federal and state governments

have simultaneously.

• Implied Powers - These are powers that are NOT

specifically delegated in the Constitution, but are

understood to be necessary or allowed. The elastic

clause or necessary and proper clause allows

these by stating that Congress has the power "to

make all laws which shall be necessary and proper

for carrying into execution the foregoing powers"

(art. I, sec. 8). Examples include:

– Hamilton and National Bank

Divided Powers of Government

Delegated Concurrent Reserved

Maintain Armed

Forces

Power to Tax Establish

Schools

Coin Money Borrow Money Run Elections

Declare War Maintain Courts Pass Statewide

Laws

Regulate

Interstate Trade

Regulate

Intrastate Trade

Amending the Constitution

• Important feature of the Constitution is the ability

to amend or change the document

Amendment Proposed

By 2/3rds Vote in

Each House of

Congress

APPROVAL:

Ratified by 3/4ths of

The State Legislatures

APPROVAL:

Ratified by

Constitutional

Conventions in 3/4ths

Of the StatesOr

Unwritten Constitution

• Refers to the ideas and processes that are accepted as a needed part of American government, though not actually in the Constitution.

– President’s Cabinet – 14 Major Depts.

– Political Parties

– Congressional Committees

– Judicial Review

– 2 Consecutive Presidential Terms (22nd

Amendment)

Ratification of the Constitution

• Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist

– Fight over ratification

• Federalist Papers

– Hamilton, Madison, Jay

– Limited effect, came out too late

• Bill of Rights

– First 10 Amendments

– First order of business for new congress

– Added to protect individual civil liberties from federal

government

United States Economics• Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury

Hamilton's Economic Programs

Assumption of

Revolutionary War

debt

Hamilton wanted to pay off all of the debt of the states

and the old Continental Congress. He believed this

would give the new country financial stability.

Congress approved assumption.

Creation of a National

Bank

Hamilton believed that a National Bank would gain the

support of the business community which would invest

in the new country. Congress approved the Bank in

1791.

Protective Tariff

Hamilton wanted to protect U.S. industry from

overseas competition to allow it a chance to

grow. This initial tariff was rejected by Congress.

Excise Tax

As a means of generating revenue, Hamilton

proposed a tax on whiskey. Congress approved this

tax, which in turn led to the Whiskey Rebellion.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

• Hamilton – Loose interpretation of

Constitution – “Elastic Clause”

• Jefferson – Strict interpretation of Constitution

– not in it, cannot do it

• Basis of early political parties

– Federalist vs. Democratic-Republicans

Foreign Problems

• Britain – No Trade, Still control forts in

Northwest territory, Indian agitation

• France – Want debts paid off, No trade with

West Indies until then.

• Spain – Trade on Mississippi River

Domestic Problems

• Whisky Rebellion (Compare to Shay’s

Rebellion)

• Put down by Federal Government

Jefferson Presidency

• Midnight Judges – Supreme court ruling

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Louisiana Purchase – Bought from France

for $15 Million

• Lewis and Clark – 1804-1806 – Exploration

all the way to Pacific

• Embargo Act – Hurts northeast businesses,

no trade with any foreign country. Amended

later

War of 1812

• War Hawks – Want war to take Canada

– British burn Washington D.C.

– Battle of New Orleans makes Andrew Jackson

war hero

• Hartford Convention – Succession from

U.S. by Northeastern states. End of

Federalist party

• No clear winner but United States

survives.

Era of Good Feelings

• Monroe President – Less feelings of

sectionalism, more nationalism.

• Missouri Compromise – No slavery north

of 36 30

• Monroe Doctrine – No new European

colonies in Western Hemisphere

• Election of 1824 – End of Era

– Corrupt Bargain Adams and Clay

United States Economics

• Early - The American System– Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky - to promote trade and

commerce• South – Raw Materials, North – Manufacturing

– Internal improvements – national road

– Second National Bank

– Protective Tariffs – Almost started a civil war• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

– Nullification Theory

• Factors of Production– Rivers – steamboats

– Canals – Erie Canal – Albany to Buffalo, NY

– Railroads

United States Economics

• Early America

– Southern Plantations – Slavery

– Northern farms and early industry

• Religious freedom prime motivation

• American Revolution

– Rejection of mercantilism of England

• Under Constitution

– Large Debt – Needed to pay off

United States Economics

• Pre Civil War

– North – New England – Factories and mills

– South – Agriculture – Plantations – Slavery

– North economically stronger than the South

• Post Civil War

– Transcontinental railroad

– Economic Philosophy - Laissez-Faire

Jacksonian Era and Rise of the

Common Man• Increased Suffrage

• Spoils System

• War over B.U.S.– Pet Banks

• Trail of Tears -– Cherokee forced off land despite winning court case

Worchester v. Georgia 1832

– Sent to Oklahoma Territory

• Nullification Crisis– Calhoun opposes tariff of 1832

– Threatens succession

Expansion

• Manifest Destiny

• Texas Independence

• Mexican-American War

– Polk provokes the war

– Takes 1/3 of Mexico

– Pays $15 million to Mexico

1850’s – Decade of Controversy

• Compromise of 1850

– California free

– Stricter Fugitive Slave Law

– No Slave trade in D.C.

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

– Harriet Beecher Stowe - Abolition grows

• Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

– Popular Sovereignty – people of territory decide

• Bleeding Kansas

1850’s – Decade of Controversy

• Dred Scott Case

– Slaves are property

– Not citizens

• John Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry

– Violence against the South by North

• Election of 1860

– Lincoln wins

– Last straw for South

• South Carolina secedes – December 20th

Civil War

• Reason for secession

– Election of Lincoln

– States rights

• Lincoln’s Measures

– Suspends writ of habaeous corpus

– Starts conscription

– Draft riots

– Emancipation Proclamation – January 1863

– Copperheads

Reconstruction• Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

– Loyalty Oath

– Lenient - Forgiving

• Radical Republicans– Opposed Lincoln’s plan

– Wade Davis Bill – harsher terms for South

– Lincoln uses Pocket Veto

• Johnson’s Plan– Lenient too, opposed by Radicals

– Only punish wealthy Southerners

• Black Codes– Laws enacted in South to restrict African Americans newly won

freedoms

• Freedmen’s Bureau– Set up to help poor whites and blacks in south

Reconstruction• Impeachment of Johnson

– For violating Tenure of Office Act

– Survives by one vote

– Weakened

• 13th Amendment– Outlaws slavery

• 14th Amendment– Right to due process of law

– Citizenship for former slaves

– States must follow Bill of Rights

• 15th Amendment– Voting right, can’t discriminate against for race, creed,

color

Reconstruction• Klu Klux Klan

– Southern whites try to defend way of life

– Target former slaves and whites helping them

• Sharecropping

– System of farming replaces slavery in South

– African Americans stuck in system

• Jim Crow Laws

– Segregation of races in south

– Laws passed to keep them separate

Impact of Industrialization

Industrialization

•Notes:

•shift from using manpower to machines to do work

•industry becomes more important than agriculture.

Laissez faire capitalism

Notes: belief that private competition free from

regulation produces and distributes wealth better than

government-regulated markets

Social Darwinism

Notes: the idea that humans, like animals, compete in a struggle

for existence in which natural selection results in “survival of the

fittest.”; argue that governments should not interfere with human

competition by attempting to regulate the economy or cure social

ills such as poverty.

Railroads

Notes: This first transcontinental railroad opened the West to

supplies and resources from the East. Railroads made

transportation cheaper and faster.

Rise of the Corporation and

Big Business

Notes: Large corporations became the new business model.

They could raise large amounts of money, and gained political

influence.

Mass Production & Factories

Notes: Division of labor is a basic tenet of industrialization.

In division of labor, each worker is assigned to a different

task, or step, in the manufacturing process, and as a result,

total production increases.

Political Corruption

Notes: Big business used its influence and wealth to secure laws

favorable to their own interests, free from regulation.

Changing Nature of Work

Notes: Work moved from farm to factory, country to city. Work

became less personal, more tedious and mechanical, with more

woman and children employed under harsh conditions.

Growth of Cities (urbanization)

Notes: Significant shift in population from rural (country) to

urban (cities). Accompanied by growth of slums, crime and

urban political machines.

Immigration

Increase in population due to immigration during

Industrialization.

Environmental Impact

Pressure on our natural resources such as rivers, lakes,

and land due to rapid industrialization and no government

regulation.

Progressive Era• Muckrakers

– Thomas Nast

– Jacob Riis

• How the Other Half Lives

– Upton Sinclair

• The Jungle

– Ida Tarbell

• Standard Oil

– Lincoln Steffens

• City Machines

• Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

• Jane Addams and Hull House– Chicago

• Temperance Movement– No Alcohol

• Margaret Sanger– Birth Control

• City Reforms– City Managers

– Commissions

• State Reforms– Secret Ballot

– Initiative

– Referendum

– Recall

– Direct Primary

Progressive Era• Theodore Roosevelt

– Square Deal

– “Bully Pulpit”

• Elkins Act 1903

– RR rebates illegal

• Meat Inspection Act

1906

• Pure Food and Drug

Act 1906

• Hepburn Act 1906

– Strengthen ICC

• Anthracite Coal Strike

– Owners and Workers

forced to negotiate

• Northern Securities

Co. v. United States

(1904)

– Trust Busting

Progressive Era

• 16th Amendment

– Income Tax

• 17th Amendment

– Direct Election of

Senators

• 18th Amendment

– Alcohol Ban

• 19th Amendment

– Women Right to vote

• Standard Oil v. United

States (1911)

• Election of 1912

– Three Way

– Bull Moose Party

• Underwood Tariff Act

– Tariff reduction

• Federal Reserve Act

• Clayton Antitrust Act

– Outlaw monopolies

Imperialism

• Commodore Perry in Japan

• Open Door Policy– China

– Spheres of Influence

• Boxer Rebellion

• Hawaii– Independent Monarchy

– Plantation Owners

– 1890’s

• Spanish American War– Jingoism, yellow

journalism, Maine sunk

• Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico

• Monroe Doctrine

• Roosevelt Corollary

• Panama Canal

• Dollar Diplomacy

• Good Neighbor Policy– FDR

U.S. Foreign Policy

• Neutrality

– Washington Farewell

Address

– “Avoid entangling

alliances”

• Monroe Doctrine

• Imperialism

– Spanish American War

• Isolationism

– Following WWI

• Superpower

– Following WWII

– Soviet Union and U.S.

• Lone Superpower

– Following Cold War

• Peace Corp

– JFK

• Alliance for Progress

– JFK

– Latin America

Cold War• Policies

– Containment

– Collective Security• NATO

– Massive Retaliation –1950’s

– Brinkmanship• Mutually Assured

Destruction

– Détente – 1972

• Truman Doctrine

• Marshall Plan – 1940’s

• Berlin Airlift – 1948-49

• Iron Curtain

• Korean War – 1950-54– United Nations

– MacArthur Dismissed

• Space Race– Sputnik - 1957

• Bay of Pigs – 1961

• Cuban Missile Crisis –1962

• U-2 Incident – 1960– Gary Powers

Cold War• Vietnam War

– Domino Effect

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution

• New York Times v.

United States

– Pentagon Papers

• 26th Amendment

– Voting age 18

• War Powers Act -1973

– Inform Congress 48 hrs

– Troops – 90 Days

• Ping Pong Diplomacy

– Nixon – 1970’s

• Arms Control

– Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

• 1963

– Anti Ballistic Missile

Treaty

• 1972

• “Star Wars”

– Strategic Arms Limitation

Treaty (SALT I, II, III)

Reaction to Communism 1950’s• House Un-American

Activities Committee

– Hearings, Hollywood

Ten, Blacklist

• Smith Act 1940

– Illegal to advocate

overthrow of U.S.

government

• Loyalty Review Board

– 1947

– Review thousands of

federal employees

• Spying

– Alger Hiss – State

Dept.

– Julius and Ethel

Rosenberg

• McCarthyism

– Communist

everywhere in govt.

– Army Hearings

– Censure

Civil Rights

• Brown v. Board of

Education 1954

– Plessy v. Ferguson 1898

• Integration Opposed

– Little Rock (1957)

– University of Alabama

(1963)

• Montgomery Bus

Boycott

– Rosa Parks

• Black Civil Rights

Organizations

– NAACP

• National Association for

the Advancement of

Colored People

– CORE

• Congress on Racial

Equality

– SCLC

• Southern Christian

Leadership Coalition

• Martin Luther King

Civil Rights

• Nation of Islam

– Malcolm X

• Civil Rights Act of 1957

– Not interfere with right to

vote

– 1st major civil rights

legislation in 82 years

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

– Forbid racial

discrimination in areas of

housing, schools,

employment

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

– No literacy test

– Federal monitor of

registration

• 24th Amendment

– Outlaw Poll Tax

Other Civil Rights

• Unity League of

California

– Ignatio Lopez

– Cesar Chavez

• American Indian

Movement

• National Organization

of Women (NOW)

– Betty Friedan

– Equal Rights

Amendment

• Equal Employment

Opportunity Act

• Title IX

• Americans with

Disabilities Act

• Education of All

Handicapped Children Act

• Gallaudet University

– Hearing Impaired

Monumental LegislationLegislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle

Northwest Ordinance

(1787)

Provided for the

settlement of the

Northwest Territory of the

new nation and

established guidelines

such as protection of civil

liberties in the territory,

statehood eligibility and

schools.

This one of the few acts of

legislation passed under

the Articles of

Confederation that was

considered a success.

The Bill of Rights

(1791)

Served as the founding list

of rights and liberties to be

guarded by the new

American government.

Many of the rights we

expect our government to

defend were added to the

Constitution later as the

first 10 amendments.

The Bill of Rights itself

established many of the

Constitutional principles of

rights of the accused and

freedoms of the individual

that are fundamental to

our system.

Legislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle

Charter of The

Bank of the

United States

(1791)

Alexander Hamilton who was

serving as Washington's

Secretary of the Treasury,

advocated for a National Bank

in order to aid in the running of

the US economy.

Many disagreed over the

constitutionality of the National

Bank. In the end the creation of

the bank was justified by the

necessary and proper clause

of the Constitution.

Missouri

Compromise

(1820)

Established a line dividing the

free and slave territories of the

growing United States.

The Constitution made no clear

provision for the expansion of

the nation. As the nation grew

so did the argument over

slavery. The compromise

served as a short term "fix" to

the larger issues that would

explode into the Civil War.

Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical

Significance

Constitutional

Concepts/ Enduring

Issues

Marbury v.

Madison(1803)*

Appointment of

midnight justices by

John Adams

rejected by

Jefferson. Supreme

Court must decide

constitutionality of

Judiciary Act.

John Marshall

declares Judiciary

Act unconstitutional

The Supreme Court

has the right of

Judicial Review.

Judicial v.

Executive and

Congressional

Power. Judicial

Review/Separation

of powers

McCulloch v.

Maryland(1819)*

Maryland attempts

to tax the National

Bank of the United

States.Court must

decide whether

Bank is legitimate

under the elastic

clause and whether

Maryland can tax it.

John Marshall

declares "the power

to tax is the power to

destroy." The

Supremacy Clause of

the Constitution

prohibits state

taxation of a federal

institution.

Supremacy vs

State Rights;

Elastic Clause

Judicial Review;

Federalism

The Supreme Court Cases to Know

Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical

Significance

Constitutional

Concepts/ Enduring

Issues

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824)

Ogden receives

exclusive right from

New York to use

Steam boat to

navigate in New

York and to N.J.

Gibbons gets right

from Congress.

John Marshall

declares that

Congress has the

exclusive authority to

regulate Interstate

Commerce, especially

when it involves

a"stream of

commerce “.

Interstate

Commerce Clause

(Art. I, Sect.8) vs

States Rights

Judicial

Review/Federalism

Worchester v.

Georgia (1838)

Worcester, a

minister did not get

a license from

Georgia to do

missionary work

with the Cherokee

nation residing in

Georgia.

The court ruled that

only the United States

had the authority to

make treaties and

regulations with

Native Americans.

The decision opened

the door for Jackson

to enforce the Indian

Removal Act.

Article I treaty

power of Congress

vs Tenth

Amendment police

Reserved Power of

Georgia. Native

Americans/Manifest

Destiny/Rights of

Ethnic Group/Power

of National

Government

Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical

Significance

Constitutional

Concepts/ Enduring

Issues

Dred Scott v.

Sanford (1857)

Dred Scott was a

slave who was

brought into free

Territory as defined

by the Missouri

Compromise.

The Supreme Court

declared that slaves

were property and as

such were not

protected by the

Constitution. It also

declared the Missouri

Compromise

unconstitutional

Article III

citizenship rights vs

Fifth Amendment

property rights.

Civil War causes/

Federalism/Equality

/Rights of Ethnic

Groups

Plessy v

Ferguson (1896)*

The state of Louisiana

enacted a law that

required separate railway

cars for blacks and

whites. In 1892, Homer

Adolph Plessy--who was

seven-eighths

Caucasian--took a seat in

a "whites only" car of a

Louisiana train. He

refused to move to the

car reserved for blacks

and was arrested

The Supreme Court ruled

that the "separate but

equal" provision of the

Louisiana law was

constitutional. The case

established this principle of

segregation until it was

overturned in 1954.

Fourteenth

Amendment equal

protection clause vs

Louisiana's Tenth

Amendment

Reserved power right

to legislate.

Equality/ Federalism/Jim

Crow/