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8/2/2019 European Union 4 Turkey
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Turkey-EU relationships
By
Muhammet Batuhan akar
Hakan Akay
Hakan Vens TrkoluHarun Can ankal
30.11.2011
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=Istanbul/v=2/SID=e/TID=I015_81/l=II/R=4/SS=i/OID=26a510b680299d94/SIG=1gvan22k1/*-http%3A//images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DIstanbul%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3DFP-tab-img-t%26fl%3D0%26x%3Dwrt&h=480&w=558&imgcurl=www.islamnet.it%2Farte%2Fpaesaggi%2Fimages%2Fistanbul.jpg&imgurl=www.islamnet.it%2Farte%2Fpaesaggi%2Fimages%2Fistanbul.jpg&size=230.5kB&name=istanbul.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamnet.it%2Farte%2Fpaesaggi%2Fpages%2Fistanbul.htm&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamnet.it%2Farte%2Fpaesaggi%2Fpages%2Fistanbul.htm&p=Istanbul&type=jpeg&no=4&tt=273,0998/2/2019 European Union 4 Turkey
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What is the EU ?
A family of 27 European countries
Shared values: liberty, democracy, respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms, and
the rule of law.
Largest economic body in the world.
Worlds most successful model for advancing
peace and democracy.
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What is the EU ? A unique institution Member States voluntarily
cede national sovereignty in many areas to carry
out common policies and governance.
Not a super-state to replace existing states, nor
just an organization for international
cooperation.
Worlds most open market for goods and
commodities from developing countries.
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The Origins The old dream of European
brotherhood
From enemies to Family
From war to peace
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Agriculture CAP Common AgriculturalPolicy
Sustainablility
Food Quality Animal Welfare
Food Safety
Control
Farmers welfare/incomes
Employment in agriculture
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Fisheries CFP Common Fisheries Policy
Conservation of fish stocks
Aid to fishing industry to cope with changing
circumstances Monitor supply and demand for fish
Negotiate with non-EU members on fishingissues
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Social Cohesion Created in 1957, the ESF
is the European Unions
main tool for thedevelopment of humanresources and the
improvementof theworkings of the labourmarket.
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Social Cohesion The ESF, like all
Structural Funds, is
decentralised in theMember States who areresponsible for its
implementation anduse.
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Requirements for Joining to EU
Determined by Copenhagen Criteria
-Democracy - Rule of Law
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Turkey
1. Area: 780,580 km2
2. Boundaries Total: 2,648 km
Border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352km, Syria 822 km
3. Coastline: 7200 km
4. Climate: Temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in
interior.
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I. Geography
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II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography
Official Name: Republic of Turkey
Capital: Ankara
Government Type: Republican Parliamentary Democracy
Independence: 29 October 1923
Flag:
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II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography
Population
73.722.988
Population Growth Rate
1,13 %
0-14 15-64 65+
26%6 %
66 %
Age Breakdown
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II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography
Ethnic Groups Turkish: % 84
Kurdish: % 14
Arabic: % 1
Jewish: % 1
Greek: % 0,5
Religions Muslim: % 99,8
Others (mostlyChristians and Jews):%0,2
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Advantages for Turkey
Economical
Gross national product and exportingincrease
Enflation and unemployment decrease
Protect person, service, property and capital
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Advantages for Turkey
Socia-Cultural
Ethnocentrism decline
Fair legal system Going abroad easily for:
- Travel
- Study- Work
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Advantages for Turkey
Education and Science
Taking education in other countries
Easily information transfer Develop scientific research program
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Disadvantages for Turkey
Cultural Assimilation
Losing own culture:
- customs and tradition- cuisine culture
Language assimilation
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Disadvantages for Turkey
Brain DrainBRAIN DRAIN
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Relations Between Turkey and the
European Union
Turkey EU association relations date back to the signingof the Ankara Agreement in 1963.
The main aim of these relations has always been Turkeyseventual full membership to the EU. One of the most important turning points of Turkey EU
relations is the completion of the Customs Union as ofJanuary 1, 1996.
Customs Union, not only helped Turkey to harmonize withthe EU norms in the areas covered by this relationship, butalso brought a new impetus to these relations with an evenstronger perspective for membership.
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Clearly nothing new
Feb. 1952: Turkey becomes a full member of NATO
Sept. 1959: Ankara applies for associate membershipof the European Economic Community
July 1974: Turkey invades Cyprus.
April 1987: Turkey applies for full EEC membership.
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Dec. 1999: EU Helsinki Council decides on the candidate status ofTurkey.
March 2001: The Turkish government adopts the National Program ofTurkey for the adoption of EU laws.
17 Dec. 2004: European Council decided to open accessionnegotiations with Turkey on 3 October 2005
3 Oct. 2005: Accession talks symbolically opened with Turkey.
23 Jan. 2006: Council decides on the principles, priorities and
conditions contained in the Accession Partnership.
12 June 2006: The EU starts concrete accession negotiations withTurkey
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9 Nov. 2006: The Commission recommended topartially suspend membership negotiations withTurkey due to lack of progress on the Cyprus issue.
22 July 2007: Erdogan's ruling AKP gets re-electedwith 47%
6 Nov. : The Commission recommended not to beginfurther negotiations on matters of justice and basicrights as long as Turkish criminal law is not reformed.
The negotiation process is said to be open-ended.Negotiations are expected to take at least 10-15 years.
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Economy of Turkey
1. GDP:$1.116 billion
2. GDP per capital$15.340
3. GDP growth rate%9
4. Population below poverty line17.11%
5. Unemployment rate12 %
6. CurrencyTurkish Lira: [TL]
7. Exchange Rates1 $ = 1,1,81 TL 1 = 2,45 TL
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VI. Economy
8. Budget
Revenues: 66.79 billion
Expenditures: 93.31 billion
9. Industries:
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper,boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
10. Industrial Production Growth Rate:
13.1 %
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VI. Economy
Exports / Imports
1. Exports $143.93 billion
2. Export Commodities Apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
3. Export Partners Germany 9.6%, France 6.1% UK 5.8%, Italy 5.8%,Iraq 5%,
4. Imports $235.49 billion
5. Import Commodities Machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
6. Import Partners Russia 14%,Germany 10%,China 9%, US 6.1%, Italy 5.4%,France 5%
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Some basic facts of the Turkish Economy
Turkish real GDP growth
annual per centage rates
6.78
-5.65
6.09
5.22
9.30
8.39
6.90
4.68
0.89
-6.5
3.4
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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Inflation
Turkish inflation
annual per centage rates
54.92 54.40
44.96
21.60
8.60 8.189.60 8.76
10.44
6.25 6.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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Exchange rate
Exchange rate
Turkish lira per US dollar
0.67
1.45
1.66
1.40 1.35 1.35 1.42
1.17
1.541.50 1.49
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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Fiscal deficit
Turkish public fiscal deficit
per centage share of GDP
-7.71
-11.89-11.44
-8.84
-5.42
-1.25
-0.61
-1.63 -1.80
-6.61
-5.15
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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Interest rates
Turkish interest rates
47.16
74.70
50.49
37.68
24.26
20.40 21.6522.56 22.91
17.6014.32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
short-run long-run
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VI. Economy
FDI in Turkey Turkey is the 15th most attractive destination for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the
world (UNCTAD World Investment Prospects Survey, 2008-2010).
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VI. Economy
Number of Companies with International Capital
As of the end of 2010, more than 25,800 companies with foreign capital wereoperating in Turkey. Two-thirds of them were established in the last seven years.
Number of Companies with International Capital
(Cumulative, in thousands)
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Customs Union: What trade figures
show
Turkeys imports from
the EU15 199516.8 million $
199623.1 million $
200026.6 million $ 200545.3 million $
Turkeys exports to the
EU15 199511.1 million $
199611.5 million $
200014,5 million $ 200535.8 million $
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Customs Union: What trade figures do not
show
Customs Union contributed to the modernization ofproduction patterns and increased consumer awareness.
Customs Union formed the framework for the works toincrease competitiveness both internally andinternationally.
Turkish industry entered into a strong competition withEU firms not only at European level but in domestic
markets. The legal and regulatory changes made to harmonize with
the EU technical legislation and standards helped Turkishproducts to reach international markets more easily.
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Customs Union: What trade figures do not
show
The Customs Union is established with the
aim of Turkeys EU membership The whole body of the modalities of the CU
system has been drawn with this aim.
For this reason, the CU between Turkey andthe EU contains a deep and comprisingunderstanding of integration.
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The EU and Turkey
AN ANALYSIS IN MEDIAAND WESTERN VALUES
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Giscard dEstaing
suggested that admitting Turkey to the EU
would be the end of the European Unionbecauseits capital is not in Europe and 95
percent of its population live outside
Europe. It is not a European country.
A number of different ways of looking at both the
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A number of different ways of looking at both theEU and Turkey began to populate mediadiscourse
EU as a:
Christian club
political and economic union
democratic union
Turkey as a:
Muslim country
Secular and democratic country In Asia
If the EU was a union of European countries, how could itadmit a country that was neither in Europe geographically
nor European culturally?
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But what then is Europe?
The meaning of Europe has shiftedconsiderably over the last 500 years ormore and has never been fixed.
What and whereis Europe? andWhat does it mean to be a
European?become more than simplyidle enquiries.
Define and characterize Europe
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Define and characterize Europe
Problems:
Different meanings that Europe has for differentmembers of the EU
Different countries have different histories andexperiencesthat can lead to widely differingperspectives.
In anage where individuals can have multiple local,regional and national identities, it may be difficult for
there to be a single overarching European identity.
Role of media.
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A loss of coherence?
Though Turks may have succeeded inestablishingtheir credentials as a westernized anda modernized society. . . AmongEuropeans,however, there has remained the sense that Turkeyis not authentically of the West; the sense that it is
alien, an outsider, an interloper in the Europeancommunity(1)
A desire to belong
A recurring drama (AKP, Adultery Law) (2)
1. Robins, K. (1996) Interrupting Identities: Turkey/Europe, pp. 6186 inS. Hall
and P. du Gay (eds) Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
2. Christensen, C. (2005) Pocketbooks or Prayer Beads? US/UK Newspaper Coverage of the 2002 Turkish Elections, Press/Politics10(1): 109-29.
M di l i i 4 t i i
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Media analysis in 4 countries in
2004 France:
Liberation,Le Figaroand Le Monde Britain:
The Guardian,The DailyTelegraph and Daily Mail Greece:
Eleftherotypia, Kathimeriniand and Ta Nea
Turkey: Hurriyet,Zaman and Radikal
Media analysis in 4 countries in 2004.
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Media analysis in 4 countries in 2004.What does Europe think?
France: Liberation, Le Figaro and Le Monde
Britain: The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail
Greece: Eleftherotypia, Kathimeriniand and Ta Nea
Turkey: Hurriyet, Zaman and Radikal
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This is basicallythe strongest reason
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D hi h EU l k d
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Does this mean that a common EU outlook does notexist or that itcannot exist? Does this signify that a
European public sphere is unlikelyto emerge or that acommon European identity is never likely to be forged? facts point away from European
commoness
some basic understandingsandrecognitions might begin to emerge.
3. Delanty, G. (2005) What Does it Mean to be a European?, Innovations: Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative
Research in the Social Sciences 18: 11-22.
4. Bruter, M. (2005) Citizens of Europe?Basingstoke: Palgrave.
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Even the discussion on Turkeys bid to jointhe EU can be seen as a positive steptowards defining the nature of Europe and
its future trajectory and,
the importance of difference in this 21stcentury.
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EU accession
The earliest date that Turkey could enter the EU is2013, the date when the next financial perspectives(the EU's six year budgetary perspectives) will come
into force. Ankara is currently aiming to comply with EU law by
this date, but Brussels has refused to back 2013 as adeadline
In 2006 European Commission President Jos ManuelBarroso said that the accession process will take atleast until 2021.
Question: What is the current assessment of you?
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Pros Proponents of Turkey's membership argue that it is a
key regional power with a large economy and thesecond largest military force of NATO.
That might enhance the EU's position as a globalgeostrategic player; given Turkey's geographiclocation and economic, political, cultural and historicties in regions with large natural resources that are at
the immediate vicinity of the EU's geopolitical sphereof influence; such as the East Mediterranean andBlack Sea coasts, the Middle East, the Caspian Seabasin and Central Asia.
Question: What is your view on these considerations?
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Cons Censorship and Article 301
Women rights
Treatment of ethnic minorities (Kurds, etc.)
Unsolved conflicts with Greece over Cyprus
Azerbaijan issue
Question: What is your view on these considerations?
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Cons Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 71 million inhabitants
would bestow the second largest number of Memberof the European Parliament.
Demographic projections indicate that Turkey wouldsurpass Germany in the number of seats by 2020.
This would change the nature of the EUfundamentally, i.e. in religion Christian-Islamic-Mix
and culturally with regard to values. Question: What is your view on these considerations?
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Vanishing enthusiasm in Turkey:
The opening of membership talks with the EU in
December 2004 was celebrated by Turkey with muchfanfare, but the Turkish populace has becomeincreasingly skeptical as negotiations are delayed basedon what it views as lukewarm support for its accession tothe EU and alleged double standards in its negotiationsparticularly with regard to the French and Austrianreferendums.
A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revealed that 43% ofTurkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the
EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support anEU constitution.
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European Union is not
only one way for Turkey
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THANKS
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION