Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and...
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Period 2 1607 - 1754 Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies developed.
Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies developed
Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control,
and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native
societies developed.
Slide 2
o Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North
American environments that different empires confronted led
Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
Slide 3
Spain tight control over process of colonization convert or
exploit the native population French & Dutch utilized trade
alliances & intermarriage with natives acquire furs & other
products to export to Europe
Slide 4
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British establish colonies based on agriculture utilized large
numbers of men & women acquire land, populate settlements
importation of indentured servants hostile relationships with
American Indians due to expansion of settlements King Philips
War
Slide 6
miscegenation sexual relations or marriage between people of
two different races allowed in Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies
with native people and, in Spains case, with enslaved Africans! in
English colonies, males & females rarely intermarried with
natives or Africans resulted in rigid racial hierarchy!
Slide 7
Atlantic slave trade (causes) abundance of land shortage of
indentured servants difficulty of enslaving native peoples demand
for colonial goods Triangular trade Middle Passage Barbados Slave
Code
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Middle Passage
Slide 11
Barbados Slave Code a law passed by England to provide a legal
base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados the code's
preamble, which stated that the law's purpose was to "protect them
[slaves] as we do men's other goods and Chattels, any article of
tangible property other than land, buildings, and other thins
annexed to land
Slide 12
Barbados Slave Code law required masters to provide each slave
with one set of clothing per year no standards for slaves' diet,
housing, or working conditions denied slaves even basic rights
guaranteed under English common law, such as the right to life
allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their
slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without
fear of reprisal
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Bacons Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against
government of Virginia former indentured servants denied land
William Berkeley Governor, refused protection against western
Indians Effects: decrease import of indentured servants turn to
African slavery for labor supply laws make slaves, and their
progeny, slaves for life!
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Overt/covert forms of resistance to slavery slow pace of work
sabotage equipment run away revolt New York 1712 Stono Rebellion -
1739 Denmark Vesey 1822 (planned) Nat Turner - 1831
Slide 18
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New England Colonies environmental & geographic conditions:
rocky soil non-navigable rivers short growing season harsh winters
fish, fur, lumber enterprises develop waterfalls provide source of
power leads to manufacturing & industry to develop major
commercial center
Slide 20
New England Colonies Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colonies
Puritanism group of Protestants in 16 th century within the Church
of England (Anglican) demanded simplification of doctrine and
worship advocated greater strictness in religious discipline
puritan (lowercase) a person who is strict in moral or religious
matters, often excessively so! Puritan (Protestant) Work Ethic idle
hands are the devils workshop
Slide 21
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Middle Colonies environmental & geographic conditions: rich
soil export wheat, grains (Bread Basket Colonies) forests lumber,
ship building textile & iron industries develop ethnically
& religiously diverse English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans,
Scots-Irish and French Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German
Baptists, Portuguese Jews, English Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers,
Moravians, Amish, Dunkers, Presbyterians, and Catholics
Slide 23
Pennsylvania William Penn The Quaker Holy Experiment inner
light in each person services without formal ministers dressed
plainly no deference to persons of rank embraced pacifism no
military service no land-owning aristocracy adult male settlers
receive 50 acres of land & right to vote
Slide 24
Pennsylvania Government a representative assembly freedom of
religion Native-American Relations people approached in friendship
respond in friendship letter to the Delaware paid the Delaware for
their land regulated trade between tribes and colonists set up a
court for adjudication of disputes no disputes for over 50
years!
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Southern Colonies environmental & geographic conditions:
warm climate long growing season swampy land - perfect for crops
such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugar staple crop economy cash
crops sold for profit, not consumption tobacco, rice, sugar cans,
cotton slave labor utilized in places, slaves constitute majority
of population
Slide 27
Jamestown - 1607 joint-stock company Virginia Company tobacco
cultivation John Rolfe indentured servants leads to Bacons
Rebellion and slavery Native-American Relations colonial desire for
land & crop space leads to warfare Anglo-Powhatan Wars I &
II
Slide 28
o European colonization efforts stimulated intercultural
contact and intensified conflict between various groups of
colonizers and native peoples.
Slide 29
European/American Conflicts Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610 1646 3
wars resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and
English lands King Philips War 1675 - 1678 New England Wampanoag
natives defeated colonial expansion ensured
Slide 30
European/American Conflicts Beaver Wars 1630s 1640s encouraged
and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois
expanded their territory and sought to monopolize the fur trade
realigned the tribal geography of North America destroyed several
large tribal confederacies Chickasaw War 1736 Chickasaw vs. the
French Chickasaw maintained themselves albeit with great loss to
both population and way of life resulted in enmity between the
Illini and the Chickasaw
Slide 31
New sources of labor Native Indian Slavery easy to escape,
blend into other tribal societies Indentured servitude period of
indenture 4 7 years freedom dues African slavery slaves for life
introduces institutional racism!
Slide 32
Acquire commodities valued in Europe fur lumber fish naval
stores pitch tobacco rice indigo
Slide 33
Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and
colonial citizens Woolen Act - 1699 prohibited American colonists
from exporting wool restricted the import of woolens and linens
created in other areas of the British Empire
Slide 34
Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and
colonial citizens Mercantilism Navigation Acts Salutary Neglect
Molasses Act 1733 tax on molasses not to raise money but to
regulate trade
Slide 35
Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and
colonial citizens Smuggling reaction to the heavy taxes and
regulations imposed by mercantilist trade policies widespread in
Spanish & English colonies
Slide 36
Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic
change Catawba Nation South Carolina decimated by smallpox
epidemics, tribal warfare and social disruption declined markedly
in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Slide 37
Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic
change Huron Confederacy As the European demand for furs increased
during the seventeenth century, both the Iroquois and the Huron
began to expand westward in search of new furs and new Indian
trading partners. This expansion brought about some violent
conflicts between the Huron and the western Indian nations such as
the Winnebago (Ho Chunk) and Ottawa. In addition, conflict between
the Huron and the Iroquois also increased.
Slide 38
In 1648, the Seneca and the Mohawk, both members of the
Iroquois League of Five Nations, set out to destroy the Huron
trading network. The Seneca, armed with firearms obtained from the
Dutch, attacked the Huron town of Teanaostaia. Three hundred of the
2,000 inhabitants of the town were killed and 700 were taken
captive. The following year, the Iroquois, supplied with 400 guns
and unlimited ammunition on credit by the Dutch, attacked and
destroyed the Huron. This marked the end of the Huron confederacy.
Many of the Huron people took refuge with other Indian nations in
the Great Lakes area. A new nation, however, the Wyandot, composed
of Huron refugees as well as other Indian refugees, soon emerged,
but did not challenge the Iroquois supremacy. Native American
Netroots
Slide 39
Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic
change Wampanoag About 1614, a series of three epidemics,
inadvertently introduced through contact with Europeans, began to
sweep through the Indian villages in Massachusetts. At least ten
Wampanoag villages were abandoned because there were no survivors.
The Wampanoag population decreased from 12,000 to 5,000.
Slide 40
Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic
change Wampanoag In 1675, pushed by the Puritans who demanded that
the Indians obey Puritan law and who severely punished the Indians
who did not, Metacom asserted the sovereignty of his people by
going to war. As a result of this war commonly called King Philips
War many of the smaller Indian nations were destroyed or
scattered.
Slide 41
Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic
change Metacom stumbled into an ambush in which he was shot and
killed. The English drew and quartered his body and took his head
to Plymouth where it was displayed to the public for 20 years. Head
was carried in triumph to Plymouth, where it arrived on the very
Day that the Church there was keeping a Solemn Thanksgiving to God.
God sent em in the Head of a Leviathan for a Thanksgiving-Feast.
Cotton Mather By the end of the war, the Wampanoag were nearly
exterminated: only 400 survived.
Slide 42
Spanish worldview seek accommodation with Native culture after
Pueblo Revolt 1680, the Pueblo Indians gain a measure of freedom
from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion
Spanish issued substantial land grants appointed a public defender
to protect the rights of the Indians did not again attempt to
impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their
traditional religion
Slide 43
English worldview land ownership private vs. tribal/communal
gender roles ????????????? reinforced through contact/conflict
praying towns seek religious conversion, abandonment of native ways
gatherer-hunter lifestyle, clothing, rituals, etc
Slide 44
American Indian warfare increases in intensity &
destructiveness deadlier weapons long rifle musket alcohol great
disrupter of Indian life greater susceptibility to effects
Slide 45
o The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges
within the Atlantic World had a profound impact on the development
of colonial societies in North America.
Slide 46
Atlantic economy shared labor market wide exchange of goods
African slave trade products of Americas
Slide 47
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Political communities
Pennsylvania William Penn The Quaker Holy Experiment inner light in
each person services without formal ministers dressed plainly no
deference to persons of rank embraced pacifism no military service
no land-owning aristocracy adult male settlers receive 50 acres of
land & right to vote
Slide 48
Pennsylvania Government a representative assembly freedom of
religion Native-American Relations people approached in friendship
respond in friendship paid the Delaware for their land regulated
trade between tribes and colonists set up a court for adjudication
of disputes no disputes for over 50 years!
Slide 49
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Commercial ties
Joint-stock companies Virginia Company London Company
Slide 50
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Legal structures
Slide 51
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Protestant
evangelism
Slide 52
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Religious toleration
Maryland Act of Toleration freedom of worship for all Christians in
Maryland sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
Atheists, Jews
Slide 53
Anglicization (convert to English norms) Enlightenment Ideas
John Locke 1632 - 1704 English philosopher ideas concerning the
natural rights of man and the social contract theories concerning
the separation of Church and State, religious freedom, and liberty
influenced European Enlightenment writer, Voltaire shaped the
thinking of America's founders, from Alexander Hamilton to Thomas
Jefferson
Slide 54
Slavery & colonial wars impacted growth of ideas on race
Casta System determined a persons social importance in old Mexico
one-hundred different terms to describe different racial categories
Espaoles - persons of pure Spanish ancestry Indios/Indias - persons
of pure Indian Ancestry Mestizos/Mestizas - one Spanish and one
Indian parent Mulattos/Mulattas - one Spanish and one Black
parent
Slide 55
Slavery & colonial wars impacted growth of ideas on race
Metis are one of the recognized Aboriginal peoples of Canada
descendents of mixed First Nations & Europeans essentially,
Native Americans of Canada often associated with lower social class
distinction
Slide 56
British colonies develop similar patterns Culture Laws
Institutions Government