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7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 1/28
Mnpuknnr di zhn Enmznr idr @dynrmfmen fmj E~kz~rn am N~rd|n^maynruazq di Uz- @fkknmppp-`en-~mau`-ehCfmf`am` Njazdr7 Cfraf Zf f̀m`fnyf
@~nuz Njazdr7 Odqfm Wmn|dkuba (Udf!
Mn` dzafzaM` ”MfzadM‛ fMj ”Udea nzq‛7zhn |~okae U|hnrn
aM |dUz#edcc~M aUz o~k`fraf
Zhn uv~frn /Mfzadmfk Fuuncokq/ au zhn |rninrrnj uqcodkae uzf`n idr eayak |rdznuzu fmj |dkazaefkrfkkanu am |duzedcc~mauz O~k`fraf-
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 2/28
?N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Mn`dzafzam` ”Mfzadm‛ fmj ”Udeanzq‛7 Zhn \~okae U|hnrn am \duz#Edcc~mauzO~k`frafNjazdrafk
Mfzadmfk Cqzhu am \duz#Edcc~mauz O~k`fraf fmj Zhnar Erazaeauc
Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ Fzhnmu
Ydzam` idr zhn Xnmd|hdoae \frzq ‛Fzfbf– am O~k`fraf- _nuhf|am` Uqcodkae
Od~mjfranu fiznr UdeafkaucMfjè`n _f`fr~+ \frau
Eayak \rdznuz am O~k`fraf7 zhn Founmz Udeafk Erazav~n
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba+ Udf
5
>
65
?6
z i emmu
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 3/28
5N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Mm ”Mm‛ m ”U‛7z | U m |u#emu o
N j a z d r a f k
Zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |~okae u|hnrn zhfz
ncnr`nj am zhn nfrkq 611<u pfu jdcamfznj oqzhn ajndkd`aefk ekfuh |aam` jncderfeq f`famuz
zdzfkazfrafmauc+ eayak udeanzq f`famuz zhn |dkaen
uzfzn+ zhn cfrbnz nedmdcq f`famuz zhn enmzrfkkq
|kfmmnj dmn- Udkyam` zhnun jaknccfu ― uhfrnj
ferduu zhn Nfuz#N~rd|nfm ed~mzranu ― ̀ fyn raun
zd f inp dzhnr+ cdrn u|neae v~nuzadmu7 am phfz
znrcu ed~kj O~k`frafm udeanzq edmuzr~n azunki
fiznr zhn jauamzn`rfzadm di zhn edcc~mauz okde
fmj zhn hdkkdpam` d~z di edcc~mauz ajndkd`q2
phfz bamj di uqcodkae rnud~renu ed~kj az c~uznr
am azu fnc|z zd rnamynmz azunki am zhn mnp
uaz~fzadm4 am zhau u|neae edmznxz+ edmzam~azq
hfu zr~c|nj zhn jnuarn idr f eknfm ornfb pazh
zhn |fuz- Mfzadmfkauc+ ud |rnyfknmz am kfzn
‛udeafkauz– zacnu+ z~rmnj amzd f kf~meh |fj
fmj f ud~ren di nmnr`anu idr odzh zhn fedkqznu
di f jd`cfzaefkkq nmef|u~kfznj+ nuunmzafkauz
mfzadmfk ajnmzazq fmj zhnar erazaeu+ zhn kaonrfk
jno~mbnru di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq- Zrfmuidrcnj
amzd |rd|f`fmjf amefmzfzadmu+ zhn mfzadmfk
cqzhu hfyn knmz fm ajndkd`aefk rfaudm j‑çzrnzd f m~conr di mfzadmfkauz |frzanu+ pazh Ydknm
Uajnrdy‑u Fzfbf hfyam` fehanynj zhn `rnfznuz
|d|~kfr f||nfk fcdm` zhnc- Zhn |dpnr di
mfzadmfkauz mfrrfzaynu hfu fkud cfmainuznj
azunki am hagfebam` mnp udeafk jayauadmu7 zhnq
pnrn nzhamaeawnj+ fmj zhn ir~uzrfzadmu zhnq
qankjnj pnrn ehfmmnknj zdpfrju mfzadmfkauz
hfzrnj- Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+ zhn uzraezkq udeafk
(erazaefk! amznr|rnzfzadmu di |duz#edcc~mauz
rnfkazq ― fu+ idr zhfz cfnr+ zhn ynrq `nmrn di
udeafk erazaeauc ― jauernjaznj zd f u~ouzfmzafkjn`rnn oq zhn ifaknj uzfzn udeafkauc |rdgnez+
hfyn |rdynm cfr`amfk+ kfebam` acf`amfzadm
fmj |d|~kfr f||nfk+ fmj amef|fokn di knmjam`
cnfmam`i~kmnuu fmj jarnezadm zd |rnunmz jfq
udeafk |rdznuzu oq O~k`frafm eazawnmu-
Zhn pfq zhnq frn frrfm`nj+ zhn edmzrao~zadmu
zd zhn e~rrnmz auu~n |rnunmz fm fnc|z zd uhnj
ka`hz dm ‛zhn mfzadmfk– fmj ‛zhn udeafk– irdc zhn
|nru|nezayn di zhnar ac|drzfmen am O~k`frafm
|duz#edcc~mauz |~okaeazq fu pnkk fu zdamynuza`fzn hdp zhnq hfyn onnm frzae~kfznj idr
|dkazaefk |~r|dunu- Ehfyjfr Cframdy‑u |anen
edcnu ~| pazh fm fmfkquau di zhn bnq mfzadmfk
cqzhu ― jnfkam` pazh zhn fmeanmz Zhrfeafm
kn`feq+ zhn O~k`frafm mfzadmfk _nyayfk+
Cfenjdmaf+ nze- ― phaeh hfyn+ pazh f uz~mmam`
nfun+ d~zkaynj zhn ajndkd`aefk kfodrfzdrq di
kfzn edcc~mauz rn`acn fmj zhraynj am zhn
fzcdu|hnrn di ‛|duz#edcc~mauz |k~rfkazq di
ajnfu–- Fu f ed~mznr|damz zd hauzdraefk cqzh#
cfbam`+ Cframdy hfu |rdknj zhn erazaefk
ydaenu am O~k`frafm h~cfmazanu am zhnar jrayn
zd rnyanp mfzadmfk ajnmzazq oq v~nuzadmam` azu
~mjnrkqam` uznrndzq|nu- Zhn zfub zhn f~zhdr
ide~unu dm au zd znkk zhn jd`cfzae hauzdraefk
|nru|nezaynu f|frz irdc zhn erazaefk dmnu dm
zhn knynku di odzh jaued~runu fmj amuzaz~zadmu-
Irdc zhau yfmzf`n |damz+ zhn zrfjazadmfk h~ou
eh~rmam` d~z hauzdrq bmdpknj`n ―~maynruazanu
fmj fefjncae amuzaz~znu ― hfyn zd f kfr`n nxznmz
|rdynm fu zhn ̀ ~frjafmu di zhn ‛~mfj~kznrfznj–mfzadmfk mfrrfzayn phnrnfu zhn erazaeu di zhau
mfrrfzayn rfzhnr onkdm` zd nazhnr cfr`amfk
fefjncae d~zzu dr dzhnr ueanmzae nkju
(fmzhrd|dkd`q+ udeadkd`q+ kaznrfrq uz~janu!+ dr
pdrb idr zhn mdm#`dynrmcnmzfk unezdr-
Zhn mfzadmfk cqzhu+ u|nfrhnfjnj oq odzh
fefjncae fmj |d|~kfr |~okaefzadmu+ hfyn
nmgdqnj f ordfj fmj onmnydknmz cnjaf
edynrf`n2 zhnq hfyn fkud |rdyajnj zhn
id~mjfzadmu zd mnp |dkazaefk |rdgnezu- Mfjn`n_f`fr~‑u frzaekn dnru fm amua`hz amzd Fzfbf‑u
|dkazaefk dn~yrn rnuzam` dm f u|neae edebzfak
di udeafk auu~nu fmj gam`dauz uznrndzq|nu- Zhn
amg~uzaen di zhn mnp udeafk drjnr+ zhn nkaznu‑
unkk#d~z+ zhn |k~mjnr di uzfzn fuunzu j~ram`
zhn zrfmuazadm qnfru+ zhn |ka`hz di drjamfrq
eazawnmu fcaj zhn mnp eare~cuzfmenu7 zhnun
frn fkk zd|aeu zhfz hfyn uzrdm`kq ef|z~rnj
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 4/28
:N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zrfmukfzadm irdc zhn O~k`frafm oq @ndr`a \fuhdy
|d|~kfr unmzacnmz+ pazh cfmq O~k`frafmu
rnfjakq rned`mawam` zhnar dpm udeafknx|nranmen am zhnc- Qnz Fzfbf‑u |dkazaefk
u~eenuu (fmj ernfzayazq! jaj mdz dmkq rnuz dm
zhn rdkk#d~z di u~eh `ranyfmenu ― ameajnmzfkkq
cfjn amuzr~cnmzfk oq f hduz di dzhnr
|dkazaefk idrcfzadmu ― o~z fkud dm u~eenuui~kkq
ufmjpaeham` zhnc pazh fmza#Z~rbauh dr fmza#
_dcf |rng~jaenu fkrnfjq rain fcdm` O~k`frafm
edmuzaz~nmzu- Am hnr amznr|rnzfzadmu+ _f`fr~
hfu |am|damznj f m~conr di u|neae |dkazaefk+
amuzaz~zadmfk fmj jncd`rf|hae ifezdru+ phaeh
nmfoknj zhn nzhmaeauam` di udeafk jau|frazanu
fmj ̀ ranyfmenu-
Zhn kfuz |f|nr hfu uzddj eknfr di mfzadmfkauz
znmjnmeanu zd ide~u amuznfj dm eayak |rdznuzu
fmj zhn bamj di jdcnuzae cnjaf edynrf`n zhnq
hfyn rnenaynj- Odqfm Wmn|dkuba hfu fnc|znj
zd ha`hka`hz zhn jauern|fmeanu onzpnnm zhn
ac|drzfmen di eayae nynmzu ― f inp bnq |rdznuzu
hfyn zfbnm |kfen am O~k`fraf kfznkq ― fmjzhnar rfzhnr zrayafk |~okae amznr|rnzfzadmu-
Zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn am zhn f~z~cm di ?<<0
|rdyajnu fm nxfc|kn phnrn zhau jauern|fmeq
pfu ~mjnr|ammnj oq zhn jdcamfmen di f
u|neae nx|nrz |nru|nezayn+ phaeh |rdcdznj
nnezaynmnuu fu zhn knfjam` |ramea|kn di udeafk
kain fu f phdkn+ rnj~enj nj~efzadm zd f cfrbnz#
ofunj unryaen fmj ufp eayak |rdznuzu fu f uefk
|rdoknc- Zhau uzfmen ― ffeham` ac|drzfmen
zd zhn m~conr di |rdznuznru rfzhnr zhfm zd
zhn `ranyfmenu zhnq pnrn ydaeam` ― hfu onnm
dokayad~u zd zhn cdrfk jacnmuadm di eayae
|rdznuzu+ zh~u ifakam` zd mdzaen zhnar rnidrc
|dznmzafk-
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 5/28
>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Mm cu m |u#emu o m z eu
oq Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ Fzhnmu
gnrb |fnrmu am mfrrfzam` zhn |fuz fu pnkk fu
zhn |nruauznmen di hauzdraefk uqcodkauc pazh
uzrdm` nzhmd#cdoakawam` fezadm7 zhnun frn fkk
cfmainuzfzadmu di udcnzham`+ phaeh ― pazh
fkk j~n rnunryfzadmu ― ca`hz on ajnmzanj fu
‛mfzadmfk– fmj$dr ‛hauzdraefk– cqzhu- Zhn
cduz uzf``nram` efun pfu zhn edmzrdynruq
frd~mj f rnunfreh |rdgnez zhfz hfj frnj ~|
knuu zhfm zpd qnfru |radr zd ?<<1+ phnm zhn
uzfzncnmz am d~r d|nmam` v~dzn pfu cfjn-Zpd rnunfrehnru ― f O~k`frafm \hJ uz~jnmz am
@nrcfmq fmj f pnkk#bmdpm F~uzrafm hauzdrafm
fmj fmzhrd|dkd`auz ― pnrn edmjncmnj idr
hfyam` jnmanj zhn rnfkazq di fm hauzdrae nynmz
zhfz zddb |kfen am 6809 fmj onefcn pajnkq
bmdpm fu zhn Ofzfb ukf~`hznr- Az rninru zd zhn
bakkam` di mnfrkq ?<<< O~k`frafm Ehrauzafmu oq
C~ukac fmza#amu~r`nmeq |frfcakazfranu am zhn
|rdenuu di uzfc|am` d~z fm ~|rauam` f`famuz
zhn Ddcfm r~kn?- Phfz fez~fkkq zra``nrnj
zhn mfzadmfkauz hquznraf ― zhfz u|akknj d~zferduu cnjaf fmj zdpm uv~frnu fmj infz~rnj
|dkazaeafmu (amek~jam` zhn ed~mzrq‑u |rnuajnmz!
― pfu zhn pfq zhn pdrj ‛cqzh– pfu ~unj am
? Unn zhn |rdgnez‑u |~okaefzadm7 Cfrzamf Ofknyf+ ^ki
Or~mmof~nr (nju-!+ Offb Fu f \kfen di Cncdrq $
Ofzfb- Nam o~k`frauehnr Nrammnr~m`udrz+ Udf7 Aw#
zdb#Wf|fj+ ?<<0-
F
Zhn |f|nr jaue~uunu zhn hauzdrq#rnkfznj mfzadmfk cqzhu di edmznc|drfrq O~k`fraf fmj zhn |~okae erazaeaucknynkknj f`famuz zhnc- F uzram` di cfuu#uefkn rnfezadmu uamen zhn nfrkq 611<u ~| ~mzak zhn |rnunmz jfq hfyn
rnynfknj hdp nmzrnmehnj zhn mn`fzayn uznrndzq|nu zdpfrju mfzadmfk camdrazanu dr mna`hod~ru+ zhn uac|kaiqam`
hauzdraefk mfrrfzaynu+ fmj zhn hauzdraefk uqcodku pazh |dpnri~k nzhmd#cdoakawfzadm |dznmzafk+ frn fcdm`
O~k`frafmu- Zhnun edmzrayfmenu hfyn onnm u~ognez zd erazaefk uer~zamq oq fefjncaeu pdrbam` dm onhfki di
unynrfk M@Du- Udeafk ueanmzauzu+ e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkd`auzu fmj kaznrfrq uehdkfru hfyn wnrdnj am dm zhn mfrrdpkq
nzhmae zpauz di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq fmj zhn idr`am` di f mfzadmfkauz cqzhdkd`q- F inp hauzdrafmu hfyn kf~mehnj
f uen|zaefk rnyauadm di unynrfk bnq hauzdraefk cqzhu+ n-`- zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–+ zhn ‛Mfzadmfk _nyayfk nrf–+ nze-
Qnz zhn rn|nre~uuadmu di zhau fefjncae dr M@D d~z|~z fcdm` zhn ordfjnr |~okae am O~k`fraf au amjnnj rfzhnr
kacaznj-
A 7
‛Zhn O~k`frafmu udonrnj ifuznr zhfm zhnar Ofkbfm
mna`hod~ru- Mdp az au zhn Unrou‑ z~rm zd udonr- O~z
az au ̀ dam` zd on nynm hfrjnr am Cfenjdmaf+ zhnq frn
uzakk `nam` jr~mb d~z zhnrn- Zhn Fkofmafmu ca`hz
on ifeam` zhn uznn|nuz ehfkknm`n udonram`…–6- Zhau
fuu~rfmen pfu rnenmzkq cfjn oq O~k`frafm
rnunfrehnru bmdpm zd uhfrn f eayae edccazcnmzam edcofzam` jaueracamfzadm di nzhmae dr
rnka`ad~u camdrazanu- Irdc zhn edc|fraudm pazh
azu mna`hod~ram` Ofkbfm ed~mzranu+ O~k`fraf
hfu ncnr`nj fu f hnfrznmam` uhdpefun7 zhn
‛udonram`– au zhn f~zhdru‑ cnzf|hdr idr zhn
mfzadm‑u fkkn`nj uerfcokam` d~z di mfzadmfk
cqzhu-
Hdpnynr+ f jaf`mduau fu d|zacauzae fu zhau
ca`hz kddb udcnphfz pnarj irdc f m~conr di
|nru|nezaynu- Phfz f uzram` di nynmzu fmj |~okae
rnfezadmu am |duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf uamenzhn nfrkq 611<u ~mzak zhn |rnunmz jfq rnynfku
au f rfzhnr nmzrnmehnj mn`fzayn uznrndzq|am`
di camdrazanu fmj mna`hod~ru+ f unz di bmnn#
6 \nzfr#Ncak Cazny+ Fmzdmamf Whnkqfwbdyf+ @drfm
Uzdgbdyuba+ ‛Cfenjdmaf fz Erduurdfju AAA+ Edmek~#
uadm–+ B~kz~rf (f pnnbkq!+ 1 Gfm~frq ?<<1+ fyfakfokn
fz7 h|7$$ppp-b~kz~rf-o`$o`$frzaekn$yanp$6>6<:(am
O~k`frafm!-
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 6/28
9N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
fm amazafk ynruadm di zhn Ofzfb |rdgnez- Nynm
zhd~`h zhn ncofknj rnunfrehnru hfj rnudrznjzd zhn znrc‑u uzraeznr fefjncae ac|kaefzadmu
rfzhnr zhfm azu |d|~kfr cnfmam` di f ‛hdfx– dr
‛edmzrayfmen–+ zhn ~mknfuhnj |~okae rnu|dmun
pfu orfmjauham` zhn jnzfaku di zhn ukf~`hznr
fu f hauzdraefk nynmz- I~rzhnrcdrn+ onqdmj
zhn jrq ifezu+ Ofzfb pfu hnkj ~| fu f mfzadmfk
ufmezazq zfrmauhnj oq ‛fmza#O~k`frafm idrenu–-
U|frbknu uzakk aebnr frd~mj zhn ‛Ofzfb jnmafk–
am cnjaf dr pnouaznu+ fmj nynm am zhn Mfzadmfk
Fuuncokq am Udf- Am nfrkq F|rak ?<66+ zhn
O~k`frafm Nfuz Drzhdjdx eh~reh efmdmawnj
zhn 6809 yaezacu-
Zh~u+ zhn |dkncae hfu ~mpaam`kq |rdynm zhn
fuu~c|zadm zhfz zhn Ofzfb ukf~`hznr au f cqzh
am zhn u|neae unmun fu f uqcodkae edmuzr~ez
pazh f |dpnri~k ajnmzazq ehfr`n nrneznj
frd~mj f rnfk hauzdraefk nynmz2 az hfu fkud
uhdpm hdp |dpnri~k zhau bamj di edmuzr~ezu
frn am zdjfq‑u O~k`fraf- Zhn ekaehá zhfz zhn
O~k`frafmu frnm‑z ‛v~azn fu ehf~yamauzu– fu zhn
mna`hod~ram` mfzadmu+ u~nrnj f rnud~mjam`jninfz- Qnz frn zhnrn eayae dr fefjncae eareknu
am zhn ed~mzrq phd frn rnfjq fmj pakkam` zd
ifen ~| zd mfzadmfkauz znmnzu fmj frn ef|fokn di
rnuauzam` zhn rne~rrnmz nzhmae cdoakaufzadmu4
Fm fnc|z zd fmupnr zhau v~nuzadm uhd~kj on
ofunj ― idr zhn ufbn di ekfrazq ― dm |rnunmzam`
zhn hauzdraefk cqzhu di zhn nzhmae cfgdrazq am
O~k`fraf-
O
Zhn bnq dmn fcdm` zhnc pfu rninrrnj zd fodyn7
‛zhn Z~rbauh qdbn– (dr ‛ukfynrq– am f cdrn
kaznrfk rnmjazadm! fu zhn Ddcfm jdcamfzadm
irdc zhn kfzn XAY enmz~rq ~| ~mzak 6808 hfu
onnm znrcnj am zhn |d|~kfr ― fu pnkk fu zhn
fefjncae ― jaued~run- Zhn ‘qdbn‑ hfu zq|aefkkq
onnm |famznj am zhn jfrbnuz di edkd~ru fu fm nrf
di ofrofrae+ ‛Dranmzfk– jnu|dzauc+ phaeh oq
jnif~kz hfu ̀ dmn hfmj#am#hfmj pazh uquzncfzaefmj amjnueraofokq er~nk fo~unu di zhn nc|arn‑u
Ehrauzafm |d|~kfzadm+ idrenj cfuu#uefkn
aukfcaufzadmu+ nze- Zhn cdrn nxzrncn ynruadmu
jnueraon O~k`frafmu fu yaezacu di f ‛`nmdeajn–
uacakfr zd zhn Frcnmafm dmn-
Jnu|azn zhn ‛qdbn‑u jfrb f`nu–+ zhn mfzadmfk
ajndkd`q |rdyajnu zhn O~k`frafmu pazh f
m~conr di rnfudmu zd on |rd~j7 az au edccdmkq
u~rcaunj zhnq pnrn edmuauznmzkq fmj hnrdaefkkq
rnuauzam` zhn fkanm d||rnuuadm- Onuajnu+ zhn nrf
di zhn ud#efkknj O~k`frafm Mfzadmfk _nyayfk
(uzfmjfrjkq jfznj 609?#6808! hfu onnm f |damz
di u|neae nc|hfuau fmj ― am cfmq pfqu #
rdcfmzaeauam`- Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+ zhnrn au
f |rnyfakam` fuu~c|zadm zhfz zhn Ddcfm
edmv~nuz hfj dokaznrfznj f `kdrad~u O~k`frafm
cnjanyfk eayakaufzadm- Nynr uamen azu oarzh am
zhn XAX enmz~rq+ zhn kdefk mfzadmfk ajndkd`q
hfu amyfrafokq kauznj zhn Ukfyae fk|hfonz fmj
prazam`+ ernfznj oq zhn Oqwfmzamn cauuadmfranu
Edmuzfmzamn#Eqrak fmjc
nzhdja~u am zhnAX enmz~rq+ fcdm` zhn ‛O~k`frafm– e~kz~rfk
fehanyncnmzu- Zhn ekaehá di fm amja`nmd~u
rnmfauufmen am zhn frzu+ phaeh o~r`ndmnj nynm
onidrn zhn Pnuz N~rd|nfm dmn+ au uzakk onam`
uqmjaefznj+ cduzkq ofunj dm zhn XAAA e- c~rfku
am zhn Odqfmf Eh~reh mnfr Udf-
Zhn dra`amu di O~k`frafm eayakaufzadm frn
udcnzacnu efuz nynm i~rzhnr ofeb am zacn- F
ydk~camd~u efehn di fcfzn~rauh ― qnz mdz
pazhd~z zhn jarnez amydkyncnmz di fefjncae
hauzdrafmu fmj frehfndkd`auzu ― |~okaefzadmuhfu |aknj ~| uamen zhn nfrkq 611<u kadmauam` zhn
fmeanmz+ |f`fm |rdzd#O~k`frafmu- Zhau kaznrfz~rn
au zhn |akkfr di zhn ‛|rdzd#o~k`frdcfmaf–
zhfz nmgdqu f u~ouzfmzafk |d|~kfr f||nfk fmj
ernjazu zhn O~k`frafm fmenuzdru pazh m~cnrd~u
amynmzadmu+ n-`- ‛dmn di zhn cduz fee~rfzn–
efknmjfru di h~cfmbamj- Zhn kfuz jnefjn hfu
unnm zhn fezayn rneqekam` idr |d|~kfr ~uf`n di
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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0N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
zhn fmeanmz Zhrfeafmu+ phd hfj fkrnfjq onnm
|rdcdznj fu eayakaufzadm fmenuzdru fmj ̀ nmnzaebam di zhn O~k`frafmu j~ram` zhn 610<u+ am zhn
edmznxz di zhn e~kz~rfk |dkaeq ehfc|admnj oq
Kq~jcakf Whaybdyf+ zhn kfzn jf~`hznr di zhn
edcc~mauz |frzq#uzfzn r~knr+ Zdjdr Whaybdy-
Zhn Zhrfeafmu hfyn fkud onnm ernjaznj pazh
cf`maenmz e~kz~rfk fehanyncnmzu cfjn
amjn|nmjnmzkq irdc zhn fmeanmz @rnnb dr
_dcfm eayakaufzadmu7 zhn Zhrfeafm zrnfu~rn
zrdynu frn uzakk rn|rnunmzam` O~k`fraf am
c~un~cu frd~mj zhn pdrkj odduzam` mfzadmfk
unki#nuznnc ofeb am zhnar ‛cdzhnrkfmj–-
F|frz irdc zhn dynrokdpm ekfacu am zhn e~kz~rfk
u|hnrn+ zhnun am |dkazaeu fmj uzfznhddj frn fkud
pdrzh cnmzadmam`- Zhn cnjanyfk O~k`frafm
uzfzn cf| hfu onnm ~mfofuhnjkq uzrnzehnj
d~z am odzh hauzdrae fzkfunu fmj Z#uharzu- Nynm
zhd~`h zhnrn au md kfeb di ardmq am zhn pfq zhn
ukd`fm ‛O~k`fraf dm zhrnn unfu– au |nrenaynj
zdjfq+ zhn ordfjnr |~okae |rnjdcamfmzkq
`aynu ernjaz zd f idrcajfokn kauz di ‛kduz kfmju–
zhfz O~k`fraf au ― odzh ‛hauzdraefkkq– fmj‛nzhmaefkkq– ― nmzazknj zd ekfac- Zd| |kfen am
zhn kauz au fkkdefznj zd Cfenjdmaf+ f kfmj zhfz
idr fmq `ddj rnfudm v~fkanu fu O~k`frafm
mfzadmfk cqzh+ kabn zhn Bdudyd cqzh idr Unroaf
dr zhn Zrfmuqkyfmafm cqzh idr H~m`frq- Phfz
unncu zd |rdyajn zhn bnq ir~uzrfzadm hnrn au
zhn Cfenjdmafmu‑ oaj zd on f un|frfzn mfzadm-
Zhn mdzadm zhfz zhn kfnr pfu ‛frzaeafkkq
ernfznj– pazham edcc~mauz Q~`dukfyaf fmj
zhfz Cfenjdmafm kfm`~f`n au md cdrn zhfm f
O~k`frafm jafknez hfu nmgdqnj fm d~zuzfmjam`e~rrnmeq ― nynm fcdm` amznkknez~fku phd znmj
zd ̀ d v~azn ‛kaonrfk– dm hauzdraefk auu~nu-
Am |frfkknk pazh zhfz+ zhn hauzdrq zf~`hz fz
uehddk hfu e~kzayfznj fcdm` O~k`frafmu zhn
innkam` zhfz zhnq hfyn fkpfqu kduz ― ~mifarkq+
jnu|azn zhnar `fkkfmzrq fz zhn ofkn nkj ― dm
zhn |dkazaefk frnmf7 zhau hfu |frzafkkq onnm
frao~znj zd ac|nrafkauz znmjnmeanu fcdm`
zhn `rnfz |dpnru (jn|nmjam` dm |dkazaefk oafu+
zhnun ed~kj on dmn dr cdrn Pnuz N~rd|nfmed~mzranu+ zhn Pnuz am `nmnrfk+ dr _~uuaf!-
m~rz~rnj oq hauzdrq znxzoddbu+ zhn O~k`frafm
cfrzqrjdc cqzh hfu onnm rnamidrenj oq zhn
ekaehá zhfz jnn| jdpm azu edrn zhau hfu nynr
onnm ‛f zdknrfmz mfzadm– zhfz ef~unj md |fam
zd cnconru di fmq dzhnr mfzadmfk edcc~mazq
fmj u~uzfamnj f ~mav~n nzhmae ednxauznmen
cdjnk am azu ‛dpm– uzfzn- Am zhau unezadm+
|rnynmzam` zhn jn|drzfzadm di frd~mj ><+<<<
O~k`frafm Gnpu zd Mfwa jnfzh efc|u j~ram`
Pdrkj Pfr AA hfu onedcn zhn cduz nx|kdaznj
hauzdraefk nynmz- O~k`frafm udeanzq hdpnynr
hfu rni~unj zd uhd~kjnr fmq rnu|dmuaoakazq idr
cdrn zhfm 66+<<< Gnpu phd pnrn jn|drznj
irdc zhn dee~|anj znrrazdranu di @rnnen fmj
Q~`dukfyaf- Zhn c~kza|kn efc|fa`mu idr zhn
nx|~kuadm di cfgdr |drzadmu di zhn jdcnuzae
C~ukac |d|~kfzadm uamen zhn 6808 ernfzadm
di zhn O~k`frafm uzfzn ~| ~mzak zhn 618<u+ zhn
fo~un edccanj zd zhau |d|~kfzadm `rd~|
dr zhn jnuzr~ezadm di zhn Ddcfm e~kz~rfkhnrazf`n hfyn mnynr onnm f |d|~kfr jaue~uuadm
zd|ae- Zhn eracnu efrranj d~z f`famuz dzhnr
Ofkbfm |nd|kn j~ram` zhn Unedmj Ofkbfm Pfr
am 6165 dr j~ram` zhn zpd pdrkj pfru ̀ nz nynm
knuu di f cnmzadm-
Z ‑
Zhn fjd|zadm di fmq bamj di |dkaeq am hauzdrq
fmj cncdrq+ zhfz ed~kj ha`hka`hz zhn
ncofrrfuuam` ifezu fmj h~cokn zhn ekfacu idr|fuz `kdrq+ au uzakk onam` u~eenuui~kkq pfrjnj
d oq zhn ekaehá zhfz zhn O~k`frafmu ― ~mkabn
zhnar ehf~yamauzae mna`hod~ru ― frn zdd
~mfuu~cam`+ zhfz zhnq nynm kfeb mfzadmfk unki#
nuznnc- Hnmen+ zhn ekfac zhfz zhnq frn zhn dmkq
dmnu dm zhn Ofkbfmu zhfz hfyn u~eenuui~kkq
udonrnj d~z di mfzadmfkauc- Fu f cfnr di ifez+
zhn |duz#edcc~mauz zrfmuazadm |nradj hfu nynm
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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8N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
i~rzhnr nmzrnmehnj O~k`frafm mfzadmfkauc-
Oq fmj kfr`n+ zhn kfnr hfu zrfjazadmfkkq `dmnfkdm` zpd bnq ‛fxnu–- Zhn ruz dmn au fmza#
Z~rbauh dr fmza#Aukfcae2 az hfu onnm cfmainuz am
zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn– jaued~run fu pnkk fu am zhn
|rnyfknmz faz~jnu zdpfrju Z~rbnq fmj zhn
C~ukac camdrazanu am zhn ed~mzrq- Zhn unedmj
fxau au zhn arrnjnmzauz dmn zhfz cduzkq o~uanu
azunki pazh zhn ud#efkknj Cfenjdmafm v~nuzadm-
Am odzh frnfu+ O~k`frafm udeanzq pfu |rdid~mjkq
amjdezramfznj pazh ehf~yamauzae znmnzu ~mjnr
zhn Whaybdy rn`acn+ uacakfr zd zhn _dcfmafmu‑
amjdezramfzadm ~mjnr Enf~unue~ dr zhfz di zhn
Fkofmafmu ~mjnr Nmynr Hdxhf- Am zhn fiznrcfzh
di zhn 6111 nynmzu+ zhn eareknu ajnmzaiqam` pazh
zhn idrcnr rn`acn v~azn edmuauznmzkq zranj zd
u~uzfam kn`azacfeq zhrd~`h zhn edjn#pdrju
di ‛|fzradzauc–+ rfkkqam` zhncunkynu f`famuz
zhn rnyauadmu di hauzdrq amu|arnj oq ‛fkanm
idrenu–- Qnz zhn mnp fmza#edcc~mauz jaued~run
efuz azunki amzd zhn cdjn di rnaznrfzam` dr
nynm i~rzhnr amfzam` zhn fkrnfjq nmzrnmehnj
|nradj |anenu+ nu|neafkkq dm mduzfk`ae u~ognezukabn Cfenjdmaf- Azu fedkqznu ekfac zhfz zhn
edcc~mauz rn`acn pfu ‛mfzadmfkkq mahakauzae–
am azu edrn fmj udkj O~k`frafm amznrnuzu d~z zd
Cduedp-
^mjnr zhn eare~cuzfmenu+ amuznfj di ofuham`
mfzadmfk cqzhu+ zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |k~rfkazq
di ajnfu nm`nmjnrnj |frfmdaf- Nynr uamen zhn
nfrkq 611<u+ zhn uefrn zhfz idr cau~mjnruzddj
|dkazaefk edrrnezmnuu ― odrrdpnj irdc zhn Pnuz
dr u|dmudrnj oq Z~rbnq ― udcn hauzdrafmu
fmj |dkaeqcfbnru pnrn pakkam` zd u~ouzaz~znn~|hncaucu kabn ‛zhn Ddcfm |rnunmen–
idr zhn edccdmkq feen|znj ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–
pfu cfbam` pfynu ferduu O~k`frafm udeanzq-
Fkkn`fzadmu frn rain zhfz zdjfq‑u hauzdrq
uehddkoddbu ifak zd zrnfz zhn ‛Z~rbauh qdbn–
am f u~eanmzkq |fzradzae pfq dr nynm |rnznmj
zhfz md u~eh nynr nxauznj- Fz f kfznr uzf`n+
zhnun dounuuadmu pnrn edc|kncnmznj oq zhn
|fmae zhfz zhn |dnc ‛A Fc f k akn O~k`frafm–
oq Ayfm Yfwdy (68><#61?6!+ rnynrnj fu zhn`rnfznuz mfzadmfk praznr+ pd~kj on jrd||nj
irdc uehddk |racnru- Am G~mn ?<66+ j~ram` f
|fzradzae hdkajfq+ dynr ?: <<< ehakjrnm fkk dynr
zhn ed~mzrq zddb |frz am f pno |drzfk amazafzayn
zd rneazn uac~kzfmnd~ukq ‛A fc f k akn
O~k`frafm–7 zhn nynmz pfu u~||dunj zd jrayn
hdcn zhn ajnf zhfz+ jnu|azn fkk jnzrfezdru+
odzh Yfwdy‑u pdrb fmj O~k`frafm ajnmzazq pakk
zhrayn idrnynr-
Uzakk+ frn zhnrn nxen|zadmu ― n-`- |~okae |nrudmfn
dr fefjncae eareknu ― zhfz hfyn d|znj d~z di zhn
mfzadmfkauz jaued~run dr nynm fezaynkq rnuauznj
az4
Y
Kabn cduz ehfm`nu am |duz#edcc~mauz
|~okae kain am O~k`fraf+ zhn rnf||rfaufk di zhn
i~mjfcnmzfk mfzadmfk ajnmzazq cqzhu pfu zd
f kfr`n jn`rnn |rdcdznj irdc d~zuajn zhn
ed~mzrq- Zhn mdm`dynrmcnmz unezdr |kfqnjzhn ac|drzfmz rdkn di f cnjafzdr+ v~azn diznm
ofunj dm i~mjam` irdc zhn D|nm Udeanzq
cn`f#id~mjfzadm di @ndr`n Udrdu- Hnmen zhn
nmzrnmehnj edmyaezadm fcdm` zhdun mduzfk`ae
idr zhn idrcnr rn`acn (fmj fcdm` dzhnru
fu pnkk! zhfz zhn Pnuz+ zhn ^UF dr+ amjnnj+
‛zhn `kdofk Gnpauh edmu|arfeq–+ hfu onnm
u|dmudram` f |rdenuu di ‛jnmfzadmfkawfzadm– di
zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm- F|frz irdc zhn m~cnrd~u
M@Du fmj h~cfm ra`hzu dr`fmaufzadmu+ n-`-
zhn O~k`frafm Hnkuamba Edccann+ fefjncaeeareknu hfyn fkud onnm erazaefk di mfzadmfkauc-
Zhn zpd rnfkcu frn mdz fez~fkkq ~medmmneznj-
Cduz fefjncaeu pdrbam` am zhn h~cfmazanu
phd onefcn bmdpm idr zhnar fmza#mfzadmfkauz
eayak uzfmen dr nynm `famnj f rn|~zfzadm fu
‛cqzh o~uznru– hfyn fz knfuz cfjn f |fuuam`
zhrd~`h zhn eayak unezdr- Zhnq diznm pdrb
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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1N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
dm |rdgnezu di Udf#ofunj zhamb#zfmbu fiznr
hfyam` uz~janj dr zf~`hz fordfj oq jamz dizhn ufcn mnzpdrbu+ n-`- zhn Enmzrfk N~rd|nfm
^maynruazq am O~jf|nuz- Udcn di zhn M@Du
edccanj zd zhn ofkn idr nmhfmeam`
O~k`frafm eayae e~kz~rn dr odduzam` Ofkbfm
|dkazaefk ~mjnruzfmjam`+ hfyn onnm hnfjnj oq
hauzdrafmu dr dzhnr h~cfmazfrafm fefjncaeu-
Udcn di zhnun mnp enmzrnu hfyn |~okauhnj
yfk~fokn rnunfreh dm nzhmae dr rnka`ad~u
edcc~mazanu am zhn ed~mzrq+ |rdcdznj
amazafzaynu zd u~||drz O~k`frafm ‛eayak udeanzq–+
pdrbnj dm |fm#Ofkbfm |rdgnezu fmfkquam`
‛zhn acf`n di zhn dzhnr–+ zh~u edmzrao~zam`
zd zhn uhfbn~| di |d|~kfr mfzadmfkauz cqzhu-
Hdpnynr+ zhn pfq zhn M@D pdrkj i~mezadmu+
pazh azu jncfmj idr f ifuz |rdj~ez (uzrfzn`ae
|dkaeq |f|nru rfzhnr zhfm fez~fk rnunfreh!
zd feed~mz idr zhn i~mjam` zfbnm ~|+ hfu
udcnphfz jauzdrznj zhn erazaefk rnfuunuucnmz
di mfzadmfkauz uznrndzq|nu- Az hfu zdd diznm
onnm rnj~enj zd zrayafk |dkazaefk edrrnezmnuu-
am f m~conr di efunu+ zhn rnu~kz hfu onnm f
kfeb di jnn|nr rnnezadm dm zhn auu~nu fmj
cdrfk eqmaeauc7 zhn edmenuuadm zhfz enrzfam
unzu di auu~nu (n-`- zhn camdrazanu‑ edmjazadm+
nu|neafkkq zhn |ka`hz di zhn _dcf |d|~kfzadm+
nze-! |rdyajn f pammam` efrj am zhn `hzu
dynr |rdgnez i~mjam` hfu rna`mnj u~|rncn-
Pnkk nmzrnmehnj ekaeháu ― kabn zhn dmn di
zhn ‛udonrnj O~k`frafmu– rninrrnj zd fz zhn
on`ammam` ― frn mdz ud hfrj zd edcn oq am
|~okaefzadmu di M@D#fezayn nx|nrzu-
Pazh zhn |rdyaud zhfz am zhn kdefk edmznxzzhn jauzamezadm onzpnnm zhn eayak unezdr fmj
~maynruazq$fefjncae eareknu au jae~kz zd cfbn+
az ca`hz on ekfacnj zhfz fcdm` zhn fefjncae
`rd~| zhfz cduz jarnezkq rnkfznu zd mfzadmfkauz
cqzhcfbam` ― zhn hauzdrafmu ― zhn nydk~zadm
zdpfrju f `nm~amn erazav~n hfu onnm ukdp zd
`fam cdcnmz~c- Zhau efm |rnjdcamfmzkq on
frao~znj zd zhn ifez zhfz hauzdrq ueanmen am zhau
ed~mzrq au uzakk rn`frjnj fu f |fzradzae v~nuz+
fmj zhn hauzdrafm hfu onnm kddbnj ~| zd fu zhn`~frjafm di zhn |~razq fmj ernjaoakazq di zhn
mfzadmfk mfrrfzayn- Az au fkud f edmunv~nmen di
zhn |rnyfknmen di fm doudknzn unz di edmen|zu
fmj cnzhdju zhfz hfyn |rdynm jae~kz zd
d~zkayn nynm fcdm` ‛|k~``nj#am– hauzdrafmu-
Zhau au phq zhn ~mjnrcamam` di zhn mfrrdpkq
nzhmae frzae~kfzadm di mfzadmfk ajnmzazq hfu diznm
onnm zfbnm ~| oq h~cfmazfrafm rnunfrehnru
irdc fjgfenmz nkju+ n-`- udeafk ueanmenu+
e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkd`q dr |hakdud|hq5- Az pfu
f`fam zhn hauzdraefk cqzhu zhfz efcn amzd zhn
erduuhfaru di udcn qd~m`nr kaznrfrq dr e~kz~rfk
hauzdrafmu- Zhnq |rdj~enj f uzram` di uz~janu+
u|neaefkkq dm zhn ezadm fmj mdmezadm
prazam` irdc zhn ud#efkknj O~k`frafm _nyayfk+
zhfz hfyn edmzrao~znj zd zhn rnzhamb di zhn pfq
O~k`frafm mfzadmfk ajndkd`q ― fmj cqzhdkd`q
― hfu onnm hauzdraefkkq edmuzr~eznj:- Fu f
rnu~kz+ zhn jaue~uuadm di mfzadmfk cqzhu hfu
`famnj zhn rn|~zfzadm fu zhn z~ri di kaznrfrq
hauzdrafmu fmj e~kz~rfk fmzhrd|dkd`auzu+ zh~ufkanmfzam` |rdinuuadmfk hauzdrafmu-
Hdpnynr+ rnunfreh edcam` irdc udeafk
dr e~kz~rn ueanmenu hfu onnm oq fmj kfr`n
rnuzraeznj oq azu ide~u dm hdp edkknezayn
edmen|zadmu frn ernfznj fmj phfz ac|kaefzadmu
zhnq hfyn hfj- Zhnun uz~janu hfyn uhnj ka`hz dm
zhn ~un fmj fo~un di ‛edkknezayn cncdrq– o~z
mnynr hfj zhn ef|feazq dr zhn fac zd v~nuzadm
zhn ynrfeazq di azu edmuzr~ezu- Zhn kfnr hfu
amjnnj onnm |nrenaynj fu f ‛|duazayauzae– auu~n
zhfz e~kz~rfk zhndrauzu+ udeadkd`auzu dr kaznrfrq
5 F inp mfcnu frn pdrzh cnmzadmam` hnrn+ n-`-
Ayfakd Jazehny+ \nzqf Bfofbehanyf+ Kakafmf Jnqf#
mdyf+ Cfqf @rnbdyf-
: Idr amuzfmen7 Fkonmf Hrfmdyf+ Kfm`~f`n Fmj
Azu U|nnehnu+ Udf7 Ia`~rf+ ?<<<2 Jnuaukfyf Kakdyf+
_nyayfk Ac|kaefzadmu Di Zhn Mfzadmfk Mfcn+ Udf7
\rduynzf+ ?<<52 Mabdkfq Frnzdy+ Mfzadmfk Cqzhdkd#
`q Fmj Mfzadmfk Kaznrfz~rn+ Udf7 V~nnm Cfo+ ?<<9-
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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6<N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
hauzdrafmu edmznc|z~d~ukq uhramb fpfq irdc
fmj edcidrzfokq enjn zd hauzdrafmu-
H
@aynm zhnun eare~cuzfmenu+ az pfum‑z
v~azn f u~r|raun zhfz udcn di zhn odkjnuz
jnedmuzr~ezadmu di zrfjazadmfk amznr|rnzfzadmu
am zhn nkj di hauzdrq ueanmen hfyn edcn irdc
idrna`m nx|nrzu- Hdpnynr+ pazh zhn nxen|zadm
di zhn ‛Ofzfb \rdgnez– (phnrn zhn f~zhdru jaj
mdz fez~fkkq |~ru~n v~azn fu fcoazad~u `dfku!+
zhnun ‛|rdydefzadmu– hfyn mnynr `famnj fmq
yauaoakazq d~zuajn mfrrdp fefjncae eareknu-
Idr amuzfmen+ zhn Irnmeh fefjncae Onrmfrj
Kdrq hfu jarnezkq fuuf~kznj zhn cqzh di zhn
yn enmz~ranu di ‛ukf~`hznr– yauaznj ~|dm zhn
O~k`frafmu oq zhn Z~rbauh ‛ukfyn jraynru–>- Am
?<<?+ f O~k`frafm zrfmukfzadm di f cdmd`rf|h
pranm oq zhn J~zeh hauzdrafm di Ddcfm frz
Cfehank Bank9 efcn d~z2 zhn uz~jq uhfnrnj zd
|anenu zhn onkani zhfz zhn Ddcfm amyfuadm hfj
f efzfuzrd|hae nnez dm f |rnyad~ukq nxauzam`‛~mav~n– O~k`frafm cnjanyfk e~kz~rn- Am zhau
efun ― fu am f m~conr di dzhnr uacakfr dmnu ―
zhn O~k`frafm hauzdrq ife~kzanu |rninrrnj zd
bnn| f kdp |rdkn-
Uzakk+ f enrzfam fcd~mz di erazaefk f|zaz~jn
fcdm` O~k`frafm hauzdrafmu efmmdz on jnmanj-
Az au cduz yauaokn fcdm` Ddcfm fmj Ofkbfm
hauzdrq nx|nrzu- Zhn |d|~kfr edmen|zadmu di
zhn ‛Z~rbauh ukfynrq– hfyn onnm u~ognez zd
rdo~uz erazaeauc dm onhfki di rnunfrehnru kabn
Ynrf C~zfiehanyf (phd janj am ?<<1!+ Zuynzfmf@ndr`anyf fmj Fmzdmamf Whnkqfwbdyf (fmdzhnr
> Onrmfrj Kdrq+ ‛Iayn Enmz~ranu Zhnq Ukf~`hznrnj
^u ― Zhd~`hzu frd~mj f Hauzdraefk Cqzh–+ Hau#
zdraefk I~z~rn 6+ 6110- Zhn frzaekn au feenuuaokn am
O~k`frafm fz7 h|7$$ppp-kaou~-~ma#udf-o`$Uzfzaa$
Onrmfr-hzck (fkk zhn |~okaefzadmu frn am O~k`frafm!-
9 Cfehank Bank+ Frz fmj Udeanzq di O~k`fraf am zhn
Z~rbauh \nradj+ Fuunm#Cffuzraehz7 Yfm @dre~c+
618>-
fezayauz am zhn eayak unezdr+ jarnezdr di ACA_+
zhn Amznrmfzadmfk Enmzrn idr Camdrazq Uz~janufmj Amznre~kz~rfk _nkfzadmu!- Zhnq hfyn fkud
jno~mbnj fmdzhnr pajnkq onkanynj hauzdraefk
ezadm7 zhn idrenj cfuu#uefkn edmynruadmu zd
Aukfcae ifazh- Zhnun rnunfrehnru ― u|neaefkkq
@ndr`anyf ― hfyn onnm okfcnj idr |rdcdzam`
zhn znrc ‛Ddcfm |rnunmen–+ nynm zhd~`h az au
nazhnr founmz am zhnar |~okaefzadmu dr |rnunmzu
f ekfuuae efun di ‛zfbnm d~z di edmznxz–-
Fmdzhnr u~ognez frnf+ phaeh au ehrdmdkd`aefkkq
f |frz di zhn Ddcfm nrf+ o~z hfu zrfjazadmfkkq
onnm zhncnj fu zhn f~zhnmzae rnfkc di
|fzradzauc+ zhn Mfzadmfk _nyayfk am XAX
enmz~rq+ hfu onnm rnyauaznj oq hauzdrafmu
fu pnkk+ f|frz irdc kaznrfrq dmnu- Dm zhn
dmn hfmj+ zhn yfranzq di hauzdrad`rf|hae
|nru|nezaynu fmj ajndkd`aefk uzfbnu onhamj
azu amznr|rnzfzadm fu zhn ‛u~okacn O~k`frafm
f`n– onefcn u~ognez zd irnuhnr rnnezadm0- Dm
zhn dzhnr+ az pfu ha`hka`hznj zhfz zhn _nyayfk
jqmfcae efmmdz on nx|kdrnj dr ~mjnruzddj
d~zuajn azu edmznc|drfrq Ddcfm edmznxz8
-Udcn rnenmzkq |~okauhnj uz~janu hfyn
uhdpm hdp zhn irnnwn#d~z di zhau edmznxz
hfj nmfoknj ajndkd`aefk edmzrayfmenu kabn zhn
O~k`frafm ‛_nyayfk zdpm–+ pazh azu ‛_nyayfk
frehaznez~rn–+ dr zhn ‛~mav~n– mfzadmfk
ekdzham` uzqknu+ e~auamn+ nze-1-
0 Unn _d~cnm Jfubfkdy+ Zhn Cfbam` di f Mf#
zadm am zhn Ofkbfmu7 Hauzdrad`rf|hq di zhn O~k#
`frafm _nyayfk+ O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<:- Unn
fkud zhn cdmd`rf|h di zhn O~k`frafm#^U hauzd#
rafm Cfraf Zdjdrdyf dm zhn o~akj#~| di hnrdMd 6 am O~k`fraf‑u mfzadmfk |fmzhndm7 Cfraf Zd#
jdrdyf+ Odmnu di Edmznmzadm7 zhn Kayam` Freha#
yn di Yfuak Knyuba fmj zhn Cfbam` di O~k`fraf‑u
Mfzadmfk Hnrd+ O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<1-
8 Fknxfmjnr Ynwnmbdy+ ‛Doyad~u Dmkq fz Iaruz
@kfmen7 zhn ”O~k`frafm _nyayfk‛ fu f Un|frfzn Nrf–+
Am7 Jafmf Cauhbdyf (nj-!+ Zhn Ofkbfm XAX Enmz~rq-
Dzhnr \nru|nezaynu+ Udf7 _ayf+ ?<<9 (am O~k`frafm!-
1 Uzn|hfm Jnehny (nj-!+ Am Unfreh Di zhn Nuunmzafkkq
O~k`frafm7 Mnzpdrbu Di Mfzadmfk Amzacfeq (XAX#
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66N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Am cduz di zhnun efunu+ az au f cfnr di hauzdrafmu
phd dee~|q rfzhnr cfr`amfk maehnu fpfq irdczhn ~maynruazq dr fefjncaf nuzfokauhcnmz-
Zhnar mfcnu frn cduzkq fuudeafznj pazh
zhn Udf#ofunj Enmzrn idr Fjyfmenj Uz~jq
(EFU! id~mjnj am ?<<6+ pazh |nradjaefku
kabn Erazav~n fmj H~cfmauc dr pazh ife~kzanu
dr ~maynruazanu dzhnr zhfm zhn dmnu kfqam`
jdpm zhn cfamuzrnfc di hauzdrad`rf|hq (zhn
Hauzdrq Ife~kzq di zhn Udf ^maynruazq dr zhn
hauzdrq amuzaz~znu di zhn O~k`frafm Fefjncq
di Ueanmenu!- Qnz nynm rn|rnunmzfzaynu di zhn
kfnr hfyn |~okauhnj ac|drzfmz rnunfreh+ n-`-
dm zhn O~k`frafm `dynrmcnmz d||rnuuadm di
C~ukac edcc~mazanu- Onqdmj fmq jd~oz+ zhn
cduz zrf~cfzae kn`feq am zhau rnu|nez pfu kniz
oq zhn edcc~mauz rn`acn phnm zhn O~k`frafm#
u|nfbam` Cduknc camdrazq+ fmj u~ounv~nmzkq
zhn Z~rbauh#u|nfbam` dmn+ pnrn idreni~kkq
`aynm O~k`frafm mfcnu fmj ajnmzazq6<- Zh~u+
fiznr f kdm`#kfuzam` rna`m di fm fmza#Z~rbauh
f`nmjf+ zhn O~k`frafm hauzdraefk uehdkfru
mfkkq |rdyajn ~u pazh nyajnmen zhfz zhnq frnef|fokn di ornfbam` zhn cd~kj fmj ifeam` ~|
zd zhnar dpm ekaeháu66-
XXA enmz~ranu!+ Udf7 Amuzaz~zn idr Frz Uz~janu fz zhn
O~k`frafm Fefjncq di Ueanmenu+ ?<6< (am O~k`fra#
fm!-
6< Zhn cduz unrad~u edmzrao~zadm dm zhn u~ognez
hfu onnm |rdyajnj oq zhn uz~jq di Caehfak @r~ny
fmj Fknxna Bfkadmuba+ Zhn _nyayfk \rdenuu- Zhn
C~ukac Edcc~mazanu Fmj Zhn Edcc~mauz _n#
`acn+ Udf7 Amuzaz~zn idr Uz~janu di zhn _nenmz
\fuz+ D|nm Udeanzq Amuzaz~zn+ ?<<8 (am O~k`frafm!-66 F cdrn `nmnrfk dynryanp di O~k`frafm hauzdrad#
`rf|hq dynr zhn kfuz zpd jnefjnu7 Jfmankf Bdknyf+
Ayfm Nknmbdy+ ‛Hauzdraefk Uz~janu am \duz#Edcc~#
mauz O~k`fraf7 Onzpnnm Fefjncae Uzfmjfrju fmj
\dkazaefk F`nmjfu– am7 Udram Fmzdha+ Ofkæwu Zrnme#
uámqa+ \áznr F|dr (nju-!+ Mfrrfzaynu ^mod~mj- Hau#
zdraefk Uz~janu am \duz#Edcc~mauz Nfuznrm N~rd|n+
O~jf|nuz7 EN^ \rnuu+ ?<<0-
a 7
Fu fkrnfjq unnm+ zhn bnq hauzdraefk cqzhu zhfz
onefcn u~ognez zd erazaefk rnyauazu dynr zhn
kfuz ed~|kn di jnefjnu+ hfj onnm nxek~uaynkq
rnuzam` dm zhn fmza#Z~rbauh fmj fmza#Aukfcae
fxau di O~k`frafm mfzadmfkauc- Az au hdpnynr
~midrz~mfzn zhfz zhn |~okae rn|nre~uuadmu di
zhau fefjncae dr M@D#ofunj erazaefk d~z|~z
jd mdz kddb v~azn fu ac|rnuuayn fu zhnq
ca`hz- Zhau au edrrdodrfznj fz knfuz oq zhn
nfun di pha||am` ~| cfuu uefkn fmza#Z~rbauh
mfzadmfkauz cdoakaufzadmu kabn zhn ‛Ofzfb
uefmjfk–- G~uz fu jauhnfrznmam` au zhn ifez zhfz f
uzram` di dzhnr pnkk#pdrm edmuzr~ezu+ zhrd~`h
phaeh O~k`frafmu hfyn onnm hfoaz~fznj zd
kznr zhnar |nren|zadmu di zhn |fuz+ frn uzakk
fkcduz ~muefzhnj-
Fcdm` zhnc au g~uz fod~z nynrqzham`
rnkfznj zd zhn zrf~cfzae Cfenjdmafm u~ognez7
zhn hfmji~k di rnnezayn |~okaefzadmu oq
O~k`frafm rnunfrehnru dm zhn Cfenjdmafm
auu~n hfyn cduzkq onnm |~okauhnj dynrunfu-Zhn eracnu f`famuz Unrou dr @rnnbu edccanj
oq O~k`frafm zrdd|u j~ram` zhn ?<zh enmz~rq
pfru uzakk rncfam f zfodd- Zhn ‛zrfjazadmfk
zdknrfmen– di zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm zd zhn Gnpu
hfu qnz zd unn f cdrn edc|rnhnmuayn rnzhamb+
nu|neafkkq f`famuz zhn ofebjrd| di zhn rfc|fmz
fmza#Uncazauc di zhn kfuz inp qnfru-
Zhn i~rzhnr ofeb am zacn pn `d+ dr jdpm
zhn nmzrnmehnj hauzdraefk cqzhu+ zhn cdrn
zacaj zhn u|neafkaunj |~okaefzadmu f||nfr-
Fcdm` zhdun rnunfreham` zhn fmzav~n hauzdrq(frehfndkd`auzu+ ekfuuaefk |hakdkd`auzu+ nze-!+
ynrq inp frn zhn dmnu phd hfyn hfj zhn
uzdcfeh zd jno~mb zhn |akn di amynmzadmu
dm f u~ognez kabn zhn Zhrfeafmu- Cnjanyfk
hauzdrafmu fmj nx|nrzu am |rdoknc#rajjnm
jauea|kamnu kabn zhn ‛dkj O~k`frafm uz~janu–
dr ‛Eqrak fmj Cnzhdja~u uz~janu– hfyn onnm
uam`~kfrkq uaknmz- Frzu hauzdrq+ nzhmd`rf|hq
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
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6?N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
fmj idkbkdrn uz~janu+ jafknezdkd`q hfyn
rncfamnj |rnjdcamfmzkq zrfjazadmfkauz amzhnar f||rdfehnu- Amuznfj di ~mjnrcamam`
nuzfokauhnj uehncnu+ zhnq hfyn cduzkq
u~|nreafkkq cdjnrmaunj zhnar ekaeháu fmj
amj~k`nj am |un~jd#ammdyfzadm- Zfbam` amzd
feed~mz hdp edc|kaeaz pazh O~k`frafm |d|~kfr
cqzhdkd`q zhnun rnunfreh frnfu hfyn fkpfqu
onnm+ fmj zhnar rnenmz ifkznram` nydk~zadm am
f cdrn `nm~amnkq ~|#zd#jfzn jarnezadm+ zhn
‛udonram`– di zhn O~k`frafmu unncu idr zhn
zacn onam` |~z dm zhn ofebo~rmnr-
Zehfyjfr Cframdy
F F7
Zehfyjfr Cframdy+ \h-J-+ au fm fefjncae cnconr
di zhn Fzhnmu Irnmeh Uehddk (Nedkn Irfmàfaun
j‑Fzhèmnu!- Hau rnenmz |~okaefzadmu amek~jn7
Md~u mn |d~ydmu |fu rnmdmenr ì mdzrn hauzdarn-
V~fmj kf v~nuzadm cfeájdmanmmn cnz ì k‑á|rn~yn
kf mdzadm jn okde edcc~mauzn-– Yam`zaècn uaèekn
6<1 (?<66!7 6<6#6662 Kf V~nuzadm cfeájdmanmmn
jn 61:: ì mdu gd~ru- Edcc~maucn nz mfzadmfkaucn
jfmu knu Ofkbfmu- \frau7 K‑Hfrcffm+ ?<6<-
‛Fmzaedcc~mauz+ o~z Cfenjdmafm7 \dkazaeu di
Cncdrq am zhn _n|~okae di Cfenjdmaf-– Zdbdya
auzdragn (?<<1!7 9>#85-Zrfmukfzadm irdc zhn O~k`frafm oq @ndr`a \fuhdy
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65N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
‛Udcn am cq ifcakq ydznj idr Fzfbf o~z frn mdz
xnmd|hdonu- A fubnj zhnc phq- Zhnq onkanyn
Uajnrdy+ ~mkabn nynrqdmn nkun+ u|nfbu fod~z zhn rnfk
auu~nu am O~k`fraf-–6
‛Ydknm RUajnrdy+ Fzfbf‑u knfjnrS au zhn ruz dmn
phd ― ofunj dm ifezu ― hfu mfaknj Jd`fm Rzhn knfjnr
di zhn Cdyncnmz idr _a`hzu fmj Irnnjdcu $C_I$
rn|rnunmzam` zhn Z~rbauh camdrazqS+ \fryfmdy Rzhn
|rnuajnmz di zhn _n|~okae+ f udeafkauzS+ Z~rbnq‑u
Aukfcauz |dkaeq zdpfrju O~k`fraf fmj kdzu di dzhnrzham`u- Mdp nynrqdmn jnmd~menu Uzfmauhny‑u Rzhn
idrcnr udeafkauz |racn#camauznrS edrr~|zadm qnz
phnm Uajnrdy rfaunj zhnun auu~nu zhnq cfjn i~m
di hac- A pauh hac pnkk fu hn au zhn dmn phd zfkbu
fod~z d~r |rdokncu fmj uzfmju idr d~r amznrnuzu-–?
Am G~mn ?<<> Fzfbf RFfebS ― fm nxzrncn
mfzadmfkauz edfkazadm oram`am` idrzh fm fmza#
_dcf+ fmza#Z~rbauh fmj fmza#Uncazae jaued~run
― uzdrcnj zhn O~k`frafm |frkafcnmzfrq uenmn
pammam` ?6 unfzu (d~z di ?:<! fmj ?19 8:8 ydznu
6 F edmynrufzadm pazh @-+ ?0+ Udf+ 0 G~mn ?<66-
? F ?<<1 d|amadm am fm Amznrmnz jaue~uuadm idr~c
rnu|dmjam` zd fm frzaekn |~okauhnj am Ef|azfk+ f kaonrfk
pnnbkq+ jaue~uuam` zhn ifkkam` d~z onzpnnm Y- Uajnrdy
fmj zhn dpmnr di zhn Uefz znknyauadm ehfmmnk+ phaeh
fz zhn zacn |kfqnj f bnq rdkn am |rdcdzam` Uajnrdy-
Unn h|7$$ppp-ef|azfk-o`$|dkazabfTaTabdmdcabf$
o~ k` fr af $? << 1$ 6? $< :$ 8? >1 :< Tm dyaz nT|f zr ad za $-
(8+ 15. di zhn zdzfk ydzn!- Zhau ornfbzhrd~`h
pfu u~r|rauam` am f m~conr di pfqu7 zhn
zacn am hauzdrq (O~k`fraf hfj g~uz ua`mnj
azu N~rd|nfm feenuuadm f`rnncnmz+ fmj zhn
nedmdcae rnedynrq pfu on`ammam` zd onfr
ir~az!2 zhn ydzn uzr~ez~rn (dmn zharj di zhdun
phd efuz zhnar ydznu idr Fzfbf onkdm`nj
zd zhn nj~efznj ekfuunu!2 fmj udcn di zhn
zhncnu am Fzfbf‑u |azeh (zhn fmza#Uncazauc+
phaeh hfj hfrjkq rnfrnj azu hnfj j~ram`
zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |nradj am O~k`fraf!- Fqnfr kfznr+ ofunj dm nxznmuayn nkj rnunfreh
am yakkf`nu phnrn Fzfbf hfj uedrnj ha`h+ zhn
udeafk ueanmzauz Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf fee~rfznkq
ubnzehnj zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq fu ‛cnja~c
nj~efznj+ rnkfzaynkq u~eenuui~k fmj pdrbam`–5-
Uhn nc|hfuawnj zhn udeafk mfz~rn di zhn ydzn
jnmd~meam` zhn mnp amnv~fkazanu fu pnkk fu
zhn edrr~|zadm fcdm` |dkazaefk nkaznu- Phakn
rncamjam` di zhn mfzadmfkauz onkaniu fcdm`
udcn ydznru fmj zhn |dpnr di fmza#_dcf fmj
fmza#Z~rbauh |rng~jaenu+ uhn ufp zhn |dkazaefk
nx|rnuuadm di zhnun uznrndzq|nu fu f rnu~kz
di zhn ‛nzhmaeauam`– di udeafk jayauadmu- Zhn
v~dznu fz zhn uzfrz di zhau |f|nr cfq fkud
u~``nuz zhn Fzfbf uqc|fzhawnru‑ jrayn zd
5 Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf+ F Cfgdrazq di Ammdenmz+ Uernpnj#
^| O~k`frafmu+ Ofkbfm Uz~janu Idr~c+ 6#?+ ?<<8+
||- 95#0?-
Ym i Xm | ‛fb– m o-rum U omu i Uu
oq Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ \frau
F
Zhau frzaekn nxfcamnu zhn rnfudmu onhamj zhn nknezdrfk u~||drz idr zhn xnmd|hdoae |frzq Fzfbf RFfebS am
O~k`fraf uamen azu id~mjam` am ?<<>- Phakn udcn f~zhdru hfyn nc|hfuawnj zhn ufkanmen di nzhmae |rng~jaenu fu
fm nx|kfmfzdrq yfrafokn+ dzhnru hfyn amuauznj zhfz Fzfbf c~uznrnj azu uzrnm`zh oq ydaeam` udcn ydznru‑ jrayn
zd rfjaefkkq jnmd~men zhn O~k`frafm |duz#udeafkauz |dkazaefk+ udeafk+ fmj cdrfk drjnr- Zhau |f|nr fr`~nu zhfz
~mjnruzfmjam` zhn Fzfbf ydzn rnv~arnu f ide~u dm zhn amznrzpamam` di ehfm`am` udeadnedmdcae amnv~fkazanu
fmj zhn znrrazdrafkawfzadm di nzhmde~kz~rfk janrnmenu- O~k`fraf au e~rrnmzkq ~mjnr`dam` f hfrjnmam` di udeafk
od~mjfranu zhfz ̀ dnu hfmj#am#hfmj pazh f jninmuayn rnfuunrzadm di nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk od~mjfranu am f edmznxz
phnrn mnp amzrf#uzfzn fmj amznrmfzadmfk ̀ nd`rf|hae cdoakazanu ehfkknm`n idrcnr cdjnu di nzhmaeazq mn`dzafzadm-
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6:N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
rfjaefkkq jnmd~men zhn |dkazaefk+ udeafk fmj
cdrfk drjnr di |duz#Edcc~mauc fu pnkk fu zdunnb fm fkznrmfzayn am f unam` phnrn zhn bnq
|frzanu frn rn`frjnj fu ajnmzaefk+ a-n- fu nv~fkkq
edrr~|z fmj amjanrnmz zd zhn nx|nezfzadmu di
drjamfrq eazawnmu-
Qnz hdp c~eh jd pn bmdp fod~z Fzfbf
fmj zhn rnfudmu onhamj azu u~eenuu4 Uhd~kj
pn yanp zhau dr`fmawfzadm
fu f |frfjdxaefk ehfc|adm
di udeafk `ranyfmenu fmj$dr
f ir~az di fm nzhmaeawfzadm di
udeafk eknfyf`nu4 Zhnun zpd
amznr|rnzfzadmu mnnj f ekdunr
kddb- Zhn idrcnr au rncamauenmz
di udcn rnunfreh jnjaefznj zd
zhn Mfzadmfk Irdmz am Irfmen-
Udcn edccnmzfzdru hnkj zhn
yanp zhfz zhn Irdmz c~uznrnj
azu uzrnm`zh ― |frzae~kfrkq fiznr
az pfu hnfjnj oq Cframn Kn \nm
― oq `ayam` yauaoakazq zd |dkazaefk
fmj udeafk auu~nu zhfz azud||dmnmzu zrq zd nyfjn (fcdm`
zhnc7 `kdofkaufzadm#zra``nrnj
udeafk cfr`amfkaufzadm2 udcn cfuu#u|rnfj
amune~razanu+ zhn kduu di eknfr#e~z ajndkd`aefk
jauzamezadmu fcdm` nuzfokauhnj |dkazaefk |frzanu+
nze-! Zhn unedmj amznr|rnzfzadm unncu kabnkq
zd hdkj f uzrdm`nr fmfkqzaefk |dznmzafk- Nrmnuz
@nkkmnr‑u pdrb hfu orakkafmzkq jncdmuzrfznj
hdp udeafk fmj nedmdcae jayauadmu pnrn
zrfmukfznj amzd nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk znrcu oq
zhn ncnr`nmz N~rd|nfm mfzadmfkauc fz zhnz~rm di XYAAA fmj nfrkq XAX enmz~rq-: Qnz odzh
fuu~c|zadmu hfyn zd on zrnfznj pazh ef~zadm-
Iaruzkq+ fu Ny`nmaf Ayfmdyf cfbnu eknfr+ kfr`n
un`cnmzu di O~k`frafm udeanzq hdkj fe~znkq
mn`fzayn faz~jnu zdpfrju odzh zhn |dkazaefk
: Nrmnuz @nkkmnr+ Mfzadmu fmj mfzadmfkauc+
Mnp Qdrb7 Edrmnkk ^maynruazq \rnuu+ 6185-
ekfuu fmj zhn |duz#edcc~mauz |nradj fmj mdz
fkk di zhnc ydzn idr Fzfbf- Zhnun erazaefk yanpujd mdz u~eanmzkq nx|kfam zhn u~||drz ̀ aynm zd
fm dr`fmaufzadm |rnfeham` rfoaj mfzadmfkauc-
Unedmjkq+ ai ~mjnruzfmjam` zhn Fzfbf ydzn
rnv~arnu f ide~u dm zhn amznrzpamam` di
udeadnedmdcae amnv~fkazanu fmj nzhmde~kz~rfk
jayauadmu+ zhn phdkn |rdoknc odaku jdpm
zd nx|kfamam` zhn mfz~rn di zhau edmmnezadm-
Phfz pn hfyn zd ~mjnruzfmj au hdp zhn
|nrenayfokq jnuenmjam` zrfgnezdranu di udeafk
cdoakazq ca`hz on edmynrznj zd jnmd~meam`
zhn nzhmae ‛dzhnr–+ fmj phfz cfbnu zhau bamj
di uza`cfzaufzadm edmenayfokn dr kn`azacfzn idr
zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq- Pn uhd~kj mdz nxek~jn
zhn |duuaoakazq zhfz zhn hfrjnmam` di udeafk
od~mjfranu pn frn pazmnuuam` am O~k`fraf zdjfq`dnu hfmj#am#hfmj pazh f jninmuayn hfrjnmam`
di nzhmae fmj e~kz~rfk od~mjfranu am zhn
edmznxz phnrn odzh zhn edmzd~ru di eazawnmuha|
fmj c~kza|kn ajnmzazanu frn onam` rnuhf|nj-
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
Ydknm Uajnrdy u|nfbam` onidrn Fzfbf uqc|fzhaunru am f Udf enmzrfk uv~frn- (|dka`rf-mnz!
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6>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
F‑ 7
Idr f uzfrz+ knz ~u fuu~cn zhfz Fzfbf ―
f hnznrd`nmnd~u idrcfzadm+ amek~jam`
amjayaj~fku irdc zhn idrcnr amznkka`nmen
edcc~mazq+ zhn une~razq unryaenu+ zhn idrcnr
Edcc~mauz \frzq fu pnkk fu f hduz di dzhnru
phd |fuunj zhrd~`h f m~conr di |dkazaefk
fkafzadmu ― frzae~kfznu ̀ ranyfmenu+ fmj fcdm`
zhnc auu~nu dr ud~renu di jauedmznmz+ phaeh hfj
mnynr cfjn az |rd|nrkq zd zhn |dkazaefk uenmn
onidrn7 zhn jnuarn idr f |rdid~mj rnyfc|am` di
|dkazaefk |rfezaenu2 zhn fm`uz fcajuz f |dkazaefk
drjnr zhfz au |nrenaynj fu ~mifar fmj accdrfk2
zhn fmmdqfmen zra``nrnj oq zhn irnv~nmz
rnudrzam` zd f ‛uehddkodq– rhnzdrae (odzh dm
zhn |frz di kdefk |dkazaefk nkaznu fmj Pnuznrm
|frzmnru! fmj zhn orfmjauham` di N~rd#Fzkfmzae
amzn`rfzadm fu zhn dmkq |duuaokn |dkazaefk
|rdgnez-
Amjnnj+ oq zhn uzfrz di zhn mnp cakknmma~c
― fiznr f jnefjn jdcamfznj oq zhn ifen#d onzpnnm ‛zhn rnju– (zhn idrcnr edcc~mauzu!
fmj ‛zhn ok~nu– (zhn fmzaedcc~mauzu! ― zhn
O~k`frafm |dkazaefk |rdenuu pfu fkrnfjq
edcam` ferduu zd zhn ordfjnr |~okae fu f uzram`
di `dynrmcnmzu+ phaeh fez~fkkq dnrnj md
fkznrmfzayn7 phfznynr zhnar |dkazaefk fkafzadm+
dmen am |dpnr+ zhn |dkazaefk fezdru unncnj zd
idr`nz zhn ehfm`n zhnq hfj |rdcaunj fmj dmkq
o~uanj zhncunkynu c~kza|kqam` zhn ekanmznkn#
u~uzfamam` |rfezaenu di zhnar |rnjnenuudru- Zhn
zacn di d|fv~n |rayfzawfzadm pfu idkkdpnj oqzhn zacn di c~rbq |rde~rncnmz jnfku fmj uhq
cfmf`ncnmz di N~rd|nfm i~mju- Edmjncmam`
zhn edrr~|zadm di zhn nkaznu fmj zhn |knf zd
rnuzdrn f uzrdm` uzfzn ef|fokn di pfrrfmzam`
zhn r~kn di kfp z~rmnj amzd |dpnri~k nknezdrfk
fr`~cnmzu- Ofeb irdc hau nxakn+ zhn idrcnr
O~k`frafm bam` Uacndm Ufxn#Edo~r`#@dzhf
|knj`nj hau ?<<6 efc|fa`m dm rnuzdram`
cdrfkazq am |dkazaeu- Hdpnynr+ zhn ifkkd~z irdc
hau cfmjfzn uzrnm`zhnmnj nynm i~rzhnr zhnfu|arfzadmu idr f cdrn zrfmu|frnmz |~okae kain-
Edmuznrmfzadm zdpfrju zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu
pfu i~rzhnr nxfenrofznj fu zhn r~knru
uzfrznj zd n|azdcaun ― mnxz zd zhn o~uamnuu
edcc~mazq ― zhn ‛md~ynf~x raehnu– phd
hnk|nj zhncunkynu zd zhn mfzadmfk raehnu fmj
kaynj ha`h dm zhn hd`- J~ram` edcc~mauc+
udeafk `f|u pnrn mdz dokaznrfznj o~z qnz pnrn
udiznmnj+ pazh pnfkzh fee~c~kfzadm fmj
duznmzfzad~u edmu~c|zadm idroajjnm (fz knfuz
deafkkq!- Hfyam` zrfmuidrcnj zhn ef|azfku
(am Od~rjan~‑u cnfmam`! oram`am` udeafk
u~eenuu+ |duz#edcc~mauc qankjnj udeafk
jauern|fmeanu fcdm` zhn idrcnr ‛nv~fku–
irdc zhn edcc~mauz nrf+ fmj+ zd oddz+ `fyn
zhnc fm ~m|rnenjnmznj mfmeafk fmj cfznrafk
yauaoakazq- F u~ognez di oanr edmi~uadm (hdp
pfu az |duuaokn zhfz f efuh nxehfm`n |damz
dpmnr ed~kj cfbn f idrz~mn phakn f znfehnr
dr f cajpain jrd||nj mnfr zhn |dynrzq
kamn4!+ zhau mnp udeafk uzrfzaefzadm pfu uddminkz fu ~mpfrrfmznj fmj$dr akkn`fk+ pazh zhn
zpd mdzadmu diznm caxam` ~|- Zhn |nrenaynj
amg~uzaen di zhn udeafk drjnr pfu edc|d~mjnj
oq unnam` zhn ‛zrfmuazadm zd f cfrbnz nedmdcq–
fu zhn ‛|k~mjnr di zhn uzfzn– ― fm amznr|rnzfzadm
uhfrnj oq kfr`n unezadmu di zhn ~||nr cajjkn
ekfuunu fu pnkk- Zhn jfakq nx|nranmenu di |duz#
edcc~mauc unncnj zd rfjaefkkq ekfuh pazh
zhn cnuuf`nu zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu pfu zrqam` zd
|~z ferduu- Zhn edmzrfuz pfu mnynr fu uzrdm` fu
j~ram` Ayfm Bduzdy‑u `dynrmcnmz (6110#?<<6+ra`hz#pam`!+ phaeh fez~fkkq |kfqnj f jneauayn
rdkn am |rn|fram` zhn ed~mzrq idr azu N~rd#
Fzkfmzae feenuuadm7 phakn zhn r~kam` ekfuunu
bn|z zfkbam` di rnidrcu+ fehanyncnmzu fmj
|rd`rnuu+ ydznru inkz zhnar pdrkj (fmj udeafk
ufinzq mnz! pnrn er~cokam` ~mjnr zhnar innz-
Hfyam` nx|rnuunj udcn jn`rnn di udkajfrazq
am jnmd~meam` zhn nyaku di |duz#edcc~mauc+
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 16/28
69N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Uacndm Ufxn#Edo~r`#@dzhf u~ounv~nmzkq
fjd|znj zhn ydefo~kfrq di hau |rnjnenuudru ―fehanyncnmzu+ rnidrcu+ nze- ― phakn fz zhn ufcn
zacn `dynrmcnmz znehmderfzu fmj nx|nrzu
jaucauunj |~okae |nren|zadmu fu ‛amedrrnez–…
Am zhau bamj di cakan~+ ydznru‑ `ranyfmenu pnmz
kfr`nkq ~mhnnjnj-
Zhn unmun di kduu pfu i~rzhnr nxfenrofznj
oq zhn dynr#zhn#zd| ~un di MFZD fmj
N~rd|nfm ^madm amzn`rfzadm fu |racfrq
ud~renu di kn`azacfeq oq zhn r~kam` ekfuunu-
_~cnm Ydjnmaehfrdy+ r~mmam` idr f unfz am
\frkafcnmz dm zhn Fzfbf ?<<> zaebnz+ zrfuhnj
‛zhn N~rd|nfm xfzadm hq|mdzawam` odzh
zhn kniz fmj zhn ra`hz–>- Zhn ~r`n zd cnnz zhn
nx|nezfzadmu fmj rnv~arncnmzu di zhn Pnuznrm
fkkanu knj zd f m~conr di |rdid~mjkq ~m|d|~kfr
`dynrmcnmz jneauadmu (n-`- zhn u~||drz idr
zhn 6111 MFZD amznrynmzadm am Bdudyd dr zhn
uh~zjdpm di zhn zharj fmj id~rzh rnfezdr di zhn
Bdwkdj~q m~eknfr uzfzadm!- F ̀ rdpam` m~conr
di edmuzaz~nmzu fkrnfjq rn`rnnj zhn idrinaz~rn
di udynrna`mzq O~k`fraf hd|nj zd ffam amzhn nfrkq 611<u- Hfyam` onedcn udcnphfz
cdrn ifcakafr pazh kain am zhn Pnuz+ v~azn f
inp O~k`frafmu inkz zhfz zhn dynrkq uzram`nmz
uzfmjfrju ac|dunj oq MFZD dr zhn N^ dm
fu|aram` ed~mzranu pnrn mdz f||kanj pazh zhn
ufcn wnfk oq zhn cnconr uzfznu zhncunkynu-
Zhn ukd`fm ‛knz‑u `nz O~k`fraf ofeb– rfaunj
oq Uajnrdy am ?<<> bnnmkq ef~`hz zhn |d|~kfr
unmzacnmzu fmj zhn jrayn zd rnide~u dm zhn
mfzadmfk-
Qnz rnuzraezam` d~r amznr|rnzfzadmu zd zhn fodynpd~kj on f cauzfbn- Iaruz fmj idrncduz+ nynr
uamen Fzfbf pfu ernfznj+ zhn |dkazaefk fmj
cdrfk kfcofuzam` di |duz#Edcc~mauc ― dm
zd|aeu kabn rna`mam` am edrr~|zadm+ nuzfokauham`
zhn r~kn di kfp+ |rdyajam` une~razq zd edccdm
> _~cnm Ydjnmaehfrdy+ ‛Zdpfrju f Mnp Jfpm
idr zhn Ifzhnrkfmj pazh Fzfbf–+ Mdyf Wdrf (Mnp
Jfpm+ f mfzadmfkauz pnnbkq!+ ?:+ 6: G~mn ?<<>-
eazawnmu+ nze- ― pfu zf||nj amzd oq f ordfj
rfm`n di |dkazaefk idrcfzadmu+ fcdm` zhnc@N_O (zhn O~k`frafm ferdmqc idr Eazawnmu
idr N~rd|nfm Jnynkd|cnmz di O~k`fraf!+ zhn
|frzq di zhn idrcnr Udf cfqdr fmj e~rrnmz
|racn camauznr Odqbd Odraudy- Ai Fzfbf hfj
dpnj azu u~eenuu fz zhn |dkku zd f cdmd|dkq
dm zhau f`nmjf fkdmn+ az pd~kj hfyn kduz azu
u~||drz fu nfrkq fu am ?<<1 (zhn qnfr phnm
zhn |frzq `dz 1+59. di zhn ydzn fmj ?6 unfzu am
\frkafcnmz!9- Onuajnu+ az pd~kj on cauknfjam`
― fmj jfm`nrd~u ― zd fuu~cn zhfz nxzrncauz
|dkazaefk idrcfzadmu fjjrnuu `ddj auu~nu zhn
ofj pfq- Az au mdz f cfnr di |~uham` mn`kneznj
`ranyfmenu dmzd zhn |dkazaefk f`nmjf+ o~z f
cfnr di hdp zhnq frn frzae~kfznj zd onedcn
|frz di zhn |~okae f`nmjf7 md |~okae auu~n
nxauzu d~zuajn zhn pfq |dkazaefk fezdru mfcn az
― dr edmuzr~ez az-
Knz ~u zfbn edrr~|zadm fu fm nxfc|kn- Nynm
zhd~`h Ydknm Uajnrdy hfu jnmd~menj
edrr~|zadm fu f phdkn+ zhn |rnjdcamfmz zfr`nz
di hau jaued~run hfu fkpfqu onnm fmj uzakk auzhn Cdyncnmz idr _a`hzu fmj Irnnjdcu (zhn
|dkazaefk rn|rnunmzfzadm di C~ukac camdrazanu
am O~k`fraf!- Qnz au zhnrn fm C_I#u|neae
edrr~|zadm auu~n am O~k`frafm |dkazaefk kain dr
jdnu zhn edmj~ez di udcn am azu knfjnruha|
cnrnkq rnnez zhn e~kz~rn ― pajnu|rnfj am
odzh zhn nzhmae cfgdrazq fmj zhn camdrazanu ―
di edkk~uadm onzpnnm |dkazaeafmu fmj o~uamnuu
|nd|kn4 Nynm ai pn fkkdp ― udcnzham` zhfz
amjnnj mnnju zd on |rdynm ― zhfz edrr~|zadm
au cdrn nmjncae fcajuz C_I zhfm am dzhnr|dkazaefk |frzanu+ uhd~kj pn mdz unnb zhn
rnfudm am zhn uzr~ez~rn di |dkazaefk edc|nzazadm
9 Oq zhn pfq+ az hfu zd on |damznj d~z zhfz onzpnnm ?<<>
fmj ?<<1 unynrfk |dkazaefk |kfqnru zranj zd iaz amzd zhn
|d|~kauz maehn am zhn ia`hz f`famuz edrr~|zadm+ n-`-
zhn Drjnr+ Kfp fmj G~uzaen \frzq (e~rrnmzkq hfyam`
6< unfzu am \frkafcnmz! dr zhn knfjnr \frzq (phaeh
ed~kj mdz cfbn az dynr zhn :. ofrranr dmkq g~uz!-
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 17/28
60N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
pazham zhn Z~rbauh camdrazq (zhn kdm`
founmen di |dkazaefk fkznrmfzayn rnuzraezam`zhn d||drz~mazanu idr f |nmfkzq ydzn fmj
feed~mzfoakazq |rnuu~rnu ~|dm zhn nkaznu! dr
uhd~kj pn feen|z ― fu Fzfbf ekfacu ― zhfz zhn
edrn di zhn |rdoknc au zhn ynrq nxauznmen di
f ‛Z~rbauh |frzq am |dpnr–4 Jnmam` phfz
edmuzaz~znu f |rdoknc au |dkazaefk o~uamnuu am
azunki rfzhnr zhfm f `aynm-- Fez~fkkq+ dmn di zhn
cduz uz~mmam` |hnmdcnmf am O~k`fraf zdjfq au
zhn pfq am phaeh Fzfbf fmj C_I hfyn onedcn
cdrn fmj cdrn diznm |nrenaynj fu ‛zpam
|frzanu– zhfz innj d dmn fmdzhnr- Zhn pfq
zhfz Fzfbf hfu frzae~kfznj zhn ‛C_I auu~n–
hfu+ fz mfk rnebdmam`+ am~nmenj zhn phdkn
|~okae jnofzn7 zhn nxauznmen di f idrcfzadm
facnj fz rn|rnunmzam` zhn amznrnuzu di camdrazq
`rd~|u hfu amernfuam`kq onnm |rnunmznj fu fm
auu~n am azunki-
Mdp knz ~u `d ofeb zd zhn unedmj+ c~eh
cdrn amua`hzi~k+ hq|dzhnuau7 zhn nzhmaeauam`
di udeafk jayauadmu- O~akjam` ~| dm Ny`nmaf
Ayfmdyf‑u pdrb+ pn uhfkk |~ru~n zhn ajnf dif |frzafk uhaiz fmj hfrjnmam` di zhn uqcodkae
od~mjfranu edrrnkfznj pazh udeafk fmj
znrrazdrafk ehfm`nu j~ram` |duz#Edcc~mauc
zhfz fnez cfgdrazq fmj camdrazanu fkabn-
N
Z
O
hdp ed~kj pn ekfraiq zhn jqmfcaeu zhfz
nmfoknj zhn nzhmaeauam` di udeafk edmzrfuzu4 Zduzfrz pazh+ pn efm rnyauaz zhn kdm`nr nxauznmen
di mn`fzayn acf`nu di zhn (camdrazq! Dzhnr am
O~k`fraf- Am fm nfrkanr frzaekn+ A ha`hka`hznj
zhn ifez zhfz zhn mfzadmfkauz fmj xnmd|hdoae
fr`~cnmzu rnudrznj zd oq Uajnrdy hfyn
`fzhnrnj zhnar uzrnm`zh irdc zhrnn ud~renu7 zhn
~mazfrq edmen|zadm di zhn mfzadm#uzfzn jfzam`
ofeb zd zhn ЮAЮ enmz~rq2 zqam` ~| zhn ajnf di
mfzadmfk ~mazq
pazh zhn (idrenj!fuuacakfzadm di
camdrazanu (hfyam`
rnfehnj azu ekacfx
j~ram` zhn 618<u!2
fmj xnmd|hdoae
mdzadmu odrrdpnj
irdc zhn
a m z n r m f z a d m f k
cfrbnz di
e d m u | a r f e q
zhndranu (zhn
nxfc|kn hnrn au
Uajnrdy‑u fmza#
Uncazauc!-0 Zhau fmfkquau+ hdpnynr+ jdnu mdz
nmfokn ~u zd ~mjnruzfmj phq zhau rfjaefk
jaued~run erquzfkkawnj am ?<<> rfzhnr zhfm am
zhn nfrkq 611<u (phnm cfmq edccnmzfzdru
pnrn f||rnhnmuayn zhfz nzhmae znmuadmu ca`hz
on frd~unj! dr+ idr zhfz cfnr+ am zhn kfzn 611<u
(phnm zhn nnezu di udeafk cfr`amfkawam`+
zra``nrnj oq zhn zrfmuazadm zd f cfrbnznedmdcq+ pnrn fkrnfjq yauaokn!-
F ide~u dm zhn fmza#_dcf uznrndzq|nu |rnqnj
dm |dkazaefkkq oq Fzfbf ― f |hnmdcnmdm
|frzafkkq mnp am azu mfz~rn ― ed~kj hnk| ~u
uhnj ka`hz dm zhn ammnr pdrbu di nzhmaeawam`
zhn udeafk jqmfcaeu am zdjfq‑u O~k`fraf-
\rng~jaen zdpfrju zhn _dcf |d|~kfzadm au mdz
udcnzham` mnp- Am yfrqam` jn`rnnu+ jn|nmjam`
dm zhn zacnu fmj |kfenu+ _dcfmq |nd|kn hfyn
onnm fuudeafznj pazh |ddr hq`anmn+ kfwamnuu
fmj uznfkam`- Phfz Uajnrdy‑u jaued~runjdnu+ zhd~`h+ au zd |~uh zhnun pajnu|rnfj
|nren|zadmu d~z amzd zhn |dkazaefk frnmf fmj
0 Unn Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ ¢^m |frza mfzadmfkauzn
rfjaefk nm O~k`fran7 Fzfbf d~ kn cfk#çzrn j~
|duzedcc~maucn²+ Erazav~n amznrmfzadmfkn+
5<+ Gfm~frq#Cfreh ?<<9+ |- :6#>>+ h|7$$ppp-
enra#ueanmenu|d-edc$|~okaef$erazav~n$frzaekn$
ea5<|:6T>9-|ji-
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
Zhn edynr |f`n zd YdknmUajnrdy'u oddb /Cq Ofkn idr O~k`fraf/(acf`nu-aodx-o`!
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 18/28
68N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
~un zhnc fu fr`~cnmzu am |dkazaefk jnofznu-
Phq4 Zhau nydk~zadm efm+ dm zhn dmn hfmj+ onnx|kfamnj pazh zhn `rdpam` znmuadmu am udcn
oa``nr eazq u~o~rou phnrn f kfr`n m~conr
di ~mnc|kdqnj _dcf+ phd hfj |rnyad~ukq
kaynj am r~rfk frnfu+ cdynj amzd fiznr 6181
am unfreh di f onnr kain- Am u~eh |kfenu+
phnrn zhn cfgdrazq innk nx|dunj zd udeafk
cfr`amfkawfzadm+ hna`hznmnj edc|nzazadm dynr
uefren rnud~renu z~rmu zhn _dcfmq |d|~kfzadm
amzd fm auu~n zhfz efm on amuzr~cnmzfkawnj
idr |dkazaefk |~r|dunu (pn ca`hz rnedkknez
zhn Cfq ?<<> ameajnmz am zhn U~`fr Ifezdrq
mna`hod~rhddj am Udf+ phnm f kdefk `hz
onzpnnm udcn _dcf fmj mdm#_dcf rnuajnmzu
hfyn kniz f pnkk#bmdpm O~k`frafm hauzdrafm
fmj frehndkd`auz jnfj fmj unynrfk |nd|kn
h~rz dm odzh uajnu+ ef~uam` c~eh ~|rdfr am
zhn O~k`frafm cnjaf+ fmj dnram` zhn mnpkq
ernfznj Fzfbf edfkazadm f |rnznxz zd jnmd~men
zhn ‛zua`fmawfzadm– di zhn ed~mzrq- Fkzhd~`h
zrfjazadmfkkq `ddj+ amznrnzhmae rnkfzadmu am
zhn mna`hod~rhddj hfj onnm jnznradrfzam`dynr zhn |rnyad~u qnfru am f edmznxz phnrn
nedmdcae d||drz~mazanu pnrn uefrn fmj udeafk
|dkaeanu ~mfokn zd feedccdjfzn nxauzam`
mnnju!- Fmdzhnr jnynkd|cnmz hdpnynr kddbu
nynm cdrn i~mjfcnmzfk-
Fu jaj Akaf Akany+ f m~conr di O~k`frafm udeafk
ueanmzauzu hfyn nc|hfuawnj zhfz |f~|nrawfzadm+
dr udeafk cfr`amfkawfzadm+ am O~k`fraf au fz
zacnu |nrenaynj fcdm`uz O~k`frafm eazawnmu
fu f idrc di ernn|am` ‛zua`fmawfzadm– fmj
fuudeafznj pazh zhn infr zhfz @q|uanu ca`hzudcn jfq |rnyfak am zhn mfzadmfk |d|~kfzadm-
Am dzhnr pdrju+ zhn erduuam` di udcn udeafk
odrjnru au dm deefuadm uqcodkaefkkq kambnj pazh
zhn zrnu|fuuam` di nuzfokauhnj nzhmae odrjnru-
Fz zhn ufcn zacn+ phakn cduz di zhn _dcf
onefcn nynm |ddrnr fiznr 6181+ f camdrazq di
zhnc uzr~eb az raeh+ cfamkq oq kkam` f inp
nmzrn|rnmn~rafk maehnu- Fu f edmunv~nmen+
udcn di zhn _dcf mna`hod~rhddju (cfhfka!
uzfrznj infz~ram` f hfmji~k di dynruawnj hd~unupazh d|~knmz fnuzhnzaeu am f uzfrb edmzrfuz pazh
zhn cfbnuhaiz uhfebu dr er~cokam` znmncnmz
okdebu irdc zhn Edcc~mauz |fuz amhfoaznj
oq zhn drjamfrq _dcfmanu- Zhn udeafk iforae
am O~k`fraf |radr zd 6181 pfu nzhmaefkkq ofunj
dm f |nebam` drjnr |~am` zhn @q|uanu rckq
fz zhn oddc r~m`- Am dzhnr pdrju+ _dcfma
‛dzhnrmnuu– pfu mn`dzafznj fmj feen|znj
ud kdm` fu zhnar amzn`rfzadm pazh zhn rnuz di
udeanzq jaj mdz v~nuzadm zhn udeafk dr nzhmd#
e~kz~rfk hanrfrehanu-
Ifenj pazh zhn zpd#pfq r~|z~rn di f uqcodkae
odrjnr |rnyad~ukq jnncnj ac|nrcnfokn ―
dm zhn dmn hfmj+ zhn udeafk cfr`amfkawfzadm
di udcn nzhmae O~k`frafmu fmj+ dm zhn dzhnr+
zhn ~|pfrj cdoakazq+ rnfk dr edmenaynj+ di
zhn _dcf ― udcn O~k`frafmu onefcn |rdmn
zd uzrnm`zhnm+ zd nuunmzafkawn fmj nynm zd
rfeafkawn zhn jncfrefzadm kamn onzpnnm
zhncunkynu fmj zhn idrcnr- Zhn cdrn i~nkknj
oq jncd`rf|hae fmxanzanu+ zhn cdrn |nruauznmzzhn ‛zua`fmawfzuaqf– ofuham` nxnreaun `rdpu7
zhn _dcfmq v~azn diznm edcn ferduu fu f
qd~m`+ inrzakn `rd~| phnrnfu O~k`frafmu unn
zhncunkynu fu fm f`am`+ jnekamam` mfzadm-
Am fez~fk ifezu+ dmkq fm am#jn|zh rnunfreh amzd
zhn idrcu di u|fzafk nx|rnuuadm di udeafk fmj
nzhmae hanrfrehanu fmj zhnar rnenmz ehfm`nu
ca`hz nx|kfam zhn rnu|dmun zd Uajnrdy‑u fmza#
_dcf jaued~run- Zhn edcc~mauz rn`acn+
f |nradj di `rnfz znrrazdrafk cdoakazq+ hfj
fkrnfjq amazafznj zhn u|feam` d~z di nzhmae fmje~kz~rfk jayajnu+ f |rdenuu zhfz nx|fmjnj fmj
|frzafkkq amznmuanj fiznr 6181- Zhn kav~ajfzadm
di zhn idrcnr edkknezayn ifrcu fmj zhn udeafkauz
amj~uzrafk edm`kdcnrfznu+ zhn jnynkd|cnmz
di f |rayfzn ifrckfmj cfrbnz ― nxek~jam` zhn
_dcf |d|~kfzadm am zhnar yfuz |frz ― fu pnkk fu
udcn ~rofm rnmnpfk |rdgnezu akk#fjf|znj zd zhn
_dcf pfq di kain fmj kaynkahddj dr uv~nnwam`
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 19/28
61N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
zhn _dcf d~z amzd zhn u~o~roaf+ hfyn rnu~kznj
am f jrfcfzae amernfun am zhn uhfrn di _dcf phdkayn am f un`rn`fznj ~maynrun7 irdc :<. am 6181
zd 08. am ?<<0- O~z zhn |rdenuu jaj mdz dmkq
fnez zhn _dcf edcc~mazq7 zhn ca`rfzadmu
onzpnnm yakkf`nu fmj zdpmu+ dr ferduu zhn
mfzadmfk odrjnr+ hfyn zrfmuidrcnj zhn |~okae
cdoakazq rd~znu fu pnkk fu zhn kayam` u|fenu idr
Z~rbu+ O~k`frafm C~ukacu fmj zhn cfgdrazq
di nzhmae O~k`frafmu- Zhnun mnp cdoakazanu ―
edc|d~mjnj oq zhn cdmnzfraufzadm di udeafk
amznrfezadmu feedc|fmqam` zhn zrfmuazadm zd
ef|azfkauc ― hfyn efkknj idr f rnmn`dzafzadm ― fz
zacnu |fami~k fmj amedc|knzn # di zhn rnkfzadmu
onzpnnm mnpedcnru fmj |rnyad~u unknru am f
m~conr di mna`hod~rhddju-
F unedmj ifezdr idr zhn rnjnmam` di uqcodkae
odrjnru am |duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf uhd~kj
fkud on ha`hka`hznj- Az rninru zd zhn kddunmam`
di rnkfzadmu onzpnnm eazawnmuha| fmj nzhmaeazq
am zhn edmznxz di `kdofk eare~kfzadm fmj ~aj
ajnmzazanu- Am zhn ed~run di zhn jnynkd|cnmz
di zhn O~k`frafm mfzadm#uzfzn f jauzamezadm onzpnnm zhn zpd hfj onnm nuzfokauhnj-
Fcdm` zhn cnconru di zhn cfgdrazq+ fu zr~n
mfzadmfku frn rn`frjnj zhdun phd u|nfb
O~k`frafm kfm`~f`n+ edminuu zhn Nfuz Drzhdjdx
Ehrauzafmazq fmj frn nzhmaefkkq O~k`frafm
phnrnfu fkk dzhnru frn fjcanj amzd zhn
rnfkc di O~k`frafm eazawnmuha| qnz rfzhnr zd azu
uqcodkae |nra|hnrq zhfm zd azu edrn- Uamen zhn
kfzn 61><u+ zhn edcc~mauz rn`acn ncofrbnj
dm zhn ~|rddzam` ― amazafkkq zhrd~`h amenmzaynu
fmj u~ounv~nmzkq zhrd~`h idren ― zhaujauern|fmeq onzpnnm zhn d~zkamnu di O~k`frafm
eazawnmuha| fmj O~k`frafm nzhmaeazq- Zhau
|dkaeq rnfehnj azu ekacfx onzpnnm 618: fmj
6181 oram`am` idrpfrj fm ~mkabnkq ajndkd`aefk
cax7 dm zhn dmn hfmj+ zhn Z~rbauh camdrazq‑u
‛dzhnrmnuu– pfu pakjkq dynrokdpm (fmj
|rnunmznj fu f rfjaefk zhrnfz!+ fmj dm zhn dzhnr+
az pfu jnmanj pazh zhn ufcn wnfk (n|azdcawnj
oq zhn efc|fa`m zd idreaokq ehfm`n zhnar
Z~rbauh mfcnu pazh O~k`frafm dmnu+ zd ofmzhnar e~kz~rfk dr edminuuadmfk |rfezaenu fu pnkk
fu zhn ~un di Z~rbauh am |~okae |kfenu+ nze-!-
Fzfbf‑u jaued~run au rncamauenmz zd f enrzfam
jn`rnn di zhn Edcc~mauz rn`acn rhnzdrae
phnm zhn |frzq rnfrcu zhn kn`azacfeq di zhn
O~k`frafm Z~rbu‑ edc|~kudrq fuuacakfzadm+
phnm az jnmanu zhnar Z~rbauh ajnmzazq dr
phnm azu knfjnr rfmzu+ ‛ai hn‑u O~k`frafm o~z
hfu d|znj idr f C~ukac mfcn+ hn hfu zd on
fubnj phfz hn zhambu hn au- Ai hn ufaj ‛A fc
f Z~rb–+ cq fjyaen pd~kj on zd `d unkn am
Z~rbnq- Ai hn ufqu hn au O~k`frafm+ az cnfmu hn
au O~k`frafm–8- Pazhd~z ekfacam` zhfz nynrq
cnconr di zhn Fzfbf edmuzaz~nmeq pd~kj
u~||drz zhau fr`~cnmzfzadm zd zhn ufcn jn`rnn
― dr zhfz zhnq frn zhn dmkq dmnu kabnkq zd uhfrn
faz~jnu di zhau bamj ― dmn cfq |~z idrpfrj
zpd ifezdru onhamj zhn |~okae f||nfk di zhau
nxek~uayn mdzadm di mfzadmfk eazawnmuha|- Zhn
ruz dmn au zhfz fiznr 6181+ pazh zhn amuzaz~zadm
di f |dkazaefk |frzq jnua`mnj zd ehfc|adm zhnamznrnuzu di Z~rbauh fmj C~ukac camdrazanu am
O~k`fraf (C_I!+ pazh O~k`fraf‑u fjd|zadm di
amznrmfzadmfk jde~cnmzu pfrrfmzam` camdrazq
ra`hzu (nu|neafkkq zhn 611> Ed~meak di N~rd|n
Irfcnpdrb Edmynmzadm idr zhn \rdznezadm di
Mfzadmfk Camdrazanu! fmj zhn ncnr`nmen di f
mdm `dynrmcnmzfk unezdr zfbam` zd hnfrz zhn
ekdun idkkdp#~| dm zhn nmidrencnmz di zhnun
ra`hzu+ zhn ezadm (kdm` ehnrauhnj am O~k`frafm
mfzadmfk ajndkd`q! di O~k`fraf fu f uam`kn#
mfzadm uzfzn onedcnu amernfuam`kq jae~kzzd ~|hdkj- Zhau zrfmuidrcfzadm |rnunmzu f
ehfkknm`n zd f |frz di zhn O~k`frafmu zhfz pnrn
kfr`nkq udeafkawnj ofeb am edcc~mauz zacnu am
zhn u|araz di f ~mazfrq uzfzn- Az au |nrenaynj fu
nynm cdrn zhrnfznmam` am f edmznxz phnrn (…!
|nd|kn znmj cdrn fmj cdrn diznm zd pdrb+ kayn+
8 ‛Ai @N_O frn _nfudmfokn+ zhnq Pd~kj Ofeb cn
idr \ rnuajnmz–+ : F|rak ?<66+ ppp-fzfbf-o`-
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
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?<N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
onkdm` fmj ydzn am janrnmz |kfenu fz f `aynm
|damz am zacn- Ed~|knj pazh zhn nydk~zadm dieazawnmuha| rn`~kfzadmu (n-`- fm amernfuam`
m~conr di ed~mzranu rned`mawam` j~fk
eazawnmuha|+ gdamnj oq O~k`fraf am 6118 fu pnkk
fu zhn ac|kaefzadmu di N~rd|nfm amzn`rfzadm idr
zhn jnmazadm di N~rd|nfm eazawnmuha|! zhnun
c~kza|kn+ fz zacnu jauedmmneznj+ u|fenu di
nxauznmen hfyn qankjnj ~aj fmj c~kzaifenznj
pfqu di onkdm`am`- Zhn |d|~kfr f||nfk zhfz zhn
‛|fzradzae– v~nuz zd |rdznez ‛O~k`frafmmnuu–
irdc ‛zhn Z~rbu– hfu nmgdqnj au |rdofokq f
uqc|zdc di f udeanzq uzr~``kam` zd fjf|z zd zhn
|k~rfkazq di ac|kaefzadmu ― odzh amjayaj~fkkq
nx|nranmenj fmj |dkazaefkkq amuzaz~znj ― di
onam` f O~k`frafm mdpfjfqu- Zhn fmza#Z~rbauh
rn|nrzdarn au zdjfq amuzr~cnmzfkawnj idr zhn
ynrq rdkn az hfj onnm hauzdraefkkq `rfmznj
zhrd~`hd~z zhn ЮЮzh enmz~rq am zhn ifezdrq
di O~k`frafm ajnmzazq ― jnu|azn azu amfoakazq
zd cnnz zhn ehfkknm`nu di cdjnrm ajnmzazanu-
E
Pazh zhn idrzhedcam` |rnuajnmzafk fmj kdefk
nknezadmu am Dezdonr ?<66+ zhn kabnkahddj
zhfz Ydknm Uajnrdy+ r~mmam` idr hnfj di
uzfzn+ rnyauazu hau ?<<9 |nridrcfmen (phnm
hn rnfehnj f r~md pazh ?:+<>. di zhn ydzn!
kddbu amua`maefmz- Uamen zhn f~z~cm di ?<<1+
hau u~||drz idr zhn Odraudy `dynrmcnmz
(@N_O+ ra`hz#pam`! hfu onnm ~mjnrcamam`
hau ernjaoakazq fu f idren di |rdznuz2 am#hd~un
prfm`knu hfyn pnfbnmnj hau uzr~ez~rnu2
fmj zhn Cfq ?<66 ameajnmz zra``nrnj oq
Fzfbf fezayauzu am irdmz di zhn Udf cduv~n(phnrn onkanynru pnrn u~ogneznj zd |hquaefk
f``rnuuadm! pfu jnmd~menj oq zhn phdkn
|dkazaefk ekfuu fmj knj zd zhn pazhjrfpfk di
uqc|fzhawnru ~mpakkam` zd unn zhn amznr#ifazh
fmj amznr#edcc~mazq |nfeni~k ednxauznmen am
zhn ed~mzrq zhrnfznmnj- Mnynrzhnknuu+ nynm
ai Fzfbf uedrnj kdpnr zhfm am zhn |rnyad~u
ydzn+ zhau nknezdrfk rnzrnfz pd~kj mdz ac|kq
fm nrduadm di zhn faz~jnu zhfz zhn |frzq hfu
zf||nj amzd- Uax qnfru zd azu ernfzadm+ udcn di
azu ajnfu+ phaeh pd~kj hfyn onnm rn`frjnj
fu |d|~kauz fmj$dr nxzrncauz mdz ud kdm` f`d+
hfyn fkrnfjq onedcn r~m#di#zhn#cakk fcdm`
zhn cfamuzrnfc |frzanu-
Zrfmukfzadm irdc zhn O~k`frafm oq @ndr`a \fuhdy
Mfjè`n _f`fr~
F F7
Mfjè`n _f`fr~+ \h-J-+ au EM_U rnunfrehnr fzUeanmenu \d (EN_A+ \frau! fmj f knez~rnr am |dkazaefk
ueanmen fmj hauzdrq fz Ueanmenu \d- Hnr rnenmz
|~okaefzadmu amek~jn7 Yan v~dzajanmmn nz |d~ydar
ud~u kn edcc~maucn- Edmudccnr ì k‑Nuz (ed#
njaznj pazh F- Ef|nkkn#\d`ąenfm!+ \frau+ Bfrzhfkf
) EN_A+ ?<6< 2 Zhn c~kza|kn znc|drfkazanu di zhn
|rnunmz- O~k`fraf zpnmzq qnfru fiznr 6181+ Udf+
Erazav~n fmj H~cfmauc+ ?<6< 2 ¢ Knu jduuanru jn
kf Uòrnzá j‑Nzfz o~k`frn 7 kn edcc~maucn jfmu knu
|ka~rnu j~ znc|u ²+ _ny~n jnu áz~jnu ukfynu+ 86 (?#
5!+ ?<6<+ |-?<>#??0-
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?6N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Zhn hauzdrq di udeafk eayae |rdznuzu am O~k`fraf
dynr zhn kfuz ?< qnfru hfu mdz onnm pranm qnz-Zhn cfgdr rnfudm onhamj zhau au zhfz zhn udeafk
fu f efzn`drq fmj udeafk erazav~n fu f `nmrn
hfyn rncfamnj cfr`amfk zhrd~`hd~z zhn phdkn
|nradj di zhn ud#efkknj zrfmuazadm- Zhnq frn
cfr`amfk nynm zdjfq+ am zhn zacnu di zhn pdrkj
mfmeafk erauau fmj azu kfuzam` edmunv~nmenu-
Zhn nmnr`anu hfyn doyad~ukq knfbnj fpfq
zdpfrju dzhnr efzn`dranu fmj `nmrnu di |~okae
jaued~run+ zhnrnidrn rninrnmenu zd zhn rnfkc di
zhn udeafk kddb d~zjfznj-6
Fmq dynryanp di |~okaefzadmu jnjaefznj zd
eayak udeanzq am O~k`fraf fuzdmauhnu pazh zhn
mnfrkq ~nr kfeb di amznrnuz zd eayak |rdznuz- Zhn
kfnr au |rfezaefkkq founmz irdc zhn jnmazadmu
di eayak udeanzq? + |rnjdcamfmzkq rnuzraeznj zd
zhn zharj unezdr edynram` mdm`dynrmcnmzfk
dr`fmaufzadmu di yfrad~u |rdknu- F m~conr
di |dkaeq |f|nru+ fmfkquam` zhn i~mezadmam` di
O~k`frafm M@Du+ uqc|zdcfzaefkkq nc|hfuawn
zpd bnq infz~rnu di zhn mfzadmfk zharj unezdr7
6! M@Du efrrq d~z fpfrnmnuu rfauam` fmj
6 Unn Ehfyjfr Cframdy‑u frzaekn+ Mfzadmfk cqzhu am
|duz#edcc~mauz O~k`fraf fmj zhnar erazaeauc+ am zhau
edkknezadm-
? Pn efm dmkq mj f orani ehf|znr dm ‛eayak
jaudonjanmen– am f zhndrnzaefk oddbknz oq \rdi-
Idzny irdc zhn nfrkq 611<u- Unn @ndr`a Idzny+ Zhn
Eayak Udeanzq+ Udf+ O~k`frafm Fefjncq di ueanmenu+
611?+ ||- :0#>6-
nj~efzadmfk i~mezadmu7 zhnq frn nkazauz
uzr~ez~rnu zrqam` zd kk am ‛irdc zd| zd oddc–zhn cauuam` eayak e~kz~rn am O~k`frafm udeanzq2 ?!
M@Du edc|kncnmz ̀ dynrmcnmz amuzaz~zadmu dr
cfbn ~| idr zhnar amnnezaynmnuu am |rdyajam`
f m~conr di unryaenu zd zhn |~okae (n-`- am zhn
frnfu di udeafk u~||drz+ caza`fzam` |dynrzq
dr nj~efzadm!-5 hdpnynr cnfmam`i~k zhnun
zfubu+ fmj hdpnynr hnk|i~k zhn M@Du frn zd
zhn |~okae (pn fuu~cn zhnq frn!+ zhnq frn mdz
nv~ayfknmz zd zhn edmen|z di eayak udeanzq- Zhn
v~nuzadm fod~z zhn ydaenu edcam` irdc ‛jdpm
onkdp– rncfamu d|nm- Frn zhnq nmzarnkq founmz
am zhn |~okae frnmf dr jdnu O~k`frafm |~okaeazq
uac|kq ifak zd |rdyajn zhnc pazh nmd~`h
rddc+ zd jnofzn dynr zhnc+ zd d~zkamn zhnar
rnidrcauz |dznmzafk4
F kddb ofeb zd nynmzu di zhn rnenmz qnfru
|rdynu zhn |damz zhfz zhn |rdoknc kanu am zhn
uzfmjfrju di O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn rfzhnr
zhfm am zhn v~fkazq di eayak |rdznuz azunki- Nynm
ai pn |~z fuajn zhn kfr`n |dkazaefk ~|hnfyfku di
zhn 611<u (zhn |rdznuz rfkkanu am 6181#611< zhfz
feedc|fmanj zhn edkkf|un di edcc~mauc2 zhn
oa` ~maynruazq uz~jnmzu‑ uzrabn di zhn u~ccnr
am 611<2 zhn cfuuayn eayak |rdznuz am zhn pamznr
di 6110+ phaeh knj zd zhn dynrzhrdp di Gnfm
5 Unn J- Fmjrnnyf+ A- J~uhbdyf+ J- \nzbdyf+ J-
Caehfakdy+ F Eayak Udeanzq Pazhd~z Eazawnmu- Fm
Fuunuucnmz Di O~k`frafm Eayak Udeanzq (?<<5#?<<>!+
Udf+ Ofkbfm Fuuauz+ ?<<>+ ||- 66#6:-
ey |u m o7 fum U ev
oq Odqfm Wmn|dkuba+ Udf
F
Zhn frzaekn jaue~uunu zhn |kfen phaeh O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn fuua`mnj zd udeafk eayak |rdznuzu am f ordfjnr
edmen|z di eayak udeanzq- Zhn u|neaiae v~nuzadm zhn frzaekn zranu zd fmupnr au zd phfz jn`rnn eayak |rdznuzu
edmzrao~zn zd zhn unki#~mjnruzfmjam` fmj rnidrcam` di edmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm udeanzq- Zhn fmfkquau au ide~unj
dm zhn oa` znfehnru‑ uzrabn zhfz zddb |kfen zhn f~z~cm di ?<<0+ fmj au facnj fz o~akjam` ~| f zq|dkd`q di zhn
bnq |nru|nezaynu zdpfrju zhn uzrabn ― zhfz di zhn iamfmeafk nx|nrzu+ di amznkknez~fku$ h~cfmazfrafm fefjncaeu+ di
eazawnmu phd ydaenj zhnar u~||drz idr zhn uzrabn ― zhfz diinr jaiinrnmz pfqu zd ajnmzaiq fmj fjjrnuu udeafk auu~nu
am zhn ed~mzrq-
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??N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
Yajnmdy‑u udeafkauz `dynrmcnmz!+ pn mj d~z
zhfz O~k`fraf ufp fz knfuz unynrfk u~ouzfmzafkudeafk |rdznuz nynmzu dmkq pazham zhn kfuz inp
qnfru7 zhn |~okae zrfmu|drz jraynru‑ |rdznuz (am
zhn u|ram` di ?<<0!2 zhn uzrabn di zhn \ard`dy
Ncnr`nmeq Hdu|azfk jdezdru (zhn u~ccnr
di zhn ufcn qnfr!2 zhn ifrcnru‑ |rdznuzu (zhn
u~ccnr di ?<<8!2 zhn |rdznuzu di ife~kzq fmj
uz~jnmzu irdc zhn Udf ^maynruazq fmj dzhnr
zharj#knynk uehddku am zhn ef|azfk (zhn f~z~cm
di ?<6<!+ nze-
Zhn cduz ua`maefmz dmn fcdm` zhau uzram` di
|rdznuzu pfu zhn mfzadmfk uzrabn di O~k`frafm
znfehnru am zhn ifkk di ?<<0+ zhn kfr`nuz
|rdznuz fezadm am zhn hauzdrq di O~k`frafm
zrfjn ~madmauc- Znfehnru ~maznj frd~mj zhnukd`fm+ ‛ja`manj pdrb+ ja`manj |fq–+ fmj
ordfehnj f jncfmj idr f 6<<. |fq raun- Zhn
uzrabn pnmz dm idr cdrn zhfm f cdmzh (irdc
kfzn Un|znconr zd nfrkq Mdynconr!2 az pfu
knj oq zhrnn zrfjn ~madmu (zhn Zrfjn ^madm di
O~k`frafm Znfehnru+ zhn \djbrn|f $‛u~||drz–$
Kfod~r Edminjnrfzadm fmj zhn Edminjnrfzadm
di Amjn|nmjnmz Zrfjn ^madmu am O~k`fraf!2
8<#1<. di O~k`frafm znfehnru gdamnj zhn uzrabn
(oq Dezdonr 6< zhn ~maznj uzrabnr‑u edccann
jnekfrnj zhfz zhn |nrenmzf`n di uzrabam`znfehnru hfj rnfehnj 19.!2 dm Dezdonr 66 zhn
~maznj uzrabnr‑u edccann dr`fmaunj f mfzadmfk
|rdznuz rfkkq am Udf‑u enmzrn fnmjnj oq
0>+<<< |rdznuznru (irdc zrfjn ~madm uzfzauzaeu!-
Fmfkquam` zhn cnjaf rnfezadmu zd zhau
ac|drzfmz cfmainuzfzadm di O~k`frafm eayak
udeanzq efm `ayn ~u f `nmnrfk yanp di hdp
O~k`frafm |~okae u|hnrn au uzr~ez~rnj phnm az
edcnu zd rnnezam` dm eayak |rdznuzu fmj udeafk
auu~nu7 phfz frn zhn bnq ydaenu dm zhnun u~ognezu
fmj phfz au zhnar rnkfzayn uzrnm`zh- Zhau bamj
di fmfkquau ed~kj hnk| ~u ~mjnruzfmj phq eayak
|rdznuz uzakk edcnu ferduu fu f cfr`amfk zq|n
di fezadm fu ifr fu zhn unki#~mjnruzfmjam` fmj
zhn unki#edmuzr~ezam` di O~k`frafm udeanzq frn
edmenrmnj-:
Z
Zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn pfu edynrnj oq zhn
O~k`frafm |rnuu fkcduz fu f cnrnkq mfmeafknynmz+ fodyn fkk hfyam` ac|kaefzadmu dm zhn
mfzadmfk o~j`nz ― phfz znfehnru pfmznj pfu
ha`hnr |fq ― rfzhnr zhfm fu f cnfmam`i~k eayak
|rdznuz fmj f udeafk nynmz zhfz rfaunu ac|drzfmz
v~nuzadmu frd~mj |~okae yfk~nu+ n-`- zhn
ac|drzfmen di nj~efzadm am O~k`frafm udeanzq+
zhn f||rneafzadm di znfehnru‑ pdrb+ nze- Hnmen+
zhn `~rnu zhn cnjaf |racfrakq nmkauznj pnrn
mfmeafk nx|nrzu phdun zfub pfu zd ekfraiq zhn
uzrabn‑u uzfbnu onidrn zhn O~k`frafm f~janmen-
Am f hduz di amznryanpu fmj fmfkquau idr zhn|rnuu+ mfmeafk |~mjazu di yfrad~u |dkazaefk
h~nu cfmainuznj f onpakjnram` ~mfmacazq
dm zhn uzrabn+ phaeh ed~kj on nx|kfamnj oq f
uhfrnj `rd~| e~kz~rn- F u~ouzfmzafk |drzadm
: Am zhau edmznxz pn efm nc|hfuawn zhfz idr f hduz
di amznkknez~fk zrfjazadmu ― n-`- zhn udeadkd`q di
fezadm di Fkfam Zd~rfamn dr zhn erazaefk udeafk
zhndrq di Fxnk Hdmmnzh ― udeanzanu ~mjnruzfmj fmj
rnidrc zhncunkynu ofunj dm eayak |rdznuzu+ udeafk
cdyncnmzu fmj dzhnr uzr~``knu idr rned`mazadm-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
Un|znconr ?<<0+ O~k`frafm znfehnru cfreh am zhn enm#
zrn di Udf ~maznj onhamj zhnar rfkkqam` erq /Ja`manj
Pdrb- Ja`manj \fq-/ fmj jncfmj zhn rnua`mfzadm di zhn
nj~efzadm unernzfrq- (dkju|ddb-okd`u|dz-edc!
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?5N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
di zhn O~k`frafm cnjaf#fezayn mfmeafk
|rdinuuadmfku frn `rfj~fznu di zhn ^maynruazqidr mfzadmfk fmj Pdrkj Nedmdcq am Udf+
udcn di zhnc znfeh am az fu pnkk- F ufkanmz zpauz
am zhn hauzdrq di zhau amuzaz~zadm au azu for~|z
ajndkd`aefk rndranmzfzadm am zhn fiznrcfzh di
611<- Zhrd~`hd~z zhn |nradj 61>5#611<+ zhn
^maynruazq efrranj zhn mfcn Znrzafrq Nedmdcae
Amuzaz~zn Bfrk Cfrx fmj zf~`hz zhn |ramea|knu
di zhn enmzrfkkq |kfmmnj udeafkauz nedmdcq- Am
611<+ az `dz azu e~rrnmz zazkn+ ^MPN+ fmj rfzhnr
v~aebkq+ pazhd~z fmq |frzae~kfr rnnezayn
ndrzu+ nmjdrunj zhn |ramea|knu di cfrbnz
nedmdcq- Zhn ^MPN fk~cma frn fcdm` zhn
cduz nmzrnmehnj fedkqznu di zhn |hakdud|hq
zhfz zhn irnn cfrbnzu d~`hz zd nm`~ki fkk dzhnr
|~okae nkju- Zhau cfbndynr pfu dmkq rfjaefk fz
azu u~rifen7 am rnfkazq phfz pfu for~|zkq fkznrnj
pfu zhn ajndkd`aefk edmznmz+ hdpnynr zhn
zrfjazadm di jd`cfzae fjhnrnmen zd qnz fmdzhnr
jdcamfmz ajndkd`q pfu |rnunrynj- Zhnrn au
fmdzhnr bamj di edmzam~azq onzpnnm zhn zpd
uzf`nu di ^MPN jnynkd|cnmz+ fm nynm cdrncnfmam`i~k dmn7 zhn ‛uquzncae– f||rdfeh
am fmfkquam` nedmdcq fmj udeanzq+ phaeh
~u~fkkq d|nrfznu am jaurn`frj di zhn eazawnmu‑
fezaynmnuu- Ai idr zhn idkkdpnru di zhn enmzrfkkq
|kfmmnj nedmdcq zhn ed~mzrq‑u jnynkd|cnmz
hfj zd on jneajnj fz zhn O~k`frafm Edcc~mauz
\frzq ‛|knm~cu–+ idr zhn u~||drznru di zhn
irnn#cfrbnz nedmdcq jnynkd|cnmz au nmzarnkq
jn|nmjnmz dm zhn ~mac|njnj i~mezadmam` di
cfrbnz cnehfmaucu- Phfz zhn zpd ajndkd`anu
hfyn am edccdm au zhfz eayae cdyncnmzufmj uzrabn fezadmu frn nv~fkkq jaurn`frjnj
fu f cfmainuzfzadm di h~cfm pfmzdmmnuu+ fm
~m|rnjaezfokn fmj akk#fjyaunj z~ro~knmen zhfz
gnd|frjawnu zhn uquznc‑u une~razq fmj mnnju zd
on v~aebkq nkacamfznj-
Zhn |duazadm di Ncak Hfruny+ f ^MPN
znfehnr+ ofmbnr fmj ha`h#|rdkn cnjaf |~mjaz+
rn|rnunmznj zhn cfrbnz nxzrncauc fcdm` zhn
cfgdrazq di mfmeafk nx|nrzu phd edccnmznj
dm zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn am zhn ifkk di ?<<0-> Fzzhn edrn di hau yanp uzddj zhn g~xzf|duazadm
onzpnnm cfrbnz fmj uzfzn+ fmj+ am cdrn
u|neae znrcu+ zhn zr~auc zhfz ‛zhn cfrbnz
au cdrn nnezayn zhfm zhn uzfzn–- Fkk |~okae
u|hnrnu frn amhnrnmzkq ekfuuanj fu cfrbnz
u|hnrnu+ hnmen zhn nxauznmen di f |~okae unryaen
jdcfam+ phnrn zhn cfrbnz |ramea|knu cfq mdz
f||kq zhn ufcn pfq fu nkunphnrn dr hfyn f
rnuzraeznj rna`m+ au r~knj d~z- Nynm nj~efzadm
fmj hnfkzhefrn frn unnm fu qnz fmdzhnr cfrbnz
z~ri+ ai az pnrn mdz idr zhn `dynrmcnmz zhfz hfu
cau`~ajnjkq umfzehnj zhnc d~z di zhn irnn
nedmdcq fmj z~rmnj zhnc amzd ‛ehfrazfokn
unezdru–- Fkk udeafk |rdokncu+ amek~jam` zhdun
am nj~efzadm+ uznc irdc zhn jauzdrzam` dr
rnuzraezam` di cfrbnz cnehfmaucu2 zhnrnidrn
phnzhnr zhnun |rdokncu pakk mj |rd|nr
rnudk~zadm dr dzhnrpaun uzraezkq jn|nmju dm
phnzhnr zhn cfrbnz pakk rnuzdrn (dr nuzfokauh!
zhn u~|rncfeq di azu |aydzfk |ramea|kn+
nnezaynmnuu- Am orani+ fr`~nj Hfruny+ zhnehfkknm`nu am f udeanzq ― nazhnr am azu zdzfkazq
dr am fmq di azu |frzae~kfr unezdru ― rnudrz zd
nxauzam` jauzdrzadmu di nnezaynmnuu- Zhau
znmnz edmzrfjaezu dr erdpju d~z fmq dzhnr
edc|nzazayn |ramea|kn+ idr amuzfmen g~uzaen-
Iamfmeafk nx|nrzu kabn Hfruny pdm‑z jnmq
|nd|kn zhn (edmuzaz~zadmfk! ra`hz zd uzrabn+
zhnq pdm‑z nynm v~nuzadm zhn ifarmnuu di
phfz O~k`frafm znfehnru jncfmj+ phfz zhnq
jaucauu au zhn ynrq |ramea|kn di uzrabn fezadm-
Oq pfkbam` d~z dm zhnar pdrb uzfzadmu znfehnruhfyn edccanj f udrz di ‛dmzdkd`aefk nrrdr–
fu zhn udeafk pdrkj au `~ajnj ― fu c~uz on ―
oq zhn |ramea|kn di nnezaynmnuu rfzhnr zhfm
oq g~uzaen+ phaeh au u~ognezayn+ froazrfrq+ a-n-
> Fm amznryanp pazh zhn mfmeanr Ncakn Hfruny+
Phfz pakk zhn mfzadm jd ai zhn zrnfu~rq nc|zanu4+ zhn
Zr~j (kfod~r! jfakq+ <5-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 24/28
?:N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
ed~mznr|rdj~ezayn- 9 Am hau amznryanp+ Hfruny
pfu v~azn d|nm dm zhau7 ‛Zhn ifarmnuu diznfehnru‑ jncfmju au mdz fm auu~n+ mdr au fm
auu~n phnzhnr zhnq ed~kj on ufzaunj dr mdz+
zhn er~x hnrn au zhn udeafk jqmfcae pn pd~kj
hfyn dm d~r hfmju ai fkk edmaezu am udeanzq
pnrn jnfkz pazh zhau pfq-– Zhn uzrabn fu f udeafk
|rfezaen ‛ac|kanu zhfz udeanzq idrinazu azu mdrcfk
cfrbnz |fen fmj ncofrbu dm fjjrnuuam` azu
`ranyfmenu zhrd~`h mdm#cfrbnz jnyaenu–- Zhau
pd~kj jnkn`azacawn `dynrmfmen+ ~mknfuh zhn
jauamzn`rfzadm di udeafk iforae fmj rnynrz ~u
zd f uzfzn phnrn nynrqdmn au pfrram` f`famuz
nynrqdmn nkun-
Ai zhn uzrabn hfj fmq |damz fz fkk+ Hfruny ufp
az am azu rdkn fu fm amjaefzdr di zhn ehfkknm`nu
am O~k`frafm nj~efzadm+ phaeh hdpnynr ca`hz
mdz |duuaokq on fjjrnuunj zhrd~`h amj~uzrafk
fezadm fmj ekfacu idr g~uzaen- Zhnun ehfkknm`nu
pd~kj dmkq on fjjrnuunj fu uddm fu O~k`frafm
nj~efzadm onefcn u~ognez zd zhn dognezayn fmj
ac|frzafk cfrbnz cnehfmaucu+ am dzhnr pdrju
‛phnm zhn efoamnzu rnkamv~auhnu azu udeafki~mezadm+ fxnu onzpnnm 5< fmj ><. di zhnc
Rzhn znfehnruS fmj rfaunu zhn ufkfranu di zhn rnuz
phd pakk am z~rm u~||kq f edc|nzazayn |rdj~ez
zd udeanzq–-
Iamfmeafk edccnmzfzdru pnrn mnfrkq
~mfmacd~u zhfz ― ai az pnrn zd onedcn
nnezayn ― O~k`frafm nj~efzadm mnnjnj zd on
jnenmzrfkaunj fmj |rayfzaunj- Fmj ai pn pnrn
zd zrnfz az fjnv~fznkq+ zhnm pn pd~kj hfyn zd
knfrm hdp zd unn az zhrd~`h zhn kd`ae fmj zhn
znrcu di zhn cfrbnz- Phakn zrqam` zd ajnmzaiq9 Am zhn ufcn amznryanp+ zfkbam` fod~z zhn uzrabam`
znfehnru+ Hfruny fr`~nj7 ‛qnu+ zhn znfehnru frn
yaezacu- Zhnq frn yaezacu di zhnar dpm kfznmeq+ di
zhnar dpm faz~jnu ud ifr-– Fz zhn ufcn zacn+ hn
v~nuzadmnj zhn zrfjn ~madmu irdc zhn |nru|nezayn
di `dynrmfmen rfzadmfkazq7 ‛Zhn zrfjn ~madmu frn
mdz fkpfqu rfzadmfk+ o~z onam` rfzadmfk aum‑z zhnar
o~uamnuu- Az aum‑z zhnar o~uamnuu zd on zhambam` hdp
zd cfmf`n zhn uzfzn-–
zhn `dfku di nj~efzadm+ zhnun nx|nrzu ~unj f
gfr`dm nmzarnkq odrrdpnj irdc zhn |rdj~ezadmfmj cfrbnzam` di edccdjazanu- Nj~efzadm hfu
zd on edmenaynj fu f cfrbnz di ha`h v~fkazq
nj~efzadmfk |rdj~ezu qankjam` edc|nznmen
pazh f cfrbnz yfk~n- Fu f u|neae |rdj~ezadm
frnf+ azu bnq |~r|dun ajnfkkq au zhn |rdyauadm
di ‛bmdpknj`n fmj ubakku+ phaeh nmhfmen
|nd|kn‑u nxaoakazq fmj fjf|zfoakazq– zd zhn
~ez~fzam` cfrbnz zrnmju- Phfz zhau nx|nrz
gfr`dm uzrabnu ~u pazh au zhn mnfrkq |frfmdaj
fydajfmen di fmq ajnf di f edcc~mazq7 az unncu
zhn amznrinrnmen di u~eh f ezadm pd~kj jauzdrz
zhn ‛|~rn– i~mezadmam` di cfrbnz cnehfmaucu-
Zhn mfmeafk |~mjazu unncnj edmyamenj
zhfz nj~efzadm pfu f |rdenuu zhfz zddb |kfen
nmzarnkq am f pdrkj di amjayaj~fku7 znfehnru
frn rfznj feedrjam` zd zhnar v~fkazanu fmj
jaka`nmen fu amjayaj~fku2 zhnq u~||kq d~z|~zu
zd on amjayaj~fkkq foudronj oq uz~jnmzu am kamn
pazh zhnar v~fkazanu dr fcoazadmu2 zhnun d~z|~zu
hnk| uz~jnmzu idrc amjayaj~fk |rdinuuadmfk
edc|nznmenu zd on u~ounv~nmzkq ― fmj g~uz fuuam`~kfrkq ― ~unj dm zhn kfod~r cfrbnz-
Zhn bnq uzrfzn`q f||kanj oq zhn mfmeafk
edccnmzfzdru am uza`cfzauam` zhn znfehnr‑u
uzrabn pfu zd fzdcaun zhn uzrabnru+ zd irf`cnmz
zhn edkknezayn udkajfrazq fezadm di f |rdinuuadmfk
edcc~mazq jdpm zd fezadmu jaezfznj oq
amznrnuzu di amjayaj~fku phd pnrn onuz zfbnm
un|frfznkq fmj nyfk~fznj dm zhn ofuau di zhnar
|nrudmfk |rdinuuadmfk v~fkazq- Fm nedmdcae
|~mjaz0 v~nuzadmnj fmq edkknezayn fezadm+ n-`-
uzrabnu+ fmj fmq |rdinuuadmfk dr`fmaufzadm+n-`- zrfjn ~madmu+ fu zhnun frn amuzr~cnmzu
~unj zd rfzehnz ~| udeafk znmuadm fmj zhpfrz dr
jauzdrz zhn dmkq kn`azacfzn idrc di mn`dzafzam`
kfod~r edmzrfezu+ phaeh au zhn ‛amjayaj~fk
ydk~mzfrq f`rnncnmz onzpnnm nc|kdqnru fmj
0 Jacaznr Ehdofmdy+ Znfehnru pazh Ha`hnr Pf`nu+
idr zhn Ufcn Nj~efzadm+ zhn Jmnymab jfakq+
68-<1-?<<0+ ||-6?#65-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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?>N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
nc|kdqnnu–- Am zhn yanp di zhau nx|nrz+ zhn
uzrabn pfu doyad~ukq f uhfc fu az pfu fnmjnj oq fkk udrzu di znfehnru pazh pajn yfrafzadmu di
pdrb |nridrcfmen ― znfehnru pazh ha`h fmj
kdp |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+ hfrj#pdrbam` fmj kfwq-
Fkdm` zhnun kamnu+ zhn znfeham` edcc~mazq am
azunki au f cquzaefzadm+ |duuaokn am azu e~rrnmz
uhf|n nmzarnkq idr zhn ifez zhfz zhn uehddkam`
uquznc au i~mjnj oq zhn `dynrmcnmz fmj fkk
znfehnru frn zrnfznj zhn ufcn pfq ― phaeh au
~mpfrrfmznj- Nx|duam` uehddku zd zhn cfrbnz
cnehfmaucu pd~kj hfyn f j~fk |duazayn nnez7
nynrq znfehnr pakk rnenayn zhn edc|nmufzadm
zhfz hn dr uhn jnunrynu+ onuajnu+ yfrafokn
rfzn rnc~mnrfzadm pd~kj jd fpfq pazh zhn
akk~uadm di f edcc~mazq fcdm` znfehnru fu
pnkk fu pazh zhn fnc|zu zd rfaun ~| edkknezayn
jncfmju zhrd~`h amj~uzrafk fezadm-
Am zhnar fmfkquau di zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn+
mfmeafk edccnmzfzdru hfyn ~unj |~rnkq
v~fmzazq amjaefzdru7 hdp cfmq di zhnc frn
uzrabam`4 Phfz bamj di cdmnq zhnq pfmz4
Hdp pd~kj zhau fcd~mz fnez zhn o~j`nz4\duzam` zhn uzrabn am fm feed~mz au md jd~oz
rnknyfmz irdc zhn |nru|nezayn di azu mfmeafk
ac|kaefzadmu+ o~z am azunki az efmmdz fmupnr
zhn v~nuzadm7 Hdp ed~kj pn ~mjnruzfmj zhau
|frzae~kfr uzrabn4 Mdr amjnnj zhn v~nuzadm7
Hdp ed~kj pn fjnv~fznkq hfmjkn zhau uzrabn48
a i pn dmkq ord~`hz ~| v~fmzazq amjaefzdru+
pn pd~kj hfyn nmjnj ~| kduam` zhn uzrabn‑u
|rdinuuadmfk u|neaeu7 az onedcnu arrnknyfmz
phnzhnr az pfu f znfehnru‑+ dr f rfakpfq
nc|kdqnnu‑+ dr f jdezdru‑+ dr f ifrcnru‑ uzrabn-Phfz au cdrn ac|drzfmz hnrn au zhfz pn kdun azu
cdrfk jacnmuadm+ phaeh rnkfznu zd zhn innkam`
di h~cakafzadm+ |rdinuuadmfk aminradrazq+ udeafk
jacamauhcnmz+ fcdm` zhn znfehnru edcc~mazq+
fmj zhnun edmuzaz~znj zhn bnq cdzayfzadm di zhn
8 Zhn frzaekn di @ndr`a Fm`nkdy+ Au Zhnrn Cdmnq idr
Znfehnru‑ Ufkfranu ca`hz |rdyajn fm nxfc|kn di zhau+
zhn Jmnymab jfakq+ <:-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-
uzrabnru- Phfz zhn nx|nrzu cfmf`nj zd jd pfu
zd ‛v~fmzaiq– zhn uzrabn qnz zhnq ifaknj zd ̀ rfu|azu |damz idr zhn hnrcnmn~zaefk ― fmj cdrfk ―
amunmuazayazq di zhnar amuzr~cnmzu- Fmj zhau au
|rneaunkq phfz knj zd zhn cau~mjnruzfmjam`7
zhn u|neae cdrfk ekfacu zhn znfehnru efcn ~|
pazh ― zhfz zhnq inkz h~cakafznj am zhnar v~fkazq
fu znfehnru ― pnrn |rnea|azd~ukq rnj~enj (fmj
zhau pfq jacamauhnj! zd zhn fkkn`nj uzrayam`
di fmq edmu~cnr zd edmu~cn nynm cdrn- Zhn
fmupnr zhn uzrabn‑u rfkkqam` erq idr ‛ja`manj
pdrb+ ja`manj |fq– `dz irdc |dkazaeafmu fmj
nx|nrzu pfu ‛on cdrn nnezayn fmj qd~ pakk
`nz ha`hnr |fq–- Zhn |frfjdx hnrn pfu zhfz zd
zhn nx|nrzu‑ acf`amfzadm cdmnq pfu nxzrncnkq
yfk~fokn qnz hfj f uzraezkq kacaznj f||kaefzadm-
Zhnar uhfrnj onkani unncnj zd on cdmnq uhd~kj
dmkq on ~unj zd rnc~mnrfzn nnezaynmnuu2 zhn
ajnf az ed~kj on ~unj idr cdrfk |~r|dunu ― zd
rnuzdrn f |rdinuuadmfk `rd~| zd azu ja`mazq+
unki#rnu|nez+ |nren|zadm di ifar zrnfzcnmz ―
pfu d~z di zhn v~nuzadm-1 Zd zhamb dzhnrpaun
pd~kj hfyn jncfmjnj f janrnmz |hakdud|hqphnrnoq nj~efzadm ed~kj on amznr|rnznj odzh
pazham zhn edmznxz di azu udeafk edmjazadmu fmj
irdc zhn |nru|nezayn di azu udeafk ac|fez-
K
Fu f idrc di udeafk jaudonjanmen+ zhn uzrabn
|rdynj fkanm zd zhn efzn`drq rn|nrzdarn di
|rdcamnmz O~k`frafm amznkknez~fku- Hfyam`
udeafkaunj j~ram` zhn edcc~mauz nrf+ zhnun
9< dr 0<#qnfr#dkj |d|~kfr |rdinuudru fmjrnunfrehnru ― am |duunuuadm di rdo~uz fefjncae
e~kz~rn+ o~z pnfb eayak rnnxnu ― rnfeznj zd zhn
znfehnru‑ uzrabn pazh edmi~uadm fmj cauzr~uz-
Udcn di zhnc u~``nuznj zhfz znfehnru uhd~kj
hfyn onnm cdrn rfjaefk fmj c~zamanj2 dzhnru
1 A knfyn fuajn zhn v~nuzadm phnzhnr dr mdz zhau ca`hz
on f pfq ― fz knfuz amjarnezkq ― zd unz ~| zhn |rd|nr
edmjazadmu idr ha`hnr neanmeq di nj~efzadm-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
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?9N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
|rninrrnj zhnc zd on cdrn h~cokn fmj
rnua`mnj zd zhnar |rdinuuadmfk j~zanu- Fu fidrc di fezadm+ dr`fmaunj |rdznuzu jncfmjam`
ha`hnr ufkfranu uzr~eb zhnun amznkknez~fku fu
nazhnr zdd frrd`fmz dr zdd h~cokn-
Amjnnj+ ~mkabn zhn mfmeafk |~mjazu+ zhn
amznkknez~fku ― fkk di zhnc irdc zhn h~cfmazanu
― jaj mdz zrfuh zhn uzrabn d~zra`hz+ o~z
onc~unjkq ufz dm zhn inmen onzpnnm hfki#
hnfrznj u~||drz idr zhn nx|nrzu‑ |duazadm6<
fmj hfki#hnfrznj ife~kzq udkajfrazq- O~z odzh
nx|nrzu fmj amznkknez~fku jnmd~menj zhn
uzrabnru‑ jncfmj idr ha`hnr |fq7 zhn idrcnr
― onef~un zhn znfehnru jaj mdz jnunryn az
zhrd~`h ha`h#v~fkazq d~z|~z+ zhn kfnr ―
onef~un pfmzam` cdrn cdmnq au ~mja`manj
am |ramea|kn- \rdinuudr Mabdkf @ndr`any+ f
pnkk#bmdpm kaznrfrq zhndrq knez~rnr fz zhn
Udf ^maynruazq+ efcn ~| pazh zhau bamj di
d|amadm dm zhn uzrabn7 ‛Qnu+ zhn pf`nu frn kdp+
qnz phnm zhn ruz zham` f znfehnr uzrabnu idr au
cdmnq+ zhau efuzu zhn zrfjn am ~mifyd~rfokn
ka`hz am zhn nqnu di |frnmzu R…S Oq jncfmjam`cdrn cdmnq+ pn+ fu znfehnru+ uhnj udcn di
d~r hfkd-–66 \rdinuudr @ndr`any onkanynj zhn
uzrabn pfu h~cakafzam` fu f idrc di eayak fezadm7
‛Uzrabam` cnfmu+ ‛\knfun+ ̀ ayn cn cdrn efuh&–
dr ‛_nj~en cq pdrbam` hd~ru&– Oq uzrabam`
zhn pnfb edcnu ferduu fu nynm pnfbnr-–
Nynm zhd~`h hn nx|rnuunj udkajfrazq pazh zhn
uzrabnru‑ ef~un+ zhn |rdinuudr |knfjnj idr udcn
fnuzhnzaefkkq u~|nradr idrcu di |rdznuz+ n-`- zhn
rnonkkadm-
Zhn uzfmen di Fmjrna \fmzny+ |rdinuudr diedmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm hauzdrq fz zhn Udf
6< Unn zhn amznryanp pazh \rdi- @ndr`a Cfrbdy+
jarnezdr di zhn Hauzdrq Amuzaz~zn pazham zhn O~k`frafm
Fefjncq di Ueanmenu+ zazknj+ A Jdm‑z Pfmz zd on f
Cakkadmfarn Dynr F`fam+ Zr~j+ 66-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-
66 Zhn Uzrabn Hfu Fkrnfjq Z~rmnj amzd \fmhfmjkam`+
fm amznryanp pazh \rdi- Mabdkf @ndr`any+ Zr~j+
<1-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-
^maynruazq fmj fm C\ idr zhn Udeafkauz \frzq
am zhn e~rrnmz |frkafcnmz+ au uacakfr dmkq zdf enrzfam jn`rnn- \rdinuudr \fmzny janrnj
irdc zhn nx|nrzu phd pnrn |rdmn zd z~rm
nj~efzadm amzd f edccdjazq cfrbnz7 ‛A rngnez
onam` f ufknucfm+ fmj cq uz~jnmzu onam`
e~uzdcnru- Uamen nj~efzadm au c~eh cdrn
zhfm f cfrbnz unryaen-–6? Qnz fkdm` zhn ufcn
kamn+ zhn |rdinuudr jaucauunu zhn znfehnru‑
ekfacu idr ha`hnr pf`nu7 ‛Dm zhn dzhnr hfmj+
zhau inrdead~u nc|hfuau dm cdmnq fkdmn efm
|~z d |~okae d|amadm+ phaeh ~unj zd uzfmj
~mnv~aydefkkq onhamj zhn znfehnr-– Zhau au
hdp \fmzny jauzfmenj hacunki irdc odzh zhn
nx|nrzu fmj zhn znfehnru+ am hau onkani ― f|rd|du
nmzarnkq cau`~ajnj ― zhfz zhnun zpd uajnu
fez~fkkq uhfrn zhn ufcn kd`ae+ phaeh au zd jrf`
nj~efzadm amzd zhn ynmfkazq di edccdjazq#
cdmnq rnkfzadmuha| dokaznrfzam` azu cdrfk
jacnmuadm- ^mkabn \rdinuudr @ndr`any+ hn
jajm‑z |~z idrpfrj c~zamq+ o~z h~cakazq am zhn
u|araz di zhn O~k`frafm 61zh#enmz~rq Mfzadmfk
_nyayfk+ phaeh fkkn`njkq hfj fm ajnfk idr fznfehnr phd au unknuukq jnjaefznj zd f mdokn
o~z ~m`rfzni~k |rdinuuadm7 ‛…onam` f znfehnr
au f jnuzamq zhfz aum‑z fkpfqu zhfmbi~k- O~z zhn
nuunmen di znfeham`‑u `rfen au |rneaunkq am zhau
~m`rfzni~kmnuu-–
Am zhnar rnu|dmun zd zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn+
O~k`frafm amznkknez~fku oknmjnj zhn |rng~jaenu
di _nyayfk ajnfkauc+ jncfmjam` unki#uferaeafk
edccazcnmz zd f ef~un+ pazh zhn |rng~jaenu
di ‛udeafkauz cdrfkazq– jnmd~meam` zhn
cfmainuzfzadmu di cfznrafk amznrnuz+ fmj+ fz zhnnmj di zhn jfq+ jauzfmenj zhncunkynu irdc
zhn uzrabn- Zhnq jnekfrnj zhnar u~||drz idr
zhn znfehnr edcc~mazq am |ramea|kn+ qnz kfaj
jdpm edmjazadmu dm zhn uzrabn+ phaeh pnrn
ud rnuzraezayn ― mdz zd on |dkazaeawnj+ mdz zd
6? Uz~jnmzu frn mdz e~uzdcnru+ fm amznryanp pazh
\rdi- Fmjrnq \fmzny+ Zr~j+ ?:-6<-?<<0+ ||- 6?#65-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 27/28
?0N~xnamdu ? (?<66!
hfyn fmq mfmeafk ekfacu+ nze- ― zhfz hfj zhnq
onnm kaynj ~| zd+ zhfz pd~kj hfyn rnmjnrnjzhn uzrabn edc|knznkq cnfmam`knuu- Zhnar
amfoakazq zd uqc|fzhawn pazh zhnar dpm bam
fkud onfru zhn iddz|ramz di fm nkazauc+ phaeh
|kfenu amznkknez~fku ~| ekdunr zd
zhn |dkazaefk nuzfokauhcnmz zhfm zd
drjamfrq znfehnru-
C
Zhn nx|nrz jaued~run dm zhn uzrabn
u~nrnj f bnq jneaz7 az mnynr
cnmzadmnj zhfz nj~efzadm hfu
f rdkn zd |kfq am zhn ernfzadm di
f udeafk nmyardmcnmz+ di udeafk
odmju+ zhfz am f cdrn `nmnrfk
|nru|nezayn az jdnu mdz uac|kq
|rdj~en |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+ o~z
(rn!|rdj~enu udeanzq+ hdpnynr
uac|kanj zhau cfq ud~mj- Zhau
|nru|nezayn fez~fkkq jaj u~rifen am
zhn jnofznu frd~mj zhn uzrabn+ o~z jaj ud am fudkajfrazq knnr ua`mnj oq f phdkn idrcnr ̀ rfjn
di zhn Udf Cfzhncfzaefk Unedmjfrq Uehddk zd
u~||drz zhnar |fuz znfehnru-65 Az pfu nxfezkq am
zhau knnr rfzhnr zhfm am zhn mfmeafk nx|nrzu
fmfkquau+ zhfz zhn znfehnru eare~cuzfmenu hfj
onnm amua`hzi~kkq ~mjnruzddj fmj zhn znfehnru
`dz zhn rned`mazadm zhnq jnunrynj7 idr hfyam`
cfjn zhnar idrcnr uz~jnmzu ‛edc|nzazayn
zd fkk N~rd|nfm+ Fcnraefm fmj phaehnynr#
qd~#kabn qd~m` |nd|kn–+ fmj fkud idr hfyam`
onnm ‛mdz dmkq d~r znfehnru R…S o~z fkudd~r I_ANMJU–+ idr hfyam` ‛fu O~k`frafm
znfehnru ― pazh |nruauznmen fmj `nm~amn kdyn
idr zhnar |rdinuuadm ― edmzam~nj zhn v~nuz
f`famuz kd~zauhmnuu+ a`mdrfmen fmj ukd||amnuu
am O~k`fraf+ f zhdrd~`hkq |fzradzae cauuadm
65 Zd Znfehnru Pazh Kdyn+ Jmnymab+ <>-6<-?<<0+ ||-
8#1-
jnunryam` rnu|nez fmj rnynrnmen zhfz zd
d~r jnn| edmyaezadm jdnu MDZ cfzeh zhnbamj di edc|nmufzadm zhnq `nz–- Zhn idrcnr
uz~jnmzu‑ knnr dnrnj fm f||rneafzadm di zhn
znfehnru‑ |rdinuuadm ofunj dm f pajnr rfm`n
di azu cdzayfzadmu fmj azu udeafk ac|kaefzadmu-Nj~efzadm au mdz cnrnkq f |rdenuu di
u~eenuui~kkq hfmjam` jdpm |rdinuuadmfk ubakku+
o~z f |rdenuu di edcc~maefzadm fmj c~z~fk
edccazcnmz di znfehnru fmj uz~jnmzu+ am zhn
ed~run di phaeh az ernfznu faz~jnu+ yfk~nu fmj
udeafk ubakku zhfz nmfokn+ fcdm` dzhnr zham`u+
zhn i~z~rn u~eenuui~k |rdinuuadmfk efrnnr di zhn
uz~jnmzu-
Zhd~`h az ca`hz ud~mj fu f |frfjdx+ o~z
d~z di fkk |dkazaefk |frzanu zhn dmn zhfz uzddj
oq zhn uzrabam` znfehnru pazhd~z rnunryfzadmupfu zhn |d|~kauz Fzfbf-6: Pazhd~z dynrkddbam`
zhn mfzadmfkauz dynrzdmnu am zhnar rhnzdrae6> +
6: Unn Mfjn`n _f`fr~+ Ydzam` idr zhn Xnmd|hdoae
\frzq Fzfbf am O~k`fraf- _nuhf|am` Uqcodkae
Od~mjfranu fiznr Udeafkauc+ am zhau edkknezadm-
6> Zhau |azeh pfu eknfrkq |~ru~nj+ idr amuzfmen oq
yfrad~u Fzfbf fezayauzu fkkn`am` zhfz |dkazaeafmu
pnrn mjam` cdmnq idr zhn _dcfmq camdrazq dr
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
Fmdzhnr bnq ukd`fm di zhn uzrabam` znfehnru+ /Ja`manj Znfehnru #
Ja`manj O~k`frafmu/- (mnpu-aodx-o`!
7/31/2019 Euxeinos 2_2011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/euxeinos-22011 28/28
dr jacamauham` zhn ifez zhfz az au v~azn mfz~rfk
idr |d|~kauzu zd u~||drz drjamfrq |nd|kn amzhnar `ranyfmenu f`famuz zhn |dkazaefk ekfuu+ pn
hfyn zd |damz d~z zhfz am zhau |frzae~kfr efun
Fzfbf‑u u~||drz pfu |nrzamnmz fmj edmyameam`-
Mfzadmfkauz+ xnmd|hdoae fmj fmza#Uncazae am
azu ajndkd`q+ fu az ~mjd~oznjkq au+ am znrcu
di zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn Ydknm Uajnrdy‑u d~zz
uhdpnj f bnnmnr udeafk unmuazayazq zhfm zhn
|dkaeqcfbnru di zhn zhnm r~kam` zra|kn edfkazadm
dr+ idr zhfz cfnr+ zhfm cduz cnjaf |~mjazu-
Am f u|nneh onidrn |frkafcnmz+ Uajnrdy uzddj
onhamj zhn jncfmju di zhn uzrabam` znfehnru+
rned`mawam` zhn cdrfk jacnmuadm di zhnar
|rdznuz fmj f||nfkam` idr ~mjnruzfmjam` fmj
u~||drz zd |nd|kn phd innk h~cakafznj fmj
hfyn zd `hz idr zhnar ja`mazq-69 Zhau uaz~fzadm
onfru znuzacdmq mdz dmkq idr zhn maehnu zhfz
O~k`frafm |d|~kauc zu amzd+ o~z fkud idr
zhn kacazfzadmu di edmznc|drfrq O~k`frafm
jncderfeq- O~k`frafm udeanzq hfu mdz knfrmnj
qnz hdp zd ~mjnruzfmj fmj rnidrc azunki oq
knmjam` fm nfr zd zhn ydaenu edcam` irdc onkdp ― zhn ydaenu di eayak |rdznuz-
Zhn ?<<0 znfehnru‑ uzrabn pd~mj ~| pazh f
|frzafk u~eenuu idr zhn znfehnru phd `dz zhnar
raun fkonaz mdz zd zhn jn`rnn amazafkkq jncfmjnj-
Qnz zhn uzrabnru kduz zhn uqcodkae uzr~``kn
idr rned`mazadm- Zhn `dynrmcnmz fz zhn zacn
edmenjnj zd zhnar jncfmju mdz onef~un az pfu
edmyamenj zhau pfu zhn ra`hz zham` zd jd+ o~z
onef~un zhn uzrabn pfu cfuuayn fmj |rdkdm`nj
fmj ed~kj gnd|frjawn |dkazaefk uzfoakazq am
zhn ed~mzrq2 f |rnenjnmz hfj onnm unz pazh
zd |~rehfun Irnmeh cakazfrq nv~a|cnmz qnz ifaknj zd
mj cdmnq idr O~k`frafm znfehnru-
69 Ydknm Uajnrdy+ Fzfbf amuauzu Drnuhfruba fmj
Yfkehny Uhd~kj _nua`m+ zhn Fzfbf jfakq+ 65-6<-?<<0+
||- 6?#65-
dzhnr |rdinuuadmfk `rd~|u fu pnkk60- Ai zhn
uzrabn‑u |~r|dun hfj onnm zd cdyn nj~efzadmzd f onnr |kfen am zhn udeafk acf`amfzadm di
O~k`frafmu+ dr zd fehanyn ha`hnr f||rneafzadm
di phfz znfehnru jd+ zhnm az ifaknj- Fz zhn nmj
di zhn jfq+ az pfu zhn nx|nrzu‑ amznr|rnzfzadmu
zhfz zra~c|hnj fmj zhnq pnrn zhn dmnu zd
knfyn f jnmazayn iddz|ramz dm edmuzr~am` zhn
nynmz- Hdpnynr ac|drzfmz f |~okae nynmz
zhn znfehnru‑ uzrabn pfu+ az hfrjkq ehfm`nj
fmqzham` am O~k`frafm udeanzq- Zhn v~nuzadm au7
ed~kj az hfyn jdmn onnr4
Zrfmukfzadm irdc zhn O~k`frafm oq @ndr`a \fuhdy
60 zhn `dynrmcnmz hfj fkrnfjq ufzaunj jncfmju
idr rfauam` zhn ufkfranu di |~okae zrfmu|drz jraynru
nfrkanr am ?<<0-
Odqfm Wmn|dkuba
F F7
Jr- Odqfm Wmn|dkuba au Fuudeafzn \rdinuudr fz
zhn Jn|frzcnmz di Udeadkd`q+ ^maynruazq di Udf
‛Uz- Bkacnmz Dhrajuba–- Hau rnenmz |~okaefzadmu
amek~jn7 Udeafk erazav~n am O~k`fraf7 f zq|dkd`q
di zhn erazaefk `nmrnu+ Jayamfzad+ ydk- 55+ u|ram`#u~ccnr ?<66+ ||- >0#0?2 Zhn uzrnm`zhu fmj zhn
pnfbmnuunu di fefjncae udeafk erazav~n+ Erazav~n fmj
H~cfmauc+ ydk- 5?+ ?$?<6<+ ||- 66#?> (|~okauhnj
fkud am N~rdwamn+ ?9-66-?<6<!2 Zhn Kacazu di zhn
U~ognez+ Udf+ F@FZF#F+ ?<<0-