Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capability of the Seaweed ... · Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capability of the Seaweed Aquaculture in Korea Sustainable Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture

Evaluation of the Bioremediation Evaluation of the Bioremediation Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capability of the Seaweed Capability of the Seaweed Capability of the Seaweed

Aquaculture in KoreaAquaculture in KoreaAquaculture in KoreaSustainable Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture SystemSustainable Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture System

Ik Kyo ChungIk Kyo ChungPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIASPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIAS

SSIASSSIAS

Team Work

Ik Kyo Chung, S.J. Ryu and Y.H. Kang

Dept. of Marine Science, Pusan National University

J.A. Lee

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Inje University

T.-H. Seo and J.-A. Shin

Division of Aquatic Science, Yosu National University

C. Yarish Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut,

USA

Y.-F. Yang Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China

PICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIASPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIAS Ik Kyo ChungIk Kyo Chung

Ik Kyo ChungIk Kyo Chung

Bilateral Project

• China

“Bioremediation effects of cultivation of

large-sized seaweeds in the eutrophic mariculture areas”– P.I. Dr. Yu-Feng Yang

• Korea

“The development of environmentally sound

integrated polyculture system”– P.I. Ik Kyo Chung

PICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIASPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIAS

Interactions between Aquaculture and Environment

• Modification to the environment

• Waste products - eutrophication

• Interactions with wildlife

• Use of resources

Example

• Caged salmon farming– Water movement and quality

– Sedimentation and benthic enrichment

– Introduction of exotic species


Priority Areas for Further Research(FAO)

• the adoption of aquaculture by poor rural households;

• technologies for sustainable stock enhancement, ranching

programmes and open ocean aquaculture;

• the use of aquatic plants and animals for nutrient stripping;

• integrated systems to improve environmental performance;

• managing the health of aquatic animals;

• nutrition in aquaculture;

• the quality and safety of aquaculture products;

• emerging technologies, including recirculating systems,

offshore cage culture, integrated water use, artificial upwelling

and ecosystem food web management, domestication and

selective breeding and genetic improvement.


Old Wisdom : Ultimate Solution

• Can seaweed aquacultureseaweed aquaculture reduce the environmental impact of cultural eutrophication in the coastal environment?

• Can the integration of seaweed aquaculturethe integration of seaweed aquaculture with fed aquaculture be the solution of bioremediationof eutrophication caused by nutrient rich effluents from finfish and other forms of fed aquaculture in the coastal ecosystem?

• Why do we consider the Sustainable Seaweed

Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS)?


Production Technology

Social and Economic Aspects

Environmental Aspects

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

SYSTEM

Productive

Socially relevant and profitable

Environmentally compatible

SUSTAINABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE

SYSTEMAsian Institute of

Technology (1994)


Integrated Culture Examples• Israel: Sea bream＋Ulva; abalone＋fish＋Ulva; abalone＋fish＋

mollusc＋Ulva• China: Shrimp＋crab＋seaweeds; mussel＋scallop＋

Laminaria/Undaria• Japan: shrimp＋Ulva• European estuary: integrated polyculture system

• Norway: salmon＋mussel＋seaweed

• Canada (northwest): salmon＋Porphyra• Hawaii: shrimp＋Gracilaria• Chile: seaweed biofilter - Gracilaria + salmon

• Philippine (with Norway): sea urchin/sea cucumber＋Eucheuma/Gracilaria

• France: sewage treatment system-Ulva• South Africa: finfish aquaculture effluent＋Gracilaria• Southeast Asia: shrimp + seaweeds

• Australia: shrimp + oyster + Gracilaria, Saccostrea



Polyculture Experiences in Korea

• Studies on the development of polyculture system in the coastal waters of Korea

• Background– Decreased aquaculture productivity

• Over-stocking, loss of culture grounds, increase in land-fills, pollution - i.e. cultural eutrophication, industrial contamination, etc.

• Sustainability

• Objectives– To do feasibility study and analyses of polyculture

– To develop practical guidelines for polyculture

• National Fisheries Research Institute

• Period: 1990-1994



Polyculture



Polyculture



Polyculture



Study Areas and AquculturedSpecies

• Southeastern coastal area– Sea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi)– Seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica)

• Mid-western coastal area– Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)– Seaweeds (Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiformis)

• Southwestern coastal area– Short necked clams (Ruditapes philippinarum)

– Surf clams (Macta veneriformis)

– Seaweed (Porphyra tenera)

• Southern coastal area– Oyster (Crassostrea gigas), sea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi),

blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)



Aquaculture Production in Korea

YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Pro

duct

ion

(in 1

000

M/T

)

0

200

400

600

800

Fish

Pro

duct

ion

(in 1

000

M/T

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

seaweeds mollusca others crustacea fishes (fishes)

YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

(in M

/ T)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

Total productionCultureCulture/Total (%)


Aquaculture of Fish

Net cage

Tanks or pondPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIASPICES XII, Oct 14 2003, Seoul Korea / SSIAS Ik Kyo ChungIk Kyo Chung


SSIAS Project Overview

• Concept: Integrate and balance extractive and fed aquaculture – Sustainability

• Fed and extractive culture system

• Seaweeds & shellfish

– Environmentally soundness• Biofilter/production system : Seaweeds

– Socio-economically viability

• Species– Temperature, light intensity, photoperiod, etc.

– Cultivars

– Wild species



First Step : Selection of SpeciesLab Experiments and Field Survey

• Cultivars and wild species– Porphyra, Undaria, Laminaria, Enteromorpha etc.

– Field survey (all seasons)

– Ecophysiological studies (biofiltration capabilities)

• Physiology under high ammonia concentration– Photosynthetic rates

– Nutrient (ammonium) uptake rates

– Growth rates

– Environmental factors

• Seed stock

• Simple uptake and growth model– Simulation



Lab scale experiments

Short - term Long - term

Field Survey

Pilot tank culture study


Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Bio

mas

s (g

fw m

-2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

oniu

m (µ

M)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Phos

phat

e (µ

M)

0

1

2

3

4GreenRedBrownAmmoniaNitrate Phosphate

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Biom

ass

(g fw

m-2

)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

oniu

m (µ

M)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Pho

spha

te (µ

M)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2002Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Biom

ass

(g fw

m-2

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

oniu

m (µ

M)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Phos

phat

e (µ

M)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

St. 1

St. 2

St. 3

Field Survey



2002Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Tiss

ue N

con

tent

(%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

onia

(µM

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Pho

spha

te (µ

M)

0

1

2

3

4

Tiss

ue N

con

tent

(%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

onia

(µM

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pho

spha

te (µ

M)

0

1

2

3

4

Tiss

ue N

con

tent

(%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Nitr

ate

& A

mm

onia

(µM

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pho

spha

te (µ

M)

0

1

2

3

4

N (%) AmmoniaNitrate Phosphate

St. 1

St. 2

St. 3

2003

Seaweed tissue nitroten content and seawater nutrient (Tongyong)

Field Survey


Tissue Nitrogen (%)1 2 3 4 5 6

Tiss

ue C

/N ra

tio

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Nitrate (µM)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tiss

ue N

itrog

en (%

)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Field Survey

Rates of ammonium uptake


Porphyra yezoensis Enteromorpha sp.NH4

+

(μM)

Uptake rate(μmol · g-1dw · min-

1)

NH4+

(μM)Uptake rate

(μmol · g-1dw · min-1)v0-20 40 0.160±0.117 40 0.394±0.044

75 0.245±0.031 75 0.570±0.103

150 0.885±0.187 150 1.673±0.115

250 1.449±0.008v60-

120 40 0.105±0.081 40 0.116±0.079

75 0.211±0.077 75 0.057±0.005

150 0.506±0.198 150 0.125±0.066

250 0.775±0.173 Laminaria japonica (tank)

V 0-.5 1.776 - 2.520

V 2-11 0.086 – 0.090


Second Step:Mid-Sized Pilot System

• Scaled-up system

• Large tank systems (>4m3)

• Population level parameters– Biofilter

– Growth, production and harvesting

– Physical set-ups• Closed, flow-through

• Flushing rate, flow rate, mixing (aeration)

• Stocking density

• Simple model for biofilter/production efficiency– Nutrient cycle and budget (nitrogen, phosphorus)

– Nutrient removal efficiency


Pilot Tank Culture Study(Finfish – Seaweed)


Acanthopagrus schlegeliAcanthopagrus schlegeli ((BleekerBleeker))

Ulva pertusaUlva pertusa KjellmannKjellmann

Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

NH

4+ (µ

M)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)


Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

NH

4+ (µ

M)

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)


flow rate

recirculation

flow rate

fish tank seaweed tank

effluent

recirculation

~seaweed tank NH3 conc

~

fish tank NH3 conc

uptake

flow rate

excretion


flow rate

recirculation

flow rate

fish tank seaweed tank

effluent

recirculation

~seaweed tank NH3 conc

~

fish tank NH3 conc

uptake

flow rate

excretion

Uptake

uptake rate

growth

growth rate

seaweed biomass

harvest

Uptake

Excretion

fish biomass

feeding rate food conversion rate


Ilk Kayo ChungIlk Kayo Chung

Final step:Field application and operation

• Earthen ponds, tanks and raceways – with aeration and pH controls

• Floating net cage with long-lines and rafts

• Ecosystem and carrying capacity models– Odum (1993)

• Inputs from outside the system; Processing functions; Outputs to the external environment

– Rawson et al. (2002)• Understanding the carrying capacity of coastal waters

for aquaculture

• 3-D physical, chemical, and biological simulation

• Jailhouse Bay and Incan Bay (Sino-US Living Marine Resources Panel)


Conclusion

• The amount of nitrogen removed by seaweeds aquaculture should not be underestimated

• The best practices for the SSIAS should be applied immediately.



Thank youThank you

SSIASSSIAS


Shellfish Production

Year

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Mon

thly

Pro

duct

ion

(103 to

n)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (1

03 ton)

0

100

200

300

400

500



Seaweeds Production

19881989

19901991

19921993

19941995

19961997

19981999

20002001

2002

Mon

thly

Pro

duct

ion

(103 to

n)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (1

03 ton)

0

200

400

600

800



Year

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Mon

thly

Pro

duct

ion

(103 to

n)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (1

03 ton)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Finfish Production



Crustacean Production

Year

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Mon

thly

Pro

duct

ion

(ton)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (to

n)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


Documents

Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capability of the Seaweed ... · Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capability of the Seaweed Aquaculture in Korea Sustainable Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture