Evergreen Forest123

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Evergreen forest

Anevergreenforest: composed ofPine trees.

Introduction

An evergreen forest is aforestconsisting entirely or mainly ofevergreentrees that

retain green foliage all year round. Such forests reign the tropics primarily as

broadleafevergreens, and intemperateandboreallatitudesprimarily asconiferous

evergreens.
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Evergreen forest

Moist forest,montane forest,mossy forests, Laurel forest,cloud forest,fog forest,

are generally tropicalor subtropicalor mild temperate evergreen forest, found in

areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures, characterized

by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloudcover, usually at the canopy

level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance ofmossescovering the ground and

vegetation.
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Tropical evergreen forests

Further information: Cloud forest,Laurel forest, andTropical and subtropical

coniferous forests

Tropicalevergreenforests are usually found in areas receiving more than 200 cm

of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 C to 30 C. They occupy about seven

per cent of the Earth's land surface and harbour more than half of the worlds

plants and animals. Found mostly near the equator, these tropical forests are dense,

multi-layered and harbour many types of plants and animals. The trees are

evergreen as there is no period of drought or frost. They are mostly tall hardwood

trees with broad leaves that release excess water through transpiration.

In India, evergreen forests are found on the western slopes of theWestern Ghatsin

States such as Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka. And also found in Assam,

Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal and Andaman

and Nicobar Islands. They are also found in the hills ofJaintiaandKhasi. Some of

the trees found in Indian Tropical Forests are rosewood, mahogany and ebony.

Bambooandreedsare also common. Because it is very dense sunlight do not reach

the ground.
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Temperate evergreen forests

Temperateevergreen forests, coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed, are found largely

in the temperate mid-lattitudes of MontaneNorth America, Siberia, Canada,

Australia, Africa and Scandinavia. Broadleaf evergreen forests occur in particular

in eastern North America and in countries around theMediterranean Basin, such as

Lebanon and Morocco. Many temperate evergreen forests occur along the eastern

margins of major land masses, e.g., in southeastern United States, southern China

and in southeastern Brazil. Other examples include the wet temperate and

subtropical conifer forests of northwestern North America.

Temperate evergreen forests are the regional climax vegetation, commonly

dominated by hardy trees that can deal with sandy, rocky, and various other soils

of poor quality. Most such communities also are subject to intermittent fire,

drought and cold. Coniferous temperate evergreen forests are most frequently

dominated by species in the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Broadleaf

temperate evergreen forests include those in which Fagaceae such as oaks are

common, those in which Nothofagaceaepredominate, and the Eucalyptus forests

of the Southern Hemisphere. There also are assorted temperate evergreen forests

dominated by other families of trees, such asLauraceaeinlaurel forest.

Evergreen forests around the world are under threat of logging, mining, oil and gas

developments, pollution, hydroelectric projects and other human developments

planned in these areas.
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Brief notes on the Evergreen and Deciduous Forests

1. Evergreen:

The Tropical Evergreen Forests lie on either side of the equator in places that

receive more than 80% of annual rainfall. The hot and humid condition causes the

luxuriant growth of a variety of vegetation.

In some places, the growth is thick that sunlight rarely reaches the ground. Forests

of Amazon and Congo Basin are dark and gloomy in many places.

Common hardwood trees are Mahogany, Ebony and Rosewood, all of which are of

great commercial value. There are Mangrove Forests in some coastal swamps and

deltas. As these forests are dense and gloomy, no large animals can live here.

Monkeys, birds, snakes, etc., are the common animals as they can climb to the

treetops.

Mediterranean Forests and found on the western coast of continents approximately

along the 400 North and South latitudes. These regions have a hot, dry summer and

mild wet winter. Therefore, the plants found here are those that can protect

themselves against loss of moisture in summer.

Trees are short with small, leathery leaves and long roots. Some trees like the cork

have thick barks and some have spiny leaves. Most of the trees bear fruits that are

exported all over the world. Common trees are cork, oak, olive and chestnut.

Common animals found here are a variety of goats, red fox, jackal and birds like

the spoonbill and endangered golden eagle. The climate and soil of this region is

ideal for fruit growing especially citrus fruits. A large number of people are

engaged in horticulture. Some wheat is also grown.


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Deciduous:

The Tropical Deciduous forests occur just north and south of the hot and wet

equatorial forests. This region has a distinct dry season; therefore, the trees shed

their leaves at the onset of summer or winter. The most valuable trees are the teak

and sal, oak and elm. This region has a great variety of animals like the lion, tiger,

elephant, bear, and buffalo. There are smaller animals like the fox, a variety of

deer, wild ass and monkeys.

Most of these areas receive moderate to heavy rainfall, which is seasonal. The

climate is favorable for the growing of food crops like rice, wheat and millets in

the drier parts. A large number of people are engaged in agriculture and related

industries.


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Different types of forests

India has a diverse range of forests: from the rainforest of Kerala in the south to the

alpine pastures of Ladakh in the north, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to

the evergreen forests in the north-east. Climate, soil type, topography, and

elevation are the main factors that determine the type of forest. Forests are

classified according to their nature and composition, the type of climate in which

they thrive, and its relationship with the surrounding environment.

Forests can be divided into six broad types, with a number of sub types.

Moist tropical

Montane sub tropical

Wet evergreen Broad leaved

Semi-evergreen Pine

Moist deciduous Dry evergreen

Littoral and swamp

Dry tropical

Montane temperate

forests

Dry deciduous Wet

Thorn Moist

Dry evergreen Dry

Sub alpine Alpine

Moist

Dry
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Moist tropical forests

Wet evergreen

Wet evergreen forests are found in the south along the Western Ghats and the

Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the north-eastern region. It is

characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees that have a buttressed trunk or root on

three sides like a tripod that helps to keep a tree upright during a storm. These trees

often rise to a great height before they open out like a cauliflower. The more

common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, jamun, mango,

and hollock. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern: shrubs cover the layer

closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety.

Beautiful fern of various colours and different varieties of orchids grow on the

trunks of the trees.

Semi-evergreen

Semi-evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar

Islands, and the Eastern Himalayas. Such forests have a mixture of the wet

evergreen trees and the moist deciduous tress. The forest is dense and is filled with

a large variety of trees of both types.

Moist deciduous

Moist deciduous forests are found throughout India except in the western and the

north-western regions. The trees have broad trunks, are tall and have branching

trunks and roots to hold them firmly to the ground. Some of the taller trees shed

their leaves in the dry season. There is a layer of shorter trees and evergreen shrubs

in the undergrowth. These forests are dominated by sal and teak, along with

mango, bamboo, and rosewood.


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Dry tropical forests

Dry deciduous forest

Dry deciduous forests are found throughout the northern part of the country except

in the North-East. It is also found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The canopy of the trees does not normally exceed 25

metres. The common trees are the sal, a variety of acacia, and bamboo.

Thorn

This type is found in areas with black soil: North, West, Central, and South India.

The trees do not grow beyond 10 metres. Spurge, caper, and cactus are typical of

this region.

Dry evergreen

Dry evergreens are found along the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka coast. It has

mainly hard-leaved evergreen trees with fragrant flowers, along with a few

deciduous trees.

Montane sub tropical forests

Broad-leaved forests

Broad-leaved forests are found in the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats,

along the Silent Valley. There is a marked difference in the form of the vegetation

in the two areas. In the Silent Valley, the poonspar, cinnamon, rhododendron, and

fragrant grass are predominant. In the Eastern Himalayas, the flora has been badly

affected by the shifting cultivation and forest fires. These wet forests consist

mainly of evergreen trees with a sprinkling of deciduous here and there. There are

oak, alder, chestnut, birch, and cherry trees. There are a large variety of orchids,

bamboo and creepers.

Pine

Pine forests are found in the steep dry slopes of the Shivalik Hills, Western and

Central Himalayas, Khasi, Naga, and Manipur Hills. The trees predominantly


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found in these areas are the chir, oak, rhododendron, and pine. In the lower regions

sal, sandan, amla, and laburnum are found.

Dry evergreen

Dry evergreen forests normally have a prolonged hot and dry season and a cold

winter. It generally has evergreen trees with shining leaves that have a varnished

look. Some of the more common ones are the pomegranate, olive, and oleander.

These forests are found in the Shivalik Hills and foothills of the Himalayas up to a

height of 1000 metres.

Montane temperate forests

Wet

Wet montane temperate forests occur in the North and the South. In the North, it is

found in the region to the east of Nepal into Arunachal Pradesh, at a height of

18003000 metres, receiving a minimum rainfall of 2000 mm. In the South, it is

found in parts of the Niligiri Hills, the higher reaches of Kerala. The forests in the

northern region are denser than in the South. This is because over time the original

trees have been replaced by fast-growing varieties such as the eucalyptus.

Rhododendrons and a variety of ground flora can be found here.

In the North, there are three layers of forests: the higher layer has mainly

coniferous, the middle layer has deciduous trees such as the oak and the lowest

layer is covered by rhododendron and champa.

Moist

This type spreads from the Western Himalayas to the Eastern Himalayas. The trees

found in the western section are broad-leaved oak, brown oak, walnut,

rhododendron, etc. In the Eastern Himalayas, the rainfall is much heavier and

therefore the vegetation is also more lush and dense. There are a large variety of

broad-leaved trees, ferns, and bamboo. Coniferous trees are also found here, some

of the varieties being different from the ones found in the South.


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Dry

This type is found mainly in Lahul, Kinnaur, Sikkim, and other parts of the

Himalayas. There are predominantly coniferous trees that are not too tall, along

with broad-leaved trees such as the oak, maple, and ash. At higher elevation, fir,

juniper, deodar, and chilgoza can be found.

Sub alpine

Sub alpine forests extends from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh between 2900 to

3500 metres. In the Western Himalayas, the vegetation consists mainly of juniper,

rhododendron, willow, and black currant. In the eastern parts, red fir, black juniper,

birch, and larch are the common trees. Due to heavy rainfall and high humidity the

timberline in this part is higher than that in the West. Rhododendron of many

species covers the hills in these parts.

Alpine

Moist

Moist alpines are found all along the Himalayas and on the higher hills near the

Myanmar border. It has a low scrub, dense evergreen forest, consisting mainly of

rhododendron and birch. Mosses and ferns cover the ground in patches. This

region receives heavy snowfall.

Dry

Dry alpines are found from about 3000 metres to about 4900 metres. Dwarf plants

predominate, mainly the black juniper, the drooping juniper, honeysuckle, and

willow.


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EVERGREEN MAINTENANCE

Evergreens are a wonderful addition to any garden. They add dramatic colour and

texture to landscapes, providing interest in the dead of winter. Evergreens are some

of the most versatile plants making them suitable for almost every landscape

situation.

PRUNING

Evergreens can and should be pruned to retain or improve their shape and

appearance. This is usually done in late June or early July after the main flush of

growth. It is advised never to prune after July 30th

. Pruning helps facilitate

health growth and a well-shaped form. Although not all evergreens require thesame pruning techniques or pruning at all.

Spreading Evergreens

With pruning shears, cut back the main stem of each branch that requires pruning.

This will effectively reduce the overall length of the branch or stem and ultimately

increase the fullness of the plant, enhancing its shape. It may be necessary to do

this to only a few of the branches of the plant ie: those that are creeping over

walks, or too close to other plants and buildings

Pyramidal Evergreens

Using a pair of hedge shears, cut back about 3 to 6 inches of growth to original

shape. DO NOT cut back into wood beyond the needles. They will not branch and

produce new growth from mature (old) wood. Other formal, topiary or

asymmetrical shaped evergreens can be pruned in the same manner. If topping is

necessary to prevent further upward growth, be sure to select the main leader. This

minimizes its height, although a new leader will appear down the road. Selection of

appropriate eventual heights of pyramidal evergreens should be examined before

attempting the task of topping.


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FEEDING:

Fertilize yearly with high nitrogen low phosphorous and potassium fertilizer to

promote excellent growth and colour. We recommend Plant Products Ever-Acid or

Evergreen 30-10-10 fertilizer. Remember: too much can burn the roots or needles,

causing damage to your plant. Other feeding methods are using fertilizer stakes

(formulated for evergreens), throughout the growing season. These Evergreen Tree

Stakes can last up to 60 days. Begin to pound these stakes into well-watered soil

around the drip line of the evergreen in early spring. Then repeat again in early

summer. It is also advised to fertilize again in late fall once cooler temperatures

have stabilized. Using Blood and Bone Meal is an All Natural alternative that has

both high nitrogen and phosphorous combinations.

Cultivating and adding triple mix, manure, or compost to the soil each spring

and/or fall, with your existing soil helps to suspend the fertilizers nutrients as well

as providing good aeration to the roots.

WATERING

Evergreens are quite durable plants and do well when exposed to natural consistent

rainfall. However, supplementary watering is important when it comes to drought

like conditions; ie: where evergreens are planted under an eaves trough or when

dealing with tender cultivars. The main point to remember when watering

evergreens is that they are deep rooted, therefore sufficient water should be applied

to provide penetration to a depth of 12 - 16. To achieve this let the hose run at the

drip line of the plant on a low trickle for a couple of hours. It is best to water

thoroughly and deeply once a week instead of every 12 days for a short period of

time. Fall watering is vital for over wintering. Be sure to water deeply again in late

October to early November; weather permitting. When evergreens prepare for

dormancy in late fall, they desiccate water from their foliage. Added moisture at

the root level compensates for that water loss.


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WINTERIZING

Depending on the age of the plant, its size and its hardiness, some evergreens

require winter protection. There are different methods that can be used to protect

your evergreens. Wrapping with burlap or a breathable material prevents drying.

The wind will sweep over the material and not let moisture to be drawn directly out

of the needles or leaves. Erect a screen around the perimeter of the plant by staking

posts outside the drip line, then stapling burlap or a tarp material around it allows

for the same amount of protection. This is primarily done on irregular or smaller

shaped evergreens. Another winterizing practice is twinning conical shaped

conifers. Attach twine to the base of the tree and progressively wrap it around the

tree from the bottom to the top, gathering its branches in to tightly secure them to

the main stem. This allows snow to fall off the tree and gather in the branches

adding weight that could snap the branches off. These practices are time specific.

Wrapping too early in the fall can cause damage if the weather is too warm and

wrapping too late wont be helpful either. Keep watch of weather patterns and

employ these methods when a good succession of frosts have taken place.

Once evergreens are well established and begin reaching maturity, these

overwintering practices do not have to be strictly employed, for an evergreen is

meant to be seen and enjoyed year round in your garden.


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Study area

Brief description of the physical features

The study area is situated in the extreme tip of the Indian peninsula (Fig. 1), south

of 10N. It covers the entire coastal zone of Kerala and western ghats reliefs,

excluding the dry regions of the Tamil Nadu plains. It represents a total are of

more than 25,000 km2 within which 6800 km2 are under forest. The coastal zone,

30 to 50 km wide and 250 km long, constitutes the southern part of Travancore. It

consists of numerous low hills (generally lower than 500 m) with rounded peaks.

The Ariankavu Pass (160 m alt., towards 9N) separates the area into two parts. A

plateau, sloping towards the west constitutes the northern part: the Periyar plateau

named after its main river. higher. It forms a ridge framed at the two extremitie

by Kottai Malai (2019 m) and Devar Malai (1922 m) and dominating the dry plains

of Tamil Nadu by a sheer cliff of more than 1000 m. The SW-NE oriented

Varushanad massif is detached from the Kottai Malai region and is continued by

the Andipathi (1301 m), which together with thePalni Hills (10N-1030N)

embraces the Kamban valley.


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Sub Alpine forests

These forests extend from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Most predominant flora

is juniper, rhododendron, willow, black currant, red fir, black juniper, birch, and

larch.

Alpine forests

Alpine can also be categorized into moist and dry.

Moist type of alpine is present along the entire Himalayan region and thehigher hills of Myanmar border and the major flora includes low scrub,

dense evergreen forest, consisting mainly of rhododendron, birch and

mosses and ferns. Dry types of alpine are present at high altitude from 3000

m to 4500 m. Dwarf plants predominate, mainly the black juniper, the

drooping juniper, honeysuckle, and willow are the predominant flora of this

region.

People of India are exploiting forests and harming the natural habitat of animals.

People are deforestation the forests and poaching the animals for their skin and

bones. The national forest policy of India, 1952 aimed at bringing one third of

landmass of the country under forest cover. But the question is has it been

enforced?

Doing things at individual level may lead to great efforts in protecting our

environment. Now this is the time to wake up and do something to protect us, our

future and our earth!


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Animals & Plants of the Evergreen Forest

The Animals:

Moose Reindeer Caribou Elk Beaver Squirrel Mountain Hare Bears Wolves Raccoons Raven Owls Eagles

and other large herbivorous mammals, deer species, rodent species, predatory birds,

omnivores, and more than 300 species of birds live in the Taiga biome.


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20/27

The Plants:

Small leaved decicuous trees (birch, poplar, willow, alder) Trees (oak, maple, elm, and tilia) Shrubs and Wildflowers Conifers (Larch, spruce, fir, and pine)


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Soil Types in Temperate Deciduous Forests

Temperate deciduous forests cover the eastern third of North America and are also present in China,

Japan, Korea and Western Europe. People often marvel at the many different types of trees comprising

these forests, such as oaks, maples, hickories, walnuts, beech and sycamores. However, they tend to

overlook the soils at the bases of these temperate deciduous trees, which provide the trees with thenutrients necessary for life and growth

Temperate evergreen forests

Temperate evergreen forests, coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed, are found largely in the

temperate mid-lattitudes of MontaneNorth America, Siberia, Canada, Australia, Africa and

Scandinavia. Broadleaf evergreen forests occur in particular in eastern North America and in

countries around the Mediterranean Basin, such as Lebanon and Morocco. Many temperateevergreen forests occur along the eastern margins of major land masses, e.g., in southeastern

United States, southern China and in southeastern Brazil. Other examples include the wettemperate and subtropical conifer forests of northwestern North America.

Temperate evergreen forests are the regionalclimax vegetation, commonly dominated by hardy

trees that can deal with sandy, rocky, and various other soils of poor quality. Most suchcommunities also are subject to intermittent fire, drought and cold. Coniferous temperate

evergreen forests are most frequently dominated by species in the families Pinaceae and

Cupressaceae. Broadleaf temperate evergreen forests include those in which Fagaceae such asoaksare common, those in whichNothofagaceaepredominate, and theEucalyptusforests of the

Southern Hemisphere. There also are assorted temperate evergreen forests dominated by other

families of trees, such asLauraceaeinlaurel forest.

Evergreen forests around the world are under threat of logging, mining, oil and gas

developments, pollution, hydroelectric projects and other human developments planned in these

areas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_latitudeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_latitudeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_latitudeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate


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Trees of Temperate Forests

Temperate forests include a mix of trees that belong to three main groups.

Deciduous trees lose their leaves when the days grow shorter and the weather turns cold. The

leaves grow back when the weather warms in the spring and the days grow longer. Trees likemaples, oaks, chestnuts, beeches, and elms are examples of deciduous trees.

Coniferoustrees have seeds that develop in cones. These trees usually have needles for leaves.The trees lose the needles gradually so that the tree is never bare. Coniferous trees are also called

evergreens, because they are green all the time. Pines, firs, and cedars are examples of coniferous

trees.

Broad-leaved evergreens grow in temperate forests in warm parts of the world like New

Zealand, Australia, southwest South America, and the Mediterranean. These trees have flat,

leathery leaves. These trees do not lose their leaves in the winter. The leaves are waxy, which

helps keep them from losing too much water in winter when the air is dry. Olive, holly, tea, andeucalyptus trees are all broadleaved evergreens.

Animals like koalas and wallabies are temperate forest species that live in the warmer, broad-leaved evergreen forests of Australia.

In Temperate Forests, Litter Is a Good Thing

Fallen leaves create leaf litter. Leaf litter is one of the most important parts of the temperate

forest. This is where the forest recycles most of its nutrients. Inside and beneath this leaf litter,thousands of small animals live, including many invertebrates like beetles, millipedes,

centipedes, and ants. Unseen microscopic creatures such as fungi andbacterialive there, too. All

theseorganismshelp break the leaf litter into nutrients other plants and animals can use.
http://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=143&vocab=deciduous&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=143&vocab=deciduous&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=125&vocab=coniferous&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=125&vocab=coniferous&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=190&vocab=evergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=190&vocab=evergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=70&vocab=broadleavedevergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=70&vocab=broadleavedevergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=346&vocab=nutrient&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=346&vocab=nutrient&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=262&vocab=invertebrate&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=262&vocab=invertebrate&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=56&vocab=bacteria&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=56&vocab=bacteria&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=56&vocab=bacteria&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=363&vocab=organism&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=363&vocab=organism&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=363&vocab=organism&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/article.aspx?art_id=3http://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=363&vocab=organism&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=56&vocab=bacteria&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=262&vocab=invertebrate&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=346&vocab=nutrient&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=70&vocab=broadleavedevergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=190&vocab=evergreen&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=125&vocab=coniferous&art_nm=tempforesthttp://www.globio.org/glossopedia/vocab.aspx?art_id=3&word_id=143&vocab=deciduous&art_nm=tempforest


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A Different Look Each Season

Seasons change the look of temperate forests every few months. The four seasons are winter,

spring, summer, and fall.

Winter - Forests may look rather lifeless during this time, especially if the forest is made upmainly of deciduous trees. Most wildlife hides from the cold or flies far away to warmer places.Many temperate forests are blanketed in snow for much of the winter.

Spring Days begin to lengthen and get warmer. Wildlife slowly returns and new leaf andflower buds appear on deciduous trees. Insects hatch and become food for many returningbirds

and awakening rodents and reptiles.

SummerThe forest is green and food is plentiful. Woodland animals have babies. The forest is

awake and busy during the day and night.

FallAs daylight shortens and temperatures fall, deciduous trees reduce the amount of greenchlorophyllin their leaves. The leaves turn orange, yellow, red, and brown. Falling leaves create

thick leaf litter on the forest floor that will berecycledinto the soil. Animals store nuts and otherfoodresourcesfor the winter when there will be very little food.

Temperate forests have four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. Each season hasdifferent temperatures and weather patterns.
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A Temperate Forest from Top to Bottom

Temperate forests can be divided into three layers: the canopy,understory, and forest floor.

Open up the forest below to discover more.

Temperate Forest Creatures

Many of the animal species we know and recognize live in temperate forests. In Australia,

koalas, possums, wallabies, wombats, kookaburras, and many small marsupialsdepend on theforest. In Europe, boars, badgers, squirrels, and songbirds live in temperate forests. In Canada

and the United States, deer, bears, mountain lions, bobcats, rabbits, woodpeckers, and many

smaller birds make the temperate forest their home. InChina, endangered species such asgiant

pandasandred pandassurvive in the temperate forest.

Wildlife in temperate forests is not always easy to see. Many species have markings or coloringthat camouflages them. Others are nocturnal, that is, they are most active at night. Owls, bats,possums, and many wild cats are nocturnal.

A Food Supply That Comes and Goes

Food supply affects when and where most wildlife is found. In the spring and summer, food is

plentiful, and the weather is mild. Most animals have babies during this time of the year. Inwinter, plants godormant, insects disappear, and there are no fruits or flowers. Very little food is

available during the winter months. For this reason, most wildlife either sleeps in adenornestor

migratesto a warmer place.

Valuable Timber and Rich Soil

Temperate forests are important for people, too. Many trees that people use for timber to make

houses, ships, and furniture grow in temperate forests. Trees from temperate forests are also used

to make paper and other products. The land beneath these forests is often very rich and good forfarming. People have cut many temperate forests to make space for farms.

Natures Cleaning Service

Temperate forests provide people with many more resources than just wood and farmland. Cleanair and clean water are direct benefits of a healthy forest. In countries like Australia, protection

of temperate forests is critical to maintaining clean water. In areas where the forest has beenclear cut, the soil loses it nutrients and may wash away. Over time, few plants can grow anymore

and the land looks like a desert.
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Acid Rain

In the last 30 years, scientists have discovered that air pollution from factories, coal-burning

power plants, cars, and other sources mixes with rain to make acid rain. Over time, acid rain killstrees and other plants.

Conservation of areas of temperate forest can protect many species that call the forest home, like

this endangered northern spotted owl.

An Uncertain Future

Conservation of temperate forests is important but difficult to carry out. People often demand

that their needs come before those of wildlife and the long-term health of the forests. This

approach could mean that in the future the only large areas of temperate forest will be thoseprotected in national parks and sanctuaries.
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Conclusion

When the newly developed forest model was used to simulate evapotranspiration,

evergreen forests were shown to release a large quantity of water vapor into the

atmosphere due to evapotranspiration in the late dry season (fig. 1). These findings

led to the conclusion that the trees in an evergreen forest pull water from deep

underground and then dispere it into the atmosphere as if they were pums. The

most recent observation results obtained under the GAME-Tropical Project, (i.e.

seasonal variation in sap flow, which is a guide to seasonal variation in

evapotranspiration) were also shown to agree with the model results. These

findings demonstrate that an ergreen forest releases large amounts of water vapor

into the atmosphere during the late dry season. The results obtained from this

research should assist in improving the precision of hydrological cycle predictions

in the Asia Monsoon regions, in addition to serving as important reference material

toward considering the role performed by forests in affecting water resources.
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/jp/press/thai/eng/fig1.pdfhttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/jp/press/thai/eng/fig1.pdfhttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/jp/press/thai/eng/fig1.pdfhttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/jp/press/thai/eng/fig1.pdf


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References

www.ehow.com

library.thinkquest.org

www.des.ucdavis.edu

www.globio.org

www.britannica.com
http://www.ehow.com/http://www.ehow.com/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/http://www.globio.org/http://www.globio.org/http://www.globio.org/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/http://www.ehow.com/

Documents

Evergreen Forest123