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Speaking
(A Ready Man)
There are some people who cast a spell on everyone. They simply walk into the room and attract everyone’s attention. How do they do it? The only reason which I can think of is that they are good at speaking..Speaking is easy. Isn’t it? There are certain things which you have heard about thousands of time. Let us just revise it..Whenever you speak with someone or if you are speaking in front of a group of people, just keep these things in your mind..
.Before I go into details, let me ask, Are you able to…1. Greet people.2. Make telephone calls. 3. Ask for information.4. Respond to questions.5. Express your views. 6. Seek and give information. 7. Ask questions as and when needed.8. Discuss ideas.9. Participate in debates and discussions.10. Converse with friends, stranger, teachers. 11. Advise friends, juniors, and younger members in the family.12. Clarify your meaning or intention. 13. Give a report of an event..Because you want to have a workable knowledge about speaking, I will answer the following questions...What is speaking?How should you speak?What should you speak?Who should speak?When should you speak?Where should you speak?Why should you speak?
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What is Speaking?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we speak we use voice to utter words.
Speaking means to talk.
To Converse means exchanging thoughts and ideas.
Discourse means formal, extended speech about something.
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Every speaking occasion has 4 STEPS.
Opening
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It involves personalizing
Greeting
Identifying the state of mind.
Establishing rapport.
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Interaction
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It involves proposing
Identifying needs and expectations.
Discuss solutions.
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Checking
Pay attention to the implied meaning.
Asking if the party is satisfied with the solution.
Summarizing what was discussed.
Restating what was finally decided.
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Conclusion
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Expressing thanks.
Tell what will follow after the discussion
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What is the most important aspect of speaking?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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While speaking, the purpose is to involve the listener(s) ACTIVELY.Now, how to INVOLVE your audience?
First of all, it should seem like a conversation, in which the multitude should feel that they are also participating. And this is done by continually creating the situation in which they have to think, and keep on thinking.
The ESSENCE of effective speaking is ASKING QUESTIONS.
Good speaking (individual as well as public) depends on a clear understanding of the needs of assemblage. And to understand the needs of the populace you need to be very good at QUESTIONING and LISTENING.
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Now, understand some important aspects of questioning.
1. It is actually a request for information.2. It gives you are clear and complete understanding of the
need of your audience (e.g. customer/friend/student) and you know what exactly is required.
3. It allows you to understand the hidden/unspoken needs of the gathering.
4. It enables you to control the conversation.5. It allows you to keep the conversation specific, relevant,
and to the point.6. It saves time as it clear the
doubts/misunderstanding/confusion at the very beginning.
.It helps to determine1. What you know?2. What you do not know?3. What you need to know?4. What exactly is required?.
However the most important thing is to ask the right questions.
Right QuestionsAllows
Right Assessment of The Needswhich facilitates
The Right Solutionsso that you can be
Right at The First Time
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NOW, let us understand the BASICS OF QUESTIONING and its types.
There are two types of questioning styles.
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Open Ended Questions...
Open ended questions encourages anyone to SPEAK UP.
There are 5 types of Open Ended Questions.
.1. Questions about Causes
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Why, why, why, why, why?
How?
Why did it happen?
What caused this?
.2. Questions about EFFECTS
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What will be the result?
What will be the outcome?
What will be the consequences?
.3. Questions about ACTIONS
.
What will you do?
What should we do?
How to deal with it?
How to react/respond?
What steps/measures should be taken?
.4. Questions to know the source of information
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Who told you this?
How do you know?
What makes you think that?
.
5. Questions to clarify
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What do you mean?
What does that mean?
Do you mean to say …….?
It removes the doubts and gives the exactly required information.
.Closed Ended Questions...CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS are usually asked after completing the course of open ended questions. It gives specific information. The answer is usually yes/no/one word.
May I have your pen?
Where are you going?
.
These questions are also asked to ensure what you have understood is correct.
The entire conversation is summarized so as to avoid every fragment of misunderstanding.
“So what we have finalized is 1,2,3, …. , have I got it right?”
“So you want to say that the reason for this is 1,2,3, …. , am I right?”
“So the most important thing for you is …. , correct?”
.However...
Too many Open ended questions diverts the focus of the conversation.
Too many closed ended questions and it will seem that you are interrogating a terrorist.
An ideal mixture of open and closed ended questions is necessary to extract the correct information.
.
The 6 most important thingswhile questioning
.Use SILENCE to extract more information.
Do NOT interrupt when someone is answering you.
Limit your own talking, CONSCIOUSLY.
Pay close attention to the words one is using.
Listen for the ideas/intention, not just words.
Concentrate on what is said and what it implies.
.How should you speak?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
..1. Listen
.
.2. Do not Interrupt
.
.3. Make eye contact.
.
Look into the eyes of the person (or people) in such a way that you can tell the color of their eyes.
When with your love interest keep the contact 8 seconds per 10 second interval, with business, 6 seconds per 10 seconds.
When addressing a large audience, look at a particular side for 5-6 seconds per 10 seconds.
.4. Know your Audience.
.
Try to know (and if not possible GUESS) the education, knowledge, age, beliefs of the person (or people) you are talking to.
Your words should suit the level of understanding of the person you are talking to.
It should not even think like this...audience are intelligent enough to understand what you are thinking...!!!
.
.5. Speak Clearly and Loudly.
.
No one should strain one’s senses to figure out what you are speaking.
Use microphone if necessary.
Do not shout.
You should neither be too fast, nor too slow.
Practice pacing.
Speak… let it sink in…. speak.
.6. Speak Confidently
.
Speak with confidence.
State your opinions with conviction.
Have solid reasons to support what you are saying.
Speak with conviction.
Do not sound arrogant.
Do not say things like,
"ummm.. I think that…"
"But maybe…"
“Perhaps….”
"Well, I'm so nervous,"
.7. Organize what you're sayingEspecially in long speeches.
.
If there are several ideas / details / points to make then follow these steps.
Plan appropriately how / what you are going to cover.
Practice it.
Record yourself while practicing.
Usually, this will help you determine what you need to work on (or how it could be improved).
Remove them.
Practice again and record it.
Repeat the cycle as many times as you can before giving the actual speech.
Watch recordings of your speeches. This will help you to improve each time.
.8. Be yourself
.
Do not worry about the position of your hands/ body language/posture et cetra.
.
Relax and take it easy!
.
Just concentrate on knowing as much as you can (about what you are going to speak).
.
It will make you feel confident, and everything else (like body language/posture et cetra) will follow.
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If you use your hands or gestures too much, it simply shows that you are compensating because you have realized that your words are not sufficient.
.
Use gestures sparingly. But most importantly do not think anything about body language.
Keep your hands away from the mouth when you speak.
.9. Know the subject.
.
If you know (something about) what you are talking about, speaking on/about it becomes easier.
A lack of knowledge will make you anxious and uncertain.
A good idea is to search the topic on the internet, and you will get the most important things about the topic, without spending too much time.
Wikipedia.org, podcasts, youtube.com has excellent resources on everything.
.10. Have a Point to make and make it.
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Decide what you are going to say, and how are you going to say it.
If you are aksed a question, keep that question in mind.
Stick to it.
And by all means use as less words as possible to answer it logically and lucidly.
If you drift away from what you were talking about you will bore the listener.
.11. Use concrete examplesAt times you have to convince the person (or people).
For that you must know some key points/facts to get the attention you desire.
Share the thinking and the reasons, not just the conclusions.
Know the statistics and anecdotes that will enable you to get your point across most effectively. There is no need to bore the audience with a sophisticated statistics, just use a few key points that they you can easily remember.
.12. Be honest .
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Present only that point which you can prove.
With this in mind you will find that you are left with only very little to say, and that is a good thing.
.13. Be interesting.
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Know some jokes/anecdotes/poetry to be more interesting.
Understand that people want to listen to stories.
Memorize some stories it will make you more interesting and understandable.
.14. Work on your vocabulary.
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Try to know as much as you can about as many things as possible.
How to achieve it?
Everyday solve some IBPS or SSC question papers. It will make your knowledge eclectic.
Read. It is only by reading, you will learn various words.
If you have a rich vocabulary, you can use the EXACT word at the most opportune moment.
If you want to have a reputation of a good speaker (conversationalist) it pays to know the exact word.
Throwing one difficult word (or intellectual/special words/jargons) every three or four sentences will make you sound more intelligent.
.15. Be correct grammatically. Work on your grammar.
.
Everyone commits grammatical errors, but there is a difference between committing errors at times and sounding illiterate.
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Moreover, it is also possible that your thoughts and ideas will not be perceived clearly.
.
Attempting the exercises (and studying the explanation of the answers) which appears in the competitive exams is the best way to improve your command over the grammar.
.16. Use simple plain English
.
Avoid jargons and special words. If you have to use special words, explain those immediately.
.
Avoid words which “they” might not understand.
.
Avoid slangs
.
What is slang?
.
An informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions; often insulting or vulgar.
.
Use slangs, and abandon all hope to be taken seriously.
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Avoid using words like shit, fuck, what the hell! Et cetra
.
Avoid saying “gonna” for “going”, “wanna” for “want to”, “okies/okie-dokie” for “OKAY”, “cause” for “because” Et cetra
.17. There is no problem in pausing
.
Pause to gather your thoughts.
It seems more natural.
Think what you are about to say.
Do not be worried about if you are using fillers (such as “well”, “you see”, “you know”, "um" or "uh").
Pause to give people sufficient time to take in what you are saying.
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18. Be succinct
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Be as brief as possible.
Adopt a to the point approach.
Use fewer words.
In a speaking/presentation/meeting situation, do not try to put across too many messages.
People cannot retain more than 3 ideas in a single encounter.
However, if you are making a presentation. Follow Aristotle,
"Tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, then tell them what you told them."
The advice is given by the master of rhetoric himself, Aristotle.
.19. Don't be monotonous.
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Very important thing…!!!
People judge you by your voice (consciously and subconsciously).
It is not just WHAT you are saying, but HOW you are saying it.
Therefore whenever you are speaking keep these things in your mind.
Have an appropriate expression.
Suit your tone to fit the occasion.
Use the correct tempo.
Speak sufficiently slow so that people can understand what you are saying.
A flat non-inflected voice put the listener to sleep, or worse… they will lose attention and interest.
Not only this, it makes you appear as a wet blanket.
Vary your voice, animate it, whenever you make an important point.
Your eyes should be coherent to what you say.
.20. Relax
.
Begin by questioning the audience about the things they know about the topic.
It gives you time to convert your anxiety (or tension) into enthusiasm.
.21. Be assertive
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Neither be aggressive, nor defensive.
Don't let aggressive people intimidate you.
Remain calm.
Believe what you say is right and opportune.
And SPEAK what you have to say.
Don't let anyone force you into silence.
Always keep in mind to respect other's opinion also- they too have the right to have their own opinions.
Listen to the ideas of others also.
Most of the times you can be benefitted by just listening.
.22. Use active voice while speaking.
.
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And most importantly……
.
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23. Think before you speak.
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That will allow you to see what you are saying.
Now still there are questions which are still unanswered…..
What should you speak?
Who should speak?
When should you speak?
Where should you speak?
Why should you speak?
Now I shall write about some technical aspects so as to make
this chapter commercially useful.
. .
.
Speaking has 5 crucial elements....
1. Speaker (The one WHO speak).Must have pertinent knowledge.
Being humorous/witty is optional.
.
.
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2. Purpose (The answer to WHY).To tell/inform about something (INFORMATIVE)
To make the listeners do something (PERSUASIVE)
To convey the sentiment. (INSPIRATIONAL)
.
.
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3. Content (The WHAT and WHY of speaking).It must be brief.
It must be Interesting.
It must be Vivid
It must be Concrete.
It must be according to the level of audience.
It must convey the exact information and elicit the desired response.
.
.
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4. Medium (The WHAT and WHERE of speaking).Channel i.e. props you are using to forward the message.
Audio/visual/written form.
Whatever you are using, it is your duty as a speaker to ensure the clarity and exactness.
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.
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5. Listener (the God)You have to suit yourself and everything according to the listener’s need.
The effectiveness of the speaker and the clarity of the message can be checked by the desired response from the listener.
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.
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Some QUOTES
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If making a presentation, try not to go first or last. First is hardest, because you set the tone, but if you think you're going set it high. Go for it. ~ puneet biseria
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Follow these 3 steps religiously.Step 1 – Practice.Step 2 – Practice.Step 3 – Practice. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Remain calm. It's very important not to let your emotions take over entirely. Remember that this is just a conversation, and people will think better of you if you speak calmly and slowly. Acting calm makes you seem collected and in control, especially if other people are freaking out around you. ~ anonymous~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Don't shout. Speak loudly but do not shout. Shouting doesn't make you more audible. ~ anonymous~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~To speak and to speak well are two things. A fool may talk, but a wise man speaks. ~Ben Jonson~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If you wouldn't write it and sign it, don't say it. ~Earl Wilson~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The older I grow the more I listen to people who don't talk much. ~Germain G. Glien~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~He who knows how to hold his tongue knows sufficient. ~ Italian proverb.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To be able to ask a question clearly is two-thirds of the way to getting it answered. ~John Ruskin~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Speaking comes by nature, silence by understanding. ~ proverb.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~People have to talk about something just to keep their voice boxes in working order so they'll have good voice boxes in case there's ever anything really meaningful to say. ~Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Cat's Cradle~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne. ~Quentin Crisp~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Well-timed silence hath more eloquence than speech. ~Martin Farquhar Tupper, "Of Discretion," Proverbial Philosophy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~When at loss how to go on, cough. ~ Proverb.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Say it in few words. ~ Proverb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The trouble with talking too fast is you may say something you haven't thought of yet. ~Ann Landers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Everything becomes a little different as soon as it is spoken out loud. ~Hermann Hesse~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tell them what you are going to say, say it, and tell what you have told. ~ Dale Carnegie.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The real art of conversation is not only to say the right thing at
the right place but to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment. ~Dorothy Nevill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Even a fish wouldn't get into trouble if he kept his mouth shut. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~First learn the meaning of what you say, then speak. ~ Epictetus.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Make them laugh so that they listen, and then you can tell them anything.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Among my most prized possessions are words that I have never spoken. ~Orson Rega Card~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Be careful of your thoughts; they may become words at any moment. ~Ira Gassen~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refute. ~Josh Billings~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Foolishness always results when the tongue outraces the brain. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The words you choose to say something are just as important as the decision to speak. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Let a fool hold his tongue and he will pass for a sage. ~Publilius Syrus~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is better to remain silent at the risk of being thought a fool,
than to talk and remove all doubt of it. ~Maurice Switzer~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I am annoyed by individuals who are embarrassed by pauses in a conversation. To me, every conversational pause refreshes. ~George Sanders~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Isn't it surprising how many things, if not said immediately, seem not worth saying ten minutes from now? ~Arnot L. Sheppard, Jr.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is impossible to speak in such a way that you cannot be misunderstood. ~Karl Popper, Unended Quest~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Speak when you are angry and you will make the best speech you will ever regret. ~Ambrose Bierce~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If something goes without saying, let it. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A dog is not considered a good dog because he is a good barker. A man is not considered a good man because he is a good talker. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Don't tell your friends about your indigestions: "How are you!" is a greeting, not a question. ~Arthur Guiterman, A Poet's Proverbs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Once a word has been allowed to escape, it cannot be recalled. ~Horace~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Don't speak unless you can improve on the silence. ~Spanish Proverb
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If writers wrote as carelessly as some people talk, then adhasdh asdglaseuyt[bn[ pasdlgkhasdfasdf. ~Lemony Snicket~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The man was on his knees, trying to retrieve each of his ugly words that were now scattered on the floor. But, of course, it was too late. ~Dr. SunWolf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Calvin: Sometimes when I'm talking, my words can't keep up with my thoughts. I wonder why we think faster than we speak.Hobbes: Probably so we can think twice.~Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Never miss a good chance to shut up. ~Will Rogers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~One way to prevent conversation from being boring is to say the wrong thing. ~Frank Sheed~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Talk to people about themselves and they will listen for hours. ~Benjamin Disraeli~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Discussion is an exchange of knowledge; argument an exchange of ignorance. ~Robert Quillen~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The difference between a smart man and a wise man is that a smart man knows what to say, a wise man knows whether or not to say it. ~Frank M. Garafola~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I just wish my mouth had a backspace key. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~No man would listen to you talk if he didn't know it was his
turn next. ~E.W. Howe~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The trouble with her is that she lacks the power of conversation but not the power of speech. ~George Bernard Shaw~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If everybody thought before they spoke, the silence would be deafening. ~George Barzan~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't being said. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The best way to keep one's word is not to give it. ~Napoleon I, Maxims~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Keep your words soft and tender because tomorrow you may have to eat them. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Always and never are two words you should always remember never to use. ~Wendell Johnson~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Talk is cheap because supply exceeds demand. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Never argue with a fool, onlookers may not be able to tell the difference. ~Author unknown, attributed to Mark Twain~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~When you're arguing with a fool, make sure he isn't doing the same thing. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Oh, the things that go through my mind that I never say. Oh,
the things I say that never go through my mind. ~Robert Brault~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Every time you speak, you are auditioning for leadership.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I know you will guess all I leave unsaid.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do you wish people think good of you? Do not speak well of yourself.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Before the tongue can speak, it must lose its power to wound. ~ Peace Pilgrim.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~When I think over what I have said, I envy dumbs. ~ Seneca~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If you have nothing to say, say nothing.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do not monopolize the conversation.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do not interrupt.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do not complete the sentences of others, let them complete it.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do not repeat.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ask questions to please the answering party.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ask questions to delight them and enlighten you.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Do not show all of your knowledge.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Do not tell unless you are asked.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is with words as with sunbeams. The more they are condensed, the deeper they burn. ~Robert Southey~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Good things, when short, are twice as good. ~Baltasar Gracián, The Art of Worldly Wisdom, translated from Spanish~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is my ambition to say in ten sentences what other men say in whole books — what other men do not say in whole books. ~Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Therefore, since brevity is the soul of wit,I will be brief. ~William Shakespeare, Hamlet~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The most valuable of all talents is that of never using two words when one will do. ~Thomas Jefferson~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. ~William Strunk, Jr., The Elements of Style, 1918~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If it takes a lot of words to say what you have in mind, give it more thought. ~Dennis Roth~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~If you can't explain something in a few words, try fewer. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I have made this [letter] longer than usual because I have not
had time to make it shorter. ~Blaise Pascal, Lettres Provinciales, 1657, translated from French~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~There are always three speeches, for every one you actually gave. The one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you wish you gave. ~Dale Carnegie~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~But I... never could make a good impromptu speech without several hours to prepare it. ~Mark Twain, 1879 speech (Thanks, Garson O'Toole of quoteinvestigator.com!)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Be sincere; be brief; be seated. ~Franklin D. Roosevelt, on speechmaking~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Always be shorter than anybody dared to hope. ~Lord Reading, on speechmaking~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~His speeches left the impression of an army of pompous phrases moving over the landscape in search of an idea. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Political speeches are like steer horns. A point here, a point there, and a lot of bull in between. ~Alfred E. Neuman~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Public speaking is the art of diluting a two-minute idea with a two-hour vocabulary. ~Evan Esar~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~His speeches to an hour-glassDo some resemblance showBecause the longer time they runThe shallower they grow.
~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Today's public figures can no longer write their own speeches or books, and there is some evidence that they can't read them either. ~Gore Vidal~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The best way to sound like you know what you're talking about is to know what you're talking about. ~Author Unknown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The need of speaking correct English was the only factor which was responsible for my NOT being able to use English fluently. Every time I made any mistake, either grammatical or phonological, my well-intentioned-purist English teachers corrected me. They never waited to let me complete what I was speaking. They corrected me then and there by interrupting me, and criticizing me in front of everyone. By and by I understood that it is impossible to speak even passably correct English fluently. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~English in India is associated with elites. Indians with good command of English are still considered to have high social status. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is interesting to notice that people pay attention to only 10% of what we say, 30% to how and what it sound like and 60% to our body language. If you are thinking about speaking the grammatically correct English. Well… think about it. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Respect the personhood of the students. If the student is not good in studies, okay…!!! Ask that student what he is good at.
Appreciate it. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~First of all, ask the students to forget everything about grammar and get them speak into a tape recorder. Now…what they SPEAK is not important - they can speak anything. But for complete 5 minutes they should keep on speaking. If they cannot think of what to say next, they can keep on repeating the last word until they can think of something. The recordings can be used after 6 months to see the visible benefits of using this technique. The same technique can be used for WRITING. This exercise is very good for building confidence and is a very good exercise to make the students feel comfortable with SPEAKING and/or WRITING. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
UNDERSTAND that the real purpose of learning English is to be able to use it in the real life, and that the syllabi of school and colleges do not have any worthwhile thing to fulfill the actual purpose. You will see that a variety of skills are required to meet the real life situations.
By real world situations I mean that whenever you Read/Listen anything in English, you must be able1. To understand the feeling. (EMPATHIZE)2. To understand the nuances of expression, tone, attitude. (WELL-VERSED)3. To read between the lines.(IMPLIED)4. To not be blocked by cross-cultural differences. (UNIVERSAL)5. To acquire information by becoming able to focus on what
is important. (SORTING)6. To distinguish the MAJOR and MINOR points, ideas, etc. (DIFFERENTIATE)7. To understand the point of view of the Speaker/Writer. (INTERPRET)8. To differentiate between the facts and attitudes/view points. (INFER)9. To analyze what is said/written. (ANALYZE)10. To review or distill your understanding by reading/listening. (FIXING)11. To become able to acquire the type of information you want. (EVALUATE)~ puneet biseria
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Ideal Teaching Plan1. Point out the error after the student has finished speaking.2. Ask if the student can correct himself.3. Give the correct sentence.4. Ask the learners to repeat the correct sentence.
~puneet biseria
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Conversational Implicature defines the most important features of conversation. It means whenever we talk it has to be rational. To guarantees this, The philosopher Grice ( 1975) puts forward the Cooperative Principles.1. Maxim Of Quantity ~ Your contribution must be as informative as is required. Thus far, no further. (What?)
2. Maxim Of Quality ~ Give true information. (How much?)3. Maxim Of Relation ~ Say what is relevant.4. Maxim Of Manner ~ (How it is said?) be perspicuous. Avoid obscurity. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief.Violation of any of the maxims will affect the lucidity of the conversation.At times you cannot be as informative as is requiredYour information is not up-to-date.You might be under the impression that the information you are giving is relevant but actually it may be not.You might not be aware or not using the proper manner.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mina P. Shaughnessy (1977) writes about five basic types of rhetorical organisation which are
1. This is what happened (narrative, temporal organisation)
2. This is the look/sound/smell of something (description)
3. This is like/unlike something (comparison/contrast)
4. This (may have, probably, certainly) caused something (causal and evaluative)
5. This is what ought to be done (problem solving, possible solutions, the assessment of solutions and so on).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Suppose you are communicating and you asked someone to open the door; the communication will remain incomplete
unless the door is opened. And the thing which will make the asked person open the door is tact.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Have you seen a native speaker speaking?Do they speak fluent English?Do they always speak complete sentences every time?Don’t they take pauses?Don’t they use fillers like like, well, umm, erm, you see, kind of, I mean, you know, et cetra?Achchaa…. Forget it…. How do you speak your mother tongue? In the way you write or in the way you speak?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Telephone conversation is the best example of extempore.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~As a speaker you should be able to make yourself understood by being as clear as possible. You have to choose those words that are appropriate to the level of the person you are speaking with.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~You should also be able to use those words which the listener might use to understand; i.e. you should be able to negotiate the meaning of what you want to communicate.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~By the ability to negotiate, I mean to talk in such a manner so that the person can understand exactly what is being said.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fluency means the ability to have appropriate things to say in a wide range of contexts with sufficient accuracy, with reasonable grammatical, lexical, and phonological correctness.
And the speech should be easy to understand, and free from errors.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Accuracy means good control over grammatical structures and pronunciation.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~What should be given preference: fluency or accuracy?Initially preference should be given to fluency, and once fluency is achieved accuracy should be emphasized.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The five characteristics of spoken language areRephrasing ~ to express an idea in an alternative way, especially for the purpose of clarification.Ellipsis ~ the omission of word / words that are superfluous, because one can understand those words from contextual clues.Repetition ~ repeating something that has already been said or written.Formulaic utterances ~ set phrases or expressions which are used again and again.Turn taking ~ exchange the role of speaker in a conversation.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The students should be explained the concept and then they should be asked to explain it in their own words, and perhaps this is the best exercise that I can think of. ~ puneet biseria~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Students should be encouraged to use authentic language.By authentic language I mean the language which is used in the daily conversations and not the language which is used by the unintelligent professors of universities or teachers who prefer to communicate using the words which no one can
understand.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It is only through use that we can learn what words are easily understood by a majority of people. Language should be taught through use and for use.Understandability is something which most of the teachers ignore.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~In place of English literature, students should be taught language which they can use in unpredictable situation.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
KEY WORDS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fluency – being able to use a language spontaneously and confidently, without lots of pause and hesitations
Interaction skill – deciding what to say when to say it and how to say it
Reciprocity of speech- to adapt speech according to the listeners responses
Domain is the area of a particular person in which he interacts. It includes Family, Neighbourhood, the place where he works, the place where he studies, in short, all the places he regularly visits.
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Pragmatics ~ the study of the use of language in communication particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.
Locutionary act ~ A distinction is made by J. L. Austin in the theory of SPEECH ACTS between three different types of acts involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence. Alocutionary act is the instruction/command given, which is meaningful and can be understood. An illocutionary act is what is understood from that sentence. A perlocutionary act is the result that is produced by actually doing what was told. ~ from J.L Austin’s book "How To Do Things With Words". If any of these three steps are not fulfilled, the communication remains incomplete.
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Dialect - a variety of a language distinguished according to the user.
Field - in the context of register, the term refers to the subject matter or topic which is dealt, using language.
Mode - medium of communication; for example, written or spoken.
Register- a variety of a language distinguished according to use, determined by the context or situation of use.
Style- refers to the level of usage determined by the degree of formality or informality of the relationship between the participants of a communication event.
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