Evolution and significance of the regeneration reserve …dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30090112/jones-evolution...These ‘Regeneration Reserves’, or in town planning language ‘green

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Evolution and significance of the regeneration reserve heritage landscape of Broken Hill: history, values and significance

Citation: Evolution and significance of the regeneration reserve heritage landscape of Broken Hill: history, values and significance, Historic environment, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 40-57.

URL: https://australia.icomos.org/publications/historic-environment/he-vol-28-no-1-2016-outback-beyond/

© 2016, Australia ICOMOS

Reproduced with permission.

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OUTBACK AND BEYOND40

EvolutionandsignificanceoftheregenerationreserveheritagelandscapeofBrokenHill:history,valuesandsignificance

DavidJones

HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT | VOLUME 28 NUMBER 1 - 2016 41

Abstract

In 1991, the National Trust of NSW classified the Regeneration Reserves surrounding the City of Broken Hill as an essential cultural heritage asset of the City of Broken Hill, and in 2015 the City of Broken Hill, including the reserves, were elevated to the National Heritage List under the Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This tract of land, and its proponents, Albert and Margaret Morris, are recognised as pioneers of arid zone revegetation science in Australia; a point noted in the National Heritage List citation. They created at Broken Hill a unique revegetation ‘greenbelt’ of national ecological, landscape architectural and town planning significance. The Morris’ led the advancement of arid zone botanical investigation and taxonomic inquiry, propagation innovation, and revegetation science in the 1920s-40s in Australia and applied this spatially. Their research and practical applications, in crafting the regeneration reserves around Broken Hill, demonstrated the need for landscape harmonisation to occur to reduce erosion and dust damage to human and mining activities alike. This pioneering research and practice informs and underpins much arid zone mine reclamation and revegetation work in Australia today. This paper reviews the historical evolution of this cultural landscape, its integral importance to the cultural heritage and mining history of the City of Broken Hill, and its inclusion as part of the Broken Hill National Heritage List citation.

Figure 1. ‘Thebigred’envelopinganelderlyMulga(Acacia aneura)specimen,photographedbyArchitPatel,aspublishedinSilverman(2009:15).


Red dust storms and heritage

InOctober2009,mostoftheeasternseaboardofAustraliawasawashwithred.ItencircledandenvelopedSydneycausingvisualchaosandfrontpagenews.Sydneysiderswereamazedwiththeeventsasthe‘Redcentrecauseshavocinbigcity’and‘thebigred’descendeduponaplacethathadlongforgottensuchanirregularclimaticepisode(Hohenboken&Dayton2009:1,6;Christian&Hyde2009:1,6-7;Keen2009:1,3;Silverman2009:15).

ButspareathoughtforthestationsandcommunitiesfromLakeEyreeastwardsthatborethebruntofthisredcloudthatenvelopedtheirlandscapes,farms,andhomescastingdensecloudsofdustintoeverycrack,creviceandhollowwatervestige.Whileupto$30million‘pleasforduststormrelief’weremade,thisclimaticepisodewashistoricallyverycommoninnorthernSouthAustralia(SA)andwesternNewSouthWales(NSW),beingfarmorepronouncedinthe1910s-1940speriodduetolanddegradationpracticesandextendeddrought(Berkovic2009:23;Akerman2009:5).AsonecorrespondentinCooberPedywrote:

You call that a dust storm? Coober Pedy life hits city

DuststormsinCooberPedyrarelymaketheheadlines.

TheoneonTuesdaywasashocker—thelongestduststorminlivingmemory,reddesertsandsdeliveringastingingslaptothefacefromdawnuntilclosetomidnightastheypickedupsmallpebblesfromtheopal-minedground.

“WhenIsawitonthenewsinSydney,Isaid‘OhmyGodIknewexactlywhatthatis’,”MrMcLarensaid.“IthinktherewouldhavebeenanumberofpeopleintownwhowouldhavebeenslightlygladthatSydneyhadexperiencedwhatwegothroughfairlyregularly,thekindofadversitythatwedealwith.

Foronce—ourcitycousinsgotatasteofit”(Akerman2009:5).

Welcome to the Outback. Welcome to a common occurrence in far western NSW thatprompted an innovative town planning and landscape architectural precedent in Australiathat today informs international arid zonebotanical science andmine site reclamation andstabilisationworks.

DuststormswerehistoricallyamenaceatBrokenHillandimpactedminingactivities,castingadarkpalloverthecity.Asachildwalkinghometo‘UncleBert’Morris’housefromkindergarteninthe1930s,BarbaraBriggsremembers‘aduststorm…weclungtoawirefencewhilewind-blownsandstungourfacesandwetriedtokeepgritanddustoutofoureyes’(Briggs2009:np).Similarly,MrsMewsrecalledasachild:

Figure 2. Thewind-erodedBrokenHillCommonin1936,CRMLBFNC92-7-38.ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarrierFieldNaturalists’Club(BFNC).


Oneafternoonaswesatintheschoolroom,alargestormblewup.Ourteachers,awareoftheseverityoftheseduststorms,dismissedusearly.Onthewayhome,theskyturnedred,thefineparticlesofdustwhippedagainstmyfaceandbodyandIwasforcedtoclingto fencesand feelmywayhome,asvisibilitywas sopoor.Arrivinghome, I found thehouselockedup,towelsandragswerecrammedunderthedoorsandaroundwindows.Weallacceptedthatwewerestrandeduntilthestormsubsided(MewsquotedinDenton1988:370).

AlbertMorris,himself,expresseditmorescientificallyas:

Erosion—winderosion—iswhatwewillhave tofight ifweare toputournewBrokenHillworkswheretheyshouldgo;thepositionisopentothesouthandwestwinds,whichpilethesandovereveryfenceandlowbuildinginthearea.Howcanthenewworksbeprotected?(Morris1938:43).

West of the Darling, and beyond

The cultural landscape of Broken Hill exists because of mining. It’s massive silver, lead andzincorebody,discoveredin1883,isthereasonforitsexistence.ThisistheplacewherebothBHPBilliton(BHP[BrokenHillProprietaryLimited])andRioTintooriginated,ofwhichtheZincCorporation(ZC)wasapredecessorofthe latter.Historically,a ‘syndicateofseven’pastoralstationworkersledbyCharlesRasppeggedaminingclaimin1883,listingBrokenHillProprietaryCo.Ltd.ontheMelbournestock-exchangein1885.Thecitygrewtoapopulationjustover30,000residentsby1907with9,000employeddirectlybynumerousminingcompanies.By2000some170milliontonnesofhighgradeorehadbeenextractedfrom‘TheLineofLode’.Todaytherearetwocompaniesextractingore,oneatthesouthendandone inthecentreofthelode(Anon1948:7-12,65-76;1955;1960;2009:8;Trengove1975;Hall1972:193;Koenig1-15).Theyemployapproximately500people.

Thismineralextractionwasnotwithoutitshardships,butasignificantinnovationwastheworkbyAlbertMorris(1886-1939)inconjunctionwithhiswifeMargaret(1882-1957),inpioneeringaridzonere-vegetationtechniquesandestablishingtheregenerationareas(Jones2002:417).These ‘Regeneration Reserves’, or in town planning language ‘green belts’, were gazettedin1937.Theycollectivelycomprisesome1715haof landwithintheapproximately13km²WillyamaCommon,surroundingBrokenHill;inrealitythisisa‘parkland’or‘greenbelt’.

ThemininglegacyhasbeenextensivelyreviewedbyKearns(1973,1982,1987,2000),Koenig(1983),Solomon(1988),Stokes(1983)butonlyAlbertMorris(1923),MargaretMorris(1939a),Jones(2002,2009),Denton(1988)andWebber(1992)haveaddressedthedesignedlandscapecreatedbytheMorris’,withLord(1948),Beadle(1948),PidgeonandAshby(1940),Hall(1972)givingscientificweighttothesignificanceoftheMorris’contributiontobotanyanderosioncontrolknowledgeforwesternNSW.

TheMunicipalityofBrokenHill,incorporatedin1882,liesinfarwestNSW,AustraliawithintheBarrierRanges.Locatedsome1160kmfromSydneyand511kmfromAdelaide.‘BrokenHill’derivesfromnomenclatureusedbyexplorerCharlesSturtin1844whenhedescribedaseriesofhillsonadistinctnorth-easttosouth-westalignmentwithvisualbreaksinthem.Themain‘brokenhill’hastodaydisappearedduetominingactivity.

ClimatedetermineslifeandminingatBrokenHill.Theplace,intheBulalicountryoftheWilyakalipeople,lies220mabovesealevel,andreceivesameanaveragerainfallof236mm(91-447mm)withsummertemperaturesregularlyreaching40°C.ThesummerperiodofNovember-March,thehottesttimeoftheyear,hostsanaverageis32°Cwithahumidityof25%.Overthesameperiod,theevaporationrateis2800-3200mmperannum,strongwindscomefromthewestandsouth-west.Bothareclimaticconstraintsuponhumansworkinginthislocality.

ThegrasslandandSaltbushDownslandscapeischaracterisedbygrasslandsofVariableSpear-grass(Stipa variabilis)inassociationwithBarleyGrass(Critesium murinum),Stipasp.,Panicum sp.,MulgaGrass(Thyridolepismitchelliana),WindmillGrass(Chloris truncata),KeroseneGrass


(Aristida contorta),Tragus sp.,Bromussp.,andintroducedBarleyGrass(Astrebla pectinata Turanti) that prior to mining would have been interspersed with clusters of Mulga (Acacia aneura) and Wilga (Geijera parviflora), with minor patches of White Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla)andBelahorBlackOak(Casuarina pauper)accompaniedbyDeadFinish(Acacia tetragonophylla),andNelia(Acacialoderi)withEremophila sp.,Myoporum sp.,BlackBluebushMaireana pyramidata,FeatherySenecio(Senecio anethifolius),Dodonaea sp.andOleariasp.(Morris1975b:8-13;Cowling2007).

Theminersneededwatertoservicetheirthirstandtheminingequipmentandoreprocessingactivities.DroughtbedevilledBrokenHill.Householdtanks,wellsandsoaksprovidedsubstitutesuntil a public supply was piped from Stephen’s Creek in 1890 before the UmberumberkaReservoirresolvedmuchofthisproblemsupplementedbyapipelinefromtheDarlingRiverviatheMedindeeLakesscheme(Koenig1983:27-28;Hall1972:192-193;Hardy1968).

Inaddition,minersneededtimbertogenerateenergytooperatemachineryandtopropupshafts.Shiftingfromopenstopemethodstoexcavationresultedinademandforlocalgum,boxandMulgatosupportroofsandwalls.Theimmediateresultovertheearly1880swasthecompletede-afforestationofthelandscape,necessitatingtheextensiveimportationofOregontimber fromSydneybefore thecross-cutmethodwasapplied fromc.1900usingAustralianhardwoods(Hall1972:192-193;Koenig1983:15-16,33-34;Webber:12-20).

Albert and Margaret Morris

The Morris family shifted from Bridgewater, SA, to Thackaringa near Broken Hill in c.1876whenAlbertwasachildtoworkontheLadyBrasseyMine.AtThackaringa,Albertinjuredhisleftfoot,cripplinghimandpreventinghimfromplayingwithfellowchildren.Thishandicapfocusedhisinterestuponnaturestudyatanearlyage,spurredonbyhisfatherwhowas‘alsoanenthusiasticbotanist’(MorrisM1975:1).

SchooledinBrokenHill,AlbertobtainedadiplomainmetallurgyrisingtobeChiefAssayertotheSulphideCorporationthatwaslateracquiredbyZC(Morris1939b:23).Duringthe1902BrokenHillminingstrike,AlbertpropagatedandsoldPepperTree(Schinus molle)seedlings,togetherwithsellingpapersasincometosupporthiscollegetuitionfees.Theformerwasnoeasytask.Hehadtocreativelysavefamilybathwatertoservicetheseedlingsaswatercost10-15shillingsper200gallons(909L)atthetime(MorrisM1975:1).

Figures 3-4. PhotographsofAlbertMorris,andAlbertandMargaretMorrisintheirgarden.Source:ZCConveyorandBFNC.ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBFNC.


In 1919, Albert married Margaret, a staunch member of the Society of Friends (Quakers)(Webber1992:41-42).InCornishStreet,RailwayTown,BrokenHill,thecoupleconstructeda‘5woodandironrooms’housewithadjoining‘woodandironshopandmotorshed’onlandownedbyhisfather.Theretheydevelopedanextensivearidgardenfullofsucculentsandotheraridspeciesthatthetwosoughttotrial,seed,graftand/orpropagate(CityofBrokenHill1935,35/454,35/455,35/456;MorrisM1975:1-2;Webber1992:37-38,42-43).

Hestartedwithaverysmallwoodenshadehouseonthedustyblock…[and]usedtobringinsmallpiecesofgeraniumandshrubsofallsorts;andfromthathasdeveloped,stillontheolddustcoveredblock,oneofthebestknownbotanicalselectionsofplantsfromtheinteriorofAustralia…[There]wasanexpanseofjamtins,eachwithaseedlingofanativeplant…Attimes,Bertwouldpaychildrentobringallthecontainerstheycouldfindforhisgrowingplants(MorrisM1975:1-2).

LocatedonthewesternextremityofBrokenHill,theresidenceandgardenweredirectlyexposedtothedrywesterlywindsthatbroughtsandparticlesandduststorms.Thelatteroftenburiedfencesandgardenspilingagainststonehousewallsnecessitatingshovellingfollowingastorm.TheMorrisfamilyprogressivelyerectedahighrandomrubblesandstonewallonthewesternflank,increasingitsheightfollowingeachstorm,untilitwasupto3.3mhigh.Thisexperimentdemonstratedcorrectly,thatifawallwashighenoughthebackdraftofwindwouldkeepitclearofsandsimilar,toapastoralshelterbelt(MorrisM1975:1-2;Webber1992:37-38).

Theseexperimentsprovedthatwindshelterwasessentialandthatplantscouldbesuccessfullypropagatedandgrownwith limitedwater if the right specieswere selected. These lessonsremainedinAlbert’smind.Morrisstartedexperimentingwithplantspecies;firstwithAustraliannativetreesandshrubs,andthenwithAfricanaloesandAmericancacti,characteristicofdesertgardens today, butofwhich littlewaswell-knownelsewhere in the1910s-30s inAustralia(MorrisM1975:2;Webber1992:40).

Following seedling and propagation trials in his own garden Morris concluded that localprovenancespecies,fromseedcollectedlocally,wereoftenthemostresilientandsuccessfulspecies,althoughexoticspecieslikethesemi-aridTamarix(Tamarixsp.),Peppertree(Schinus molle) and Agave (Agave sp.) also proved resilient. The success of these trials broughtconfidence, and an eagerness to impart this knowledge with gifts of specimen plants andcuttings(MorrisM1975:2).

Albertexpressedthissignificantconclusion,in1936,as:

Mystudiesovermanyyearshavebeenmostlydirectedtowarddesertandsemi-desertplantforms,bothAustralianandfromotheraridpartsoftheglobe,andIamquiteconvincedthatAustraliahasalltheplantssheneedstoregenerateherdryplaces.Itisnecessarytoselectplantsaccordingtosimilarrainfallsandtemperatures,soilsandthelike,andtotakeforourpurposeonlyseedsfromplantsgrowingunderaridconditions,intypesofplantshavingawide range.Thepropagationofnativevegetationhasmanypeculiarities,and,whilestudyingsuchawidefield,thebestmethodsfortheirpropagationhavenotbeenoverlooked(Morris1938;1975a:43-50).

Morrishadlittlescientificreferencematerialtoworkwith.WhilevonMueller(1858-82),Mooreand Betche (1893) and Black (1922-29, 1943) had prepared compendiums of state-widevegetationspecies,itwasnotuntilPrescott(1931),MacTaggart(1936)andCameron(1935)thatwesternNSWvegetationzonemapswereprepared.ThefirstpublicationsaboutwesternNSWecologyandfloracamefromCollins (1923,1924)fortheBarrierandGreyRanges, inassociationwithinventoryprofilesbyCambage(1900a&b,1901a&b,1914,1923),Cheel(1938),Havilland(1913)andthenamajorcontributionbyMorris(1923).DuringMorris’timeonlyfivebooksrelevanttoNSWflorahadbeenpublished,albeitwith limitedwesternNSWfloraandecologyrelevance(Turner1891;MooreandBetche1893;Maiden1889;Breakwell1923;Anderson1934).Lord(1948:368-369)recognisedthesedeficienciesandcreditedMorrisforadvancingtheknowledgeandapplicationofaridzonerevegetationtheoryandpractice,andBeadle (1948)andHall (1972:191-196)corroboratedthisadvancement.Contemporary


publicationsbyBowden(2001),Cunninghametal.(1981),Jessop(1981),havenowsubstantiallyaddressedthisdearthofflorasurveyswithMesserandMosley(1982),CoggerandCameron(1984),JonesandZwar(2003)andCowling(2007)raisingquestionsabouttheefficacyofaridzoneandrangelandmanagementknowledge.

TotheMorris’,BrokenHillwasabarren,isolatedandneglectedlandscapedevoidofvegetation.Thevisualbarrennesswasreinforcedbytheextensiveremovaloftimberforminingpurposes,andanover-grazedpastoral landscape collectivelydemonstratingover-stockingandminingdeleterious effects. Despite being handicapped by physical infirmity, Albert, supported byMargaret, pursued local flora study travelling together thousands of kilometres in pursuitofbotanical specimens forpropagationanddispatch toherbariumsacrossAustralia.Albertacquireda small foldingKodakcamera tophotographmountedand in situ specimens.HistrademarkAustralianpennycoinappeared inmanyblackandwhiteglassplate imagesasascale device, images that he personally developed and printed, and which Margaret oftentintedwithwatercoloursfordocumentationenablingtheiruseinpubliclectures(Mawby1975:np;Morris1975c:8-13;MorrisM1975:1-2).

These activities spurred the formation of the Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club (BFNC), on 20February1920,undertheleadershipoflocaldoctorandpassionateornithologist,DrWilliamMacGillivray (1867-33).MacGillivrayandMorris servedasPresidentandHonorarySecretaryrespectivelyuntiltheirdeaths.From1920-39Morrisdeliveredapproximately25lectures,oftenwithlanternslides,manyofwhichwerepublishedorrecordedastypescripts.HealsoorganisedmanyfieldtripsfortheClub(BFNC1966,1972;Morris1975c:8-13;Webber1992:52-53).

Planting Broken Hill

Inabout1935,ZCMineManager,MauriceMawby,amemberofBFNC,recognisedthisexpertise,andaskedAlbert:‘Canwegrowanything,anddoyouthinkitwillhelp?’Albertresponded:

Itwillnotonlyhelp,butwillwhollyremovetheproblem.Thereareagreatnumberoftreesandshrubsyoucangrow,andthegrassesandsub-shrubbyplantswillcomebackafterthefirstrain,providingyoufenceafairlylargeareawithstockandrabbit-prooffencing,andgivesomehelpforthefirstfewyears(Morris1938;MorrisM1975:43).

In a subsequent meeting with ZC Managing Director, William Robinson, Albert expressed avisionfortherevegetationofextensivetractsaroundBrokenHillproposingtheestablishmentofrevegetationbeltstoreducetheimpactofwindanddust.Mawbyre-interpretedthisvisionas:

[T]hehopethatsomethingcouldbedonetoarresttheencroachmentofdriftsandonthehabitationsontheSouthandWestBoundariesoftheCity—anareainwhichmanymillionsofpoundswouldbe spent in the years ahead tomine thedeeper southwardplungingmineralizedLead-Silver-ZincLodes(Mawby1975:np).

ThisvisionwasintroducedtoincomingGeneralManagerofZCinBrokenHill,JamesKeast,inmid-1936.KeastenthusiasticallysawmeritinthevisionandthebenefitsitofferedtobothmineproductionandqualityoflifeinBrokenHill(MorrisM1975:44;Webber1992:61-63).

InitiallyAlbertexpressedthis‘greenbelt’conceptasa‘sanctuary’recommendingthat‘variousplantations [be] declared sanctuaries’ (BFNC papers, 18 June 1937). Keast actioned thisrecommendationensuringthegazettalofaBy-lawbytheCityofBrokenHillunderthePublic Trusts Act 1897ofNSWin1937‘forPreservationofNativeFlora’on412haofas‘Reserve’establishinglawsprotectingthenativefloraandestablishingpenaltiesforthedespoliationoftheReserve.Withgazettal,Albertwasappointeda‘ranger’undertheBy-law(KeasttoMorris,letter,14October1936).

MargaretMorriswrotethatAlbert’s‘chiefdreamwastoestablisha“GreenBelt”roundthetowntostoperosion.Tothisendhehadbeenworkingformanyyears,payingspecialattentiontoplants thatwouldholddrift-sandandregenerateerodedareas’.Margaretusedtheterm‘belt’inher1939obituaryaboutAlbertintheBarrier Miner.Theterm‘greenbelt’firstappearsin Margaret’s writings rather than Albert’s, and it was that undoubtedly the Adelaide Park


Lands‘greenbelt’thatprovidedatheoreticalmodelforwhatcouldoccuratBrokenHill(Morris1939b:22;MorrisM1975:3).

Freestone (1989:31-32,141,146-149,222)makesnomentionofBrokenHillpossessinga‘greenbelt’inhisModel CommunitiesinAustralia.Withinthetownplanningdiscipline,greenbeltshavebeenviewedasa ‘green lung’,a ‘girdle,’ora ‘ring’ofwhichEbenezerHoward(1898)pointedtotheAdelaideParkLandsastheidealcitymodel.

InMay1936Keast approved thedevelopmentof aplant nurseryon ZC land, rabbit-prooffencingaroundthemineworks,andanareaof8.9hasouth-westoftheminetoestablishPlantationNo.1.Albertuseddisusedcorrugatedironsheetfencingtogetherwithrabbit-prooffencingof3.8cmwiremeshaffixedtoverticalironrailpoststoppedwithstringsofbarbedwiretofencePlantationNo.1.Awatertank,enablinggravityfeed,waspositionedatthehighestpoint(Anon1939:27;Morris1975a:44).

KeastemployedMorristoadviseonplantsandre-plantingstrategiesinconjunctionwithmineexpansionworksthathewasorchestrating.Inthebeginning,Albertgrewalltheseedlingsinhisgarden,transplantingthemintoderelictjamtins,beforetransportingthemtotheMineNurserywheretheywerere-plantedintorectangulardisusedkerosenetinsbeforebeingplantedwhentheywereabout300cmhigh(MorrisM1975:3).

Seeds from local trees and shrubs were grown, including Old-man Saltbush (Atriplexnummularia). For instant results, Albert transplanted some 1,600 previously-planted youngEucalyptusspeciesfromtheUmberumberkaReservoirreserve,appropriatelypruningtheirtipsandroots,andre-plantingthemindisusedkerosenetinsinthenursery.Fromthisexperiment,henoted,thatwiththecommencementofspringtheseprunedspecimensproduced‘tinyredshootsfromthedrylookingsticks’andthatabout95%ofthemgrew(Anon1939:27;Morris1975a:45;Webber1992:64).

The first plantings in Plantation No. 1 commenced in October 1936 including some 3,000Old-manSaltbushinrows0.9mapart.ThelatterwereusedbyMorrisforwindprotectionandtodelimitsanddriftengulfingotherseedlingsaswellastheregeneratingSpearGrass(Stipavariabilis),Lobe-leafedHopbush(Dodonaealobulata),SilverCassia(Sennaartemisiodes)andEremophilaspeciesThesuccessofthisinitialexperimentdemonstratedtoKeastwasAlbert’svisionthat‘ifonlywecouldgetanareaamilewide[1.6km]fencedaroundthetowntokeepstockandrabbitsoff,toallowthenaturalvegetationtocomeback,wecouldstopsanddrift’(Morris1975a:46).

Thisplantingstrategycomprised:

Nativeseedswillbefreelyscatteredinsomepaddocks,whileotherswillbelefttoNaturealone,andthesemethodswillsupplyvaluableinformationinthecampaignagainstsand.Barepatchesonsomeoftheworstabradedareas,wherethetopsoilhasbeenblownaway,wouldbebetter ifploughedintofurrowstoholddriftsandandseeds.Alittlehasbeendoneanditisquitesuccessful.Ithasbeenprovedinmanyplaces.Thefurrowsalsoholdthewaterandpreventrun-off.Evenwithouttherain,itissurprisinghowmanyplantshavecomeupandaredoingwell[sic.](Morris1975a:48,51).

Over the summer of 1936-37, Morris worked on Plantation No. 1. Holes for some 3,000treeseedlingsweredug,andopendrain-linesforwaterrunoffcontrolploughedbyacamelteam.Thedrainlines,supplementedbyasystemofpipes,wereconnectedtoBrokenHill’ssewerage treatment plant which supplied undrinkable water for plant watering. On 9thJanuary1937500saltbusheswereplantedoutsidePlantationNo.1enclosure,alongwithsome60specimensoflocalprovenanceRiverRedGum(Eucalyptus camaldulensis),staked,withnotreeguards.Some1,188treesof15differentspeciesbeingplantedbytheendofthemonth.ByaboutNovember1936theEucalyptusspecieswererecordedasbeingupto4.5mhighwithanaverageof3m,withtheBlackOakorBelah (Casuarinapauper)showingverystronggrowthandOld-ManSalt-bush(Atriplexnummularia)growingtoobscuresomesectionsofthe1.8mhighrecycledcorrugatedironfencing(Anon1939:26;Morris1975a:47-48;Webber1992:66-67).


AllworksandplantingswereundertakenbyZCminelabour,underMorris’direction.Webberconcludedthat‘Robinsoninitiatedtheproject,Morrisprovidedthevision,Keastprovidedtheplansandthematerial,andScougallcarriedoutthework’.JackScougall’s(b.1894),carpentryand ruralupbringingwasbrought tobear in theerectionof fencing.Postsandwiringwaserected,withsecurerabbitproof-wireattachedbythemenunderhischarge,andyoungtreesplanted under his supervision ensuring a meticulous operation much of which stands andgrows today.At thesametimeScougallbecameacompetentself-taughtbotanist (Webber1992:50,62-63).

Attheendof1937,Albertafterbeingallocatedsevenadditionalpaddocksforplanting,hadundertakenextensivegroundpreparation,andwaswaitingfortherains.Thefirstsixmonthsof1938witnessedameanannualrainfallofonly21cmofminorshowers.Inspiteofthis,Albertrecordedthatthefencingandremovalofstockresultedina‘quite…noticeabledifferenceintheamountofdustandsand’inthesepaddocksasaresultofnativegrassregeneration.LongmoribundandgrazedstumpsofMulga(Acacia aneura),SilverCassia(Senna artemisioides),andDeadFinish(Acacia tetragonophylla)alsoregeneratedinthesepaddocks.

Albertusedsome18speciesofEucalyptusand13Acaciaspeciestogive‘varietytopreventmonotony’consciouslyseekingtodisguisethepredominanceofgreycolours.Colourvariationwas added by Myoporum species many Acacia species and Salmon Gums (Eucalyptus salmonophloia),BimbleBoxs (Eucalyptus populnea),GiantMallees (Eucalyptusoleosa)andDundasBlackbutts(Eucalyptus dundasii).Inlate1939,Margaretreportedthat,‘inabotanicalsurvey…thisspring…therewere142speciesnoted’(MorrisM1939b:23).By1944MawbyreportedthattheoriginalEucalyptusspeciesof18hadgrownto86recordedindigenousplantspecies in1939to208recorded indigenousplantspecies in1944,andPidgeonandAshby(1940: 123-143) validated the success of the ‘regeneration [theory and practice] followingprotectionfromgrazing’(Anon1944:3).

Thevisualsuccessofthe‘ZincCorporationPlantation’promptedKeastandRobinsontomeetwithminemanagersfromtheneighbouringNorthBrokenHillandBrokenHillProprietarySouthcompaniessuccessfullyseekingtheirsupportandinvolvementintheproject.Land,approximately0.8 kmwideon thewesternand southernflanksofBrokenHill, someof theworst erodedareas,wasfencedwithrabbit-proofwireheldoninvertedrailwaypoststopreventrabbitandstockaccess,andweredesignatedthe‘RegenerationReserves’.ThereserveswereplacedunderAlbert’scare.Historicallythesereserveshadsimplyservedasaseriesofagistmentpaddocks,long de-afforested by mining needs, and lacking any natural water. Albert immediately setaboutaestablishingaregimetoenablenaturalsaltbush(Chenopodiumspecies),grassandtreeregenerationwiththroughscatteringandplantingseedsandplantingseedlingsandyoungtreesespeciallyindepressionsandalongwatercourses(Morris1975a:51;MorrisM1975:3).

Figure 5. ThesuccessofMorris’regenerationactivitiesasdepictedintheRegenerationPlantationNo.8,BrokenHill,1938.Photo:AlbertandMargaretMorris,courtesyBFNCandCRML.


Impact, legacy and heritage significance

MargaretMorrisexpressedthislegacyasbeing:

ThisisthefirsttowninAustralia,andprobablyintheworld,toattempttoimprovethelivingconditionsforawholecitybysurroundingitwithabeltofscrubtobreaktheforceofsand-driftandpreventhousesandfencesbeingburiedwithit(MorrisM1975:23).

The first recognition of Morris’ work was in Ernest Lord’s influential Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens(1948:367-377)whoobservedthatAlbert’sworkwas‘Australia’sclassicexampleofdesertgardeningandtreeculture’.Lordsummarised Albert’s experiments, complementedwithnumerousphotographs,concludingthat‘theplanting and management reflected great skilland care, such success seems largely due to thetestingandselectionofaconsiderablenumberofdesert species,manyofwhichhadneverbeen incultivationbefore.’

Following the untimely death of Albert in 1939from an inoperable brain tumour, Scougall wasappointed ‘plantation foreman’ and ‘ranger’ anddiligentlycontinuedtheregenerationactivitieswithdirectassistancefromMargaretMorrisas‘BotanicalAdvisertothePlantation’.Scougallinheritedastaffof eight men to assist in propagation, nurserymanagementandplanting(Anon1939:26,27,29;Webber1992:80).

Adrinkingfountainmemorialtodayhonours‘AlbertMorris—Nature’s friend’ and Plantation No. 1 isnowknownas‘TheAlbertMorrisPark’edgedwiththeMemorialGatestoMorrisandScougallunveiledbyMargaretMorrison21August1944(Anon1941:46;1944:3).In1966theBFNCcompiledaprofileonAlbertandhiswritings inPlantlife of theWest Darling(1966;1975).

In honour of Albert, several Australian arid-zonespecies record his botanical science contribution.These include the Slender Darling Pea (syn.Swainsona Morrisiana Black, now Swainsona murrayanassp.murrayana Wawra),andaSaltbush(syn. Morrisiella Morrissii Aellen., now Atriplex morrisii RH Anderson) ‘named in honour of AMorris…whoformanyyearshasstudiedthefloraof the Broken Hill district and who first collectedthis species anddrew theattentionof the [NSW]Herbarium staff to its distinctiveness’ (Anderson1930: 505; Cunningham et al 1981: 271, 417;Jessop1981:187,346;Morris1975d:66,84,98).

Mawbywrotein1966:

Albert and Margaret Morris have laid thefoundation—theirwork canbe studied in theBroken Hill Area—and let us hope that theirsimple hobby with its spectacular results willbe studied with increasing interest by trainedscientists, pastoralists and town planners(Mawby1975:np).

Figure 6. AphotographofaRegenerationReservetoday.Source:author.

Figure 7. AmapofBrokenHilldepictingthe2009extentoftheRegenerationReserves.Source:author.


State and national significance

In1991,theNationalTrustofNSWclassifiedtheRevegetationAreassurroundingtheCityofBrokenHillascomprisinganessential culturalheritageassetof theCityofBrokenHill.TheStatementofSignificanceadoptedisquotedinTable1below.

Table 1Statement of Significance: Broken Hill Regeneration Reserves, Landscape Conservation Area

1. TheBrokenHillRegenerationReserves(datingfrom1936)areoneoftheearliest,majorland-useinitiativesinAustraliaaimedatcombatinglanddegradation.

2. TheReserveshaveimportanceindemonstratinganearlyandsuccessfulcommitmenttoAustralianenvironmentenhancementlargelybasedontheadaptionofnaturalprocessesobservedinthelocalBrokenHillarea.

3. ThecityofBrokenHillisringedbytheRegenerationReservesandthesevegetatedareasareheldinhighesteembythecommunityfortheiraestheticqualities.

4. TheReservesexhibitthesuccessfulapplicationofinnovativeregenerationtechniques,radicalfortheirtime,butnowcommonlyappliedthroughoutAustralia.

5. TheRegenerationReservescommemoratetheirfounder,botanistAlbertMorriswholongcampaignedfortheirestablishmentandwhodevisedthevariousregenerationtechniquesbasedonhisexperimentationsonestablishingdroughtresistantplantspeciesinthearidzone.Theoriginaltwenty-twoacreplantationontheZincCorporationLtdlandhasbeenfurtherdevelopedastheAlbertMorrisParkinmemoryofhisachievementsinthefieldoflanddegradationcontrol.

6. TheReservesconstituteaveryimportantteachingsiteforaridlandrestorationduetotheirlongtermestablishmentandrelativelyeasyaccessfromamajorurbanarea.

Source:McKinnon1991,NTA(NSW),LandscapeConservationCommittee,statementadoptedJanuary1991:1.

InJanuary2015,theCommonwealthincludedtheCityofBrokenHillundersection324JJoftheEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 intotheNationalHeritageList(DepartmentofEnvironment2015a:1).HavingregardtotherecentcallforsubmissionsastotheprospectiveNationalHeritagelistingofBrokenHill,the‘regenerationreserves’areadesignedlandscapepositionedwithinthemunicipalboundariesoftheCityofBrokenHilltheresultofaconsciousactofinvestigationandplanningtoconstructalandscapewithaclearsetofobjectives:ecologicalrestoration,dustlimitationandbotanicalenhancement.

ReferencestotheMorris’intheScheduleattachedtotheGazettal(DepartmentofEnvironment2015a) under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 areextracted in Table 2, of which the whole City of Broken Hill municipality was deemed asmeetingCriteriona,b,c,f,gandh,andFigure8depictsthelistedplacelandasagazettedmapthatincludesthewholeCityofBrokenHillmunicipalitytogetherwiththeRegenerationReserves(Australia2015b:1).


Table 2Extract of the Australian Heritage Council’s assessment criteria and conclusion citation as it relates to the Morris’ and the Regeneration Reserves (Department of Environment 2015a: 1-10)

City of Broken Hill:About16770ha,SilverCityHighwayandBarrierHighway,BrokenHill,comprisingthewholeoftheBrokenHillCityCouncilLocalGovernmentArea.

Criterion Values

(a)theplacehasoutstandingheritagevaluetothenationbecauseoftheplace’simportanceinthecourse,orpattern,ofAustralia’snaturalorculturalhistory.

…

OthermeasuresaimedatimprovingtheamenityoftheBrokenHillcommunitycamefromtheworkundertakenbyAlbertMorrisandappliedbytheZincCorporation.Asaprivateindividual,andwithminingcompanysupport,heexperimentedbyfencingandplantingareaswithnativespeciesandshowedhowregenerationofthedenudedlandscapecouldcombattheimpactofdevastatingduststorms.Thisfar-sightedinnovativeregenerationworkbyMorrisfrom1936ledtheZincCorporationtoapplyregenerationpracticesatBrokenHill.SubsequentlytheprecedentwasusedbyminingcompaniesandspreadthroughoutAustralia,particularlyinaridzones.AlbertMorrispioneeredresearchintothepropagationandplantingofnativeandexoticspeciesthatwouldgrowinaridandsemiaridlocations.Hepromotedideasfor‘greenbelts’inBrokenHill.Regenerationschemes,plantedtoprotectBrokenHillfrommajorduststorms,nowpartiallysurroundtheCityandcontinuetheintentoftheprogramtorevegetatethesurroundinglandscapedegradedthroughremovalofvegetationcoverforminingoperationsandheavygrazing.ThesignificanceofMorris‟workisdemonstratedbytheplantations,thecreationofpopularrecreationalfacilitiesandtheextensiveregenerationareassurroundingBrokenHill.

…

BrokenHillisarareexampleofaminingtownwhere‘greenbelt’regenerationmeasureswereresearched,testedandimplemented.Fromthe1930sonwardswiththeassistanceofminingcompanies,therevegetationofdenudedareasadjacenttoitsurbanareaswastrialledandshowneffectiveinreducingtheadverseeffectonduststorms.AlbertMorristestednativeandexoticspeciesfortheircapacitytosurvivearidandsemiaridconditions.…

Tablecontinuesoverpage.


f)theplacehasoutstandingheritagevaluetothenationbecauseoftheplace’simportanceindemonstratingahighdegreeofcreativeortechnicalachievementataparticularperiod.

…

TheworkofAlbertMorris,eventuallysupportedbyminemanagement,inresearching,validatingandsubsequentlyimplementingregenerationmeasurestoprotectboththeresidentialandminingareasfromdevastatingduststormsisamajortechnicalachievement.Hiswork,recognisednationallyandinternationally,isevidentinthe‘greenbelt’surroundingBrokenHill.Regenerationareas,followingtheprinciplesestablishedbyMorris,nowprovideanedgetoBrokenHillurbanareas,particularlyonthenorth-westernandsouth-westernboundaries.…

h)theplacehasoutstandingheritagevaluetothenationbecauseoftheplace’sspecialassociationwiththelifeorworksofaperson,orgroupofpersons,ofimportanceinAustralia’snaturalorculturalhistory.

TheCityofBrokenHillisimportantforitsassociationswithmanyindividualswhohaveplayedaprominentroleintheAustralianminingindustry.Significantpeopleincludethelode’sdiscoverer,CharlesRasp;engineerandmetallurgistGDDelprat;theAmericanminingengineerHerbertHoover;AustralianindustrialistsWLBaillieu,WSRobinsonandMAEMawby,unionorganisersPercyBrookfieldandEugeneO‟NeillandenvironmentalistAlbertMorris.Asagroup,theBarrierIndustrialCouncilisalsoimportantforitsassociationwithBrokenHill.…

Source:DepartmentofEnvironment2015a:1-10.

Figure 8.GazettalmapassociatedwiththeCityofBrokenHillNationalHeritageListinclusion.SourceAustralia2015b.


ThisheritagecurtilageenvelopesBrokenHill and isexpressed in several reserves,parksandgardens.ItisBrokenHill’sequivalenttotheAdelaide’ParkLandsandneedstobeappreciatedinthislensandspatialcontext(DepartmentofEnvironment2015c).

TheendeavoursoftheMorris’andtheircreation inthe‘RegenerationReserves’clearlyfulfilCriteriona)andf)becausetheMorris’werepioneersinAustralianarid-zonerestorationandregenerationactivitiesandthereservesareadirectresultoftheirtechnicalaccomplishment.Untilthe1930stherehadbeenminimalaridzonevegetationappraisalandrestorationresearchoractivity.Morrispioneeredthisrealm.Fromhisfieldresearchandobservations,AlbertMorris,inpartnershipwithMargaret,concluded that speciesgrownfromseedcollected from localprovenancenativeflorawithstooddroughtconditionsbetterthanintroducedspecies.Intestingandprovingthistheoryinitiallyon9haofmineworksland,heestablishedtheknowledgebasethatwaslatertransferredtootheraridzoneminingandrailwayrestorationprojectsincludingtheTranscontinentalRailwaycorridorproject.

Inaddition,theRegenerationReservesfulfilCriterion(h)becausetheyhaveaspecialassociationtothelifeandworkofAlbertMorris.WhiletheminingdevelopmentandstatureofBrokenHillcanbeattributedtoitsdiscoverers,miners,andminingbureaucrats,onetractoflandintegraltotheplacecanbesolelyattributedtotheroleandactivitiesofoneindividual,AlbertMorris.

TherecentNationalHeritageList inclusionoftheCityofBrokenHill,andspecificreferencestotheMorris’andtheRegenerationReservesintheCriterionassessment,clearlyvalidatestheimportantnationalcontributiontheMorris’madenotonlytoBrokenHillbutalsothescienceofaridzoneregeneration.

Acknowledgements:

BrianTonkinattheCharlesRaspMemorialLibrary(CRML)foraccesstotheArchivesCollectionand theBarrier FieldNaturalists’Club (BFNC)papers,AngelaDenton, RichardAitken, StateLibraryofSouthAustraliastaff,HelenVonowandstaffattheStateHerbariumofSouthAustralia,staffattheNationalTrustofAustralia(NSW),EnidRobertsonnéeAshby,ShaneStenhouseattheBrokenHillCityCouncil,JessicaBennettattheMountIsaCityCouncil,RayTonkin,IsobelPatonandMitchellJones,togetherwiththepaperreviewers.

Copyright

IwishtonotethatthepermissionoftheCharlesRaspMemorialLibrary(CRML)andtheBarrierFieldNaturalists’Club(BFNC)hasbeenobtainedforthereproductionofselectimagescontainedinthispaper.Allotherimagesused,includingmaps,aretheauthor’sunlessotherwisecited.

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Evolution and significance of the regeneration reserve …dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30090112/jones-evolution...These ‘Regeneration Reserves’, or in town planning language ‘green