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9/19/2013 1 EVOLUTION Biology 145 Lecture 3 – The age of the Earth Theological approaches James Ussher (15811656) Summed generations in Old Testament Creation: 4004 B.C. (October 26 th ) Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P.

EVOLUTION L03 Age of Earth F13 - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT...Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P. 9/19/2013 2 An archaeological

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Page 1: EVOLUTION L03 Age of Earth F13 - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT...Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P. 9/19/2013 2 An archaeological

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EVOLUTIONBiology 145

Lecture 3 –The age of the Earth

Theological approaches

James Ussher  (1581‐1656)

Summed generations in Old Testament

Creation: 4004 B.C. 

(October 26th)

Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P.

Page 2: EVOLUTION L03 Age of Earth F13 - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT...Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P. 9/19/2013 2 An archaeological

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An archaeological approach

Nicholas Steno

Etruscan city of Volterra ~ 3000 years old in AD 1669

“Build on sediments of The Flood”, hence Flood subsided no later than 1331 BC

Historical records show Lydia 1000 years older than Volterra; hence 2331 BC. 

Malta: not much time for events!

Geological Arguments

James Hutton (1726 – 1797) Uniformitarianism

“The result, therefore, of our present enquiry is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”.

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Geological arguments (2)

Charles Darwin

Erosion of the WealdenValley, England

300 million years!

Geological arguments (3)

John Joly 1857 ‐ 1933 

Salination of the Oceans

Page 4: EVOLUTION L03 Age of Earth F13 - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT...Origin of Earth is therefore ~ 6000 B.P. 9/19/2013 2 An archaeological

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Arguments from Physics

William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) 1824 ‐ 1907

The geothermal gradient (~ 1 degree F / 100 ft)

100 million +/‐ factor of 4

Clarence King –USGS – 24 million.

Uranium – lead dating

Ernest Rutherford ( 1871‐ 1937) 1909‐1930

Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2

1907

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Uranium – lead dating

4.468∙109 a

238U 4.468∙109 a       218Po  3.1 mins

Uranium – lead dating

Boltram:  1640 ma, Archean of Ceylon

Boltwood eventually achived dates of 2.2 billion from elsewhere)

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Formation of 14C

10n + 

147N                       

11H   +   

146C

Result:  1 part 14C  per trillion parts 12C

Willard Libby  ‐ 1960 Nobel prize.

RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

146C                  

147N  + B

‐ + v  + 0.156 MeV

Specific activity in modern atmosphere is  13.56 +/‐ 0.07 disintegrations/minute per gram C

Half‐life is 5730 +/‐ 40 years

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

14C

RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

Limit ~ 10 half‐lives, i.e. 1/210= ~ 0.002

Atmospheric abundance ~ 1 part per trillion

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RADIOCARBON DATING

RADIOCARBON DATING

3000 BP = 1050 BC

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Age of the Universe

Edwin Hubble – 1929

Age of the Universe

Value of Hubble constant changes through time, according to a deceleration parameter, q

If q = 0, then   H= 1/t  where t is time since the Big Bang

4.35×1017 s or 13.8 billion years

=

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