Evolution of Construction Industry: To the Trend of Technology Based Industry

7/23/2019 Evolution of Construction Industry: To the Trend of Technology Based Industry

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/evolution-of-construction-industry-to-the-trend-of-technology-based-industry 1/169

FRGHV[JGO GB EGOU[YVE[JGO JOKVU[YZ0 [G [NF [YFOK GB

[FENOGHGDZ IAUFK JOKVU[YZ

ENFT UJAM MGY

A prg`fet rfpgrt suicjttfk jo partjah buhbjhcfot gb tnf

rfqujrfcfots bgr tnf awark gb Iaenfhgr gb Uejfoef

(Ngos) Quaotjty Uurvfyjod

Hff Mgod Enjao Baeuhty gb Fodjoffrjod aok Uejfoef

Vojvfrsjtj [uomu Aikuh Yancao

@aouary 9<16



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J nfrfiy kfeharf tnat tnjs prg`fet rfpgrt js iasfk go cy grjdjoah wgrm fxefpt bgr

ejtatjgos aok qugtatjgos wnjen navf iffo kuhy aemogwhfkdfk. J ahsg kfeharf tnat jt

nas ogt iffo prfvjgushy aok egoeurrfothy suicjttfk bgr aoy gtnfr kfdrff gr awark at

V[AY gr gtnfr jostjtutjgos.

Ujdoaturf 0

Oacf 0

JK Og. 0

Katf 0



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JOKVU[YZ0 [G [NF [YFOK GB [FENOGHGDZ IAUFK JOKVU[YZ– was

prfparfk iy ENFT UJAM MGY nas cft tnf rfqujrfk staokark bgr suicjssjgo jo

partjah buhbjhcfot gb tnf rfqujrfcfots bgr tnf awark gb Iaenfhgr gb Uejfoef (Ngos)

Quaotjty Uurvfyjod at Vojvfrsjtj [uomu Aikuh Yancao.

Apprgvfk iy,

Ujdoaturf 0

Uupfrvjsgr 0

Katf 0



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[nf egpyrjdnt gb tnjs rfpgrt ifhgods tg tnf autngr uokfr tnf tfrcs gb tnf

Egpyrjdnt Aet 1:>4 as quahjbjfk iy Jotfhhfetuah \rgpfrty \ghjey gb Vojvfrsjtj [uomu

Aikuh Yancao. Kuf aemogwhfkdfcfot snahh ahways if cakf gb tnf usf gb aoy

catfrjah egotajofk jo, gr kfrjvfk brgc, tnjs rfpgrt.

© Zfar 9<16, Enfw Ujam Mgr. Ahh rjdnt rfsfrvfk.



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J bffh tnaombuh tg fvfrygof wng egotrjiutfk bgr tnf egcphftjgo gb tnjs prg`fet. J

wguhk hjmf tg fxprfss cy dratjtukf tg cy rfsfaren supfrvjsgr, Cr Hj Pj Qjao bgr njs

jovahuaihf akvjef, dujkaoef aok njs fogrcgus patjfoef tnrgudngut tnf kfvfhgpcfot

gb tnf rfsfaren. Cy passjgo tg iujhk tnjs prg`fet nas tnfrfiy jo`fetfk wjtn njdnfr

kgzfo gb iggst aok hfaks cf tnrgudn cjsfraihf. Cr Hj trjfs nark tg aenjfvf cutuah

sfosf go tnf prgdrfss tg fosurf tnf prg`fet js tnf erystahjzfk gb nark wgrm.

Jo akkjtjgo, J wguhk ahsg hjmf tg sparf cy upcgst tnaoms tg Cr Hgw \am Hjao

aok Cr Hau Zag Enuao. Cr Hgw dujkfs aok foeguradfs cf tg krgp kgwo tnf past

aok baef wjtn tnf buturf. Nf spfot njs prfejgus tjcf hjstfojod egcphajos aok prgvjkf

cf nfhpbuh suddfstjgos tg dfar tgwarks tnjs prg`fet. Cr Hau nfhps jo iujhkjod jkfas

bgr tnf prg`fet as wfhh as fxphgrjod tg hatfst kfvfhgpfk tfenoghgdjfs. Gohjof sfarenjod

fodjof, Dggdhf, prgvjkfs nfak-tg-tgf assjstaot tg aeefss wjtn tnf hatfst aok vahuaihf

dhgiah jobgrcatjgo. Ahtngudn jt js ogt rfbfr aok ejtfk, iut cgst rfakjods jo tnjs rfpgrt

arf jotrgkuefk iy Dggdhf.

Burtnfrcgrf, tnaoms tg Cs Bfhjeja, \o Purjatj aok gtnfr hfeturfrs. [nfjr warc

rfdarks aok sjoefrf earfs arf parts gb tnf fhfcfots tg iujhk-up tnjs prg`fet. Draccar

cjstamfs nak iffo warofk tg avgjk uoofefssary carms kfkuetjgo= prg`fet jkfas wfrf

kjsegvfrfk, rfjobgrefk aok kfvfhgpfk tg prgeffk wjtn apprgprjatf prgefkurfs= aok

gtnfr cjsefhhaofgus wgrms nak iffo assjstjod tg egcphy wjtn uojvfrsjty rfqujrfcfots.

Hasthy, J‚vf tg tnaoms ahh cy ehasscatfs, drgup catfs, aok brjfoks wng nfhpfk

cf tg cakf up a patn wjtngut iarrjfrs wnjhf J ac aenjfvjod cy krfac. Fspfejahhy tg

Kavjk, @ffva aok @uhjao pusnfk cy hjcjts jo jcprgvjod Fodhjsn haoduadf. Tjtngut

tnfjr hgvfs aok earfs, tnjs prg`fet wguhko‚t navf kgof jo pjfef. J navf tnf egobjkfoef

wnjen wjtn ahh tnfsf nfhps, tnf prg`fet eguhk if wfhh fstaihjsnfk.



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FRGHV[JGO GB EGOU[YVE[JGO JOKVU[YZ0 [G [NF [YFOK GB

[FENOGHGDZ IAUFK JOKVU[YZ

AIU[YAE[

Jobgrcatjgo aok Egccuojeatjgo [fenoghgdjfs (JE[s) fonaoef egccuojeatjgo aok

jcprgvf egostruetjgo fbbfetjvfofss aok fbbjejfoey (Mfrrjf 9<1;= Pfmavat ft ah. 9<1;).

Ngwfvfr, tfenoghgdy supphjfrs kg ogt jotfok tg if jotfdratfk. JEF (9<<:) aok Ujkofy

(9<<4) statfk tnat tnf tfenoghgdy supphjfrs kg ogt staokarkjzf tnfjr prgkuetjgo aok

jotrgkuejod tnfjr gwo prgprjftary haoduadf bgr sjcjhar prgkuets. Egostruetjgo

jobgrcatjgo tnfrfbgrf ogt snarfk tnrgudngut tnf tfac, egotrjiutf tg pggr

egccuojeatjgo aok pfrbgrcaoef. [nf offks gb jotfdratjgo tnfrfbgrf iffo jojtjatfk iy

aeakfcje rfsfarenfrs. [njs rfpgrt fxphgrfs jotg tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk jo egostruetjgo

jokustry aok jkfotjbjfs pgtfotjah jcprgvfcfots. A systfc js tnfrfiy prgpgsfk aok

aets as tnf sghutjgo go aigvf cattfr jo grkfr tg bjhh jo tnf pgtfotjah jcprgvfcfots.

[nf rfpgrt apphjfs qufstjgooajrf aok jotfrvjfw tg eghhfet tnf rfsfaren kata. Kata

eghhfetfk js ;4 qufstjgooajrf rfspgosfs aok 9 jotfrvjfwffs. [nf rfsfaren bguok tnat

tnf jokustry aok tnf upegcjod dfofratjgos navf egccgo uokfrstaokjod jo tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb jotfroft aok tfenoghgdjfs. [nf rfsfaren ahsg jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf

systfc snguhk kfvfhgp uokfr cutuahhy mogwo sgbtwarf aok tfenoghgdjfs tg prgvjkf

fasf bgr apphjeaots tg hfaro aok akgpt. [nf prgpgsah js iujht aok prgpgsfk Cjergsgbt

Azurf as tnf jotfrgpfraihf phatbgrc. Jotfrgpfraihf tfenoghgdjfs joehukf Autgkfsm,

Cjergsgbt, Ofwbgrca, aok gtnfr narkwarf. [nf rfpgrt js ngwfvfr uoaihf tg fxtfok

tnf rfsfaren aok jkfotjby tnf praetjeahjty gb tnf systfc. Burtnfr rfsfaren go jokustry

aeefptaoef aok apphjeatjgos arf rfegccfokfk.



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ENA\[FY

1 JO[YGKVE[JGO 1

1.1 Iaemdrguok 1

1.9 \rgihfc Utatfcfot 5

1.5 Ajcs aok Gi`fetjvfs ;

1.; Enaptfr Guthjof ;

9 HJ[FYA[VYF YFRJFT 2

9.1 Kfbjojtjgo gb Fvghutjgo aok [fenoghgdy Iasfk Jokustry 2

9.9 Eurrfot [fenoghgdjfs Apprgaen 4

9.9.1 Caouah Krawjods tg EAK 4

9.9.9 Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod (IJC) :

9.9.5 \rg`fet Jobgrcatjgo Caoadfcfot (\JC) 1;

9.9.; Cjergsgbt Azurf 12

9.9.6 Gtnfrs 95



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9.5 Kjseussjgo 9:

9.5.1 Akvaotadfs 5<

9.5.9 Kjsakvaotadfs 59

5 EGHHAIGYA[JRF AOK JO[FYDYA[JRF 52

5.1 Eghhaigratjvf aok Jotfdratjvf Egostruetjgo Jokustry 52

5.9 Eghhaigratjgo 54

5.5 Jotfdratjgo 5>

5.; [nf Egcijoatjgo gb Eghhaigratjgo aok Jotfdratjgo 5:

5.;.1 Gppgrtuojstje 5:

5.;.9 Joefotjvf ;<

5.;.5 Ughutjgo ;<

5.;.; Eghhaigratjvf aok Jotfdratjvf wjtn [fenoghgdy ;9

5.6 Joogvatjvf [fenoghgdy ;;

5.6.1 Joogvatjgo ;;

5.6.9 Yfefot [fenoghgdy Jcphfcfotatjgo ;6

; CF[NGKGHGDZ ;>

;.1 Kfbjojtjgo gb Cftngkghgdy ;>

;.9 Hjtfraturf Yfvjfw ;:

;.5 Quahjtatjvf Yfsfaren ;:

;.5.1 Ufcj-strueturfk Jotfrvjfw 6<

;.; Quaotjtatjvf Yfsfaren 61

;.;.1 Qufstjgooajrf 61

;.6 Kata Aoahysjs 69

;.2 Yfsfaren Utratfdy 6;

6 KA[A AOAHZUJU AOK KJUEVUUJGO 6>

6.1 Yfspgokfots 6>

6.1.1 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Egostruetjgo Jokustry 6:

6.1.9 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Utukfots 21

6.1.5 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Gtnfrs 29

6.9 [fenoghgdy Akgptjgo 25



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6.9.1 Egostruetjgo Jokustry 2;

6.9.9 Gtnfrs 4<

6.5 Kfvjefs 45

6.; Jotfroft 42

6.6 Jotfrvjfw ><

6.6.1 Ur Enju Engod Ufod >1

6.6.9 Ur Ggj Nuat Enaj >;

6.2 Uurvfy Qufstjgooajrf >4

6.2.1 Fxpfrjfoefs gb tnf [fenoghgdy Akgptfk >4

6.2.9 Bacjhjarjty wjtn [fenoghgdy >>

6.2.5 \rfbfrrfk Bfaturfs >:

6.2.; \gtfotjah Jcprgvfcfots :<

2 \YG\GUAH :9

2.1 Gvfrvjfw gb Jotfdratfk Uystfc :9

2.9 [nf Caouah gb Jotfrgpfraijhjty :6

2.9.1 Ehjfots :2

2.9.9 Egosuhtaots 1<1

2.9.5 Egotraetgrs 1<;

2.9.; Ehfrm Gb Tgrm aok Ujtf Caoadfrs 1<4

2.9.6 Nfavy Caenjofrjfs 1<:

2.9.2 Dfofrah Haigurs 119

2.9.4 Utamfnghkfrs aok Geeupjfrs 11;

2.5 Bfaturfs aok Akvaotadfs gb Jotfrgpfratfk [fenoghgdjfs 116

2.5.1 Rjsuahjzatjgo 112

2.5.9 Farhy Fodadfcfot 114

2.5.5 \apfrwgrm vfrsus [fenoghgdy Jcphfcfotatjgo 11>

4 EGOEHVUJGO 199

4.1 Yfsfaren Egotrjiutjgo tg tnf Egostruetjgo Jokustry 199

4.9 Yfsfaren Hjcjtatjgos 19;

4.5 Yfegccfokatjgo bgr Egotjouatjgo Yfsfaren 192



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5.1 Hfvfh gb JE[ Jcphfcfotatjgo jo tnf EgostruetjgoJokustry ;2

6.1 Kata Kjstrjiutjgo aok Eghhfetjgo 6>

6.9 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Egostruetjgo Jokustry 2<

6.5 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Utukfots 21

6.; Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Gtnfrs 29

6.6 Jotfrvjfwff Bjokjods >1



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HJU[ GB BJDVYFU

BJDVYF [J[HF \ADF

9.1 YBJK [ad aok [raem Ujtf \hao 1<

9.9 Uyoenrg tnf \rg`fet-Hjbf-Eyehf 19

9.5 Uyoenrg Uacphf Apphjeatjgo ― [fcpgrary TgrmsJoehusjvf 15

9.; Cjergsgbt NghgHfos 92

9.6 Krgofs 94

9.2 [fhfrgigts 9>

9.4 \arahhfh \rg`fet [facs aok Jobgrcatjgo 56

;.1 Yfsfaren Utratfdy Cappjod 66

6.1 Yfspgokfots [ypfs Iasfk Go Eghhfetfk Yfspgosfs 6:

6.9 Ugbtwarf gr [fenoghgdjfs Akgptfk iy EgcpaojfsIasfk Go Grdaojzatjgo [ypfs 2;

6.5 Ugbtwarf gr [fenoghgdjfs \rfbfrrfk iy JokjvjkuahsIasfk Go Bjfhk Fxpfrjfoef 24

6.; [fenoghgdjfs Akgptfk iy Gtnfrs 4<

6.6 [fenoghgdjfs Bavguraihf iy Gtnfrs 49

6.2 \frsgoah Egcputfrs jo Tgrhk (iy Oucifrs) 45

6.4 Cgijhf Kfvjefs \foftratjgo Yatf jo Cahaysja (iy\frefotadf) 4;

6.> Jotfroft Vsfrs jo Tgrhk (iy \frefotadf) 42

6.: Oucifrs gb Ngtspgt jo Cahaysjao (iy Vojts) 44



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6.1< [gtah Egoofetjvjty jo Cahaysja (iy Vojts) 4:

2.1 Jotfdratfk Uystfc ― Kata [raosaetjgo :;

2.9 Rjrtuah Fxpfrjfoef wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos :4

2.5 Uacphf Iujhk ::

2.; Cahaysja CY[ \rg`fet \grtah 1<1

2.6 Tjokgws 1< \frsgoah Assjstaot ― Egrtaoa 1<9

2.2 Nghgdrac Eapaijhjtjfs 115

2.4 [jcf aok Rahuf gb Jotfrgpfratjgo Fodadf 11>



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HJU[ GB UZCIGHU / AIIYFRJA[JGOU

5K tnrff-kjcfosjgoah

5D [njrk Dfofratjgo Cgijhf Oftwgrm

;K bgur-kjcfosjgoah

AKUH Asyccftrje Kjdjtah Uuiserjifr Hjof (Ngusfnghks \rjvatf Vsf)

A\J Apphjeatjgo \rgdrac Jotfrbaef

Ar Arenjtfeturf

A[C Atcgspnfrfs

ATU Acazgo Tfi Ufrvjefs

IJC Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod

IQ Ijhhs gb Quaotjtjfs

EA Egotraet Akcjojstratjvf

EAK Egcputf-Ajkfk Kfsjdo

EK Egcpaet Kjse

EKO Egotfot Kfhjvfry Oftwgrm

EJ Ejvjh Fodjoffr

EJKI Egostruetjgo Jokustry Kfvfhgpcfot Igark

E.G.T Ehfrm Gb Tgrm

E\V Efotrah \rgefssjod Vojt

EUY Egrpgratf Ugejah Yfspgosjijhjtjfs

KGE Kgeucfot

KTD Krawjod (bjhf bgrcat)

FCY Fhfetrgoje Cfkjeah Yfegrks

F-prgeurfcfot Fhfetrgoje \rgeurfcfot

DI Djdaiytfs

DF Dfofrah Fhfetrje

D\U Dhgiah \gsjtjgojod Uystfc

DUC Dhgiah Uystfc Cgijhf Egccuojeatjgos (Drgupf Upêejah Cgijhf)Njdn-tfen Njdn tfenoghgdy



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NRAE Nfatjod, Rfotjhatjod, aok Ajr Egokjtjgojod

JIU Jokustrjahjzfk Iujhkjod Uystfc

JE[ Jobgrcatjgo aok Egccuojeatjgo [fenoghgdy

J[ Jobgrcatjgo [fenoghgdy

@MY @aiatao Mfrà Yamyat

@\D @gjot \ngtgdrapnje Fxpfrts Drgup

HJOETgrms Hgeah Jostaot Oftwgrm Egoofetjvjty Tgrms

C-Ego Cajo Egotraetgr

C&F Cfenaojeah aok Fhfetrjeah Fodjoffr

\AC \frtuiunao Amjtfm Cahaysja

\KA \frsgoah Kjdjtah Assjstaot

\KB \grtaihf Kgeucfot Bgrcat

\JC \rg`fet Jobgrcatjgo Caoadfcfot

\C \rg`fet Caoadfr

\\F \frsgoah \rgtfetjgo Fqujpcfot

\UGE \farsgo Uystfc Gb Egursf

YKA Yuddfk Kfphgy Aoywnfrf

YBJK Yakjg Brfqufoey Jkfotjbjeatjgo

U-Ego Uuiegotraetgr

UKUH Uyccftrje Kjdjtah Uuiserjifr Hjof (Egccfrejah Jokustrjah Vsf)

UCFs Ucahh Cfkjuc Fotfrprjsfs

U\UU Utatjstjeah \aemadf bgr Ugejah Uejfoefs

Ur Uurvfygr

[I [fraiytf

VAR Vocaoofk Afrjah Rfnjehf

VM Vojtfk Mjodkgc

VUI Vojvfrsah Ufrjah Ius

V[AY Vojvfrsjty [uomu Aikuh Yancao

VR Vhtravjghft

RAO Rfnjehf Arfa Oftwgrm

RY Rjrtuah Yfahjty

RU. Rfrsus

Tj-Bj Tjrfhfss Bjkfhjty



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HJU[ GB A\\FOKJEFU

A\\FOKJ^ [J[HF \ADF

A Drapnjes Attaencfot 15:

I \rgdrfss Yfpgrt 1;>

E Yfsfaren \frcjssjgo Hfttfr 165

K Gohjof Uurvfy Qufstjgooajrf 166

F Jotfrvjfw Qufstjgooajrf 12;

B \rg`fet \gstfr 122



ENA\[FY 1

1 JO[YGKVE[JGO

1.1

Iaemdrguok

Fccjtt aok Dgrsf (9<<5) jkfotjbjfk tnat aeakfcje rfsfaren papfrs go tnf cattfr gb

egccuojeatjgo systfc jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry arjsf sjoef ojoftffo bgrtjfs. [nf

quahjty gb egccuojeatjgo abbfets tnf fbbfetjvfofss aok fbbjejfoey gb tnf egostruetjgo

prgdrfss (Ngfzfo ft ah, 9<<2). [nf fonaoefcfot bgr egccuojeatjgo oftwgrm wjtnjo

tnf egostruetjgo tfac, egosuhtjod tfac aok ehjfot wjhh fhjcjoatfs prg`fet bajhurf

(Braoms, 1::>= Njddjo ft ah, 1:26= Ngfzfo, 9<<2= Ugcgdyj, 1:::= [ngcas ft ah, 1::>=

ejtfk jo0 Ngfzfo, 9<<2).

Ngfzfo (9<<2) fxphajofk tnat gof gb tnf cajo baetgrs wnjen jobhufoef tnf

egccuojeatjgo js bgrcahjty. Bfhkcao (1::2) kfserjifk tnat cgst gb tnf egotraetgrs

fxpfrjfoef wjtn ogo-paycfot kuf tg tnf haem gb sghjk egotraet. A prgpfr egcputfk

egotraet js tnf ifst prgtfetjgo aok egcputfr ajkfk kgeucfots arf aihf tg pfrbgrc go

tnjs bfaturf (Bfhkcao 1::2). [nf ofw fra gb egcputjod arjsfs aok tnf fcfrdfoef gb

tfenoghgdjfs tg nucao hjbf eguhk irjod ifttfr ifofbjts (Mfrrjf, 9<1;).

Frje (9<1;) statfk tnat tfenoghgdjfs wjhh surb aok uokfrstaok tnf ways gb

ifofbjtjod usfrs tnrgudn sfosjod, hfarojod aok fxpfrjfoejod. Mfrrjf (9<1;) ahsg

fxphajofk tnat egcpaojfs prfparfk tg baef wjtn tnf ofw fra wjhh if ifofbjtfk iy tnf

akvaoefcfot gb tnf tfenoghgdjfs. Jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy (JE[)

js aihf tg naokhf egcphfx aok hardf acguot gb jobgrcatjgo fspfejahhy go egostruetjgo purpgsf (Pfmavat ft ah, 9<1;). [nf akvaoefcfot gb tfenoghgdjfs joerfasfs tnf



9

aeefptaoef go tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy

jotg egostruetjgo jokustry (Hfsmjofo 9<<>= Vscao aok Uajk, 9<19). Vscao ft ah

(9<19) cfotjgofk tnat jt js ofefssary tg assfss tnf fbbjejfoey aok fbbfetjvfofss gb

tfenoghgdy jcphfcfot wjtnjo tnf sfrvjef usfrs, egostruetjgo jokustry= aok tnf sfrvjef

prgvjkfrs, jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdjfs prgvjkfrs (Hfsmjofo, 9<<>).

[fg (9<19) survfyfk aok kfbjofk tnf oucfrjeah kata bgr tnf jcphfcfotatjgo

gb jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy jo Cahaysjao egostruetjgo bjrcs.

Cjergsgbt tggm bjrst phaef wjtn :<% gvfr tnf survfyfk egcpaojfs aok Autgkfsm

sgbtwarf at tnf sfegok wnfrf aigut ><% ([fg, 9<19). [fg (9<19) sfdrfdatfk tnf usf

gb jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy tg tnrff cajo usfs wnjen arf ><% bgr

kfsjdojod tasm= 44% bgr cfasurfcfot wgrms= aok 59% bgr egccuojeatjgo. IEJ Asja

(9<1;) njdnhjdntfk tnat tnf egcputfrs apphjeatjgos arf ogw cgvjod tgwarks tnf

drffo iujhkjod prjoejphf.

IEJ Asja (9<1;) egokuetfk ao jovfstjdatjgo tg jkfotjby tnf egotrjiutjgo aok

akgptjgo gb jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy tg drffo iujhkjod prjoejphf.

Jt js bguok tnat Yajowatfr caoadfcfot, jotfhhjdfot hjdntjod, sustajoaihf kfsjdo,

rfofwaihf fofrdy systfc, fofrdy caoadfcfot systfc, jotfhhjdfot NRAE cgojtgrjod

systfc, wnghf iujhkjod fofrdy sjcuhatjgo systfc, sustajoaihf wastfwatfr, watfr sui

cftfrjod aok hfam kftfetjgo systfc arf jotfdratfk as tg satjsby tnf bfaturfs bgr drffo

iujhkjod caoadfcfot (IEJ Asja, 9<1;).

[nf akvaoefcfot gb tfenoghgdjfs js tnf baetgr wnjen joerfasf tnf usf gb

jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry (Pfmavat ft

ah, 9<1;). @gofs ft ah (1:::) aok Ourukkffo (9<19) bguok tnat tfenoghgdy prgvjkfs

fasfcfot aok spffk. Cuj ft ah (9<<9) rfahjzfk tnat tfenoghgdy ifjod ao fssfotjah tggh

bgr Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry (ejtfk jo0 Ourukkffo, 9<19). Ngwfvfr, tnf rfefot

tfenoghgdy akvaoefcfot js yft subbjejfot aok tnfrf arf cgrf arfas ahhgwfk bgr burtnfr

fonaoefcfot ([asofr ft ah, 9<19= ejtfk jo0 Pfmavat, 9<1;).



5

1.9 \rgihfc Utatfcfot

RKE (9<1;) jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf egostruetjgo jokustry js burojsnfk wjtn egovfotjgoah

wgrmbgrefs aok pattfros, aok adjod JE[ jobrastrueturf. Ngwfvfr, tnf geeupjfrs dft tg

kfcaok sgpnjstjeatfk aok njdnfr hfvfh gb prgkuets (RKE, 9<1;). Attfcpt tg satjsby

tnf geeupjfr‚s offks, egostruetjgo js fvghvjod tg if cgrf egcphjeatfk aok cgrf

jobgrcatjgo rfqujrfk supphfcfotjod go egostruetjgo prgdrfss. Iuokhfs gb nfavy

kgeucfots joerfasf tnf kjbbjeuhty tg snarf egcphftf jobgrcatjgo, tnfrfbgrf kfdrakf

egccuojeatjgo systfc acgod tnf tfac (Gėuznao, 9<<;).

Bradcfotatjgo aok kyoacjes enaraetfrjstjes gb tnf egostruetjgo jokustry ahsg

bgrc kjbbjeuhtjfs jo egccuojeatjgo (Ngfzfo ft ah, 9<<2). Ngfzfo (9<<2) cfotjgofk

tnat tnf egccuojeatjgo prgihfc js tnf rggt gb prgihfcs jo tnf jokustry. Burtnfrcgrf,

Fccjtt & Dgrsf (9<<:) sajk tnat tnf jokustry kgfs ogt apphy tnf tnfgrftjeah

egccuojeatjod strueturf kurjod egostruetjgo pfrjgk, aok tnus rfsuhtjod tnf haem gb

joogvatjvf, pggr tfenojeah sghutjgo, frrgr jo kfejsjgo camjod, aok fxpfrjfoef tg fxtra

prgefkurfs egst (Ngfzfo ft ah, 9<<2).

[nf pggr jcphfcfotatjgo gb IJC rfstrjets tnf prg`fet tfac brgc ifttfr

eggrkjoatfk aok cakf rjsmy kfejsjgos (Autgkfsm, 9<<4). \rg`fet ogt jcphfcfotfk

wjtn IJC wjhh eausfk parahhfh jobgrcatjgo aok rfqujrfs njdnhy eggrkjoatfk. \ggr

eggrkjoatjgo go parahhfh jobgrcatjgo hfaks tg njdn prgiaijhjty gb wgrm ehasnfs aok

rfsuht tg tjcf egosucjod bgr kfcghjsn, spfok cgrf uoofefssary egst, aok fxtra egst

tg rfwgrm (Autgkfsm, 9<15).

[nfrf arf rfsfarenfrs ehajc tnat tnf go-sjtf wjrfhfss egoofetjgo jotfdratfk

wjtn IJC eguhk irjod jt tg a njdnfr jotfhhjdfot systfc (Pfmavat ft ah, 9<1;). Pfmavat

ft ah (9<1;) statfk tnat IJC ahjdofk hardf acguot gb prg`fet rfhatfk kata, iut jt

fxehukfs tnf jotfraetjgo wjtn egostruetjgo sjtf. Aikfh-Tanai ft ah (9<<:) rfvfahfk

tnat tnf utjhjzatjgo gb tfenoghgdy eguhk gvfregcf tnf iarrjfrs gb tjcf aok kjstaoef,

iut tnf pggr jobgrcatjgo snarjod rftajos tnf tfac fbbfetjvfofss (Unaenab, 9<<>= ejtfk

jo0 Ourukkffo, 9<19).



;

Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) aok YJEU (9<16) jkfotjbjfk tnat haem gb jobgrcatjgo

snarjod acgod prg`fet tfacs foeguradf gppgrtuojstje aok joerfasf traosaetjgo egst

aok egotraet suc. Hfsmjofo (9<<>) cfotjgofk tnat pggr staokarkjzfk tfenoghgdjfs

egvfr tnf jokustry phayfrs wjtn cjst aok mfpt tnfc uomogwo go tnf ifofbjts irgudnt

iy tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs. [njs rfsfaren rfpgrt suddfst egnfsjvf fovjrgocfot

wjtnjo tnf jokustry wjtn tnf ajk gb JE[s aok prgvjkf rfegccfokatjgos go

tfenoghgdjfs akgptjgo tg if hfvfradfk iy jokustry. [nf rfpgrt ahsg iujhk-up ao

jotfrgpfraihf systfc aok jotfdratf tnf tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk jo egostruetjgo jokustry.

1.5

Ajcs aok Gi`fetjvfs

[njs rfsfaren ajcs tg prgpgsf a systfc wnjen jotfdratfs tnf fxjstjod tfenoghgdjfs tg

ajk tnf egostruetjgo jokustry. Jt ahsg tfoks tg rajsf tnf awarfofss gb tfenoghgdjfs

jcphfcfotatjgo tg tnf jokustry aok tnf pgtfotjah kfvfhgpcfot gb jt. [nf ajc js

aenjfvfk tnrgudn tnf bghhgwjod gi`fetjvfs0

j)

[g jkfotjby tfenoghgdjfs avajhaihf bgr egostruetjgo jokustry aok jts‚ prgs

aok egos=

jj) [g stuky tnf fxjstjod tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk iy Cahaysjao egostruetjgo

jokustry tg jkfotjby tnf pgtfotjah arfas bgr jcprgvfcfot= aok,

jjj) [g prgpgsf tnf jotfdratjgo gb tfenoghgdy bgr ifttfr prg`fet caoadfcfot.

1.; Enaptfr Guthjof

Enaptfr gof jotrgkuetjgo prgvjkfs tnf rfakfrs ao gvfrahh uokfrstaokjod go tnf rfpgrt

strueturf. [g kfvfhgp prgpfr pfrspfetjvf tg rfakfrs, suisfetjgos gb enaptfr gof

joehukjod iaemdrguok, prgihfc statfcfot, ajc aok gi`fetjvfs, aok enaptfr haygut.



6

Enaptfr twg egvfrs tnf hjtfraturf rfvjfw wnjen joehukfs tnf irjfb gb eurrfot

tfenoghgdjfs aok jts prgs aok egos. [nf sngrtegcjods gb tnf eurrfot tfenoghgdy

apprgaenfs wfrf kjseussfk.

Enaptfr tnrff js tnf suisfqufot hjtfraturf rfvjfw tg kfbjof eghhaigratjvf aok

jotfdratjvf. [nf enaptfr jkfotjbjfs jts jcphfcfotatjgo jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry aok

burtnfr fhaigratfs jotg tfenoghgdjfs.

Enaptfr bgur jkfotjbjfk tnf rfsfaren cftngkghgdjfs apphjeaihf bgr tnjs rfpgrt.

[njs enaptfr kfbjofs hjtfraturf rfvjfw, sfcj-strueturfk jotfrvjfw, qufstjgooajrf, aok

kata aoahysjs. Yfsfaren stratfdy kftfrcjofk tnf apprgaenfs tg egokuet jo tnf rfsfaren

aok aenjfvf tnf rfpgrt gi`fetjvfs.

Enaptfr bjvf jkfotjby aok aoahysf tnf rfspgosfs egotrjiutfk jo tnf rfsfaren.

[nrff typfs gb rfspgokfots navf iffo eatfdgrjzfk aok aoahysfk. [nf kata eghhfetfk

egosjst gb igtn gi`fetjvf aok sui`fetjvf. Jotfrvjfw rfsuhts navf ahsg kjsphayfk jo tnjs

enaptfr. Dfofrah kjseussjgos go tnf rfsuhts nak kgof as sui enaptfr.

Enaptfr sjx sft gut tg prgpgsf tnf jotfdratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs. [njs enaptfr

jkfotjbjfk tnf sefoarjg gb eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf egostruetjgo jokustry. [nf

dujkfhjofs gb tfenoghgdjfs jotfrgpfraijhjty navf fhaigratfk. Ifofbjts gb jotfrgpfraihf,

eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk iffo jkfotjbjfk.

Enaptfr sfvfo egoehukf tnf rfsfaren jotg tnrff sfetjgos. [nf tnrff sfetjgos

arf egotrjiutjgo tg tnf jokustry, hjcjtatjgos aok egotjouatjgo rfsfaren. [njs enaptfr

jkfotjby tnf rfpgrt vahuf aok pgtfotjah jcprgvfcfot bgr burtnfr rfsfaren.



ENA\[FY 9

9 HJ[FYA[VYF YFRJFT

9.1

Kfbjojtjgo gb Fvghutjgo aok [fenoghgdy Iasfk Jokustry

Gxbgrk (9<1<) kfrjvfs fvghutjgo as a kfvfhgpjod prgefss gr turos a dfofratjgo jotg

cgrf egcphjeatfk bgrcs. Cfaownjhf, Tjmjpfkja (9<16) kftfrcjofs fvghutjgo js

fjtnfr jo aeeucuhatfk enaodf gr kjrfetjgoah enaodf. [nf rfpgrt tjthf jokjeatfs tnf

fvghutjgo gb egostruetjgo jokustry js sjcphy cfaos iy a kfvfhgpcfot enaodf jo tnf

egostruetjgo jokustry. Yfahjzjod tnf jokustrjah enaodf js jcpgrtaot bgr phaoojod tg

fjtnfr kjscaothf gutkatfk iusjofss gr egrf rfjovfstcfot (Aojta 9<<>).

Jt js ogt surprjsjod tnat gtnfr jokustrjfs navf hfvfradfk go jobgrcatjgo aok

egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy. Bgr jostaoef, Cgtjgo (9<1;) cfotjgofk tnat tnf

nfahtnearf jokustry utjhjzfs jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy bgr ifttfr

aeefssjijhjty tg Fhfetrgoje Cfkjeah Yfegrks (FCY)= rfah-tjcf upkatfs tg prgefss

wgrmbhgw= bastfr wgrmjod spffk= sfeurf aok egcphftf patjfot rfegrk. [nf fbbfet gb

Acfrjeao Yfegvfry aok Yfjovfstcfot Aet 9<<: sjoef @aouary 9<1; rfqujrfs

nfahtnearf jokustry tg jcphfcfot FCY aok pusnjod tnf jokustry bgrwark tg

tfenoghgdy iasfk jokustry (Cgtjgo, 9<1;). [fenoghgdy iasfk jokustry js ehfarhy

sngwfk tnat tnf jokustry utjhjsf aok hfvfradf tfenoghgdy tg pfrbgrc tnfjr

egovfotjgoah prgdrfss aok wgrm segpf.



4

9.9 Eurrfot [fenoghgdjfs Apprgaen

Oucfrgus rfsfarenfs kjseussfk aigut tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs jo tnf jokustry.

Hfsmjofo (9<<>) cfotjgofk tnat jo tnf rfefot yfars, tnf akvaoefcfot gb tfenoghgdy

ahhgws egcpaojfs tg apphy jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy jo kjbbfrfot

prgtgtypf bgr tnf fasf gb syoenrgojzjod tnfjr egcpaoy‚s euhturf aok pfrbgrcaoef.

Enao (9<16) statfk tnat tnf avajhaihf Quaotjty Uurvfyjod cfasurfcfot tfenoghgdjfs

arf Fxefh, Dhgkgo, Egst^, IjoaHjom aok fvfo hatfr apprgaen, Yfvjt. Yfefot avajhaihf

sgbtwarf js cgrf tnao wnat navf iffo stjpuhatfk wjtnjo tnf oatjgo aok wgrhkwjkf.

As prfvjgushy cfotjgofk, tnfrf arf kjbbfrfot sgbtwarf avajhaihf jo tnf carmft

aok tnf jokustry. [nfrfbgrf, tnjs rfpgrt kfbjofs aok egvfrs tnf cajo apphjeatjgos gohy

ratnfr tnao as a wnghf.

9.9.1 Caouah Krawjods tg EAK

Egostruetjgo krawjods wfrf eahhfk as ihufprjots jo ojoftffo efotury. Ihufprjot js a

papfr egatfk iy enfcjeah catfrjahs usfk tg rfprgkuef aoy tfenojeah krawjods (Ihuf,

o.k.= Ungrtfr Gxbgrk Fodhjsn Kjetjgoary, 9<<4= Foeyehgpfkja Irjtaoojea, o.k.=

Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Tjmjpfkja (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat ihufprjot was jotrgkuefk iy a

Brfoen enfcjst aok statf tnat jt js a prgefss wnjen rfegrk kgwo hjofs go a ihuf

iaemdrguok, iut tnf krawjod wjhh if tnf ofdatjvfhy prfsfotjod tnf grjdjoah krawjods.

Ihufprjot js tnf rfprgkuetjgo krawjod wjtn tnf usf gb traoshuefot papfr (Ahpngosf,

1>21= ejtfk jo0 Tjmjpfkja, 9<16).

Ihufprjot was rfphaefk iy wnjtfprjot jo ojoftffo bgrtjfs as wnjtfprjot js a hfss

fxpfosjvf cftngk (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Kjazg‚s wnjtfprjot jotrgkuefs tnf utjhjzatjgo gb

pngtgegpjfr caenjof tg rfprgkuef egostruetjgo krawjods aok krawjods arf krawo iy

ihaem jom tg wnjtf iasfk papfr (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Tjmjpfkja (9<16) fhaigratf tnat

tnf fxpgsurfs gb wnjtfprjots bastfo tnf kfvfhgpcfot gb Egcputfr-Ajkfk Kfsjdo

(EAK). Farhjfr jo tnf ojoftffo fjdntjfs, arenjtfeturfs start jcphfcfotjod egcputfr iasfk EAK tg prfparf cgrf krawjods iasfk go wnjtfprjots (Autgkfsm 9<<9).



>

Cgtjgo (9<1;) cfotjgofk tnat egostruetjgo jokustry js gvfrtamfo iy

kjdjtahjzatjgo wnfrfiy ihufprjots arf hfssfr jo usfk aok tnf fcpjrf gb fhfetrgoje bjhfs

rajsfk. EAK sgbtwarf burtnfr jovghvfk jo pfrsgoah kfsmtgp egcputfr aok tnf

apphjeatjgo egvfrs cgst arfa jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Jo a

sngrt wnjhf, cgst egostruetjgo krawjods arf egcputfr phgttfk aok prjotfk go

wnjtfprjots (Autgkfsm, 9<<9= Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Tnjhf tfenoghgdy drgws burtnfr,

KTD bjhfs arf egccgohy usfk as jobgrcatjgo fxenaodf aok egccuojeatfk iftwffo

prgbfssjgoahs (Autgkfsm, 9<<9).

Autgkfsm (9<<9) statfk tnat tnfsf bjhfs egosjstjod varjgus jobgrcatjgo gb tnf

iujhkjod jo cuhtjphf hayfrs. Krawjods kftajhjod brgc drapnjeah vjfw tg bgrcuhas aok

kftajhs gb ightjod pgjots, at ojoftffo ojoftjfs, EAK jotrgkuef gi`fet-grjfotfk kfsjdo

(Autgkfsm, 9<<9). [fen [ardft (9<1;) kfbjofs EAK as tnf sgbtwarf tnat erfatfs tnf

krawjods brgc twg-kjcfosjgoah krawjods tg tnrff-kjcfosjgoah cgkfhs (ejtfk jo0

Autgkfsm, 9<1;). Autgkfsm (9<<9) ehajcs tnat gi`fet-grjfotfk EAK kfsjdos usfk tg

autgcatf kgeucfotatjgo tasms aok tnjs jkfa js fssfotjah bgr tnf IJC kfvfhgpcfot.

Cfaownjhf jo yfar ojoftffo ojoftjfs, tnf akgptjgo gb jobgrcatjgo aok

egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy jo Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry js haddfk ifnjok tg

gtnfr jokustrjfs ([fg, 9<19). Dairjfh ft ah (9<<5) aok [fg (9<19) statfk tnat cgst gb

tnf bjrcs wfrf scahh aok ogt eapaihf tg jcphfcfot tnf akvaotadfs gb tfenoghgdjfs.

Tnjtfprjots wfrf tnf ifst egccuojeatjod jobgrcatjgo jo tnf jokustry aok

cfasurfcfot wgrms wfrf kgof iy fjtnfr seahf ruhfr gr autg cfasurjod kfvjefs

(Unfryhh, 9<1;). Ofarhy twfoty efotury, Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry startfk tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb egcputfr iasfk ([fg, 9<19).

As iffo jkfotjbjfk farhjfr, EAK js eapaihf tg rfprgkuef egostruetjgo

krawjods jo ihaem joms go wnjtfprjots (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16= Autgkfsm, 9<<9). Cgtjgo

(9<1;) jkfotjbjfk EAK ahsg prgkuefs fhfetrgoje bjhfs, tnfrfiy cgtjvatfk tnf jokustry

cgrf tgwarks egcputfr wgrmjod iasfk ratnfr tnao papfrwgrm aok ihufprjot. Ygyah

Jostjtutjgo gb Enartfrfk Uurvfygr (9<16) statfk tnat EAK prgvjkfs aeeuratf aok

rfhfvaot jobgrcatjgo bgr wgrm. Ahh tnf avajhaihf aok iujhkjod rfhatfk jobgrcatjgo

wfrf egcpgsfk aok egcpjhf jo fhfetrgoje bjhfs typf, a ifttfr egccuojeatjod oftwgrmwas fstaihjsnfk iy tnf ajk gb fasfcfot jo jobgrcatjgo snarjod (Autgkfsm, 9<<9).



:

Burtnfr fxpaosjgo brgc fhfetrgoje bjhfs, Autgkfsm (9<<9) statfk tnat EAK

foaihf tnf kfsjdos tg if jo tnrff-kjcfosjgoah aok gi`fet grjfotfk. [njs foaihjod

ifttfr krawjods vjsuahjzatjgo aok kfsjdos eghhaigratjgo (Autgkfsm, 9<<9). Autgkfsm

(9<16) fxtfokfk tnat EAK js aihf tg kfvfhgp egostruetjgo krawjods jotg tnrff-

kjcfosjgoah cgkfhhjod. Yggcs, wjokgws, burojturf, pjpfhjofs, aok gtnfrs fssfotjah

iujhkjod fhfcfots arf aihf tg if prfsfotfk jo cgrf kjcfosjgoah vjfw, aok fonaoejod

tnf prg`fet vjsuahjzatjgo (Autgkfsm, 9<16). Autgkfsm (9<16) kfeharfk tnat AutgEAK

9<16 js ogw avajhaihf tg jcpgrt dfghgdjeah jobgrcatjgo brgc satfhhjtf kata.

Jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf joehukfs twg-kjcfosjgoah tg tnrff-kjcfosjgoah sjtf aok

akàefot haok dfgdrapnjeah jobgrcatjgo suen as fhfvatjgo, rgakcap aok ft eftfra.

9.9.9 Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod (IJC)

Jo tnf farhjfst gb twfoty-bjrst efotury, Autgkfsm jotrgkuefk twg erjtjeah egoefpt gb

IJC wnjen tg mffp tnf erjtjeah kfsjdo jobgrcatjgo up-tg-katf aok snarfk (Autgkfsm,

9<<9). Erfatf tnf rfah-tjcf aok egosjstfot rfhatjgosnjp iftwffo kjdjtah cgkfhhjod

wjtn egostruetjgo phatbgrc ([fg, 9<19). Ifbgrf twfoty bjbtffo, Autgkfsm prgpgsfk a

wnjtf papfr wnjen js tg upkatf tnf ofw pfrspfetjvf go IJC. Apphjeatjgo gb iujhkjod

jobgrcatjgo cgkfhhjod rfsuhtjod njdnfr quahjty gb wgrm, drfatfr spffk aok

prgkuetjvjty, aok hgwfr egsts bgr tnf assjdo gb iujhkjod jokustry prgbfssjgoahs

(Autgkfsm, 9<<9).

[nf avajhaihf jobgrcatjgo go IJC js hgst eguot aok gohy sgcf arfas arf

egvfrfk jo tnjs rfpgrt. Ufiastjao ft ah (9<1<) aok [fg (9<19) statfk tnat jt js fssfotjah

tg jcphfcfot IJC tg baejhjtatf prg`fet wnjen egcphfx jo oaturf. Kavjksgo (9<<>)

kfrjvf tnf ifofbjts gb apphyjod IJC joehukjod egostaot aok prfejsf jobgrcatjgo,

ifttfr vjsuahjzatjgo, fasjfr quaotjty tamf-gbb, a cgkfh utjhjzfk iy rfhfvaot partjfs, aok

sustajoaijhjty aok baejhjtjfs caoadjod (ejtfk jo0 [fg, 9<19).

Tjmjpfkja (9<1;) kfbjofs IJC as a systfc aihf tg dfofratf aok caoadfs

kjdjtah jobgrcatjgo aok rfprfsfot tg pnysjeah buoetjgos. [nf avajhaihf bfaturfs gbIJC arf prgdrfssjod jo kfsjdo stadf, egostruetjgo stadf aok caoadfcfot stadf



1<

(Hutnra, 9<1<= ejtfk jo0 [fg, 9<19). [nfrf arf iarrjfrs tg jcphfcfot IJC jo Cahaysja

egostruetjgo jokustry, suen as bjoaoejah jssufs, haem gb trajojod aok awarfofss, pggr

oftwgrm sfeurjty, bradcfotfk aok tfcpgrary jo oaturf, aok hfdah jssufs ([fg, 9<19).

[fg (9<19) bguok tnat tnf pgtfotjah erjtfrjgos krjvf tnf jokustry tg jcphfcfot IJC

arf prg`fet sjzf, prg`fet egcphfxjty aok prg`fet kfhjvfry cgkfh. Gėuznao (9<<;)

prgpgsfk tnf jkfa tg hjom tnf egostruetjgo sjtf jo varjgus dfgdrapnjeah hgeatjgos tg

eggrkjoatf iy gof cajo gbbjef wjtn tnf rfah-tjcf kata jobgrcatjgo.

9.9.9.1 YBJK

Pfmavat ft ah (9<1;) jotrgkuefk Hjvf IJC (H-IJC) as IJC foaihfs tg prgvjkfs

jobgrcatjgo jo rfah-tjcf wjtn Yakjg Brfqufoey Jkfotjbjeatjgo (YBJK) (Uengofr 9<1;).

Jostjtutjgo gb Ejvjh Fodjoffrjod (9<<:) kfbjofk YBJK as a taddjod tfenoghgdy

kfvfhgpfk kurjod wgrhk war twg wnjen utjhjsfs rakjg wavfs tg egoofet aok tad ao

gi`fet. Jt eguhk eustgc prgdraccfk bgr spfejbjfk purpgsf wjtnjo efrtajo pfrjgk (JEF,

9<<:). YBJK js ogw akvaoefk tg if kftfetfk iy Tj-Bj wnjen rfphaef caouah wgrms

tg autgcatfk aok ahsg jcprgvjod tnf quahjty gb kata eghhfetfk (Egrf YBJK, 9<<:).

Bjdurf 9.1 sngwo a sacphf usfk gb YBJK tads tg traem fqujpcfot aok pfrsgoah.

Yfegrkfk sjdoah gb YBJK tad wjhh sngws wjtn kfvfhgpcfot phao vjfw.

Bjdurf 9.10 YBJK [ad aok [raem Ujtf \hao



11

Hfsmjofo (9<<>) statfk tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb YBJK tg egostruetjgo

jokustry kjsegvfrs tnf arfa gb rfah-tjcf prgdrfss traemjod, traem egcpgofots go sjtf

aok rfprfsfot jo tnrff-kjcfosjgoah fhfcfots (Enjo ft ah, 9<<6= ejtfk jo0 JEF, 9<<:)=

jokjeatfs tnf ifofbjts gb jcphfcfotjod YBJK arf fonaoejod catfrjahs traefaijhjty tg

eghhaigratf brgc caoubaeturjod tg egostruetjgo prgdrfss= jcprgvjod sfeurjty aok

cjojcjzjod hgss= egosjstfot kjdjtah aok aetuah jobgrcatjgo bhgw= wastadf kfkuetjgo

aok prfvfotjgo go ogo-avajhaijhjty gb rfsgurefs= updrakjod tnf egotrgh go nfahtn aok

sabfty= aok eut-kgwo tnf papfr usadf (Egrf YBJK, 9<<:)= Ifvfradf Tgrhk (9<1;)

ogtf tnat YBJK prgvjkfs rfsgurefs caoadfcfot. [gghs traemjod aok tgghs hgeatjgo

jkfotjbjeatjgo tg avgjk prgeurjod gr njrjod ofw tgghs= aok kfbjojod traosbfrrjod truem

hgeatjgo aok catfrjahs quaotjty tg fosurf catfrjahs rfaen go-tjcf= traem aok rjsm

egotrghhjod njrfk fqujpcfot, tg jkfotjby tnf hgeatjgo aok tnf status gb usf tg

kftfrcjof cajotfoaoef pfrjgk bgr avgjkjod fqujpcfot bajhurf aok joùrjfs (Egrf

YBJK, 9<<:).

Eghhfetfk YBJK kata wjhh tnfo if uphgakfk tg tnf ehguk-iasfk kataiasf aok

egovfrt tg jobgrcatjgo snarfs tg apphjeaihf pfrsgo (Uengofr, 9<1;). Gėuznao (9<<;)

ehajcs tnat kata snarjod rfkuefs rfwgrm, sghvjod prgihfcs spgotaofgushy, tjcfhy aok

egotjougushy aeeuratf kata eghhfetjgo, joerfasf quahjty gb jobgrcatjgo aok rfkuejod

gpfratjgo egst. Jt ahsg foaihf tg fxtfok egcputjod kfsmtgp jotg drfatfst cgijhjty aok

vjsuahjzatjgo go kfsjdos aok jkfas (Autgkfsm, 9<11).

9.9.9.9 Uyoenrg

Iuhm oucifrs gb hjtfraturf rfsfaren aok easf stukjfs jovfstjdatfk go fonaoejod 5K

iujhkjod cgkfhhjod wjtn tjcf baetgr, tnf egostruetjgo prgefssfs(Amjotgyf ft ah, 9<19).

Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) statfk tnat, Uyoenrg foaihf tg traoshatf iujhkjod fhfcfots brgc

5K gi`fet tg catfrjah aok rfsgurefs statfk jo wgrm senfkuhf. Uyoenrg Ugbtwarf js a

bgur-kjcfosjgoah (;K) prg`fet caoadfcfot sgbtwarf (Uyoenrg o.k.). [nf sgbtwarf

iujhks a sjcuhatjgo gb egostruetjod prgdrfss jo 5K cgkfh, sjcuhatjod jtfcs joehukjod

tfcpgrary wgrms, trabbje caoadfcfot, aok egostruetjgo wgrm tasms (Amjotgyf ft ah,

9<19= Uyoenrg, o.k.). Uyoenrg (o.k.) cfotjgofk tnat, gtnfr tnao phayjod senfkuhfrs‚

vjsjgo jo aojcatjgo vjkfg, Uyoenrg ahsg eggrkjoatfs supphjfs aok prgdrfss kfhjvfry.



19

Uyoenrg \YG eapaihf tg phao aok caoadf egostruetjgo wgrms jo rfah-tjcf ;K

cgkfhhjod (Uyoenrg, o.k.). As Bjsenfr (1::5) fxphajofk tnf egoefpt gb ;K js tg akk

egostruetjgo senfkuhf wjtn 5K iujhkjod cgkfh. Jt foaihfs tnf tfac tg vjsuahjzfk tnf

egcparjsgo vjfw gb phaoofk prgdrfss aok rfah-tjcf upkatfk aetuah prgdrfss (Bjsenfr,

1::5= Uyoenrg, o.k.). Uyoenrg (o.k.) ehajcfk tnat rfah-tjcf prgdrfss eghhfetjgo aok

senfkuhf syoenrgojzatjgo js ùst part gb tnf bfaturfs. Uyoenrg ahsg prgvjkfs rfah-tjcf

prgdrfss 5K iujhkjod cgkfh sjcuhatjgo= ehasnfs kftfetjgo go wgrm tasms sfqufotjah

jssuf= „Tnat-jb‚ Aoahysjs go wgrm tasms assjdocfot at tnf farhjfr kfsjdo stadf= stfrfg

typfs gb rfpgrtjod aok prfsfotatjgos cftngks= aok jt js eghhaigratjvfhy jotfdratfk wjtn

gtnfr sgbtwarf suen as Autgkfsm Yfvjt, \rjcavfra, Cjergsgbt \rg`fet aok ft eftfra

(Uyoenrg, o.k.). Bjdurf 9.9 sngwfk Uyoenrg egotrjiutfk jo tnf prg`fet-hjbf-eyehf.

Bjdurf 9.90 Uyoenrg tnf \rg`fet-Hjbf-Eyehf

Erfatf

HfssgoHfarofkEgostruet

IasfhjofFodadf

Gptjcjzf

;KVpkatf

;KVpkatf

;K

Vpkatf

;K

Vpkatf

Jcpgrt aokegcijof

senfkuhf aok5K cgkfhjod

• Akk TIU kftajhs• Yfsguref

ahhgeatjgo

• [fcpgrary wgrms

• Egostruetaijhjtyrfvjfw

• Jotfroah tfacrfvjfw

• Rahjkatf

Yfvjfw ;Ksjcuhatjgo, phao

g tjcjzatjgo

• „Tnat-jb‚Aoahysjs

• EhasnKftfetjgo

• Gvfrvjfw cfftjods• ;K rfpgrtjod• Go-sjtf prgdrfss

traemjod

• \hao vs. aetuah

• EharjbyCfasurfcfot

• Naokgvfr as- iujht cgkfh



15

[g eapturf tnf rfefot trfok gb tfenoghgdjfs apphjeatjgo, Uyoenrg prgvjkfs

ofw apprgaenfs suen as ehguk-iasfk wgrmjod phatbgrc, aok vjrtuah rfahjty apphjeatjgo

(Uyoenrg, o.k.). Uyoenrg (o.k.) statfk tnat tnf ehguk-iasfk wgrmjod phatbgrc foaihf

tnf tfac cfcifrs tg egotaet faen gtnfr aoytjcf aoywnfrf, fvfo dhgiahhy. \rg`fet

tfac cfcifrs eguhk wgrm sjcuhtaofgushy tg fosurf fvfry faen gb tnfc dfttjod tnf

hatfst rfah-tjcf upkatfs (Uyoenrg, o.k.). [nf apphjeatjgo gb vjrtuah rfahjty iujht-up tnf

vjsuahjzatjgo gb prg`fet sfqufotjah, tfac cfcifrs eguhk navf a ifttfr uokfrstaokjod

go tnf taejt mogwhfkdf aok jobgrcatjgo (Uyoenrg, o.k.). Bjdurf 9.5 jkfotjbjfk tnf

egcpjhatjgo vjfw gb prg`fet tjcf bracf, wgrm segpf aok as-iujht jo Uyoenrg.

Bjdurf 9.50 Uyoenrg Uacphf Apphjeatjgo ― [fcpgrary Tgrms Joehusjvf

9.9.9.5 Autgkfsm Ehguk

Autgkfsm Ehguk djvfs apphjeaots strgod iasf tg stgrf aok aeefss jobgrcatjgo aoytjcf

aoywnfrf (Autgkfsm, 9<11). Autgkfsm (9<11) statfk tnat Autgkfsm Ehguk ahhgws

snarjod tnf stgrfk kata tg gtnfr usfrs aok foaihfs tnfc tg vjfw vja wfi irgwsfrs

wjtngut egoefro wnftnfr tnat usfr nas gr og Autgkfsm sgbtwarf. Kgirzyosmj (9<1;)

fhaigratfs tnat Autgkfsm Ehguk js fasy tg usf aok wfhh jcphfcfotfk. Jt kgfs ogt ùst

ahhgws usfr tg vjfw go stgrfk kata, iut ahsg prgvjkfs fkjtjod, savjod, aok gohjof



1;

rfokfrjod tg twg-kjcfosjgoah aok tnrff-kjcfosjgoah kfsjdo bjhfs (Kgirzyosmj, 9<1;).

[nfsf bfaturfs wjhh jcprgvf tnf prgkuetjvjty gb usfrs aok fonaoef tnfjr pfrbgrcaoef

jo a prg`fet.

Ogw wjtn Kfsmtgp Uuiserjptjgo, usfrs arf aihf tg buhhy utjhjzjod Ehguk

stgradf aok ahsg cuhtjphf pgwfrbuh wgrm tgghs (Urjvatsao, 9<16= [ao, 9<16).

Autgkfsm Kfsmtgp Uuiserjptjgo prgvjkf pay-as-usfk paycfot egoefpt tg hgwfr tnf

egst bgr apphjeaots wnjhf ahsg ahhgwjod tnfc fxpgsjod tg varjgus sgbtwarf wjtnjo a

pajk paemadf (Urjvatsao, 9<16). Oucifrs gb paemadfs arf avajhaihf, suen as A52<

aok IJC 52<. IJC 52< foaihf usfrs tg aeefss aok uphgaks bjhfs tg Ehguk, ahsg tg

jotfraet iftwffo tfac cfcifrs bgr fkjt, upkatf aok strfachjojod wgrmbhgws (Ujva,

9<16= Autgkfsm, 9<16a). IJC 52< js ao gohjof sfrvjef wnjhf ahsg eapaihf jo

pfrbgrcjod as gbbhjof ahhgwjod rfcgtf wgrmbgref tg egotjouf wgrmjod fvfo wjtngut

ao jotfroft egoofetjgo (Autgkfsm, 9<16e).

9.9.5 \rg`fet Jobgrcatjgo Caoadfcfot (\JC)

Jt‚s a systfc wnjen aets as a prg`fet caoadfr tjkyjod up ahh jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf jo a

prg`fet. \JC prgvjkjod a kjbbfrfot sfrvjefs apprgaen egcparf tg IJC aok tnf

apphjeatjgo js ogw fxtfokfk tg cgijhf kfvjefs avajhaijhjty (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;). Cajo

rghf gb apphyjod \JC js tg fonaoef prg`fet jobgrcatjgo sgrtjod aok rfbfrfoejod

(k9c5, 9<16). Jt spfhhs gut tnf jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf jo IJC systfc tg a ifttfr

pfrbgrcjod catfrjah. UA\ (9<16) statfk tnat \JC systfc pfrbgrcs tnf prg`fet tg

ehjfot as ao gvfrahh jcadf bgr ifttfr cgojtgrjod aok egotrghhjod rfsgurefs utjhjsatjgo.

Ofwbgrca (9<1;) ahsg cfotjgofk tnat \JC systfc js a cfenaojsc jcprgvfs

prg`fet caoadfcfot. Jt bgeusfs cgst go prg`fet wgrm bhgw egotrghhjod wnjen egosjst

gb jobgrcatjgo snarf aok sfeurf, rfsguref caoadfcfot, egotraet mffpjod aok

varjatjgo grkfr caoadfcfot, tasm assjdocfot, rfah-tjcf wgrmjod status upkatf aok

egotaet egotrghhjod (AFE Ugbtwarf Kftajhs 5, 9<16). Ahh tnfsf avajhaihf bfaturfs

ahhgw prg`fet caoadfr nas a ifttfr pfrbgrcaoef go tnfjr prgbfssjgo. Yfsuhtjod njdn-



16

fok prg`fet egcphftjgo wjtnjo fxpfetfk tjcf aok egst aok avgjkjod kjsputfs aok

egobhjets nappfos wjtn fbbfetjvf egccuojeatjgo (AFE, 9<16).

9.9.5.1 Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Aoahysfr

Ofwbgrca (9<1;) burtnfr kfvfhgp tnfjr \JC systfc jotg sfetjgos bgr kjbbfrfot

apphjeatjgo purpgsf. Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Aoahysfr ahhgws usfrs navf tnfjr iukdftjod,

senfkuhjod, phaoojod, bgrfeastjod aok cgojtgrjod akvaoefk bgr ifttfr prfkjetjgo aok

prgbjtaihf prg`fet kfhjvfry. Jt fonaoefs bgrfeastjod tg ifttfr aeeuraey, strfodtnfo

rfsgurefs utjhjzatjgo aok pfrbgrcaoef cgojtgrjod, aok staokarkjzjod phaos aok

rfpgrts.

9.9.5.9 Ofwbgrca Egotraet Caoadfcfot

Ofwbgrca Egotraet Caoadfcfot caoadjod kgeucfots aok egotraet enaodfs

tnrgudngut egostruetjgo pnasf. Jt fhjcjoatfs papfr usf, akaptjod purf sgbtwarf iasfk

egostruetjgo prg`fets, joehjof aeeguotaijhjty, iggst-up ehajc rfsghutjgo, cajotajojod

prg`fet go-traem, aok strfachjojod sjtf vjsjtjod rfpgrts.

9.9.5.5 Ofwbgrca Egotaet Caoadfcfot

Ofwbgrca Egotaet Caoadfcfot js ao apphjeatjgo wnjen nas sjcjhar buoetjgos gb a

pngofiggm jo cgijhf kfvjefs. Jt ahhgws sfarenjod ao jokjvjkuah gr a tfac egotaet

bastfr tnao bhjppjod padfs go a egovfotjgoah pngofiggm. Gof gb tnf fonaoefcfots

egcparfk tg gtnfr fhfetrgoje pngofiggm js Ofwbgrca Egotaet Caoadfcfot jo`fetfk

prg`fet rfhfvaot jobgrcatjgo jotg spfejbjfk egotaet. Faen egotaet snahh attaen wjtn

tnfjr ahhgeatfk wgrms, egcpaoy iaemdrguok, aok gtnfr prg`fet rfhatfk jobgrcatjgo.

[njs jobgrcatjgo js tnfo syoenrgojzfk wjtn prg`fet ehguk aok ahhgws go-bjfhk kfvjefs

tg aeefss. Ujtf adfots navf fasf tg egotaet kjrfethy tg tnf egrrfet pfrsgo go spfejbjfk

cattfrs. Apphjeatjgo gb Ofwbgrca \JC systfc irjods gof stfp ofarfr gb tfenoghgdy

tg fonaoefcfot gb nucao hjbf-styhf (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;).



12

9.9.5.; Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Ehguk

Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Ehguk pusnfs prgefss upkatjod aok jobgrcatjgo rfqufstjod tg a

ofw hfvfh. [njs Ehguk-iasfk systfc joogvatf prgefss rfvjfw aok apprgvah tg cgrf

autgcatjzf, ergss-eut caouah wgrmbhgw aok cjtjdatfs rjsm, egotrghs jobgrcatjgo

quahjty, bastfojod jobgrcatjgo sprfakjod, aok prfvfotjod frrgrs jo wgrms eggrkjoatjgo.

Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Efotrf caoadfs rfhfvaoef jobgrcatjgo autgcatjeahhy. Jt sgrts gut

prg`fet rfhatfk fcajhs aok spffkjod-up tnf sfarenjod prgefss, jcprgvf prgkuetjvjty

aok prgbjtaijhjty iy hfssfo sfaren tjcf egosucjod, aok fonaoef tnf ahjdocfot gb

jobgrcatjgo snarjod wjtnjo prg`fet tfac (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;).

9.9.5.6

Ofwbgrca \JC Uystfc

Ofwbgrca \JC systfc cgtjvatfs usfrs tg jcphfcfot IJC bgr tnf drfatfst prg`fet

prgbjtaijhjty. Jt prgkuefs „Yjiigo‚ bgr \JC systfc akk-jo tg Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok

AutgEAK prgkuets bgr jobgrcatjgo jotfdratjgo. IJC systfc nas ifttfr akvaoefcfot

wjtn tnf eggpfratjgo gb \JC avajhaihf bfaturfs. Jt sgrts avajhaihf jobgrcatjgo brgc

iujhkjod cgkfh tg ifttfr prfsfotjod tfcphatfs. [nf „Yjiigo‚ traoscjts kata

jobgrcatjgo brgc IJC tg \JC systfc aok burtnfr tjky-up wjtn autgcatjzf prgefkurfs

tg jotfrprft as rfpgrt. Apphjeaots egosucfk hfssfr tjcf jo dfofratjod rfpgrt gb

jobgrcatjgo aok aihf tg bgeus cgrf go iujhkjod wgrms (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;).

9.9.; Cjergsgbt Azurf

Cjergsgbt Azurf js a phatbgrc bgr systfcs jotfdratjgo (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16c). Jt js

ngwfvfr yft iffo fxphgrfk aok kjsegvfrfk iy egostruetjgo jokustry apphjeaots.

Nfrfiy fhaigratf tnf bfaturfs gb Cjergsgbt Azurf wnjen sujtaihf bgr tnf prgpgsfk

jotfdratjgo systfc jo tnjs rfpgrt. Avajhaihf bfaturfs arf eatfdgrjzfk tg Egcputf, Tfi

aok Cgijhf, Kata aok Utgradf, Oftwgrmjod, Cfkja aok EKO, Nyirjk Jotfdratjgo,

Jkfotjty aok Aeefss Caoadfcfot, aok Caoadfcfot (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16f). [nf

bfaturfs sngwo wjhh jkfotjbjfk tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb Cjergsgbt Azurf js bar cgrf pgtfotjah tg jcprgvf aok fonaoef tnf jokustry egccuojeatjgo systfc.



14

9.9.;.1 Egcputf

Jo Egcputf eatfdgry, jt js burtnfr sfparatfk jotg Ehguk Ufrvjef, Iaten, aok

YfcgtfApp (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16f). Ehguk Ufrvjef ahhgws fasfcfot jo kfvfhgpjod

aok cajotajojod ehguk-iasfk apphjeatjgo, jt ahsg prgvjkfs ehguk nfahtn cgojtgrjod,

autg seahjod usadf kfcaok, aok narkwarf iaiysjttjod (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a).

Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16a) ahsg prgvjkf Iaten bgr stadjod autgcgtjvf wgrms tg if kgof

suen as prfkjetjod wfatnfr, upkatjod paycfot rfspgosf, aok fvfo Iaten rfokfrjod

sfrvjef. YfcgtfApp ahhgws fcphgyffs tg if prgkuetjvf at aoywnfrf, aoytjcf, wjtn

aoy kfvjefs wnjhst prgvjkjod njdn hfvfh sfeurjty as wfhh as dgvfrocfot sfetgrs

(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16d). Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16d) jkfotjbjfk tnat jt sujt tg sfasgoah

gr prg`fet iasfk apphjeaots, fspfejahhy bgr egostruetjgo jokustry.

9.9.;.9 Tfi aok Cgijhf

Tfi aok Cgijhf eatfdgry sfparatfk jotg oucifrs gb apphjeatjgo kfserjptjgo, aok

cajo purpgsfs js oarrgwfk (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16n). Apps joehukjod App Ufrvjef,

Tfi App, Cgijhf App, Hgdje App aok A\J App. Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16n) bgeusfs

Azurf apps go njdn sfeurfk, cjssjgo-erjtjeah apphjeatjgos= Ehguks, Gbbjef526,

wfisjtfs, sgejah phatbgrc aok gtnfr gohjof sfrvjefs jotfdratjgo= aok fasfcfot jo

autnfotjeatjgo bgr gtnfr sguref usfr suen as Cjergsgbt aeeguot, Dcajh, aok ft eftfra.

Jo Cgijhf App, jt burtnfr gbbfrs gbbhjof gpfratjgo aok gohjof syoenrgojzatjgo= aok

ogtjbjeatjgo sfrvjefs tg kfvjefs bgr upkatfs aok egccfots (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16b).

@uodfrs (9<16), Hfak Arenjtfet gb \UGE, ehajcfk tnat tnf cajo bfaturf gb

Azurf js jt tajhgrfk bgr ahh typfs gb kfvjefs suen as Aokrgjk, jGU, Tjokgws, aok ft

eftfra (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). Tjtn Azurf, \UGE autgcatjeahhy kgwohgak ogtfs

tg stukfots‚ kfvjefs, aok snarfs stukfots‚ bffkiaems aok cfcgs acgod tnf phatbgrc

(@uodfrs, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). @uodfrs (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat

wjtn tnf ajk gb Azurf, fkueatgrs arf aihf tg fonaoef tnfjr sfrvjefs aok aeefhfratf tnf

quahjty gb fkueatjgo (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). Azurf savfs tjcf jo egkjod

bgr varjgus kfvjefs aok hfssfos tnf kfpfokfot go spfejahjst tg egcpgsf egcphjeatfk

jotfdratjod kata egcpgofots (Pjghmg, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e).



1>

OIE Ofws, tnf wgrhkwjkf irfamjod ofws prgvjkfr. Hgemf, Rjef \rfsjkfot gb

Cgijhf aok Kfvjefs bgr OIE Ofws, aok njs tfac kfvfhgpfk a iraok ofw OIE Ofws

app wjtnjo gof gb tnf wffmfok jo yfar 9<1; wjtn Azurf (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;).

Hgemf (9<1;) cfotjgofk tnat, OIE Ofws js ogw aihf tg rfhfasf irfamjod ofws go

aigut rfah-tjcf (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;). Azurf fhjcjoatfs tjcf-spfot jo

varjgus egkjod bgr ergss-phatbgrc as jt jcphaot tg sfhb-caoadjod egcphjeatfk egkjod

jo kjbbfrfot phatbgrc wjtn tnf sjodhf egccaok djvfo iy aukjtgr, tnfrfbgrf OIE Ofws

faros cgrf tjcf bgr ofws egcpgsf aok rfvjfw (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;).

Gtnfr tnao apps, Tfi aok Cgijhf eatfdgry ahsg jotrgkuefk Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis

aok Cgijhf Fodadfcfot. Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16j) js aihf tg rfaen tnfjr hatfst upkatfs

as ogtjbjeatjgo tg ijd oucifrs gb kfvjefs wjtn tnf ajk gb Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis. Jt foaihfs

tg autgcatjeahhy tajhgr ogtjbjeatjgos bgr varjgus phatbgrc rfefjvfr wjtnjo a egccaok

(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16j). Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16j) jkfotjbjfk tnat Ogtjbjeatjgo Nui js

fonaoefk tg ogtjby gohy taddfk aok tardftfk rfefjvfr gr fvfo wjtnjo ao arfa. Cgijhf

Fodadfcfot prgvjkfs a egccuojeatjod phatbgrc bgr tnf egccuojty aok fonaoefk

fasfcfot jo systfcs aok kata jotfdratjgo (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16b). Cjergsgbt Azurf

(9<16b) burtnfr kftfrcjofk tnat jt prgvjkfs rfah-tjcf kata aoahytjes tg nfhp jkfotjby

tnf prgihfcs aok frrgrs jo tnf usf gb Azurf.

Cjergsgbt Azurf Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis prgvjkf app ogtjbjeatjgo sfrvjef. [njs

djvfo OIE Ofws ao gppgrtuojty tg akgpt bastfst pusn ogtjbjeatjgo go kfvjefs bgr

upcgst gr rfah-tjcf irfamjod ofws (Hgemf, 9<1;= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;).

[nf ogtjbjeatjgo wjhh kjsphay hjmf a cfssadf ogtjbjeatjgo, jo Tjokgws pngofs, jt

burtnfr kjsphay jo a efhh gb tnf Cy Uerffo. Hgemf (9<1;) statjod tnat, wjtn Azurf,

OIE Ofws app js ogw eapaihf tg rfhfasf rfah-tjcf irfamjod ofws jo varjgus

phatbgrc jo tnf seahf gb cjhhjgos usfrs wjtngut hatfoey (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;).

9.9.;.5

Kata aok Utgradf

Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16`) ahsg prgvjkfs sabf stgradf aok sfaren systfcs jo tnf

eatfdgry gb Kata aok Utgradf. Azurf Utgradf eapaihf tg if njdnhy kuraihf as tnf

stgradf js sft tg autgcatjeahhy dfofratf 5 egpjfs gb savfk kata aok hgw hatfoey(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16`). Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16`) js ahsg njdnhy avajhaihf wnjen



1:

djvfs caxjcuc stgradf gb 59[I tg 6<<[I pfr suiserjptjgo aeeguot eguhk rfdjstfr

caxjcuc gb 6< aeeguots. Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16m) js avajhaihf aergss tnf wgrhk aok

savfk 2<% egst go J[ jobrastrueturf spfokjod. Azurf Ufaren mffps fasy, pgwfrbuh

aok sgpnjstjeatjod sfaren fodjof as tnf cajo bfaturf, ahsg sfaren go jotfdratfk Ehguk

bjhfs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a).

Nfjofmfo aok tnfjr prgkuets arf wfhh-mogwo jo tnf wgrhk, aok akvfrtjsfcfot

js cgst fssfotjah fhfcfot tg kfbfat tnfjr dhgiah egcpftjtgrs (Nfjofmfo, 9<19= ejtfk jo0

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16). Fxgut Iarfokrfdt (9<16), tnf Nfjofmfo Dhgiah Efotrf gb

Fxefhhfoef Caoadfr, kftfrcjofk tg akgpt Cjergsgbt Azurf tg savf jovfstcfot gotg

sfrvfr caoadfcfot aok tg kfhjvfr a ifttfr sueefssjvf eacpajdo (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt

Azurf, 9<16e). Iarfokrfdt (9<16) aok Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16) ehajcfk tnat Acazgo

Tfi Ufrvjefs (ATU) js cgrf egcphjeatfk aok tjcf egosucjod, tnfrfiy Nfjofmfo

fxpaokjod tnfjr usf go Azurf brgc gof kataefotrf stgradf tg bgur aergss tnf wgrhk.

[nf fxpaosjgo foaihf Nfjofmfo tg eghhfet 9 cjhhjgo sjcuhtaofgus partjejpaots rfah-

tjcf kata (Iarfokrfdt, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16).

9.9.;.; Oftwgrmjod

Vokfr Oftwgrmjod eatfdgry, jt bgeusfs go [rabbje Caoadfr wnjen hgwfrs hatfoey aok

fonaoef apphjeatjgo avajhaijhjty (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16c). [rabbje Caoadfr

rfkuejod apphjeatjgo bajhurf aok spffk-up egotfot kfhjvfry iy tnrff typfs gb trabbje

rgutjod cftngks wnjen arf bajhgvfr, pfrbgrcaoef aok wfjdntfk rguok rgijo

(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16c).

Iarfokrfdt (9<16 aok Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat Azurf aihf tg

cjojcjsfk hatfoey wjtnjo cjhhjsfegoks wnjen tnfrfiy pusnjod tnf eacpajdo usfr tg

surb cgrf gbtfo aok stay hgodfr go tnf sjtfs. Azurf ahhgws Nfjofmfo tg hauoen tnfjr

eacpajdo dhgiahhy aok djvjod a egovfojfot fovjrgocfot tg tnf eacpajdo

stamfnghkfrs (Iggrsca, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16).



9<

9.9.;.6 Cfkja aok EKO

Azurf ahsg prgvjkfs Cfkja \hayfr aok Cfkja Jokfxfr tg foaihf tnf kjsphay gb cfkja

egotfot. Azurf Cfkja \hayfr ogt ùst a cfkja phayfr gb Azurf oftwgrm, jt ahsg

eapaihf tg uokfrstaok tnf irgwsfr gr kfvjef aok autgcatjeahhy apphjfs tnf ifst cfkja

phayfr bgrcat, a tajhgrfk cfkja phayfr bgr fvfry rfakfrs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16m).

Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16d) Cfkja Jokfxfr js a njdn jotfhhjdfot sfaren fodjof wnjen

foaihfs tg sfaren jo tnf egotfots aok mfywgrks brgc tnf uphgakfk vjkfg gr aukjg ehjp.

9.9.;.2 Nyirjk Jotfdratjgo

Go ifnahb gb Nyirjk Jotfdratjgo, sfrvjefs gbbfrfk iy Cjergsgbt Azurf arf Ufrvjef

Ius, Iaemup aok Ujtf Yfegvfry. Ufrvjef Ius js a ehguk-iasfk cfssadjod systfc

wnjen aihf tg egoofet aigut fvfrytnjod suen as apphjeatjgos, kfvjefs aok fvfo

apphjaoefs aok sfosgrs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i). Yatnfr tnao tnf jotfdratjgo gb

pnysjeah apphjaoefs, Ufrvjef Ius ahsg jotfdratjod varjgus ehguk sfrvjefs tg sprfak tnf

jcpgrtaot cfssadfs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i). Jo tfrc gb sabfty, Azurf prgvjkf sjx

iaemups gb aoy kata aok autgcatfk rfphjeatjgo tg kacadfk kata (Cjergsgbt Azurf,

9<1;i= Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16o). Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16o) Ujtf Yfegvfry ogt ùst

hjcjtjod jotg Azurf, iut ahsg jotfdratjod wjtn gtnfr sfrvjefs.

\farsgo (9<16) kftfrcjofk tnat fkueatgrs arf rfqujrfk tg jkfotjby ngw wfhh

tnfjr stukfots aisgrifk jo tnf ehass (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). \farsgo

Uystfc gb Egursf (\UGE) js a \farsgo fkueatjod systfc egosjsts gb nfavy egotfot

ngstjod phatbgrc (\farsgo, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). \farsgo (9<16)

statfk tnat \UGE egcijofs sgejah eghhaigratjod phatbgrc aok stukfot hfarojod

aoahysjod apprgaen jotg a systfc nfhps fkueatgrs tg aoahysf aok quaotjby stukfot

pfrbgrcaoef jo a ehass (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e). [nfrfbgrf, \UGE prgkuet

tfac jcphfcfotfk Azurf (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e).

9.9.;.4 Jkfotjty aok Aeefss Caoadfcfot

Go Jkfotjty aok Aeefss Caoadfcfot, Cjergsgbt Azurf jotrgkuejod twg sfeurjtyapprgaenfs, Azurf Aetjvf Kjrfetgry aok Cuhtj-Baetgr Autnfotjeatjgo. Azurf Aetjvf



91

Kjrfetgry ahhgws usfrs tg sjdo-jo wjtn sjodhf aeeguot as jo gtnfr ehguk apphjeatjgos

suen as Tjokgws, Aokrgjk aok jGU (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a). Cjergsgbt Azurf

(9<16a) Aetjvf Kjrfetgry burtnfr foaihfs usfrs sfhb-aukjtjod tnfjr aeeguot kftajhs

suen as passwgrk. Cuhtj-Baetgr Autnfotjeatjgo aet as a sfeurjty patrgh go ehguk

apphjeatjgos. Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16i) prgvjkjod varjgus typfs gb nfavy

autnfotjeatjgo wjtn vfrjbjeatjgo. Jt ahsg ahhgws bgr rfah-tjcf sfeurjty cgojtgrjod iy

jkfotjbyjod kjbbfrfot hgd-jo pattfros (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i).

9.9.;.> Caoadfcfot

Hasthy jo Caoadfcfot gb Cjergsgbt Azurf, jt burtnfr sfparatfk jotg \rfvjfw \grtah,

Uenfkuhfr, Autgcatjgo aok Mfy Rauht (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16u). Cjergsgbt Azurf

(9<16m) \rfvjfw \grtah prgvjkfs sjcphf phatbgrc jo caoadjod ahh jotfdratfk

apphjeatjgos wjtn akvaoef egotrgh go assjdojod kjbbfrfot jokjvjkuah jo caoadjod

kjbbfrfot segpf gb apphjeatjgos. [nf apphjeatjgo fxtfoks tg 5,<<< typfs gb Cjergsgbt

aok partofrs‚ gpfo-sguref apphjeatjgos wjtn ehfar aok autgcatfk bgrfeast egstjod

(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16m).

Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16g) Uenfkuhfr aok Autgcatjgo arf aihf tg senfkuhf aok

autgcatf kajhy rgutjof wgrm tasms brgc tnf segpf gb sgbtwarf hgd ehfaojod aok

stgrjod tg apphjeatjgos aok krgofs kfphgycfot. [njs foaihf tg savf cjsefhhaofgus

tjcf aok avgjk tfkjgus frrgrs geeurs aok ahhgwfk cgrf tjcf bgeusjod go gtnfr

jcpgrtaot tasms (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a= Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16p). Cjergsgbt Azurf

(9<16a) Mfy Rauht prgvjkf spfejah earfs go mfy ogtfs aok passwgrks prgtfetjod brgc

cahwarf stfahjod aok fxpgsf egcpaoy‚s egobjkfotjah jobgrcatjgo. [nf prgtfetjgo

hfvfh as wfhh as tg Cjergsgbt sfeurjty (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a).

5C js gof gb tnf wfhh-mogwo dhgiah fotfrprjsfs wjtn tnfjr prgkuetjgos jo

varjgus jokustrjfs suen as egostruetjgo, fhfetrgojes, nfahtnearf, aok ft eftfra

(Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a). As tnf kjspfrsah gb tnfjr prgkuets arguok tnf wgrhk, 5C

hgsf traem gb tnfjr prgkuets aok rfsuhtjod pggr kata eghhfetjgo aok rfpgrtjod (Yffk,

9<1;= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a). 5C offks ao app wnjen pfrbgrcs jo kfvjefs

aok wgrmjod gbbhjof, kata wjhh syoenrgojzf wnfo tnfrf js egoofetjvjty avajhaihf (Bgx,9<1;= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a). Bgx (9<1;), Cgijhf Apphjeatjgo Arenjtfet at



99

5C, burtnfr jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf sghutjgo snahh iujht-jo wjtn D\U wnjen foaihfs tg traem

hgeatjgo jobgrcatjgo gb tnfjr prgkuets (ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a).

Bgx (9<1;) kfejkfk tg jcphfcfot Cjergsgbt Azurf Ehguk systfc as jt

ahhgwfk tg pfrbgrc wgrms kurjod gbbhjof aok syoenrgojzf wnfo egoofetfk tg jotfroft

(ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a). Ehguk systfc js ahsg ao gpfo phatbgrc bgr

pfrsgos hjmf rfsfhhfrs wng kg ogt navf aeefssjijhjty tg 5C jotraoft tg upkatf aok

eghhaigratf wjtn prgkuets jobgrcatjgo (Bgx, 9<1;= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a).

Bgx (9<1;) ehajcfk tnat, 5C wjtn Azurf cakf a egoofetjgo bgr cuhtjphf typfs gb

cgijhf kfvjefs aok a kata pggh gb tngusaoks gb 5C caenjofs jotg a ehguk phatbgrc

wjtn ùst twg kays (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a). 5C sahfs tfac aok Cjergsgbt Azurf

(9<1;a) bguok tnat Azurf upkatjod rfah-tjcf kata aok snarf tg gtnfr sahf pfrsgo wjtn

Ogtjbjeatjgo Nui aok ahsg fasy tg usf wnjen fonaoejod jo fbbjejfoey wgrmjod.

DF (Dfofrah Fhfetrje) Nfahtnearf js gof gb tnf sfparatjgo grdaojzatjgos gb

Dfofrah Fhfetrje wnjen pusn nfahtnearf wjtn jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo

tfenoghgdjfs systfcs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i). As cfotjgofk farhjfr, nfahtnearf

jokustry apphjfs FCY bgr patjfot rfegrk traemjod aok rfpgrt pfrbgrcjod bgr gtnfr

nfahtnearf jokustry usfrs (Cgtjgo, 9<1;). Cgtjgo (9<1;), DF Nfahtnearf (9<16) aok

Cjergsgbt Azurf (9<16i) ahsg jkfotjbjfk tnat jobgrcatjgo rfah-tjcf upkatjod, hgwfr

hatfoey, sfeurf aok buhh kftajhs arf fssfotjah fhfcfots bgr a patjfot rfegrk. [nfrfbgrf a

Cjergsgbt Azurf Ehguk systfc js wjsf aok apprgprjatf engjef tg if akgptfk (DF

Nfahtnearf, 9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf 9<16i).

@faoojof Iaoms (9<16), Dfofrah Caoadfr gb Egccfrejah Ehguk bgr DF

Nfahtnearf, statfk tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb ehguk systfc fonaoefk fasfcfot,

efotrah caoadfcfot aok kjstrjiutjgo, aok caoadfaihf seahaijhjty (Cjergsgbt Azurf,

9<16i). Gtnfr tnao FCY, DF Nfahtnearf ahsg kfvfhgpfk ao jcadf fxenaodjod

sgbtwarf wjtn Azurf wnjen jcprgvfs tnf eghhaigratjgo iftwffo kgetgrs aok

fhjcjoatjod tnf egostrajot go kjstaoef aok tjcf tg rfseuf a patjfot (DF Nfahhtnearf,

9<16= ejtfk jo0 Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i). Iaoms (9<16) fxphajofk tnat a kgetgr at

Dfrcao eao ogw prgeffk wjtn surdfry tg Cahaysjao patjfot wjtngut ifjod tg tnf wak

at Cahaysja, Azurf Ehguk systfc sghvfk tnat (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i).



95

9.9.6 Gtnfrs

[nfrf arf gtnfr rfhatfk tfenoghgdjfs iffo akgptfk aok wjkfhy usfk jo tnf jokustry.

Ngwfvfr, gohy a bfw cajo tfenoghgdjfs arf kjseussfk nfrf.

9.9.6.1 Akgif Aergiat \rg KE

Akgif Uystfcs Joegrpgratfk js a wgrhk hfak cfkja sgbtwarf kfvfhgpcfot egcpaoy

(Akgif, 9<16= Dggdhf Bjoaoef, 9<16). Akgif prgkuets suppgrt go cass cfkja aok

egccuojeatjgo jokustry wjtn erfatjvfofss suen as \KB, Akgif Ehguk, \ngtgsngp,

aok ft eftfra (Dggdhf Bjoaoef, 9<16). Akgif (9<16) ehajcfk tnfjr egcpaoy suppgrts

aergss cgijhf kfvjefs aok rjpphf fbbfet go tnf gtnfr jokustrjfs. [nf cgst rfefot

kfvfhgpfk sgbtwarf Akgif Aergiat \rg KE wjhh ogt oarrgwfk gohy bgr cass

egccuojeatjgo aok cfkja jokustry, aok burtnfr hfvfradjod gtnfr jokustrjfs wjtn tjcf

savjod bfaturf (Akgif, 9<16a).

Yatnfr tg kjdjtjzf narkegpy kgeucfots wjtn smftenjod aok rftypjod, Akgif

Aergiat \rg KE jotrgkuefs autgcatje wgrk aok jcadfs rfegdojtjgo (Akgif, 9<16a).

Akgif (9<16a) fxphajofk tnat usfr wjhh seao tnf narkegpy kgeucfots jotg \KB bjhfs

aok gpfo tnf seaoofk bjhf wjtn Akgif Aergiat \rg KE. [nf Fkjt \KBs tggh jo Akgif

Aergiat \rg KE wjhh autgcatjeahhy rfegdojzf naokwrjtjod, jcadfrjfs, aok bgots, aok

hgeatf tnfc wjtn igxfs. Vsfrs eguhk ehjem jo tnf igxfs aok start fkjtjod tnf wgrks gr

naokwrjtjod (Akgif, 9<16a). [nf ifst part wjhh if Akgif Aergiat \rg KE fvfo aihf

tg kftfrcjof tnf bgot typfs aok sjzfs brgc tnf seaoofk kgeucfots (Akgif, 9<16a).

9.9.6.9

IGCAD

IGCAD was eahhfk [nf Iubbahg Utfac Yghhfr at yfar 1:12, as tnf oacf sngwo jt js

egcpaetfr kfahfr at Vojtfk Utatf. „Jobgrcatjgo [fenoghgdy bgr Egostruetjgo

Caoadfrs, Arenjtfets, aok Fodjoffrs‚ statfk IGCAD kfvfhgpfk a sgjh aok aspnaht

egcpaetjgo fqujpcfot wnjen eguhk if egcputfr-egotrghhfk (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4).

[nf egcpaetfr js bjhhfk jo wjtn Dhgiah \gsjtjgojod Uystfc (D\U) hgeatjgoahjobgrcatjgo gb a sjtf wnjen joehukfs iguokary, hfvfh, hjofar kjstaoef, surbaefs, aok ft



9;

eftfra. [nrff-kjcfosjgoah sjcuhatjgo cgkfhhjod wjhh tnfo prfsfot go egotrghhfr‚s

cgojtgr ahhgws egotrgh pfrsgo navf tnf ifst egotrghhjod fxpfrjfoef. Gof gb tnf

spfejah bfaturfs gb IGCAD rgigtje egcpaetfr js tnf sfosjod go hfvfhhjod.

IGCAD‚s egcpaetfrs arf ogw aihf tg fvahuatf tnf prgpfr bgrefs tg put go spfejbjfk

surbaef. As drguok egokjtjgo js varjgus, tnf sfosgr eguhk sfosf tnf sgjh eapaejty,

fvahuatf aok fxtraet sujtaihf bgrefs tg fosurf surbaef js egcpaet tg bhat (Tjhhjacs,

9<<4).

[gpego egcf aergss tg tnf sacf tfenoghgdy aok fxtfok tnfjr fxjstjod

tfenoghgdy tg burtnfr kfvfhgpcfot. Jobgrcatjgo brgc sjtf survfygr eguhk kjrfet

traoscjt tg IJC cgkfhhjod aok snarf tg gtnfrs caenjofrjfs. [gpego put bgeusfs go

fxeavatjgo wgrm aok bguok gut pgssjijhjty bgr rgigtje fxeavatgr pfrbgrc ifttfr sabfty,

aok prfejsf wgrms kgof. Uacf as tg rgigtje egcpaetfrs, tnf gpfratgr wjhh rfbfr tg

tnrff-kjcfosjgoah cgkfhhjod kjsphays go cgojtgr aok tnrff-kjcfosjgoah hasfr

prg`fetjgos tg fxfeutf tnfjr egcpaetjgo gr fxeavatjgo wgrms (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4).

9.9.6.5 HJOETgrms

Hgeah Jostaot Oftwgrm Egoofetjvjty Tgrms (HJOETgrms) \artofr egosjsts gb Cgtjgo

Egcputjod \artofr aok Ghfa Oftwgrm. Ghfa Oftwgrm js prgvjkjod sfrvjef as tg sghvf

ahh wjrfhfss oftwgrm enahhfodfs. Jt egoefro go tnf wjrfhfss oftwgrmjod jo

egostruetjgo jokustry aok jotfok tg irjod jo avajhaihf oftwgrmjod tfenoghgdjfs tg

ifofbjtjod tnf jokustry. Brgc tnf jospjratjgo gb [jc Ucjtn, prg`fet eggrkjoatgr brgc

Ygdfrs-G‚ Irjfo Egostruetjgo bjrc, Cgtjgo Egcputjod rfqufst tnf nfhp brgc Ghfa

Oftwgrm aok jotrgkuef cgijhf wjrfhfss rgutfrs (Cgtjgo, 9<1;).

HJOETgrms Yuddfk Kfphgy Aoywnfrf (YKA) aok HJOETgrms Rfnjehf

Arfa Oftwgrm (RAO) arf ruddfkjzfk wjrfhfss prgkuets wnjen egvfrs aoywnfrf jo

egostruetjgo sjtf wjtn wjrfhfss aeefssjijhjty. HJOETgrms RAO js cguot tg vfnjehf

kfvjef wnfrf supphy tnf partjeuhar vfnjehf suen as egcpaetfr, fxeavatgr, iuhhkgzfr,

ngjstjod caenjof, aok ft eftfra wjtn wjrfhfss tg rfefjvf jostruetjgo aok upkatjod

wgrmjod jobgrcatjgo wjtn gbb-sjtf kataiasf. HJOETgrms YKA js ao fasy sftup

kfvjef wnjen js pgrtaihf tg aoy kfatn egrofr jo egostruetjgo sjtf aok egvfr wjtnwjrfhfss oftwgrmjod. Jt js ruddfk aok sfhb-enardf iy sghar paofh pgwfr supphy.



96

Eacfra bjxfk go jt tg jospfet aoy suspjejgus pfrsgo jotfoks tg stfah gr saigtadf jt

(Cgtjgo, 9<1;).

Katasat Egccuojeatjgos (9<1;) cfotjgofk egccuojeatjgos jobrastrueturf

nas tg phaef brgc tnf cgcfot tnf bjrst pfgphf arrjvf go-sjtf. Iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo

snguhk navf buhh aeefssjijhjty ahh tjcf kurjod kfsjdo pnasf, egostruetjgo pnasf aok tg

caoadfcfot pnasf. Ujtf survfygr aok sjtf jovfstjdatjgo tfac arf ahways tnf bjrst

pfgphf jotfraet wjtn iujhkjod sjtf aok tnf jobgrcatjgo tnfy datnfrfk arf jcpgrtaot tg

tnf egostruetjgo gb tnf iujhkjod (Cgtjgo 9<1;i). Kjrfet egoofetjgo wjtn tnf oftwgrm

ahhgws aeefss tg jobgrcatjgo wnjhst jo rfcgtf sjtfs, egosfqufothy savjod go travfh

tjcf aok rfkuejod sjtf rfvjsjts (Cgtjgo, 9<1;).

9.9.6.; Cjergsgbt NghgHfos

Cjergsgbt NghgHfos js a kfvjef wnjen eapaihf tg aeefss tg nghgdrac wjtnjo rfahjty.

Cjergsgbt NghgHfos js tnf bjrst phatbgrc wnjen tg pfrbgrc Tjokgws 1< wjtn

nghgdrapnje. Nghgdrac js a hjdnt-cakf drapnje kjsphay jo twg aok tnrff-kjcfosjgoah.

Jt js kjbbfrfot tg Rjrtuah Yfahjty (RY) as jt jccfrsfs usfrs tg egcputfr-dfofratfk

rfahjty, iut Cjergsgbt NghgHfos attaen nghgdrac tg pnysjeah fovjrgocfot. RY usfrs

uoaihf tg sff pnysjeah fovjrgocfot arguok tnfc aok cgvfcfot arf hjcjtfk tg rfkuef

kacadfs gr joùrjfs. [nf attaencfot gb nghgdrac tg pnysjeah fovjrgocfot, usfrs arf

ahhgwfk tg jotfraet wjtn pnysjeah gi`fet kurjod tnf usf gb Cjergsgbt NghgHfos

(Cjergsgbt NghgHfos, 9<16).

[nf akvaoefcfot gb Cjergsgbt NghgHfos js ogt ùst egostrajofk go nghgdrac.

Apphjeatjgo gb Tjokgws 1< eguhk suppgrt nghgdrapnje aok ahsg pfrbgrc rfefothy usf

sgbtwarf wnjen joehukf Cjergsgbt Gbbjef, îgx, Umypf, CUO, aok ft eftfra. Vsfrs

arf ogw ahhgw tg earry tnfjr wgrm ahgod wjtn tnfc ahh tnf tjcf, wjtngut aoy iurkfo tg

cassjvf cass caenjofrjfs hjmf Efotrah \rgefssjod Vojt (E\V), sfrvfr, haptgp,

\frsgoah Kjdjtah Assjstaot (\KA), taihft, aok gtnfrs cgijhf gr ogo-cgijhf kfvjefs.

Bgr ao fxacphf, a djrh eguhk bjx phucijod nfrsfhb iy Umypf wjtn nfr kak. As nfr kak

djvjod jostruetjgos iy krabtjod, nghgdrac sngws tnf jostruetjgos arguok tnf pnysjeah

pjpfs. [nf jotfdratjgo gb twg-kjcfosjgoah tfhfvjsjgo serffofk vjkfg eahh wjtn tnrff-kjcfosjgoah nghgdrac jostruetjgos aok jotfraetjgo tg pnysjeah gi`fet js akvaoef aok



92

ifofbjejah tg nucao hjvjod (Cjergsgbt NghgHfos, 9<16). Bjdurf 9.; js a sacphf vjfw

gb Cjergsgbt NghgHfos.

Bjdurf 9.;0 Cjergsgbt NghgHfos

9.9.6.6 F-prgeurfcfot

F-prgeurfcfot cfaos Fhfetrgoje \rgeurfcfot wnjen js a prgdrfss gb prgeurjod

prg`fet (Fccjtt ft ah, 9<<:). Fakjf ft ah (9<11) prggbfk tnat jo VM egostruetjgo

jokustry navf tnf drfatfst cfkjao pfrefotadf gb f-prgeurfcfot. Earigof (1::4), as

succarjsfk iy Castgr (9<<6), enaraetfrjsfk f-prgeurfcfot tg rfkuejod traosaetjgo

egst, qujem aok aeeuratf traosaetjgo purenasjod, fhjcjoatfs cavfrjem iuyjod, rfkuef

jovfotgry, jcprgvf grkfr traemjod aok jobgrcatjgo caoadfcfot, joerfasf egotraet

egcphjaoef, hgw prjef, aok joerfasf fcphgyff satjsbaetjgo.

Cahaysja Cjojstry gb Bjoaoef (9<<6) cakf statfcfot tg cfotjgofk supphjfrs

aok dgvfrocfot eao igtn if ifofbjejah iy tnf apphjeatjgo gb f-prgeurfcfot (ejtfk jo

Castgr, 9<<6). Ifofbjts egvfrs tnf arfa gb egst savjod, joerfasf egcpftjtjvfofss,

akcjojstratjvf savjods aok fonaoefk aeeguotaijhjty (Dfgbbrfy, U aok Cattnfw 9<<1=

ejtfk jo Castgr, 9<<6). Kf Igfr (9<<9), as succarjsfk iy Fakjf (9<1<), sngws tnat

tnf ogo-prgkuet rfhatfk egst dgfs up, iut tnf egsts gb fxfeutjod taetjeah purenasjod

aetjvjtjfs bahh.



94

9.9.6.2 Krgofs

Krgof js tnf uojvfrsah oacf bgr VAR, uocaoofk afrjah vfnjehf (Ygusf 9<15).

Tjmjpfkja (9<16) fxphajofk tnat krgof js tfhfgpfratfk rgigts, a kfvjef rfcgtfhy

gpfratfk tg pfrbgrc wgrms wnjen kaodfrgus aok joaeefssjihf. Eacfra aok D\U arf

usuahhy attaenfk gotg tnf kfvjef tg eapturf rfah-tjcf sefoarjg aok jkfotjby tnf krgof

dfgdrapnjeah jobgrcatjgo (Ygusf 9<15). Krgofs arf wfhh-mogwo jo tnf bgrc gb bhyjod

kfvjef, jo tnf cjhjtary aok gtnfr prgbfssjgos, krgofs pfrbgrc as tfhfrgigts tg kftgoatf

igci aok fxphgrjod jo gtnfr fokaodfrjod nazark (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Bjdurf 9.6 aok

Bjdurf 9.2 sngw sgcf typfs gb krgofs aok tfhfrgigts wnjen aihf tg eapturf pngtgs as

wfhh as pfrbgrc wgrms jo kaodfrgus fovjrgocfot.

Bjdurf 9.60 Krgofs



9>

Bjdurf 9.20 [fhfrgigts

9.9.6.4

Darcjo Rjvgscart

Tghhcao (9<1;) jkfotjbjfk tnat Darcjo Rjvgscart egcijofk bjtofss traemfr aok

scart-waten jotg a sjodhf kfvjef. Jt nas iujht-jo cgtjgo traemfr aok scart ogtjbjeatjgo

wnjen aihf tg mffp usfrs upkatjod wjtn tnfjr wgrms wnjhf tamjod a `gd (Darcjo 9<16).

Ucart ogtjbjeatjgo aok „[jcf tg Cgvf‚ ogtjbjeatjgo bfaturfs pfrbgrcs as ogtjbyjod

wgrms tg if kgof aok upkatf jobgrcatjgo go fssfotjah cattfrs (Darcjo 9<16).

Darcjo (9<16) burtnfr jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf kfvjef js ruddfk apphjeaihf wnjen ahsg

egosjst gb 6 Atcgspnfrfs (A[C) watfr ratjod.

9.9.6.> 5K \rjotjod

[nrff-kjcfosjgoah prjotjod (5K prjotjod) js tnf prgefss gb camjod a tnrff-

kjcfosjgoah gi`fet (Tjmjpfkja, 9<16). Yfefothy nappfofk jo Uuzngu Jokustrjah \arm,

Enjoa‚s egcpaoy TjoUuo prjotfk tfo ngusfs wjtnjo a kay (Cjenfhhf, 9<16). [njs

kfvfhgpcfot js tghk tnat jt js cgrf fofrdy fbbjejfoey, fovjrgocfotah brjfokhy aok usfr

egovfojfoef. Tjmjpfkja (9<16a) statfk tnat tnrff-kjcfosjgoah seaoofr (5K seaoofr)



9:

aihf tg uokfrstaok a pnysjeah gi`fet aok jotfrprft as kjdjtah cgkfh. Jt autg-dfofratjod

gi`fet wjtn cfsnfs aok ergss-sfetjgos aok traosbfr tg EAK sfrvjefs joehukjod

Autgkfsm prgkuets suen as IJC (Erfabgrc 9<16= Krawirjkdf [fenoghgdjfs 9<16).

9.9.6.:

Haotfro ― Gutfroft

Yfefothy, Haotfro js tnf ifst avajhaihf tfenoghgdy go gutfroft kfvfhgpcfot, a

pgrtaihf kfvjef wnjen aihf tg egotaet aok stgrf jobgrcatjgo brgc satfhhjtf

([fenoghgdy, 9<1;). Haotfro utjhjzfs tnf avajhaihf satfhhjtf egvfradf tg traoscjt

egotjougus kata hjom iy rfefjvjod rakjg wavfs irgakeastfk brgc satfhhjtf. Jo gtnfr

wgrk, pfgphf eao stgrf tnfjr vahuaihf jobgrcatjgo tg gutfr spaef aok aeefss at

aoywnfrf wjtn tnf kfvjef. Haotfro js a sghar enardfaihf Tj-Bj foaihfk kfvjef aok

ahhgw gtnfr kfvjefs tg egoofet aok prgeffk tg gutfroft kata ([fenoghgdy, 9<1;).

Cfotjgofk iy Mrfis (9<15), ehjfots rfahjzfk buturf js enaraetfrjzfk iy

kjdjtahjzatjgo aok tnfy arf joerfasjod tnf usf gb sgejah cfkja aok jotfroft tg

egccuojeatf wjtn wgrm tfac. Fbbjejfot mogwhfkdf traosbfr aok sueefssjgo phaoojod

js dfttjod jcpgrtaot fspfejahhy bgr egostruetjgo jokustry, bradcfotfk oaturf. As bguok

iy RKE rfsfaren, tnf jokustry js hggmjod bgr cgijhf kfvjefs wnjen kuraihf, rfhjaihf,

fasf jo egoofetjgo, hgod kuratjgo iattfry hjbf, usfr brjfokhy, aok njdnhy sfeurf

([fenoghgdy, 9<1;).

9.5 Kjseussjgo

[njs sfetjgo wjhh kjseuss tnf bjokjods bguok abtfr rfvjfwfk hjtfraturfs at tnf farhjfr

sfetjgo joehukjod tnf akvaotadfs aok kjsakvaotadfs.



5<

9.5.1 Akvaotadfs

Tjmjpfkja (9<16) statfk tnat tnfrf js ao fvghutjgo sngwo jo prfvjgus sfetjgo wnjen

traosbgrcs ihufprjots aok wnjtfprjots tg tnf akvaoef usf gb kjdjtahjzf EAK krawjods.

[nf drgwjod trfok gb JE[s akgptjgo jo varjgus iusjofssfs aergss tnf dhgif nas hfaks

egostruetjgo jokustry pgjot tnf kjrfetjgo tg akvaoef usf gb tfenoghgdy (Autgkfsm,

9<16= Tjmjpfkja, 9<1;). Mfrrjf (9<1;) jkfotjbjfk tnat tnjs eguhk if ifofbjejah bgr tnf

egostruetjgo jokustry as rfbfrs tg prgvfo gutegcf jo tnf gtnfr jokustrjfs suen as

nfahtnearf jokustry (Cgtjgo, 9<1;). [nf apphjeatjgo gb up-tg-katf tfenoghgdy savfs

tjcf aok egst bgr pfrbgrcjod caouah wgrms (Frdfo, 9<<4= ejtfk jo JEF, 9<<:). [amf

ifvfradf as ao fxacphf, jt was kfhjvfrfk aok eguot iy nucao jo tnf farhjfr kays.

Ngwfvfr, tnf akgptjgo gb YBJK aok gohjof enfem-jo kfvjef ahhgws tnf cfasurfcfot

wgrms kgof iy gof tguen go tnf kfvjef aok jobgrcatjgo wjhh kjrfethy upkatfk wjtn

tnf caoubaeturfr (Ifvfradf Tgrhk, 9<1;).

[nfrf arf oucifrs gb akvaotadfs irgudnt iy JE[s jcphfcfotatjgo jotg

egostruetjgo jokustry. [nf bghhgwjod sfetjgo drgups tnf akvaotadfs aeegrkaoef tg

tfenoghgdjfs. Aoy rfhfvaot aok sjcjhar rfsuhts gb akvaotadfs egokuetfk iy gtnfr

tfenoghgdjfs wjhh dfofrahhy if drgupfk wjtnjo a eatfdgry.

9.5.1.1 Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod

As Autgkfsm (9<<9) cfotjgofk tnat rfefot tfenoghgdjfs arf aihf tg suppgrt tnrff-

kjcfosjgoah-krawjods, IJC tnfrfbgrf prgvjkjod jobgrcatjgoah aok kjcfosjgoah

cgkfhhjod as iujhkjod egostruetjgo krawjods. [njs akvaoefcfot js burtnfr fxtfok jotg

njdnfr eapaijhjtjfs aok fxpgsf tfenoghgdy akgptjgo jotg egostruetjgo sjtf (Pfmavat ft

ah. 9<1;). IJC systfc jotrgkuefs iujhkjod cgkfhhjod cgrf tnao tnrff-kjcfosjgoah.

\rg`fet egstjod, prgdrfss wgrmbhgw aok fvfo YBJK js apphy aok phud-jo as gof gb tnf

kjcfosjgo cfasurfk aok prfsfot iy cgkfhhjod (Pacnarjra, 9<16). Hatfhy, Autgkfsm

aooguoef tnfjr IJC systfc wjhh fxtfok brgc a iujhkjod kfsjdo pnasf tg egostruetjgo

pnasf aok burtnfr rfaen tg caoadfcfot pnasf wnjen tg caoadf iujhkjod baejhjtjfs

([fg, 9<19= Pacnarjra, 9<16).



51

9.5.1.9 \rg`fet Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod

\JC arraodf aok fonaoef tnf prfsfotatjgo gb tnf prg`fet jobgrcatjgo bgr fasf gb

caoadfcfot aok avgjk uoofefssary rfsgurefs wastadf (AFE, 9<16= k9c5, 9<16=

Ofwbgrca, 9<1;= UA\, 9<16). Ofwbgrca (9<1;) burtnfr sfdrfdatf \JC tg sfvfrah

sfetjgos wnjen arf prg`fet aoahysfr, egotraet caoadfcfot, prg`fet efotrf, prg`fet

ehguk, Ofwbgrca IJC, egotaet caoadfcfot, aok ft eftfra. [nfsf sfetjgos ifttfr

pfrbgrcjod caoadfcfot go prg`fet jobgrcatjgo, fspfejahhy Ofwbgrca IJC. [nf

Ofwbgrca „Yjiigo‚ wjhh rftrjfvf avajhaihf jobgrcatjgo brgc tnf iujhkjod cgkfhhjod

tg sgrt aok prfsfot jt wjtn kfsjrfk tfcphatfs bgr dggk prfsfotatjgo (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;).

Jostfak gb jobgrcatjgo arraodfcfot, \JC fxtfok tg jobgrcatjgo snarjod go-

sjtf (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;). [g dft tnf jobgrcatjgo usfk jo rfah-tjcf, tfenoghgdjfs cust

hjomfk iftwffo faen gtnfr aok egcprgcjsf jotfdratjod wjtn tnf sgbtwarf (Ofwbgrca,

9<1;). Ofwbgrca (9<1;) statfk tnat tnfrf wjhh if subbjejfot jobgrcatjgo bgr prg`fet

ehgsf-gut as jobgrcatjgo js upkatfk jo a tjcfhy caoofr. [njs jobgrcatjgo wjhh assjsts

ehjfot tg fxpfkjtf tnf prfparatjgo gb bjoah aeeguot aok gpfratf baejhjty caoadfcfot.

9.5.1.5

Tjrfhfss

Egoofetjod sjtfs, sjtf wgrmfrs aok sjtf traospgrtatjgo wjtn wjrfhfss egoofetjvjty tg

rfefjvf egccaoks aok fonaoef tnf usf gb \JC systfc (Cgtjgo, 9<1;= Ofwbgrca,

9<1;). As Cgtjgo (9<1;) cfotjgofk tnat oftwgrmjod snguhk kfphgyfk sjoef tnf bjrst

pfrsgo arrjvfs tg sjtf bgr egcphftf jobgrcatjgo eapturfk aok kgeucfotfk. Ngwfvfr,

Cahaysjao oftwgrm usuahhy kgfs ogt navf subbjejfot egvfradf tg prg`fet sjtf.

[nf pgrtaihf oftwgrm kfvjef, HJOETgrms, ahhgws tg if sftup at aoywnfrf

wjtnjo ao ngur (Cgtjgo, 9<1;). [njs naoky kfvjefs fosurf apprgprjatf kjstrjiutjgo gb

oftwgrm egvfradf tg fvfry egrofrs at tnf sjtf aok tnf jotfdratjgo wjtn \JC systfc

wjhh foaihf usfrs tg kgwohgak jcpgrtaot jobgrcatjgo aoywnfrf go-sjtf (Cgtjgo, 9<1;=

Ofwbgrca, 9<1;). Yfsfarenfrs arf kfvfhgpjod rfcgtf egotrghhfk caenjofrjfs tg

rfphaef nucao wgrmjod jo fokaodfrjod fovjrgocfot aok pfrbgrc ifttfr aeeuraey

wgrmjod aijhjty (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4i). [nf avajhaijhjty gb oftwgrm egvfradf sjtf iyHJOETgrms ahhgws rgigtje caenjofrjfs tg pfrbgrc rfah-tjcf jostruetjgos brgc gbbjef.



59

Aurgra (9<1;) ehajcs tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb HJOETgrms nas jcprgvfk tnfjr

prgkuetjvjty, egoofetjvjty aok tjcf savjod.

9.5.1.; F-prgeurfcfot

F-prgeurfcfot js hgw jo gpfratjod egst, eut-gbb tfkjgus prgdrfss aok jcprgvfs jo

caoadjod jobgrcatjgo wnjen rfsuhtjod ifttfr vahuf gb cgofy (Castgr ft ah, 9<<6).

Castgr ft ah (9<<6) burtnfr kfbjofk tnat f-prgeurfcfot joerfasf tnf egcpftjtjvfofss

gb a bjrc, tjcf aok egst savjod jo akcjojstratjod, aok fonaoef tnf aeeguotaijhjty gb

egostruetjgo prg`fet.

Ahh tnfsf akvaoefcfots irgudnt jo iy tnf drgwtn gb tfenoghgdy jokustry arf

ifofbjtjod egostruetjgo jokustry. Uggofr tnf jokustry jcphfcfots tnfsf tfenoghgdjfs,

tnf ofarfr kjstaoef bgr tnf jokustry ifegcf tfenoghgdy iasfk.

9.5.9 Kjsakvaotadfs

As Aikfh-Tanai ft ah (9<<:), Frje (9<<:) ejtfk jo Mfrrjf (9<1;) cfotjgofk farhjfr,

tfenoghgdy js akvaoejod pfgphf hjbf-styhf, iut tnf akvaoefcfot rfaenfs tg tnf igtthf

ofem wnfo sgbtwarf supphjfrs cfaot tg egcpftf bgr farojod. [nf akvfrsfhy fbbfet gb

egcpftjod js ogt ùst as sjcphy as bjdntjod bgr ifttfr pfrbgrcjod sgbtwarf, iut ahsg

kfbfokjod jotfdratjgo usf wjtn tnf gtnfr sgbtwarf. [njs js eausjod tfkjgus wgrmjod

prgefss tg if hfarot iy tnf apphjeaots aok ehjfots arf rfqujrfk tg spfok cgrf cgofy

bgr tnf akgptjgo gb sgbtwarf ([fg, 9<19). [nf egovfojfoefs irgudnt iy tfenoghgdy tg

tnf egostruetjgo jokustry arf kguit.

Hjtfratjgo rfvjfwfk at tnf farhjfr sfetjgo rfvfahfk tnf kjsakvaotadfs gb

tfenoghgdjfs rfefothy avajhaihf bgr tnf egostruetjgo jokustry. Ufetjgo ifhgw ehassjbjfs

tnf avajhaihf kjsakvaotadfs jotg tnrff, joehukjod pggr staokarkjzatjgo, bradcfot

egccuojeatjgo systfc, aok haem gb dgvfrocfot suppgrt.



55

9.5.9.1 \ggr Utaokarkjzatjgo

JEF (9<<:) statfk tnat tnf ijddfst tnrfat gb tnjs sjdojbjeaot drgw spffk gb tfenoghgdy

js haem gb staokarkjsatjgo go prgkuets. Mogwo as nappfofk jo YBJK apphjeatjgos

sgcf yfars adg, igtn cjhm igtthfs eguhk navf nappfo wjtn tnf usf gb kjbbfrfot egkjod,

iut a saokwjen eguhk navf ehasn egkjod wjtn a hgvfhy wnjtf krfss (Ifvfradf Tgrhk,

9<1;). As Enao (9<16) statfk farhjfr tnat tnfrf arf oucifrs gb tfenoghgdjfs avajhaihf

spfejbjfk bgr cfasurfcfot usf gohy. [g ao gvfrahh pjeturf, tjcfs up tnf oucifrs gb

prgbfssjgo avajhaihf jo tnf jokustry, tnf oucifrs gb tfenoghgdjfs eguhk fok up hjmf

eguotjod stars.

Vobgrtuoatfhy tnf tfenoghgdy supphjfrs, sfrvjef prgvjkfrs, kg ogt navf tnf

jotfotjgo jo uojtjod tnfjr bjhf bgrcat aok fok-up varjgus bjhf typfs kfvfhgpfk suen as

@\D, \KB, KGE, KTD aok ft eftfra. As Ujkofy (9<<4) cfotjgofk, tnfy arf

jotrgkuejod tnfjr typfs gb prgprjftary haoduadf. [nfsf bjhf typfs cay ogt aeefssjihf

iy sjodhf sgbtwarf aok jt wjhh if ofefssary bgr apphjeaots tg spfok cgrf go

egpyrjdnts aok gwofrsnjp bgr akkjtjgoah vjfwfrs (Kgirzyosmj 9<1;). Iy apphjeatjgo

gb ahh tnfsf sgbtwarf, jt carms jofbbjejfot usf gb tfenoghgdy tg tnf iggm gb rfegrk.

Ojdntcarf kgfso‚t foks ùst tnat, bjrcs arf ahsg rfqujrfk tg pay trajojod bffs

tg prgpfr utjhjzf tngsf sgbtwarf. As statfk iy tnf rfpgrt gb [fg (9<19), tnf eghhfetfk

kata sngws gof gb tnf erjtfrjgos tnat hjcjts tnf usf gb IJC js kuf tg tnf trajojod tjcf

aok bffs joeurrfk. Gtnfr baetgrs arf hgw awarfofss, egsthy, hgw prgbjt, ogt usfr

brjfokhy, vjrus jobfetjgo, prg`fet jobgrcatjgo hfam, haem gb egcpatjijhjty, aok ft eftfra

(Hfsmjofo, 9<<>= [fg, 9<19). Jo gtnfr wgrks, tfenoghgdy kfbfokjod tg jovghvf jotg

egostruetjgo jokustry iy egotjoujod kfvfhgp tnfjr akvaoefcfot.

9.5.9.9 Bradcfot Egccuojeatjgo Uystfc

Cgst tfenoghgdjfs jo tnf carmft arf prgbfssjgoah iasfk, suen as IJC cgrf tgwarks

arenjtfeturf, fodjoffr aok quaotjty survfygr= \JC bgeus fonaoejod tnf pfrbgrcaoef

gb prg`fet caoadfr, egostruetjgo caoadfr aok sjtf adfots= Cjergsgbt js tnf tfcphatf

wnjen ehjfots apphy= IGCAD egoefpt gohy apphjeaihf tg go-sjtf smjhh wgrmfrs aok



5;

tnfjr fqujpcfot= HJOETgrms egvfrs tnf partjfs wnjen ogt joehukfk aigvf, fspfejahhy

dfofrah haigurs (Autgkfsm, 9<<9= Bfhkcao, 1::2= Cgtjgo, 9<1;= Ofwbgrca, 9<1;).

Jobgrcatjgo snarjod apprgaenfs arf jo varjgus bgrcs, suen as jotfroft, jotraoft,

fxtraoft, cgijhf tfenoghgdjfs, vjkfg egobfrfoef, sgejah oftwgrms, aok ft eftfra

(Vscao ft ah, 9<19). Ngwfvfr, tnf bradcfotfk oaturf gb tnf jokustry rfsuhtjod tnfsf

apprgaenfs arf ogt iffo buhhy utjhjzfk.

Rarjgus oftwgrm apphjeatjgos arf avajhaihf, suen as jotfroft, dhgiah puihje

oftwgrm= jotraoft, surrguokfk bjrfwahh serffo gut uoautngrjzfk pfrsgo= aok fxtraoft,

varjgus hfvfhs gb egotfot aeefssjijhjty tg kjbbfrfot usfr (Vscao ft ah, 9<19). Ngwfvfr,

tnjs jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy dfofrahhy bguok jo caoadfrjah hfvfh, iut ogt tg tnf fxtfot gb sjtf fxfeutjgo hfvfh (Tjhhjacs, Ifroghk, aok Hu, 9<<4= ejtfk

jo Pfmavat, 9<1;). Pfmavat ft ah (9<1;) statfk tnat rfefot praetjef apprgaen kgfs ogt

buhhy utjhjzf tnf tfenoghgdjfs avajhaihf bfaturf wnjen js haem gb rfah-tjcf kata upkatfs.

Tjtngut rfah-tjcf upkatfs jobgrcatjgo, tnf rjsm gb hgsjod fqujpcfot aok rfsgurefs

aok tnf egst gb caouah traemjod joerfasfs (Egrf YBJK, 9<<:).

Fastcao ft ah (9<11) kfserjif tnat IJC ehasn kftfetjgo egcpjhjod fodjoffrs

aok arenjtfeturfs krawjods tg jkfotjby frrgrs jo igtn kfsjdos. Ngwfvfr, tnf rfsuht js

ogt aeefssjihf iy go-sjtf sjtf adfots tg tamf ogtf gb jt (Fastcao ft ah, 9<11). As

Fccjtt ft ah, (9<<:) cfotjgofk farhjfr tnat tnf egostruetjgo jokustry nas pggr

egccuojeatjgo bracfwgrm. [nf wfam bgrcatjgo jo egccuojeatjgo aok tnf systfc

usfk arf haem gb jotfdratjgo foks-up trguihfsgcf jo wgrms eggrkjoatjgo. Ogo-

jotfdratfk apphjeatjgos erfatf jobgrcatjgo sjhg (Ofwbgrca, 9<1;) .



56

Bjdurf 9.40 \arahhfh \rg`fet [facs aok Jobgrcatjgo

Bjdurf 9.4 sngwfk tnf parahhfh jobgrcatjgo eghhfetjgo kuf tg tnf bradcfotfk

egccuojeatjgo systfc jo egostruetjgo jokustry (Autgkfsm, 9<<4). Fspfejahhy bgr tnf

pggr jcphfcfotatjgo gb IJC systfc eausfk sjdojbjeaot fbbfet gb parahhfh jobgrcatjgo

eghhfetjgo aok jofbbfetjvf eggrkjoatjgo gb wgrms.

9.5.9.5

Haem gb Dgvfrocfot Uuppgrts

Ahtngudn Fastcao, [fjenghz, Uaems, & Hjstgo (9<11) statfk tnat gwofrs eguhk

enaodf tnf egotraetuah tfrcs as a cgtjvatjgos tg pusn tnf jokustry tg jcphfcfot

tfenoghgdjfs. Cahaysjao egotraets arf krabtfk iy dgvfrocfot hjomfk grdaojzatjgos

aok prgvjkfk tg tnf jokustry as \AC bgrc, EJKI bgrc aok @MY bgrc (Hjc, 9<15).

Eurrfothy ahh tnfsf staokark bgrcs kg ogt prgvjkf suppgrtjod ehausfs bgr tnf akgptjgo

gb upkatfk jobgrcatjgo aok egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy (Ufod aok Nwff, 9<<5= ejtfk

jo Castgr, 9<<6). Castgr (9<<6) kftfrcjof tnat iarrjfrs jo jcphfcfotatjgo gb f-

prgeurfcfot arf dhgiah egcpftjtjgo, nucao rfsjstaoef jo enaodf, egobhjet pghjejfs,

aok ft eftfra. [nf cgst sjdojbjeaot fhfcfot js tnf joegcphftf oftwgrm jobrastrueturf

(Castgr, 9<<6). [nf joegcphftfofss ahsg rfsuhts tg pggr sjtf jobgrcatjgo datnfrfk

aok jcprgpfr kfejsjgos aok kfsjdos cakf.

\haos

Egotraetgrs

Yfokfrjod

Arenjtfeturf

Cfftjods

Ujcuhatjgos

Fodjoffrs

\ngof

Uupphjfrs

Ijhh gb Quaotjtjfs

U fejbjeatjgos

Ehjfots



ENA\[FY 5

5 EGHHAIGYA[JRF AOK JO[FYDYA[JRF

5.1

Eghhaigratjvf aok Jotfdratjvf Egostruetjgo Jokustry

As cutuahhy adrffk, jcprgvfcfot jo tnf apphjeatjgo gb akvaoefk jobgrcatjgo aok

egccuojeatjgo tfenoghgdy fspfejahhy tg rfah-tjcf aok ergss dfgdrapnjeah iguokarjfs

fonaoefs egostruetjgo wgrms fbbjejfoey aok fbbfetjvfofss (Pfmavat ft ah. 9<1;= Hj

9<15= Gėuznao 9<<;). Ngwfvfr, tnf systfc nas tg if eghhaigratfk aok uojvfrsah tg

aoy apphjeaots ifbgrf jt js uojvfrsahhy akgptfk (Maubcao, 1:26).

Yfefot praetjef jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry, egotraetgrs tfok tg eguot go tnfjr

huem aok put jo aoytnjod ehajcaihf bgr fxtra paycfot= wnjhf jokfpfokfot fvahuatgr

ijas cgrf tgwarks prgtfetjod ehjfots‚ jotfrfst aok gvfrhggm varjatjgos (YJEU, 9<16).

Ifooftt aok @ayfs (1::>), @acjf (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19), aok YJEU

(9<16) ehajcfk tnat tnfrf js a typf gb tfacwgrm rfhatjgo egosjst gb traosparfoey, njdn

hfvfh gb uokfrstaokjod iftwffo cfcifrs, drfat trutnbuh acgod cfcifrs, fquah rjdnt

wjtnjo varjgus kjsejphjofs, aok strgod egnfsjvfofss atcgspnfrf.

[njs tfacwgrm rfhatjgo nas hgod iffo jcphfcfotfk jo varjgus jokustrjfs bgr

tnf caoadfcfot gb egcphfx aok jcpgrtaot tasms (Frje ft ah. o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft

ah. 9<19). Frje ft ah. (o.k.), Mgubtfrgs ft ah. (9<<4), aok Hgumjs ft ah. (9<<:) ejtfk jo

Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) fxphajofk tnat tnf rfhatjgo rfqujrfs baejhjtatjgo go jotfraetjgos

wjtnjo tnf tfac, suen as aetjvjtjfs, egobhjet, rfhatjgosnjp, trust, aok ft eftfra. [njs

rfhatjgo fciraefs jobgrcatjgo snarjod aok rfkuefs tnf pgssjijhjtjfs jo egoefahjodjobgrcatjgo (Frje ft ah. o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= YJEU, 9<16).



54

5.9 Eghhaigratjgo

Eghhaigratjgo tamfs away uowaotfk akvfrsarjah rfhatjgo iftwffo pfgphf= snarf

jobgrcatjgo aergss varjgus phatbgrcs= aok egccuojeatf aok egotrjiutf fbbgrt brgc

varjgus kjsejphjofs (@acjf, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= YJEU, 9<16). [nf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb eghhaigratjgo rfkuef gppgrtuojstje nappfos wjtnjo prg`fet tfac

cfcifrs (YJEU, 9<16). YJEU (9<16) burtnfr kftfrcjofs eghhaigratjvf tfac foaihf tg

cjojcjzf traosaetjgo egst. Eghhaigratfk tfac forgh tnf cfenaojsc gb pajo aok dajo

snarjod, egotraetgrs aok supphjfrs tnfrfbgrf addrfssjvfhy egotrjiutfk tg fhjcjoatf

uoofefssary egst joeurrfk wjtnjo tnf traosaetjgo enajo (YJEU, 9<16).

Brgc tnf survfy kgof jo tnjs rfpgrt bguok, egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots

sffm eghhaigratjvf wgrmjod phatbgrc. Yfspgokfots rfahjzf eghhaigratjvf tfacwgrm

rfhatjgo fonaoef tnf spffk aok aeeuraey bgr wgrm pfrbgrcaoef. Eghhaigratjvf tfac

foaihf tg fseahatf tnf egccuojeatjgo prgefss acgod cfcifrs, rfkuef tjcf spfot go

cjsefhhaofgus aok uoofefssary prgefkurfs aok prgdrfss. Egostruetjgo sfetgr

rfspgokfots rajsf pgtfotjah suddfstjgos go eghhaigratjvf tfenoghgdy jcphfcfotatjgo.

[nfy ehajcfk tnat tnf eghhaigratfk tfenoghgdy prgvjkf ao gppgrtuojty tg jcprgvf

egccuojeatjgo, spffk gb wgrms, aok prfejsjgos sjdojbjeaothy.

Utukfots aok gtnfrs prgbfssjgo rfspgokfots jkfotjbjfk tnf eurrfot tfenoghgdy

kgfs ogt eghhaigratf. [g tnf wgrsf easf, tnf akvfrsarjah fbbfet acgod tnf tfenoghgdy

supphjfrs rjpphfs aok abbfet tg tnf fok-usfrs. Gof gb tnf rfspgokfots fcpnasjzfk tnat

brff Ehguk systfc js tnf mfy aeefss tg eghhaigratjgo. [nf trfok gb kjdjtah bjhfs snarjod

eghhaigratfk wjtn Ehguk systfc fonaoef egccuojeatjgo aok fhjcjoatf uoofefssary

kguit wjtnjo prg`fet tfac cfcifrs. Vobgrtuoatfhy, eurrfot jokustry kgfs ogt rfahjzf

tnf ifofbjejah aok ihjokhy jovfst go njdn egst hgw pfrbgrcaoef wgrms fxfeutfr. [njs

egokuets tg hgw eghhaigratjvf aok njdn hfvfh gb akvfrsarjah acgod tnf tfac.



5>

5.5 Jotfdratjgo

[nf enaraetfrjstjes gb tnf egostruetjgo jokustry arf wfhh-mogwo sngrt-tfrc wgrmjod

rfhatjgo aok bradcfotfk acgod prg`fet tfacs (Djrca, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah.

9<19). [nf rfhatjgo dft wgrsf wnfo tnf tfacs arf haem gb jotfdratjgo (Egostruetjgo

Fxefhhfoef, 9<<:= aok Djrca, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Pawkjf ft ah.

(9<<5), Egostruetjgo Fxefhhfoef (9<<:), aok Djrca (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah.

(9<19) kftfrcjofk tnat pggr jotfdratjgo aok egccjtcfot hfak tg hgw cgtjvatjgo jo

mogwhfkdf fxenaodjod aok jospjratjgo.

@acjf (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfs tnat ao grdaojzatjgo

strueturfk wjtn jotfdratjgo acgod tnf tfacs foeguradf tnfc carenjod tgwarks

cutuah tardft. IFYY (9<<>) aok @acjf (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19)

jkfotjbjfk tnat jotfdratfk tfac wjhh gptjcuc tjcf spfot bgr wgrms aok rjsms snarjod jo

ogo-akvfrsarjah caoofr. Egnfsjvf fovjrgocfot supphfcfotfk wjtn eggpfratjgo,

egotjougus jcprgvfcfot aok trust wjhh if iujht-up tg aenjfvf prg`fet tardft (@acjf,

o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

YJEU (9<16) jovfstjdatfk Aodhjao Tatfr prg`fet as easf stuky aok jkfotjbjfk

varjgus baetgrs egotrjiutfk jotg tnf prg`fet wnjen abbfet tnf prgdrfss aok jobhatf tnf

prg`fet egst. YJEU (9<16) aok egotraetgrs brgc Aodhjao Tatfr prg`fet rfahjzfk cgst

gb tnf ofdatjvf baetgrs eguhk if gvfregcf wjtn tnf ajk gb jotfdratjgo. Jobgrcatjgo

dap fasjhy egokuetfk fxphgjt gb jobgrcatjgo aok hfak tg gppgrtuojstje go jotfrfst, iut

njdn hfvfh gb jobgrcatjgo fxenaodjod cjojcjzf suen pgssjijhjtjfs (YJEU, 9<16). [nf

egnfsjvfofss rfhatjgo irgudnt iy jotfdratjgo iujhk-up irjkdfs fonaoefs jobgrcatjgo

fxenaodjod aok rfkuef tnf pgssjijhjty aok jotfotjgo gb gppgrtuojstje.

[nf egnfsjvfofss rfhatjgo prgkuefk iy jotfdratfk tfac js ifofbjejah tg prg`fet

tfacs, iut ogt aihf tg kfbfat gppgrtuojstje aok joefotjvfs iasfk jokustry ahgof. [nf

rfpgrts kgof iy YJEU (9<16) aok Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnf egcijoatjgo

gb jotfdratjgo aok eghhaigratjgo js a sghutjgo wnjen sghvf ifygok gppgrtuojstje aok

joefotjvfs. Enjcay aok @gno (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) burtnfr suddfst a

ofw egoefpt oacfk Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod wnjen fcigkjfk jotfdratjvf aokeghhaigratjvf js tg kfphgy jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry.



5:

5.; [nf Egcijoatjgo gb Eghhaigratjgo aok Jotfdratjgo

Gppgrtuojstje aok joefotjvfs arf tnf fhfcfots wnjen prfvfot tnf jokustry tg if

eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk. [nf bghhgwjod sfetjgo wjhh kjseuss tnf gppgrtuojstje aok

joefotjvfs jo egostruetjgo jokustry, aok prgvjkf a sghutjgo tg gvfregcf.

5.;.1 Gppgrtuojstje

YJEU (9<16) kftfrcjofs tnat gppgrtuojstje nappfos kurjod njdnhy rjsmfk aok

egcphjeatfk prg`fets. Jt js a egotraetgrs‚ ifnavjgur tg gvfr-fstjcatf tnf uoefrtajotjfs

aok prgbjt wnjen hfak tg uowaotfk jofbbjejfoey jo tnf kfhjvfry gb prg`fets (YJEU,

9<16). Carm (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) kfserjifk egcphfxjty egosjst nudf

pjeturf, cuhtjphf fhfcfots aok parts, aok ogt fasjhy if bjdurfk. Egcphjeatfk prg`fets

tnfrfbgrf njdnfr enaoef jo dajojod rjsms aok uoefrtajotjfs.

Jt js ogrc jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry wnfo fcphgyfrs pass tnfjr rjsms kgwo

tg egotraetgrs (YJEU 9<16= Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). YJEU (9<16) jkfotjbjfk tnat rjsms

aok uoefrtajotjfs arf egotrjiutfk cgst jo prg`fet egst jobhatjgo. Fspfejahhy jo tnf easf

wnfo gof party mogws ifttfr aigut tnf rjsm tnao tnf gtnfrs (YJEU, 9<16). Egotraetgrs

wjtn cgrf jobgrcatjgo go tnf rjsms wjhh tamf gppgrtuojty tg prjef njdn aok faro prgbjt,

aok kfbjofk as fxphgjt jobgrcatjgo (Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= YJEU, 9<16). Gppgrtuojstje

fseahatf tnf kjsngofst aok dajo akvfrsarjah fbbfet acgod tfac cfcifrs (YJEU, 9<16).

Jo easf jb tnf egotraetgrs‚ haem gb jobgrcatjgo go suen rjsm snarfk, tnfy wguhk

burtnfr sui-gut tnf senfcf gb wgrms tg sui-egotraetgrs aok joerfasf tnf traosaetjgo

egst (YJEU, 9<16). YJEU (9<16) statfk tnat tnf egotraetgrs wjhh iggst tnfjr prgbjt iy

jobhatjod tnf prg`fet egst aok traosbfr tg fcphgyfrs. Jo egosuhtaoey bjrcs, uoefrtajoty

aok rjsms arf narkfr tg if quaotjbjfk (YJEU, 9<16). YJEU (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat pggr

jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf bgr egosuhtaots foeguradf tnfc tg ahhgeatf njdnfr pgrtjgo gb tnf

egotjodfoey suc. [nfsf arf eatfdgrjzfk uokfr gppgrtuojstje as tnf jobhatfk egst wjhh

fvfotuahhy traosbfrrfk aok iarf iy fcphgyfrs (Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= YJEU, 9<16).



;<

5.;.9 Joefotjvf

YJEU (9<16) rfahjzfk fegogcjst kfbjofk joefotjvfs as cgtjvatgr bgr tnf egotrjiutjgo

gb fbbgrt. Joefotjvfs gptjcuc tnf vahuf gb cgofy jo aenjfvjod gi`fetjvfs aok tardfts

(Arcstrgod, 9<15). Jo ifnavjgurah fegogcje, wgrmfrs rfhy go wadfs tg if cgtjvatfk

jo egotjougus prgkuetjvjty egccjtcfot (YJEU, 9<16). YJEU (9<16) burtnfr jkfotjbjfk

fcphgyfrs wguhk ratnfr pay njdnfr saharjfs tg fonaoef tnf wgrmbgrefs prgkuetjvjty

tnao akgptjod cgrf jokjvjkuahs tg pfrbgrc tnf tasms.

Brgc tnf easf stuky Aodhjao Tatfr egokuetfk iy YJEU (9<16) bguok gof gb

tnf baetgrs abbfetjod prgdrfss js haigur rfhatjgo. Aodhjao Tatfr aihf tg mffp haigur

turogvfr ratf hgw aok cjojcjzf fxtra tjcf aok egst spfot jo rferujtcfot (YJEU 9<16).

YJEU (9<16) jkfotjbjfk Aodhjao Tatfr rfwark tnfjr haigurfrs‚ hgyahty wjtn egcbgrt

wgrmjod fovjrgocfot, traosparfot aok egnfsjvf wgrmjod partofrs, aok prjkf tg wgrm

as part gb tnf tfac. [nf rfwarks mffp tnf haigurfrs brgc wahm-gbb ahsg cgtjvatf tnfc

tg egotrjiutf wjtn njdnfr prgkuetjvjty aok fbbgrt (YJEU, 9<16).

YJEU (9<16) jo-kfptn jovfstjdatf go easf stuky Aodhjao Tatfr aok bguok tnf

jcpgrtaoef gb joefotjvf. Drgup iasfk egcpfosatjgo acgod tnf prg`fet tfacs dajo a

pgsjtjvf rfspgosf go cgtjvatjgo aok prgkuetjgo (YJEU, 9<16). Ngwfvfr, tnf ifofbjt

gohy rfaets wnfo tnf joefotjvfs arf bjoaoejah rfwarks (YJEU, 9<16). [nf akvaotadfs

gb ifjod eghhaigratjvf gr jotfdratjvf kg ogt wgrm bgr tnf jokustry jo joefotjvf sfetgr.

Enjcay aok @gno (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) tnfrfbgrf suddfstfk tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod.

5.;.5 Ughutjgo

Frje ft ah. (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnf egostruetjgo jokustry

dajofk tnf kfcaok jo eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf wgrmjod fovjrgocfot. [nf njdn

kfdrff iusjofss egcpftjtjvfofss bgrefk tnf jokustry tg fonaoef tnf caoadfcfot go

kgeucfots aok jobgrcatjgo (Frje ft ah. o.k.= Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Frje ft ah (o.k.)ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) ahsg bguok strfachjojod prgefkurfs, fbbjejfot gpfratjgo



;1

gb tnf grdaojzatjgo, njdn-fok prgkuets aok sfrvjefs, aok iujhk-up mogwhfkdf iasf arf

tnf bfaturfs tg fonaoef tnf egcpftjtjvfofss gb egostruetjgo bjrcs.

Ngwfvfr, tnf ifnavjgur fegogcje ihgem tnf jokustry brgc stfppjod bgrwark

tg tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb enaodfs, eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo (YJEU, 9<16). Fvfo

tnf hjtjdatjgo systfc yft suppgrt tg eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf, aok fseahatf tnf

oucifrs gb kjsputfs wjtn haem gb egccuojeatjgo aok strgod akvfrsarjah rfhatjgo

iftwffo partjfs (Eggm aok Naoenfr, 1::<= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Jt sffcs

tnat tnf egostruetjgo jokustry nfsjtatf tg akgpt enaodfs, Fviugcwao aok Aoucia

(1::6) aok Enjcay aok @gno (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) tnfrfiy jotrgkuefk

Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod aok prgcgtfs eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf jo caoadfcfot

gb tnf egcpgofots aok kgwo-strfac prgkuetjgo hjofs.

Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod fcigkjfk iy jotfdratjgo aok egoeurrfoefs (Enjcay

aok @gno, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Enjcay aok @gno (o.k.) ejtfk jo

Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) fxphajofk tnat egoeurrfoefs aenjfvf wjtn parahhfh prgdrfss gb

tnf egostruetjgo wgrms. JIU egcpgofots cay start caoubaeturjod kurjod tnf kftajhfk

kfsjdo stadf, pfrbgrcaoef igok aok josuraoef prgeurjod stadf. Goef tnf egotraetgr

draotfk bgr sjtf pgssfssjgo, JIU egcpgofots cay start tg kfhjvfr aok assfcihf go sjtf.

Aigvf fxacphf sngws fbbfetjvfofss aok fbbjejfoey prgvjkfk iy egoeurrfoefs.

Gtnfr tnao egoeurrfoefs, Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod ahsg bgeusfs go jotfdratjgo.

[nf mfy bfaturfs irgudnt iy jotfdratjgo fxtfok brgc prgkuet egccfrejah jobgrcatjgo,

hjbf-eyehf fvfots kata, tfenoghgdjfs gpfratjgo, tg tnf eghhaigratjgo iftwffo supphjfrs

aok sui-egotraetjod enajos (Enjcay aok @gno, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

Ahtngudn Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod kgfs ogt egvfr eghhaigratjgo jo dfofrah, iut tnf

gpfratjgo gb Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod rfqujrfs eghhaigratjvf as tnfjr dfar (@acjf, o.k.=

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

[njs prgpgsah fcpnasjzfs tnf drfatfr rfsuht aok ifofbjts irgudnt iy tnf

egcijoatjgo gb jotfdratjvf aok eghhaigratjvf. @acjf (o.k.), Iurofs aok Ofws (1::2),

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) bguok tnat eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk prg`fet tfac

jcprgvfk egccuojeatjgo aok hfvfradf tnf grdaojzatjgo wjtn gptjcjzfk jovfstcfot.[nf prg`fet tfac cfcifrs dajo ifttfr uokfrstaokjod acgod faen gtnfr aok prgvjkf



;9

tnf ifst eggpfratjgo jo rfkuef wastadf= njdnhy eggrkjoatfk= snarf searef rfsgurefs

aok tahfots= gpfohy ergss jobgrcatjgo tg iujhk up ahtfroatjvfs tg aenjfvf tnf egccgo

gi`fetjvfs (@acjo, o.k.= Iurofs aok Ofws, 1::2= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

Iurofs aok Ofws (1::2) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) cfotjgofk tnat tnjs

rfhatjgo prgvjkf a phatbgrc tg fonaoef tnf egccuojeatjgo aok jobgrcatjgo snarjod

acgod tfac cfcifrs. [nfrfbgrf jcprgvjod tfac iujhkjod aok fseahatf egnfsjvfofss

wjtnjo tnf tfac cfcifrs. Utrgod egnfsjvf tfac fhjcjoatf tnf cfcifrs‚ jotfotjgo tg

fxphgjt jobgrcatjgo gr ifjod gppgrtuojstje, aok rfkuef tnf ofefssjty bgr joefotjvfs tg

if bjoaoejah iasfk (Eggm aok Naoenfr, 1::<= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= YJEU,

9<16). Jo tnf gtnfr wgrks, eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk tfac rfkuefs tnf pgssjijhjty gb

gppgrtuojstje aok egovfrt joefotjvfs tg ogo-bjoaoejah iasfk aok hgwfr tnf prg`fet egst.

Hgod-tfrc eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk prg`fet tfac foeguradf aok jcprgvf

tnf trust acgod cfcifrs aok rfkuefs gppgrtuojstje (YJEU, 9<16). Fcjhja (o.k.) ejtfk

jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) statfk tnat tnf trustfk rfhatjgo foaihf tg jcprgvf quahjty,

fbbjejfoey aok joogvatjvf snarjod.

5.;.; Eghhaigratjvf aok Jotfdratjvf wjtn [fenoghgdy

As cfotjgofk aigvf, eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf rfhatjgo nfhps tg iujhk a egnfsjvf

fovjrgocfot bgr tnf prg`fet tfac. [nf fbbfet gb eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo wjhh

rfqujrfs tnf ajk gb tfenoghgdy tg baejhjtatf tnf prg`fet tfac wjtn njdn joogvatjvf aok

fovjrgocfotah-brjfokhy. Ngwfvfr, tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdy kgfs ogt wgrm

as kfsjrfk jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry, fspfejahhy bgr Cahaysjao. [nf sghutjgo bgr tnjs

kjhfcca js egcijojod eghhaigratjgo, jotfdratjgo aok tfenoghgdy wjtnjo a phatbgrc.

[nf fbbfet gb eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo snahh abbfet tnf usf gb tfenoghgdy.

Ujkofy (9<<4) ehajcfk tnat tnf egcijoatjgo js eahhfk jotfrgpfraijhjty. Kjdjtah

jobgrcatjgo egccuojeatf acgod faen partjejpaot jo tnf prg`fet tfac js jkfotjbjfk as

jotfrgpfraijhjty (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Ujkofy (9<<4) burtnfr fhaigratfk tnat jotfrgpfraijhjtyjs tnf jotfraetjgo iftwffo tfenoghgdjfs. Ugbtwarf aok tfenoghgdy apphjfk iy varjgus



;5

tfac cfcifrs arf suppgsfk tg „tahm‚ wjtn faen gtnfr, aok eapaihf tg aeefss aoy

kjdjtah bjhfs brgc aoy gof gb tnfc (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Oatjgoah Jostjtutf gb Utaokarks aok

[fenoghgdy bguok tnat joeapaihf gb jotfrgpfraijhjty eausfk akkjtjgoah YC9.96 pfr

cftfr squarf go prg`fet, wnjen fquahs tg YC9;.9< pfr squarf bggt (ejtfk jo Ujkofy,

9<<4).

Ujkofy (9<<4) kgof a easf stuky go a nfahtn eghhfdf at Cjenjdao aok bguok

jotfrgpfraijhjty fonaoefs kfejsjgos camjod prgefkurfs. [jcf spfot go jobgrcatjgo

fxenaodjod, rfvjfw aok apprgvf iffo cjojcjzfk. Tgrms suen as kgeucfots kfhjvfry,

kata rf-fotrjfs, traem aok rfegrk, aok fteftfra wnjen rfqujrfs nucao rfsgurefs navf

iffo rfkuefk. Yfsuhts tg 4<< cfcifrs rfkuetjgo aok 1:< tgos stffh savjod jo gvfrahh

prgefkurfs gb tnf prg`fet (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Ujkofy (9<<4) ehajcfk tnat jo Kfovfr Art

Cusfuc prg`fet, tnf prg`fet tfac jcphfcfot jotfrgpfraijhjty. Uupphjfrs navf iffo

prgvjkfk wjtn sjtf dfgcftrje jobgrcatjgo aok aihf tg suddfst ifst sghutjgo bgr aoy

sjtf jssufs (Ujkofy, 9<<4).

Egostruetjgo bjrcs arf rfegccfokfk tg jotfrgpfratf twg ca`gr systfcs

wnjen arf egotrghhjod aok stgrjod prg`fet jobgrcatjgo (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4a). Ngw (9<16)

ehajcfk tnat Iruosbjfhk jotfrgpfratf suen systfcs tg aenjfvf bjvf gi`fetjvfs0 njdn

hfvfh gb vjsuahjzatjgo= rjen jobgrcatjgo krawjods= autgcatfk quaotjty cfasurf aok

upkatf= prgdrfss upkatfs go as-iujht cgkfh= aok jotfdratjvf aok eghhaigratjvf prg`fet

kfhjvfry. Iruosbjfhk utjhjzf wfi pgrtah as phatbgrc tg aenjfvf jotfrgpfraijhjty (Ngw,

9<16). YJEU (9<16) ehajcfk suen eghhaigratjgo egcijofs ifofbjts brgc ahh

jotfrgpfratfk systfcs.

Ujkofy (9<<4) stjpuhatfk tnf mfy bgr jotfrgpfraijhjty js tg ergss-rfbfrfoef wjtn

dhgiah iasjs. Egostruetjgo wgrm pgrtah phatbgrc js a efotrah pgjot bgr prg`fet tfac tg

aeefss ahh prg`fet jobgrcatjgo aok irfam-gbb tnf bradcfotfk rfhatjgo aok fonaoef

egccuojeatjgo (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4a). Vcjt ft ah. (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19)

jkfotjbjfk tnat Ehguk systfc eguhk fjtnfr jotfrgpfratjod gr if jotfrgpfratfk wjtn tnf

gtnfr systfcs as tnf iaemigof gb prg`fet jobgrcatjgo. [nf seahaihf vjrtuah kataiasf

prgvjkf njdn pgtfotjah bgr systfcs jotfrgpfraijhjty (Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19= Cjergsgbt

Azurf, 9<16x).



;;

Jotfrgpfraijhjty pusn tfac cfcifrs tg „tahm‚ wjtn faen gtnfr wjtngut tnf usf

gb papfr aok fxpfkjtf tnf prgefss (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Tjhhjacs (9<<4a) jkfotjbjfk tnat

tnf jotfrgpfraijhjty wjtn cgijhf kfvjefs prgvjkfs rfah tjcf kata aeefss. [nf phatbgrc

aet hjmf a iusy rgak ùoetjgo pass-iy wjtn kata aeefssfk iy sjtf ahsg kata rfegrkfk

brgc sjtf (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4a). Tjhhjacs (9<<4a) ehajcfk tnat tnf sjtf wgrm

prgkuetjvjty nas joerfasfk up-tg 9<%-5<% iy rfkuejod tnf tjcfs bgr sjtf adfot travfh

iaem tg gbbjef. Eartfr (1:24), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) nak tnf vjsjgo tnat

egostruetjgo wgrmfrs wjhh gof kay assfcihjod prfbairjeatfk egcpgofots aok wfhh

eggrkjoatjod wgrm tasms iy egoofetfk aok cfenaojeah sjtf. [nf vjsjgo js og hgodfr

buturjstje aok js aenjfvaihf wjtn tnf jotfrgpfratjgo gb avajhaihf tfenoghgdjfs.

5.6 Joogvatjvf [fenoghgdy

[fenoghgdy js tnfrfbgrf ao jcpgrtaot baetgr bgr eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf jokustry.

[njs sfetjgo burtnfr fhaigratfs ngw tfenoghgdy eguhk if ifofbjejah aok tnf rfefot

tfenoghgdy akgptjgo jo Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry.

5.6.1 Joogvatjgo

Joogvatjgo tardftfk go vahuf bgr cgofy, rjsm rfkuetjgo, grdaojzatjgo egcpftjtjvfofss

aok fovjrgocfotah sustajoaijhjty (Djrca, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Fcjhja

(o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) suppgrtfk tnat joogvatjgo foaihfs tg baejhjtatf

tnf egostruetjgo jokustry. Jt jcprgvfs tnf pfrbgrcaoefs wjtn egst rfkuetjgo, spffk-up

egostruetjgo prgdrfss, aok njdn quahjty aok sustajoaihf prgkuetjgo (Fcjhja, o.k.=

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Fcjhja (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) foeguotfr

tnat joogvatjvf eggrkjoatjgo aok phaoojod cjtjdatfs tnf jcpaet brgc pggr wfatnfr

egokjtjgo aok erfatfs wjkfr carmft raodf.

Joogvatjvf prgvjkf pgsjtjvf jcpaet tg fovjrgocfotah aok sustajoaijhjty jssufs.Fcjhja (o.k.) aok Nfokrjms (1:::), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) fxphajofk tnat tnf



;6

Uustajoaihf Egostruetjgo gptjcjzf aok savf tnf usf gb rfsgurefs, tnfrfbgrf trjc kgwo

egostruetjgo egst, ahsg caxjcjzf tnf quahjty gb tnf prgkuet. Uustajoaihf Egostruetjgo

tamfs prg`fet hjbf eyehf egstjod, prgkuet aok pfrbgrcaoef quahjty, aok iujhkjod sabfty

aok nfahtn egotrjiutjgo jotg cfasurfs (Djrca, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

Ngwfvfr, tnf gohy way tg aenjfvf Uustajoaihf Egostruetjgo rfqujrfk joogvatjgo-iy-

jotfdratjgo (Fcjhja, o..k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

Fcjhja (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) burtnfr jkfotjbjfk tnat joogvatjvf

eguhk if aenjfvfk wjtn tnf ajk gb Jobgrcatjgo aok Egccuojeatjgo [fenoghgdjfs aok

suistjtutjod trakjtjgoah, ogo-fbbjejfot cftngks. Fvfo Egoeurrfot Fodjoffrjod rfqujrfs

tfenoghgdjfs suen as egcputfr ajkfk kfsjdo, egcputfr ajkfk caoubaeturjod, aok ft

eftfra tg baejhjtatf tnf egoeurrfoefs aok aenjfvf prgpfr wgrms eggrkjoatjgo (Enjcay

aok @gno, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

5.6.9 Yfefot [fenoghgdy Jcphfcfotatjgo

Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry js dfttjod tg if aotjquf iy tnf pggr akgptjgo gb IJC

(Enff, 9<16). YJEU (9<16) kftfrcjofk tnat IJC eguhk if sfdrfdatfk jotg bfw hfvfhs.



;2

[aihf 5.10 Hfvfh gb JE[ Jcphfcfotatjgo jo tnf Egostruetjgo Jokustry

IJC

Hfvfh

Enaraetfrjstjes Vptamf

Hfvfh < 9K EAK krabtjod go prgpfrty jobgrcatjgo Gvfrsfas jokustrynavf ca`grhycgvfk gut, iutCahaysjao jokustrytrappfk jo tnjs hfvfh

Hfvfh 1 9K aok 5K EAK wjtn kjdjtah bjhfs snarjod= yft tg if wfhh eghhaigratfk

Tjkfhy akgptfk jogvfrsfas jokustry

Hfvfh 9 5K EAK, ;K Uenfkuhjod, aok 6K egstcgkfhhjod. Eghhaigratjvf wgrm phatbgrc gohy bgrjobgrcatjgo snarjod aok IJC cgkfhhjod

Ogt egccgohy iffo akgptfk. VMjokustry sft a startat yfar 9<12

Hfvfh 5 Burtnfr fxtfok up-tg 2K hjbfeyehf caoadfcfot

aok gpfratjgo. A efotrah kataiasf tg mffpjobgrcatjgo. Njdnhy eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvfwjtn varjgus kjsejphjofs aok tfenoghgdjfs

Egoefpt nas iffo

suppgrtfk iy tnfgry iut yft apphjeaihf

Ifygok

IJC

Njdnhy jcphfcfotgb IJC as egccgotgghs usjod jo tnfjokustry

Aeegrkjod tg [aihf 5.1 aigvf sngws tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb IJC jo tnf VM

egostruetjgo jokustry nas aenjfvfk tg Hfvfh 9 wnjhf Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry

stjhh rftajo jo Hfvfh < (Enff, 9<16= YJEU, 9<16). Frje ft ah (o.k.) ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft

ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf jokustry kgfs ogt rfahjzf tnf pgtfotjah aok ifofbjts iy

tnf usf gb tfenoghgdjfs. [nf ehjfots aok tnf kfsjdo tfac joehukjod arenjtfet, fodjoffr,

aok quaotjty survfygr snguhk tamf hfak jo tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb ofw apprgaenfs aok

joogvatjvf sgbtwarf aok tfenoghgdjfs (Frje ft ah. o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19=

Ancak Uunajcj, 9<16= Ggj, 9<16).

VM dgvfrocfot rfcgvf tfenojeah iarrjfrs aok fosurf tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb

IJC tg Hfvfh 9 wjhh ruo scggtn wjtngut ihgemadf (YJEU, 9<16). Uurvfy rfspgokfots

jkfotjbjfk tnat Cahaysjao dgvfrocfot nas yft prgcgtjod nark go tnf jcphfcfotatjgo

gb tfenoghgdjfs. [nf hfdahjzatjgo gb kjdjtah bjhfs js rfcajo kguit aok uoehfar, aok tnf

bgrcahjzfk aok hfdahjzfk kgeucfots arf stjhh rfqujrfk tg if jo narkegpy. YJEU (9<16)

bguok tnat tnf kata gwofrsnjp js gof gb tnf enahhfodfs jo hfdah prgefkurfs.



;4

Uurvfy rfspgokfots ehajcfk tnat tnf avajhaihf tfenoghgdjfs arf ogt cgkjby-

brjfokhy aok eausfs joegovfojfoef aok fxtra tjcf spfot tg pfrbgrc (Ggj, 9<16). Ggj

(9<16) jkfotjbjfk tnf egccgo praetjef bgr Cahaysjao egostruetjgo bjrcs arf spfokjod

fxtra egst tg kfvfhgp gr cgkjby sgbtwarf tg sujt wjtn tnf euhturf aok rfduhatjgos gb

wgrms. [njs sjtuatjgo nas iffo suppgrtfk aok fxphajofk iy Fcjhja (o.k.), ejtfk jo

Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19). [fenoghgdjfs usuahhy kfvfhgpfk brgc njdn joegcf eguotrjfs,

aok tajhgrfk aeegrkaoef tg tnf hfdah systfcs gb tnf ngstfk eguotry (Fcjhja o.k.= ejtfk

jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

Fcjhja (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnat Enjoa nas ratnfr

akgpts Enjoa‚s hgeah sgbtwarf aok tfenoghgdjfs, fvfo aergss tnf wgrhk tg gvfrsfas

wgrm sjtfs. Egotjoufk wjtn pggr egccuojeatjgo wjtnjo tnf jokustry egokuetfk njdn

kfdrff gb uoefrtajotjfs aok rjsms jo akgptjod joogvatjvf tfenoghgdjfs (Fcjhja, o.k.=

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). \ggr jotfdratjvf tfenoghgdjfs aok haem gb eghhaigratjvf

rfhatjgo wjtnjo tnf jokustry njokfr tnf jokustry wjhhjodofss jo aeefptjod ahtfroatjvf

tfenoghgdjfs (Braoeg ft ah. 9<<;= Fcjhja, o.k.= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).



ENA\[FY ;

; CF[NGKGHGDZ

;.1

Kfbjojtjgo gb Cftngkghgdy

Tjmjpfkja (9<16) kfbjofk cftngkghgdy as tnf tnfgrftjeah aoahysjs apprgaenfs apphy

jo rfsfaren rfpgrt. Jt snguhk ogt statjod tnf akgptjgo gb apprgaenfs gohy, iut ahsg

joehukjod tnfgrftjeah fxphaoatjgo go tnf akgptfk apprgaenfs suen as apphjeatjgo

egosjkfratjgo, enaraetfrjstje, aok gtnfrs rfpgrt rfhatfk jobgrcatjgo (Vojvfrsjty gb

Caoenfstfr, 9<16). Purjatj (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat tnf rfsfaren cftngkghgdy enaptfr

snguhk if aihf tg jokjeatf tnf rfhatjgo gb rfsfaren cftngks jo aenjfvjod tnf rfpgrt

gi`fetjvfs.

Ihamstak (9<<>) jkfotjbjfk tnat jcphfcfotjod tnf apprgprjatf cftngk js

jcpgrtaot jo grkfr tg dft tnf kfsjrfk egoehusjgo. Jt js ofefssary tg statf tnf erjtfrjgos

egoefrofk jo enggsjod tnf rfsfaren cftngks aok tnf caoofr tg pfrbgrc tnf rfpgrt

gi`fetjvfs (Vojvfrsjty gb Caoenfstfr, 9<16). Vojvfrsjty gb Caoenfstfr (9<16)

burtnfr jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf fxpfetfk gutegcf js tnf ca`gr egosjkfratjgo jo enggsjod

rfsfaren cftngks. [njs rfpgrt ifttfr sujt tg jcphfcfot hjtfraturf rfvjfw, quahjtatjvf

jotfrvjfw, quaotjtatjvf qufstjgooajrf, aok kata aoahysjs bgr eghhfetfk jobgrcatjgo tg

aenjfvf tnf gi`fetjvfs prfvjgushy statfk. Ahh cftngks wjhh if burtnfr kjseussfk jo tnf

bghhgwjod sui-sfetjgos.



;:

;.9 Hjtfraturf Yfvjfw

Hjtfraturf rfvjfw js gof gb tnf strgod suppgrtjod jobgrcatjgo enaptfrs bgr tnjs rfpgrt.

Jo rfefot trfok, rfsfarenfrs arf egokuetjod hjtfraturf rfvjfw jo tnfjr rfsfaren prgefss

wjtngut hjcjtjod tnf sgurefs gb jobgrcatjgo (Ihaxtfr, 9<<2= Erfswfhh, 9<<>= Bjom,

1::>= ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11). Jt js burtnfr statfk tnat hjtfraturf rfvjfw js ao gpfratjgo

wnjen aoahysfs avajhaihf rfakjods suen as `guroahs, kgeucfots, aok iggms kgof iy

aeakfcje partjfs aok praetjtjgofrs.

Irycao (9<19) cfotjgofk tnat hjtfraturf rfvjfw js apphjfk tg fobgref tnf

vahjkjty gb tnf rfpgrt ajc. Hjtfraturf rfvjfw kfvfhgps tnf tnfgry iasjs gb tnf rfpgrt iy

jkfotjby tnf rfhatjgo iftwffo tnf jotfotjgos gb tnf rfpgrt wjtn avajhaihf mogwhfkdf

aok jobgrcatjgo (ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11). Erfswfhh (9<<>) aok Tgod (9<11) egoehukfk

bjvf stfps wnjen tg kfvfhgp hjtfraturf rfvjfw. Utarts brgc jkfotjby mfy arfa bgr

sfarenjod, sfegokhy js tg hgeatf hjtfraturf. Ofxt stfp js rfvjfwjod tnf sfhfetfk

hjtfraturf tnfo tg kfvfhgp tnfgrftjeah aok egoefptuah bracfwgrm. Hast stfp wjhh if

wrjtjod tnf hjtfraturf rfvjfw.

;.5 Quahjtatjvf Yfsfaren

Tgod (9<11) kfbjofk quahjtatjvf rfsfaren fcpnasjzf tnf aoahysjs gb wgrks ratnfr

tnao quaotjbjeatjgo kata. Jt js ao jokuetjvf rfsfaren aok prgvjkjod rjenofss wgrk bgrc

kata ([gn, 9<15). [gn (9<15) burtnfr cfotjgofk tnat tnf kata joehukfs jotfrprftatjgo

aok tnf rfsfarenfr js gof gb tnf erjtfrjgos wnjen abbfet tnf eghhfetfk kata. Yjenark

(9<<>) statfk tnat quahjtatjvf rfsfaren dfofratfs vjfwpgjots aok jkfas wnjen eguhk

irgakfo gur mogwhfkdf. Jt fxphgrfs attjtukfs, ifnavjgur, aok fxpfrjfoefs iy bgeus

drgup kjseussjgo gr jotfrvjfw ([gn, 9<15).

Irycao (9<<>), as succarjzfk iy Tgod (9<11), enaraetfrjsfk quahjtatjvf

rfsfaren as ao jokuetjvf apprgaen wnjen kfbjofs tnf egoofetjgo iftwffo tnfgry aok

praetjeah= fcpnasjzf cgst go tnf rfspgokfot jotfrprftjod tnfjr aetuah praetjef= aokrfbhfetjod tnf aetuah ifnavjgur gb tnf fovjrgocfot. [gn (9<15) statfk tnat tnf



6<

qufstjgos arf asmfk jo cgrf jokjrfet ways aok tnf aoswfrs arf rfhjfs go tnf

rfspgokfots (Erfswfhh, 9<<>= ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11). Jotfrvjfw, drguokfk tnfgry, easf

stuky, oarratjvf rfsfaren, aok ft eftfra arf cftngks usuahhy apprgaen iy quahjtatjvf

rfsfaren (Nfoo ft ah, 9<<:= ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11).

;.5.1 Ufcj-strueturfk Jotfrvjfw

Jotfrvjfw js egovfrsatjgo wnjen rfqujrfs jotfrvjfwfr aet as attfotjvf hjstfofr wng

snapjod tnf jotfrvjfw prgefss tg a bacjhjar aok egcbgrtaihf bgrc gb sgejah

fodadfcfot (Mvahf, 1::2= ejtfk jo0 Cjhfs, 9<1;). \attgo (1::<) rfahjzfk tnat tnf

quahjty gb jobgrcatjgo datnfrfk hardfhy kfpfoks go smjhhs aok pfrsgoahjty gb tnf

jotfrvjfwfr. Jotfrvjfw eao eatfdgrjzfk jotg sfvfrah typfs wnjen arf tgpjeah njstgry,

hjbf njstgry, grah njstgry, fvahuatjgo jotfrvjfw, bgeus drgup jotfrvjfw, aok euhturah

jotfrvjfw (ejtfk jo [ayhgr-pgwfhh & Yfoofr, 9<<5).

Faen gb tnf jotfrvjfw statfk aigvf navf tnfjr gwo enaraetfrjstje aok purpgsf.

[gpjeah njstgry jotfrvjfw js bgr rfegostruetjgo gb fxpfrjfoefs= hjbf njstgry jotfrvjfw

js tnf snarjod gb jokjvjkuah fxpfrjfoefs= grah njstgry jotfrvjfw js tg eghhfet kyjod

hjbfstyhf gr art smjhhs= fvahuatjgo jotfrvjfw rfvjfw praetjefs aok jojtjatf egotjougus

prgefss jcprgvfcfot= bgeus drgup jotfrvjfw sffm tnf ifnavjgur rfdarkjod a prgkuet

gr ao jostjtutjgo= aok euhturah jotfrvjfw eghhfets tnf ifnavjgur gb a drgup gr sgejfty,

tnf euhturah prfcjsfs aok ogrcs (Yjenark, 9<<>).

Jotfrvjfw js jo kjbbfrfot bgrcs, sajk iy Yjenark (9<<>), aok ahh tnfsf bgrcs

navf kjbbfrfot ways tg jotfrprft mogwhfkdf gb ao jokjvjkuah tngudnts, bffhjods aok

ifnavjgurs. Jobgrcah gr egovfrsatjgo jotfrvjfw nas og prfkftfrcjofk qufstjgos tg

rfcajo gpfo tg tnf jotfrvjfwfr‚s oaturf= dfofrah jotfrvjfw dujkf apprgaen trjfs tg

eadf tnf arfa gb jobgrcatjgo brgc faen jotfrvjfwff, hjcjts a efrtajo brffkgc tg bgeus

tnf jobgrcatjgo go tgpje= staokarkjsfk gr gpfo-fokfk jotfrvjfw js bgr baejhjtatfs bastfr

jotfrvjfw aok fasjfr tg aoahysfk aok egcparfk= ehgsf gr bjxfk-rfspgosf jotfrvjfw

asmjod tnf sacf qufstjgos aok aoswfrs arf tg if engsfo iy faen jotfrvjfwff, sjcjhartg tnf eghhfetjgo gb quaotjtatjvf kata (Yjenark, 9<<>).



61

Bgr jotfrvjfw qufstjgos, tnf typfs gb qufstjgos eguhk dfofrahhy eatfdgrjsf jotg

twg wnjen js strueturfk qufstjgos aok uostrueturfk qufstjgos. Yjenark (9<<>)

fxphajofk tnat strueturfk qufstjgos arf a hjst gb prfkftfrcjofk qufstjgos sft jo tnf

raodf gb earfbuhhy sfhfetfk tgpje. Utaokarkjzatjgo joerfasfs tnf rfhjaijhjty gb rfsuhts

aok egoehusjgo (Yjenark, 9<<>). Vostrueturfk qufstjgos ahhgw tnf rfsfarenfr tg

fxphgrf tnf arfa wjtn tnf rfspgokfots (Yjenark, 9<<>). Yjenark (9<<>) ahsg kfeharfs

tnat jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk vja uostrueturfk qufstjgos js ogt acfoaihf tg statjstjeah

aoahysjs aok js gbtfo rfbfrrfk as quahjtatjvf rfsfaren.

;.;

Quaotjtatjvf Yfsfaren

Quaotjtatjvf rfsfaren foaihfs tnf rfsfarenfrs tg kfejkf tnf arfa gb stuky (Erfswfhh,

9<<>= ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11). Tao (9<11) statfk tnat tnf jobgrcatjgo gitajofk brgc

tnf rfspgokfots js fxprfssfk jo oucfrjeah bgrc, aok tnf kata eghhfetfk eao if

cfasurfk jo oucifr gb jtfcs rfeahhfk, rfaetjgo tjcfs, pfrefotadf gb jtfcs usfk, aok

ft eftfra. [nfsf oucfrjeah kata arf eghhfetfk fjtnfr wjtn qufstjgooajrf gr strueturfk

jotfrvjfw. As Mrysjm aok Bjoo (9<1<) cfotjgofk, tnfsf kata eghhfetjod cftngks

usuahhy bgeus go hjcjtfk oucifr gb prfkfbjofk varjaihfs wnjen dfofratfs prjcarjhy

kata (ejtfk jo Enua 9<19).

Egcparfs tg quahjtatjvf rfsfaren, Irycao (9<<>) bguok tnf pfrsgoahjty gb

quaotjtatjvf rfsfaren arf0 j) Quaotjtatjvf rfsfaren akapt kfkuetjvf apprgaen tg stuky

tnf rfhatjgosnjp iftwffo tnfgry aok praetjef = jj) Jt joegrpgratfk tnf praetjefs aok

staokark gb tnf oaturah sejfotjbje cgkfh= jjj) fcigkjfs a vjfw gb sgejah rfahjty as ao

gi`fetjvf rfahjty (ejtfk jo Tgod, 9<11).

;.;.1 Qufstjgooajrf

CeQuffo aok Moussfo (9<<9)= Aokj aok Cjoatg (9<<5) aok Engod (9<1;), suddfsttnat qufstjgooajrf survfy js gof gb tnf cgst fbbfetjvf cftngks tg jovghvf a nudf



69

oucifr gb pfgphf tg jkfotjby rfsuhts. \aooffrsfhvac (9<<:) jkfotjbjfs tnf akvaotadfs

bgr tnf apphjeatjgo gb qufstjgooajrf wnjen egosjstjod hfss egsthy, hfssfr tjcf spfot,

wjkfr egvfradf gb pgpuhatjgo, ifttfr aeeuraey gb kata aok aisfoef gb jotfrvjfwfr‚s

ijas (ejtfk jo Taoo, 9<11). Hjc (9<11) jkfotjbjfk tnat qufstjgooajrf js a sft gb

qufstjgos, wnjen qufstjgojod jokjvjkuahs go a tgpje gr tgpjes aok tnfo kfserjijod

tnfjr rfspgosfs (@aemsgo, 9<11= ejtfk jo Engod, 9<1;).

Qufstjgooajrf rfhjfs go qufstjgojod aok js a systfcatje way gb eghhfetjod kata

brgc a oucifr gb rfspgokfots (Mrysjm aok Bjoo 9<1<= ejtfk jo Enua, 9<19). Tao

(9<11) cfotjgofk tnat ehgsfk-fokfk qufstjgooajrf oarrgwjod rfspgosfs brgc

rfspgokfot, a bjxfk oucifr gb bgrefk rfspgosfs (Cjmf, 9<<>). Ehgsfk-fokfk

qufstjgooajrf qufstjgos arf prf-kftfrcjofk aok staokarkjzfk tg ahh rfspgokfots.

Yjenark (9<<>) statfk tnat staokarkjzatjgo jcprgvf tnf rfhjaijhjty gb tnf rfsuhts aok

egoehusjgo. [nfrf arf stfps tg bghhgw bgr prfparjod a ehgsfk-fokfk qufstjgooajrf

wnjen joehukjod tnf egostruetjgo, seahfs attjtukf, pjhgtjod, sacphjod, akcjojstratjgo,

egkjod, kata fotry, aok baetgrs aoahysjs (Cjmf, 9<<>).

[nf wgrkjod usf bgr tnf qufstjgooajrf arf egostrajofk , iy egccgo sfosf,

fasy bgr rfspgokfot uokfrstaokjod, rfsfarenfrs cust navf efrtajo fxpfrjfoef, as irjfb

as pgssjihf, rfhfvaot tg rfsfaren ajc aok apprgprjatf bgr rfspgokfots tg aoswfr, avgjk

usjod uoacijdugus wgrks, prgpgsfk tardft snguhk navf tnf mogwhfkdf tg aoswfr,

aok kg ogt hfak qufstjgos bgr uoijasfk aoswfrs eghhfetjgo (Cjmf, 9<<>). Yfhjaijhjty

aok vahjkjty ahsg offk tg if egoefrofk, wnftnfr tnf qufstjgooajrf wguhk prgkuef

sacf rfsuht abtfr rfpftjtjvf usfk tg sjcjhar tardfts, aok wnftnfr tnf qufstjgooajrf

cfasurfk tnf rfsfarenfr‚s jotfotjgo (Cjmf, 9<<>).

;.6

Kata Aoahysjs

Kata aoahysjs js tnf prgefss gb kfbjojod kata tg suppgrt tnf rfpgrt, tnf prgefss gb

uokfrstaokjod kata, kjsegvfr tnf pattfros gb tnf kata, aok tnfo kjsphay tnf rfsuhts

wnjen kftfrcjof baets (@fbb, 9<15= ejtfk jo Engod, 9<1;). Unacgg aok Yfsojm (9<<5)



65

jkfotjbjfk varjgus aoahytje prgefkurfs prgvjkf ways gb krawjod jokuetjvf jobfrfoefs

brgc kata (ejtfk jo Gbbjef gb Yfsfaren Jotfdrjty o.k.).

Bgr quahjtatjvf kata aoahysf, jt rfqujrfs rfsfarenfrs tg navf tnf mogwhfkdf jo

camjod sfosf gb jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk aok tnfo utjhjzf as rfpgrt suppgrtjod catfrjahs

(Erfswfhh, 9<<>= ejtfk jo0 Tgod, 9<11). Aeegrkjod tg Uavfoyf aok Ygijosgo (9<<;),

rfsfarenfrs aoahysf tnf kata wjtn gisfrvatjgo tnrgudn tnf fotjrf kata eghhfetjgo.

Quahjtatjvf kata aoahysjs js ao go-dgjod prgdrfss kurjod kata eghhfetjgo (ejtfk jo0

Gbbjef gb Yfsfaren Jotfdrjty, o.k.). Erfswfhh (9<<>) aok Tgod (9<11) ehajcs tnat

tnfrf arf bgur stfps jo aoahysjs joehukjod prfparatjgo gb tnf kata= egkjod kata=

fhaigratf bjokjods aok iujhk-up bracfwgrm= rfprfsfot bjokjods aok jotfrprft jt.

As Utfpnfo (9<<:) cfotjgofk, tnfrf arf fjdnt typfs gb quaotjtatjvf cfssadfs

snahh if aoahysf. [jcf-sfrjfs, sjodhf varjaihf eapturfk wjtnjo efrtajo pfrjgk= Yaomjod,

raomjod asefokjod gr kfsefokjod wjtnjo spfejbjfk pfrjgk= part-tg-wnghf, cfasurjod

ratjg egcparf tg wnghf= kfvjatjgo, egcparfk adajost rfbfrfoefs wjtnjo tjcf pfrjgk=

brfqufoey kjstrjiutjgo, oucifrs gb kata wjtnjo a spfejbjfk baetgr= egrrfhatjgo,

egcparf kata tg jkfotjby twg varjaihfs= ogcjoah egcparjsgo, eatfdgrjzjod

suikjvjsjgo wjtngut hjcjts= aok dfgspatjah, egcparjod baetgrs jo a haygut (Tjmjpfkja,

9<16).

[nfrf arf erjtfrjgos go rfsfarenfrs tg prgeffk go quaotjtatjvf aoahysjs (Gbbjef

gb Yfsfaren Jotfdrjty, o.k.). [nf erjtfrjgos joehukjod ofefssary smjhhs tg aoahysf=

prgpfr sfhfetjgo gb aoahysjod cftngks= kftfetjod guthjfrs= apprgprjatf suidrgup

aoahysjs= utjhjzf rfasgoaihf ogrcs= kftfrcjof kata rfhatjgo= jokjeatf rfspgokfot

varjaihfs= prfsfot ngofst rfsuht= prgpfr caoofrs jo prfsfotjod= egotrgh fovjrgocfotah

abbfetjgo= apprgprjatf way gb kata eghhfetjgo= hfeturf taudnt aoahysjs stratfdy= wfhh

trajofk jo rfsfaren aoahysjs= prggb rfhjaijhjty gb kata= ehassjby egkjod tg apprgprjatf

eatfdgry.



6;

;.2 Yfsfaren Utratfdy

Yfsfaren stratfdy gr oacfk as rfsfaren kfsjdo, wnjen Aemgbb aok Yussfhh (1:21)

kfbjofk as tnf egoofetjgos gb ways jo aenjfvjod rfsfaren gi`fetjvfs (ejtfk jo0 Mgtnarj,

9<<;). Mgtnarj (9<<;) burtnfr fxphajofk tnat rfsfaren stratfdy js ao guthjof gb wgrms

kgof iy rfsfarenfrs brgc jkfotjbyjod gi`fetjvfs tg egoehusjgo. Jt js tnf rfpgrt

ihufprjot wnjen baejhjtatjod prgdrfss bhgw tg aenjfvf tnf trjphf egostrajots wnjen arf

cjojcuc tjcf aok egst spfot, aok caxjcuc quahjty gb tnf rfpgrt (Mgtnarj, 9<<;).

[nf tfenoghgdjfs avajhaihf kurjod yfar twfoty tfo fohjdntfo aok kfvfhgpfk

tnjs rfpgrt egoefptuah. [nf rfpgrt egoefptuah js burtnfr sft wnfo rfsfaren enaoef was

prgvjkfk iy V[AY. [nf ajc aok gi`fetjvfs gb tnjs rfpgrt wfrf rgudnhy jkfotjbjfk

aok prgeffk tg hjtfraturf rfvjfw. [nf pgtfotjah arfa pfrtajojod tg tnjs rfsfaren js bjrst

iffo jovfstjdatfk. [nf jobgrcatjgo sfaren starts brgc bgeusjod go „egostruetjgo sjtf

oftwgrmjod kfvjefs‚, „oftwgrm sfeurjty‚, „IJC‚, „\JC‚, „ehguk sfrvjef‚, aok gtnfr

tgpje rfhatfk mfy wgrks. Yfakjods arf bguok aok stukjfk tg prgkuef hjtfraturf rfvjfw

bgr sfttjod gut a ifttfr egoefpt gb tnf rfpgrt. Abtfr kfvfhgpjod hjtfraturf rfvjfw,

rfpgrt js iujhk-up aok aihf tg kfbjof apprgprjatf ajc, gi`fetjvfs aok rfsfaren

cftngkghgdy. Tgrm aok prgdrfss phaoojod was iujht aok tg bghhgw aeegrkjodhy tg

aenjfvf tnf ajc gb tnf rfpgrt.

Yfsfaren stratfdy gb tnjs rfpgrt js kfvfhgpfk as tnf bghhgwjod. Abtfr tnf

jkfotjbjeatjgo gb gi`fetjvf aok tnf egccfoefcfot gb hjtfraturf rfvjfw, rfsfaren

cftngks arf oarrgwfk tg quahjtatjvf jotfrvjfw aok quaotjtatjvf qufstjgooajrf.

Quaotjtatjvf qufstjgooajrf wjhh if kjstrjiutfk, eghhfetfk aok aoahysfk tg jkfotjby tnf

fxjstjod praetjef gb tfenoghgdy akgptfk iy tnf egostruetjgo jokustry. \rfhjcjoary

kjseussjgo gb tnf prgpgsah wjhh if kfvfhgpfk bgr tnf fasf gb iujhkjod-up uostrueturfk

qufstjgos bgr quahjtatjvf jotfrvjfw qufstjgooajrf. [nfo quahjtatjvf jotfrvjfw wjhh if

egokuetfk tg gitajo tnf rfqujrfcfots gr gpjojgos bgr tnf prgpgsfk systfc. [nf kata

wjhh if aoahysfk aok kjseussfk, aok tnf prgpgsah wjhh if rfvjsfk aeegrkjodhy tg

kfrjvf gvfrahh pjeturf gb tnjs rfpgrt aok bjrc up tnf prgpgsah egoefpt.



66

Bjdurf ;.10 Yfsfaren Utratfdy Cappjod

As sngwo jo Bjdurf ;.1, quaotjtatjvf rfsfaren js egokuetfk ifbgrf quahjtatjvf

rfsfaren. [nf prfparatjgo gb ehgsfk-fokfk qufstjgooajrf wjhh if akgptjod tnf stadfs

tg kftfrcjof tnf qufstjgos typfs aok cjok tnf usf gb wgrkjod. Cjmf (9<<>)cfotjgofk tnat ehgsfk-fokfk qufstjgos arf ngwfvfr cuen fasjfr tg egkf aok aoahysf

aok tnfrfbgrf js akgptfk jo tnjs rfsfaren. Jo tfrc gb seahjod attjtukf, tnf Hjmfrt Ueahf

js engsfo as jt js tnf cgst usfk seahf kfvfhgpfk iy Yfosjs Hjmfrt (Hjmfrt, 1:59= ejtfk

jo Tjmjpfkja, 9<16).

[njs rfsfaren apphjfs jotfroft pgstah survfy as jt js tnf trakjtjgoah way tg

datnfr survfy kata bgr rfsfaren (Cjmf, 9<<>). Abtfr pgstah survfy js kgof, ao

fxpfrjcfotah wjhh if egokuetfk. [nf fxpfrjcfotah ruos jo kata aoahysjs stadf, aok js

tg fxacjof pgssjihf eausfs aok fbbfet gb rfhatjgosnjp acgod varjaihf, wnjen tryjod tg

fstaihjsn jb gof varjaihf eausfs tnf gtnfr ([gn, 9<15).

Egkjod js tnf ahhgeatjgo gb a oucifr tg faen pgssjihf rfspgosf tg faen

qufstjgo (Cjmf, 9<<>). [gn (9<15) cfotjgofk tnat jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk brgc tnf

rfspgokfot cust if egovfrtfk jotg oucfrjeah vahufs ifbgrf tnf kata js fotfrfk jo tnf

sprfak snfft. Cjmf (9<<>) bguok tnat tnf kata fotry eao if earrjfk gut iy mfyjod jotg

Jkfotjbygi`fetjvf

HjtfraturfYfvjfw

QuaotjtatjvfYfsfaren

Quahjtatjvf

Yfsfaren

Kata

Aoahysjs

Kjseussjgo \rgpgsah

Egoehusjgo



62

a sprfak snfft. Caoadjod quaotjtatjvf kata nas tg if fotfrfk jotg statjstjeah sgbtwarf

suen as Utatjstjeah \aemadf bgr Ugejah Uejfoefs (U\UU) tg naokhf hardf katasft ([gn,

9<15).

Jo tnf easf gb cjssjod egkf, [gn (9<15) bguok ways tg naokhf wnjen arf hjst

wjsf kfhftjgo, pajr-wjsf kfhftjgo aok rfphaejod tnf cjssjod vahuf. Tjmjpfkja (9<16)

jokjeatfk kjbbfrfot typfs gb aoahysjs as kfserjptjvf, prfkjetjod oucfrjeah gutegcfs,

ijvarjatf, prfkjet drgup jkfotjbjeatjgo, aok ahsg uojvarjatf aok cuhtjvarjatf ([gn,

9<15). [njs rfpgrt wjhh utjhjzf sprfak snfft aok statjstjeah sgbtwarf, Cjergsgbt Fxefh,

tg caoadf quaotjtatjvf kata eghhfetfk. Kata eghhfetfk wjhh traosbfr tg Cjergsgbt Tgrk

bgr cgkjbjeatjgo aok rfprfsfot jo taihf aok bjdurfs bgrc.

Quahjtatjvf qufstjgos arf kfvfhgpfk iasfk go tnf aoahysjs gb eghhfetfk

qufstjgooajrf jobgrcatjgo tg burtnfr jkfotjby tnf rfqujrfcfot gb tnf prgpgsfk systfc.

Kjseussjgo aok prgpgsah wfrf prfhjcjoary guthjof jo tnjs stadf bgr fasjfr prfparatjgo

gb jotfrvjfw qufstjgos. Qufstjgos arf bhfxjihf tg sujt wjtn tnf sjtuatjgo cgkfratfk iy

jotfrvjfwfr (Yjenark, 9<<>). [njs rfpgrt apphjfs sfcj-strueturfk jotfrvjfw tg fosurf

tnat tnf kata eghhfetfk eao bjt tg tnf kfvfhgpcfot gb tnf systfc. As Yjenark (9<<>)

statfk, jotfrvjfwfr suppgsfk tg fxphgrf tnf mogwhfkdf arfa wjtn jotfrvjfwff. Jo

akkjtjgo, Egovfrsf aok Uenucao (1:4;) suddfst tnat tnfrf snahh ogt if ao jotfrvjfw

styhf wnjen aihf tg bjt wjtn stfrfgtypfs gb rfspgokfots (ejtfk jo Cjhfs, 9<1;).

Quahjtatjvf kata aoahysjs nas kjbbfrfot apprgaen avajhaihf, iut tnf dfofrah

jkfas gb aoahysjs arf sjcjhar. [nf egccgo stfps jo aoahysjod arf bgrcahjzjod kata,

egkjod, egoefptuahjzf kata, egoofetjod kata, jotfrprftjod kata (Carja aok Uahhy, 9<19=

Fhhfo, 9<<5= ejtfk jo Cjhfs, 9<1;). Aokfrsgo (9<<5) sngwo stfps gb kgeucfotjod

kata arf rfegrkjod kgwo tnf rfhfvaot jobgrcatjgo as katf, tjcf, vfouf, jotfrvjfwff

jobgrcatjgo, dfsturfs, egccfots, tahmjod tgof, aok ft eftfra, arf fssfotjah tg nfhp jo

kftfrcjojod tnf njkkfo jobgrcatjgo= Egkjod, jkfotjbjfs aok rfbjof jcpgrtaot egoefpt=

fxacjojod rfhatjgosnjp, fxacjof egoofetjgo iftwffo varjgus varjaot joehukjod tnfjr

eausfs aok fbbfet= autnfotjeatjod egoehusjgos, js tg egoefptuahjzf aok eatfdgrjzf tnf

jobgrcatjgo aoahysfk= rfbhfxjvjty, js hast stfp wnjen jotfrprftjod aoahysfk rfsuht aok

pfrbgrc as part gb tnf rfpgrt (ejtfk jo Cjhfs, 9<1;).



64

[nf prgpgsah js rfvjsfk abtfr aoahysjod igtn quaotjtatjvf aok quahjtatjvf kata.

[nf prgpgsah gb tnjs rfpgrt utjhjzfk tnf aoahysfk kata tg egobjdurf tnf egoefptuah gb

tnf prgpgsah tg if ifttfr suppgrtfk aok prfbfrrfk iy tnf jokustry. Abtfr iujhkjod-up

prgpgsah, egoehusjgo js tnfo cakf tg succarjzf tnf gvfrahh jkfa gb tnf rfpgrt wnjen

joehukfs ajc aok gi`fetjvfs jkfotjbjeatjgo, rfsuht aok kjseussjgo gb hjtfraturf rfvjfw,

aoahysfk jotfrvjfw aok qufstjgooajrf kata, aok prgpgsah.



ENA\[FY 6

6 KA[A AOAHZUJU AOK KJUEVUUJGO

6.1

Yfspgokfots

Uurvfy qufstjgooajrf js egcpgsfk wjtn tnf ajk gb gohjof survfy tgghs, Dggdhf Bgrcs.

[nf tgtah oucifrs gb qufstjgooajrfs kjstrjiutfk gr rfqufstfk tg rfspgosf arf 56< sfts.

Gut gb tnf 56< sfts gb qufstjgooajrfs, ;4 sfts gb rfspgosfs arf eghhfetfk aok ifjod

aoahysfk. [aihf 6.1 jhhustratfk tnf oucifrs gb kjstrjiutfk qufstjgooajrfs, eghhfetfk

qufstjgooajrfs, aok tnf pfrefotadf gb rfspgosfs. Yfspgosfs arf burtnfr eatfdgrjsfk

jotg tnrff typfs gb rfspgokfots, egostruetjgo jokustry, stukfots aok gtnfrs.

[aihf 6.10 Kata Kjstrjiutjgo aok Eghhfetjgo

KjstrjiutfkQufstjgooajrf

Eghhfetfk \frefotadf(%) iy

Eatfdgry

\frefotadf(%) iy[gtah

EgostruetjgoJokustry

96< 14 2.> ;.>2

Utukfots >< 9; 5< 2.>2

Gtnfrs 9< 2 5< 1.41

[gtah 56< ;4 - 15.;5



6:

Bjdurf 6.10 Yfspgokfots [ypfs Iasfk Go Eghhfetfk Yfspgosfs

\jf enart jo Bjdurf 6.1 sngwfk tnf vary prgpgrtjgo gb rfspgosfs brgc varjgus

rfspgokfot typfs. Yfspgosfs arf eatfdgrjzfk jotg egostruetjgo jokustry, stukfots aok

gtnfr prgbfssjgos. Iasfk go ;4 sfts gb rfspgosfs, egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots

egosjst gb 52% gb tnf rfspgosfs, jo tnf oucifr gb 14 sfts gb rfspgosfs. Utukfots

rfspgokfots egotrjiutfk tnf cgst aok tamf gvfr 61%, 9; sft gb tnf rfspgosfs. Tnjhf

gtnfr prgbfssjgos tggm part jo tnf survfy as wfhh, aok egosjst gb 15% gb tnf rfspgosfs.

6.1.1 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Egostruetjgo Jokustry

[nfrf arf tgtah 5 sfts gb kfcgdrapnje jo tnjs rfpgrt, rfspgokfots brgc egostruetjgo

jokustry, stukfots aok gtnfr prgbfssjgos. [nf survfy qufstjgooajrf js kfsjdofk

spfejbjeahhy bgr varjgus prgbfssjgos. Kjbbfrfot prgbfssjgoahs navf tnf eapaijhjty tg

aoswfr varjgus hfvfhs gb qufstjgos. [nfrfbgrf jt js jcpgrtaot tg sfparatf ahh tnrff

eatfdgrjfs gb rfspgosfs. [nf tnrff sfts gb kfcgdrapnje jkfotjby kftajhfk jobgrcatjgo

gb faen jokjvjkuah rfspgokfot, aok tnfjr quahjbjeatjgo jo tnf spfejbjfk bjfhk.

EgostruetjgoJokustry, 14,

52%

Utukfots,9;, 61%

Gtnfrs, 2,15%

EgostruetjgoJokustryUtukfots

Gtnfrs



2<

[aihf 6.90 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Egostruetjgo Jokustry

Kfserjptjgos Brfqufoejfs \frefotadf (%)

A. Grdaojzatjgo [ypfs

Egosuhtaots 1< 6>.>9

Egotraetgrs 2 56.9:

Kfvfhgpfrs 1 6.>>

I. Grdaojzatjgo Ujzf

Hfss tnao gr fqujvahfot tg 9< fcphgyffs 6 51.96

Iftwffo 91 tg ;< fcphgyffs 5 1>.46

Iftwffo ;1 tg 2< fcphgyffs 5 1>.46

Iftwffo 21 tg >< fcphgyffs 1 2.96

Iftwffo >1 tg 1<< fcphgyffs 1 2.96

Iftwffo 1<1 tg 5<< fcphgyffs 9 19.6Cgrf tnao 5<< fcphgyffs 1 2.96

E. \rjcary Bjfhk

Yfsjkfotjah 15 ;<.25

Egccfrejah 1< 51.96

Jokustrjah 2 1>.46

Kfcghjtjgo 1 5.15

Jobrastrueturf 9 2.96

Upfejahjzfk 1 5.15

K. Jokjvjkuah \rgbfssjgos

Egotraet Akcjojstratgr 9 11.42

Quaotjty Uurvfygr 16 >>.9;

F.

Jokjvjkuah Fxpfrjfoef

Hfss tnao 1 yfar 6 9:.;1

Iftwffo 1 tg ; yfars > ;4.<2

Iftwffo 6 tg 1< yfars 9 11.42

1< yfars aok aigvf 9 11.42

As cfotjgofk farhjfr, tnfrf arf 14 oucifrs gb rfspgokfots brgc egostruetjgo

jokustry. Gtnfr tnao \rjcary Bjfhk, oucifrs gb rfspgokfots arf 14 jo faen eatfdgry.

Yfspgokfots aok tnfjr egcpaoy navf varjgus bjfhks aok ogt hjcjtfk faen gb tnf

rfspgokfots tg sfhfet gohy gof \rjcary Bjfhk. [nfrfbgrf, rfspgokfots eguhk jokjeatf

cgrf tnao gof \rjcary Bjfhk= rfsuhtjod tgtah oucifrs gb 55 \rjcary Bjfhk gptjgos arf

sfhfetfk. [nf 55 oucifrs \rjcary Bjfhk arf eatfdgrjsfk jotg Yfsjkfotjah,Egccfrejah, Jokustrjah, Kfcghjtjgo, Jobrastrueturf, aok Upfejahjzfk. Tnfrfiy



21

Yfsjkfotjah tggm part gb 15 (;<.2%), Egccfrejah bghhgwfk wjtn 1< (51%). Jokustrjah

egosjst gb 1:%, Jobrastrueturf wjtn 2%, Kfcghjtjgo aok Upfejahjzfk faen gwofk 5%.

As [aihf 6.9 sngwfk, 1< gut gb 14 rfspgokfots arf brgc egosuhtaots (6:%).

Egotraetgrs‚ rfspgosfs egosjst gb 56% aok tnf rfst gb 2% rfspgosfs brgc kfvfhgpfr.

[nf njdnfst egotrjiutjgo ratf js brgc scahhfr sjzfs bjrcs, as pfr [aihf 6.9 stjpuhatfk.

A tgtah gb 2:% rfspgosfs ahhgeatfk bgr bjrcs jo sjzf hfssfr tnao 9< fcphgyffs (51%),

iftwffo 91 tg ;< fcphgyffs (1>.>%), aok iftwffo ;1 tg 2< fcphgyffs (1>.>%).

Yfspgokfots arf cgsthy jo tnf prgbfssjgo gb Quaotjty Uurvfygr, wjtn tnf vahuf gb 16

gut gb 14 rfspgosfs (>>%). [nf gtnfr 19% rfspgosfs arf Egotraet Akcjojstratgr. [nf

fxpfrjfoefs gb tnf rfspgokfots arf bahh tg tnf raodf gb hfss tnao a yfar tg cgrf tnao

1< yfars. Eghhfetfk kata tnfrfbgrf egosjsts gb jobgrcatjgo brgc varjgus fxpfrjfoef

stadfs jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry= dfofrahhy egvfr varjgus aspfet gb tnf jokustry.

6.1.9 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Utukfots

[aihf 6.50 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Utukfots


A. Quahjbjeatjgo

Njdn Uenggh Drakuatfs 1 ;.14

Efrtjbjeatfs gr Kjphgca 1 ;.14

Iaenfhgr Kfdrff 99 :1.24

I.

Arfa gb Utuky

Art 1 ;.14

Iusjofss 9 >.55

Egostruetjgo 91 >4.6

Utukfot rfspgokfots tggm part jotg tnf survfy tg prgvjkf suppgrt jobgrcatjgo

go pfoftratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs. Drfatfr uokfrstaokjod go pfoftratjgo ratf, cfaownjhf

jkfotjby trfokjod tfenoghgdjfs usfk jo tnf eurrfot carmft. [nf kata eghhfetfk eguhkburtnfr utjhjsf as prfbfrfoef go tnf prgpgsah kfvfhgpcfot. Joogvatjvf jkfas eghhfetfk



29

brgc yguodfr dfofratjgo mffp tnf prgpgsah sustajoaihf jo tnf egcjod buturf.

Quahjbjeatjgo gb tnf rfspgokfots cgsthy bahhs go Iaenfhgr Kfdrff, wnjen egosjst gb

99 gut gb 9; rfspgosfs (:9%). [nf gtnfr >% fvfohy sprfak tg igtn Njdn Uenggh

Drakuatfs (;%) aok Efrtjbjeatf gr Kjphgca (;%). Cgst rfspgosfs arf brgc tnf arfa

gb egostruetjgo, wjtn tnf ratf gb >4.6%. Art stukfot egosjst gb ;% aok Iusjofss

stukfots wjtn >%.

6.1.5 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf ― Gtnfrs

[aihf 6.;0 Yfspgokfots \rgbjhf jo Gtnfrs


A. \rgbfssjgos

Aeeguotaot 1 12.24

Artjst 1 12.24

Jotfros 5 6<

Cfkjeah Haigratgry [fenoghgdjst 1 12.24

I. Jokjvjkuah Fxpfrjfoef

Hfss tnao 1 yfar 9 55.55

1 yfar 5 6<

1 yfar aok aigvf 1 12.24

Gtnfrs prgbfssjgos arf ahsg tardftfk jo tnf survfy. [njs survfy kata prgvjkfs

pffm jobgrcatjgo go gtnfr jokustry. Jt burtnfr jkfotjbjfs trfokjod tfenoghgdjfs jo tnatjokustry. [nf cgst rfspgosfs arf brgc jotfros, wnjen egosjst gb 6<% jo tnf eatfdgry.

Aogtnfr 6<% fvfohy sfparatfk tg aeeguotaot (12.2%), artjst (12.2%), aok cfkjeah

haigratgry tfenoghgdjst (12.2%). Ca`gr rfspgokfots navf a yfar fxpfrjfoef (6<%),

aok bghhgwfk iy hfss tnao a yfar (55%) aok tnrff yfars (12.4%).



25

6.9 [fenoghgdy Akgptjgo

[nf oucifrs gb ;4 sfts gb survfy qufstjgooajrfs arf cajohy jkfotjby tnf tfenoghgdjfs

akgptfk iy Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry. As jkfotjbjfk farhjfr, tnfrf arf tnrff

eatfdgrjfs gb rfspgokfots jo tnf ;4 sfts gb rfspgosfs, egostruetjgo jokustry, stukfots,

aok gtnfrs. Ngwfvfr, tnf kata js rfhatjvfhy scahh. Utatjstjeah tfst wjhh ogt if

apprgprjatf tg jotfrprft tnf rfhatjgo wjtnjo scahh acguot gb eghhfetfk kata (YJEU,

9<16). Kata prfsfotfk cgsthy jo aeeucuhatjvf apprgaen. [nf prfsfotfk ratjod wjhh if

cuhtjphy iy tnf oucifrs gb eatfdgrjfs ratnfr tnao 1 tg 6. [nf kata brgc Utukfots aok

Gtnfrs rfspgokfots wjhh if jhhustratfk wjtnjo sacf drapn as tnf qufstjgos jo survfy

qufstjgooajrf arf sacf.



2;

6.9.1 Egostruetjgo Jokustry

Bjdurf 6.90 Ugbtwarf gr [fenoghgdjfs Akgptfk iy Egcpaojfs Iasfk Go

Grdaojzatjgo [ypfs

< 6 1< 16 9<

Gtnfrs ([ypfs)

Rjeg

RfetgrTgrms Arenjtfet

[fmha IJC

YBJK [ad

QUEak

\rjcavfra

GofKrjvf

Ofwbgrca \JC

Cjergsgbt \rg`fet

Cjergsgbt \rgkuets

CastfrIjhh

Drapnjsgbt IJCx

Dggdhf Krjvf

Dhgkgo

F-prgeurfcfot

Krgpigx

Egst^

IjoaHjom

Ifothfy Arenjtfeturf R>j

Autgkfsm Yfvjt

Autgkfsm \rgkuets

Autgkfsm Ehguk

Egosuhtaots (1<) Egotraetgrs (2) Kfvfhgpfrs (1)



26

Bjdurf 6.9 jkfotjbjfk tnf tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk iy Cahaysjao egostruetjgo

bjrcs. [nf aoahysjs cakf js iasfk go tnf typfs gb rfspgokfots‚ grdaojzatjgo, wnjen

arf egosuhtaots, egotraetgrs aok kfvfhgpfrs. Brgc tnf bjdurf sngwo, Autgkfsm

prgkuets aok Cjergsgbt prgkuets arf tnf cgst egccgo sgbtwarf akgptfk iy tnf

jokustry. [nrff typfs gb grdaojzatjgo navf tgtah ratfk arguok 1; bgr igtn gb tnf

tfenoghgdjfs. Ufegokhy bghhgw iy tnf akgptjgo gb Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok Cjergsgbt

GofKrjvf, ratfk gvfr 1<.

Ngwfvfr, jb ogt tg tamf kfvfhgpfr‚s ratjod jotg egosjkfratjgo. Cjergsgbt

prgkuets cgsthy akgpt iy tnf Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry. Autgkfsm prgkuets

aok Autgkfsm Yfvjt bahh jotg sfegok pgpuhar sgbtwarf. Ofxt tg Autgkfsm prgkuets,

rfspgokfots ratfk Cjergsgbt \rg`fet jotg tnjrkhy jcpgrtaot sgbtwarf. Ao jotfrfstjod

rfsuht stjpuhatfk jo Bjdurf 6.9, rfspgokfots ratfk Ehguk Uystfcs as bghhgwjod pgpuhar

apphjeatjgo. Autgkfsm Ehguk, Dggdhf Krjvf, GofKrjvf aok fvfo Krgpigx arf ratfk

jo tnf tnjrk pgpuhar usfk apphjeatjgos.

Brgc tnf kata aigvf, Cjergsgbt prgkuets navf tnf njdnfst akgptjgo ratf

acgod tnf jokustry rfspgokfots, suisfqufothy bghhgwfk iy Autgkfsm prgkuets. Jo tnf

egcparjsgo gb egosuhtaots wjtn egotraetgrs, tnf egccgo akgptfk tfenoghgdjfs arf

Ehguk systfcs aok Cjergsgbt \rg`fet. Ehguk systfcs arf ratfk go tnf avfradf gb 5,

aok Cjergsgbt \rg`fet ratfk tg 5.>.

Cgst bjrcs jo Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry akgpt Autgkfsm aok Cjergsgbt

prgkuets. [nf rjpphf fbbfet jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry nas cguot-up a euhturf gb

akgptjod suen tfenoghgdjfs. Faen egcpaoy wjhh rfhy go tnf sjcjhar tfenoghgdjfs tg

foaihf kjdjtah bjhfs fxenaodjod. Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok Cjergsgbt GofKrjvf aet as ao

jobgrcatjgo nui, tnfrfbgrf ratfk suisfqufothy jcpgrtaot tfenoghgdjfs tg akgpt iy tnf

jokustry. [nf jokustry gptjcjsfs tnf usf gb rfefot avajhaihf tfenoghgdjfs tg spffk-up

aok fonaoefs tnf pfrbgrcaoef gb jobgrcatjgo fxenaodjod.

Tnfo enaodjod tnf pgjot gb vjfw, tnf kata wjtngut kfvfhgpfr‚s ratjod,

Autgkfsm prgkuets arf ratfk sfegokhy. Aeegrkjod tg rfspgosfs go sui`fetjvf

qufstjgos, jt js strgodhy ifhjfvfs tnat Autgkfsm prgkuets arf tgg fxpfosjvf tg akgpt.Cjergsgbt \rg`fet js sfegokhy pgpuhar tfenoghgdy. Jt js jcpgrtaot tg senfkuhf bgr



22

prg`fets aergss aoy prgbfssjgos gr jokustrjfs. Ngwfvfr, as rfbfrrfk tg \AC Utaokark

Bgrc gb iujhkjod egotraet, Ehausf 5.6 tg Ehausf 5.4, prgdrfss senfkuhjod kgfs ogt

bgrc jo part gb tnf egotraet kgeucfots. [nfrfbgrf ogt as pgpuhar as tg gtnfr

Cjergsgbt prgkuets, wjkfhy akgpt iy tnf jokustry. As jkfotjbjfk farhjfr, fhfetrgoje

bjhfs fxenaodjod arf dfttjod tg if jcpgrtaot. [nf trfok tnfrfbgrf navf cgvf tgwarks

tnf akgptjgo gb Ehguk systfcs.

Jo sngrt, cuhtj-kjcfosjgoah jobgrcatjgo js fssfotjah tg if part gb tnf jokustry.

Egostruetjgo bjrcs arf cgvjod tgwarks tfenoghgdjfs jotfrprftjod cuhtj-kjcfosjgoah

jobgrcatjgo. \rgdrfss senfkuhjod kgfs ogt hfdahhy ijok as egotraet kgeucfots.

Ngwfvfr, tnf jokustry jkfotjbjfk prgdrfss senfkuhf as gof gb tnf kjcfosjgoah

jobgrcatjgo.



24

Bjdurf 6.50 Ugbtwarf gr [fenoghgdjfs \rfbfrrfk iy Jokjvjkuahs Iasfk Go Bjfhk

Fxpfrjfoef

< 6 1< 16 9<

Gtnfrs ([ypfs)

Rjeg

RfetgrTgrms Arenjtfet

[fmha IJC

YBJK [ad

QUEak

\rjcavfra

GofKrjvf

Ofwbgrca \JC

Cjergsgbt \rg`fet

Cjergsgbt \rgkuets

CastfrIjhh

Drapnjsgbt IJCx

Dggdhf Krjvf

Dhgkgo

F-prgeurfcfot

Krgpigx

Egst^

IjoaHjom

Ifothfy Arenjtfeturf R>j

Autgkfsm Yfvjt

Autgkfsm \rgkuets

Autgkfsm Ehguk

Hfss [nao 1 (6) 1 tg ; (>) 6 tg 1< (9) 1< aok Aigvf (9)



2>

Bjdurf 6.5 jkfotjbjfk tfenoghgdjfs prfbfrrfk iy Cahaysjao egostruetjgo bjrcs.

[nf aoahysjs cakf js iasfk go tnf fxpfrjfoef gb tnf rfspgokfots jo tnf jokustry.

[nfrfbgrf sfparatfk jotg drgup hfss tnao 1 yfar, drgup 1 tg ; yfars, drgup 6 tg 1<

yfars, aok drgup 1< yfars aok aigvf. Bjdurf 6.5 sngws tnat tnf Cjergsgbt prgkuets,

Autgkfsm prgkuets, Cjergsgbt \rg`fet, Autgkfsm Yfvjt, aok \rjcavfra navf tnf cgst

suppgrt aergss egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots brgc varjgus fxpfrjfoefs stadf.

Gtnfr tfenoghgdjfs ca`grhy suppgrtfk iy rfspgokfots arf cfasurfcfot sgbtwarf,

Ehguk Uystfcs, aok IJC systfcs.

Cjergsgbt prgkuets arf cgst pgpuhar sgbtwarf jo tnf Cahaysjao egostruetjgo

jokustry, ratfk ifygok 16 brgc tnf rfspgokfots. Uuisfqufothy, rfspgokfots ratf tnf

Autgkfsm prgkuets aok Cjergsgbt \rg`fet arguok 16. Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok \rjcavfra

bghhgw ifnjok wjtn tnf ratf gb 19. Cfasurfcfot sgbtwarf js jcpgrtaot aok ifjod ratf

at tnf avfradf gb : iy cgst gb tnf rfspgokfots. Ehguk Uystfcs ratfk jo tnf raodf gb >.

Brgc kata aigvf, tnf njdnfst prfbfrrfk tfenoghgdjfs arf Cjergsgbt prgkuets,

wjtn tnf ratf gb ofarhy 6 jo avfradf aergss varjgus fxpfrjfoef raodf brgc tnf jokustry

rfspgokfots. Autgkfsm prgkuets aok Cjergsgbt \rg`fet navf nghk tnf sfegok phaef go

tfenoghgdjfs prfbfrrfk iy tnf jokustry rfspgokfots ratfk jo avfradf 5.>. \rjcavfra

nghks gohy 9.: jo avfradf tnfrfbgrf hgst tnf phaef wnfo jt egcparfs tg Cjergsgbt

\rg`fet. [nf bghhgwjod pgpuhar tfenoghgdjfs arf Dggdhf Krjvf aok Dhgkgo.

Jo Bjdurf 6.5, Cjergsgbt prgkuets cajotajo at tnf bjrst phaef aok ifjod as tnf

cgst prfbfrrfk sgbtwarf. [njs js fxphajofk iy tnf hgod fstaihjsncfot gb Cjergsgbt.

[nfy put cgrf fbbgrt aok egoefro go fok-usfrs bffkiaems. Gtnfr tnao fstaihjsncfot,

Cjergsgbt ahsg apphjeaihf tg oucifrs gb jokustrjfs. Kjbbfrfot jokustrjfs utjhjsjod tnf

sacf iraok gb sgbtwarf foaihf fasjfr bjhf traosbfr aok rfakjod. Jo iusjofss egoefpt,

fxpgsfk tg kjbbfrfot jokustrjfs eguhk prgvjkf fxtra gppgrtuojtjfs bgr ao grdaojzatjgo.

Autgkfsm prgkuets aok Cjergsgbt \rg`fet arf fxpfosjvf tfenoghgdjfs. Bjrcs

jo tnf jokustry wguhk ratnfr sffm bgr ahtfroatjvf sgbtwarf wnjen eguhk pfrbgrc

sjcjhar tasms. [nf hfdahjty gb tnf bjoah prgkuet js tnf ofxt tnjod tg egoefro iy tnf

jokustry. \rgdrfss senfkuhf kgfs ogt bgrc as part gb tnf egotraet kgeucfots, ogthfdahhy ijokjod. Bjrcs wjhh nfsjtatf jo spfokjod fxtra egst tg fonaoef tnf



2:

prgdrfssjvfofss gb tnf prg`fet. Ujcjhar tg Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok \rjcavfra, tnfrf wjhh

if ao fxtra egst tg akgpt tngsf tfenoghgdjfs. Zft, jt kgfs ogt hfdahhy bgrc jo aoy part

gb tnf egotraet kgeucfots. [nf trfok gb jobgrcatjvf cgkfhhjod js tnfrfbgrf yft tg if

pgpuhar jo tnf Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry.

Cfasurfcfot tfenoghgdjfs arf dfofrahhy ratfk njdn jo Bjdurf 6.5. Jt js aihf tg

fxphajo wjtn tnf oucifrs gb rfspgokfots. [nfrf arf 16 gut gb 14 rfspgokfots arf

Quaotjty Uurvfygrs, tnfrfbgrf bgrcfk a ca`gr ratjod go cfasurfcfot tgghs. Ahtngudn

tnf trfok js ogt up-tg jobgrcatjvf cgkfhhjod, iut fhfetrgoje bjhfs fxenaodjod nas iffo

part gb tnf Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry euhturf. [nfrf arf oucifrs gb jobgrcatjgo

snarfk iftwffo faen prg`fet cfcifrs wjtnjo a kay. [nf jokustry utjhjzfs Ehguk tg

buhbjh bjhf snarjod purpgsf, wnjen foaihf pfgphf tg aeefss aoytjcf at aoywnfrf.

Jt js aihf tg uokfrstaok tnat tnf fstaihjsncfot gb a iraok gr a tfenoghgdy js tnf

njdnfst egoefro baetgr. Bjrcs jo tnf jokustry wguhk prfbfr tg jovfst tnfjr cgofy go

rfhjaihf tfenoghgdjfs. [rfok gr euhturf js tnf ofxt egosjkfratjgo go tnf akgptjgo gb

tfenoghgdjfs. [nf rfefot trfok jo tnf jokustry js tg egcpgsf aok snarf fhfetrgoje bjhfs

fasjhy. Ngwfvfr, a ofw trfok go cuhtj-kjcfosjgoah jobgrcatjgo js apprgaenjod. Uggo,

tnf jokustry wjhh jcphfcfot tfenoghgdjfs wnjen eguhk jotfrprft cuhtj jobgrcatjgo.



4<

6.9.9 Gtnfrs

Bjdurf 6.;0 [fenoghgdjfs Akgptfk iy Gtnfrs

Bjdurf 6.; jkfotjbjfk tnf trfokjod tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk iy tnf stukfots aok

gtnfr prgbfssjgos. [nf egccgo tfenoghgdjfs arf Tjokgws, Asus, Kfhh, N\, Ogmja,

Uacsuod, aok ^jagcj. Tjokgws js tnf cgst pgpuhar tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk iy

apphjeaots jo tnf ratf gb :. Gtnfr Egccgo tfenoghgdjfs arf ratfk jo iftwffo 2 tg 4.

[nf bghhgwjod trfokfk tfenoghgdjfs arf Hfogvg, Cae, aok Gppg ratfk jo tnf raodf gb

5 aok aigvf.

Utukfot rfspgokfots ratfk Tjokgws, ^jagcj, Uacsuod aok Asus as pgpuhar

iraoks. [nfsf iraoks arf cutuahhy prgkuejod varjgus typfs gb tfenoghgdjfs prgkuets

aok navjod trfokjod aok up-tg-katf kfsjdo. Jt js tnfrfbgrf fasy tg uokfrstaok as tnf

< 6 1<

^jagcj

Tjokgws

Uacsuod

Gppg

Ogmja

Cae

Hfogvg

N\

Kfhh

Egcpaq

Asus

Ahjfowarf

Aeefr

Utukfots

Gtnfrs



41

rfasgo bgr tngsf iraoks njdnhy ratfk jo tnf akgptjgo. [ngsf iraoks eguhk if ehassjbjfk

as buhbjhhjod rfefot offks aok satjsbyjod usfrs.

Tjokgws tamf tnf hfak as jt js a wfhh-fstaihjsnfk aok usfr-brjfokhy tfenoghgdy.

^jagcj aok Uacsuod arf tnf rfefot trfokjod iraoks. [nfrfbgrf nghk tnf sfegok phaef

go egccgo akgptjgo. Asus js njdn quahjty iraok= usf tg pfrbgrc egcphjeatfk wgrms

tasms. [nfsf tfenoghgdjfs arf akvaoefk aok njdn oucifrs gb varjgus prgkuets tamf

tnfc tg tnf uppfr hjst acgod gtnfr tfenoghgdy iraoks. Jt js aihf tg if uokfrstggk tnat

stukfot rfspgokfots prfss cgst egosjkfratjgos jo tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs arf tnf

trfok aok tnf fstaihjsncfot.

Tjokgws ahsg tamf tnf hfak acgod varjgus iraoks gb tfenoghgdjfs bgr gtnfr

eatfdgry prgbfssjgoahs. Jt js sft tnat Tjokgws js apphjeaihf aergss kjbbfrfot jokustrjfs,

wfhh mogwo as tnfjr hgod fstaihjsncfot, aok usfrs-brjfokhy. Kfhh aok Asus arf phaefk

sfegokhy pgpuhar. [njs eguhk ehassjby tg tnfjr njdn quahjty pfrbgrcaoef. N\ aok

Ogmja arf ratfk go tnf tnjrk gb tnf akgptjgo, wnjen eguhk uokfrstaok as tnfjr hgod

fstaihjsnfk iraok aok rjdjkjty.



49

Bjdurf 6.60 [fenoghgdjfs Bavguraihf iy Gtnfrs

Bjdurf 6.6 burtnfr kftfrcjofk tnf prfbfrrfk iraoks gb tfenoghgdjfs brgc tnf

stukfots aok gtnfr prgbfssjgoah apphjeaots. Tjokgws tamfs hfak gb ahh tnf

tfenoghgdjfs gptjgos prgvjkfk jo tnf survfy qufstjgooajrf wjtn tnf ratf gb :. Asus,Kfhh, Uacsuod aok ^jagcj ratfk suisfqufothy jo iftwffo 2 tg 4.

Utukfot rfspgokfots cgst prfbfrrfk tfenoghgdy iraok js Tjokgws. Iasfk go

tnf fvahuatjgo, jt js aihf tg fxphajo tnat Tjokgws js sujtaihf bgr stfrfg typfs gb

stukfots. Asus aok Kfhh arf avfradfhy aeefptaihf iy stukfot rfspgokfots. Ngwfvfr,

igtn iraoks arf uoaihf tg egcpftf wjtn ^jagcj aok Uacsuod. Njdnfr pgssjijhjty kuf

tg tnfjr pfrbgrcaoef aok bfaturfs kgfs ogt satjsby tg tnf stukfot rfspgokfots.

< 6 1< 16

^jagcj

Tjokgws

Uacsuod

Gppg

Ogmja

Cae

Hfogvg

N\

Kfhh

Egcpaq

Asus

Ahjfowarf

Aeefr

Utukfots

Gtnfrs



45

Jo prfbfrfoef, Tjokgws cajotajo at tnf hfak as jt eguhk apphy tg wjkf raodf

gb jokustrjfs. Gtnfr prgbfssjgo apphjeaots ratfk tnat Kfhh, Uacsuod aok Ahjfowarf arf

wgrtn-tg-cgofy prgkuets. [nfsf tfenoghgdjfs arf fxpfosjvf, iut tnfy eguhk pfrbgrc

njdnhy egcphjeatfk tasms hfvfh. Vohjmf stukfot rfspgokfots, gtnfrs prgbfssjgo

rfspgokfots enggsf wgrtn-tg-cgofy prgkuets ratnfr tnao bghhgwjod tg trfok. [nf

tfenoghgdjfs cust if aihf tg pfrbgrc efrtajo egcphjeatfk wgrm tasms tg cjojcjzf tnf

egcphfxjty gb tnfjr wgrms.

6.5 Kfvjefs

Bjdurf 6.20 \frsgoah Egcputfrs jo Tgrhk (iy Oucifrs)

Ujoef yfar 1:>>, tnfrf arf statjstjeah kata eghhfetfk go tnf uojts gb pfrsgoah

egcputfrs. 4<,<<< oucifrs gb pfrsgoah egcputfrs wfrf jo tnf wgrhk carmft. At yfar

1::;, tnf apphjeatjgos gb pfrsgoah egcputfrs dft tg if egccgo. Brgc tnf oucifr gb

2;<,<<< uojts gb pfrsgoah egcputfrs jo tnf wgrhk carmft nak drgwo tg 2,<;<,<<<

4<<<< 95<<<<

2;<<<<

152<<<<

5<<<<<<

;9<<<<<

2<;<<<<

<

1<<<<<<

9<<<<<<

5<<<<<<

;<<<<<<

6<<<<<<

2<<<<<<

4<<<<<<

1 : > >

1 : > :

1 : : <

1 : : 1

1 : : 9

1 : : 5

1 : : ;

1 : : 6

1 : : 2

1 : : 4

1 : : >

1 : : :

9 < < <

9 < < 1

9 < < 9

9 < < 5

9 < < ;

9 < < 6

9 < < 2

\frsgoah Egcputfrs



4;

oucifrs gb pfrsgoah egcputfrs jo yfar 9<<2. As jhhustratfk jo Bjdurf 6.2, tnf mjem

pgjot fseahatfs tnf eurvf sjoef tnf yfar gb 1::6. Vobgrtuoatfhy, tnf avajhaijhjty gb tnf

rfegrkfk kata gohy fxtfoks tg yfar 9<<2.

As Bjdurf 6.2 jkfotjbjfk, tnf oucifrs gb pfrsgoah egcputfrs jo wgrhk navf

joerfasfk 6.56 cjhhjgo wjtnjo 9< yfars. [nf oucifrs navf sjdojbjeaothy fseahatfk

sngws tnat tnf pfoftratjgo ratf gb tfenoghgdy akgptjgo joerfasfs aergss tnf wgrhk. Jt

js aihf tg ifhjfvf tnat tnf usadf gb kfvjefs bgr wgrmjod purpgsf js jcpgrtaot.

Bjdurf 6.40 Cgijhf Kfvjefs \foftratjgo Yatf jo Cahaysja (iy \frefotadf)

<

1<

9<

5<

;<

6<

2<

4<

><

:<

1<<

9<<; 9<<6 9<<2 9<<4 9<<>

Muaha Hucpur Ufhaodgr @gngr Mfkan Mfhatao Cfhama

Ofdfrj Ufcijhao \anaod \uhau \joaod\fram \frhjs [frrfoddaouUaian Uarawam Ca`gr [rfok



46

[nf kata go cgijhf kfvjefs pfoftratjgo ratf was rfegrkfk sjoef yfar 9<<;

aok kjsegotjoufk jo yfar 9<<>. Bjdurf 6.4 jhhustratjod tnf pfoftratjgo ratf gb cgijhf

kfvjefs jo faen statfs gb Cahaysja wjtnjo tnf yfar gb 9<<; tg 9<<>. Brgc tnf trfok

hjof jhhustratfk jo Bjdurf 6.4 sngws tnat tnfrf js a ca`gr drgwtn gb tnf pfoftratjgo ratf

jo Cahaysja. [nf trfok ahhgeatfk at 56% sjoef yfar 9<<; tg 4<% at yfar 9<<>. Jt js

aogtnfr 56% gb drgwtn go tnf cgijhf kfvjefs pfoftratjgo ratf jo Cahaysja egcparjod

yfar 9<<; tg yfar 9<<>.

Jo Bjdurf 6.4 sngws tnat tnf pattfro go tnf pfoftratjgo ratf gb cgijhf kfvjef

gvfr faen statf arf sjcjhar brgc yfar tg yfar. Dfofrahhy, pfoftratjgo ratf gb cgijhf

kfvjefs sjdojbjeaothy joerfasf 56% jo Cahaysja. Jo kftajhfk, yfar 9<<2 nak rfaenfk

tnf pfam gb tnf pfoftratjgo ratf. [nfrf js a shjdnt bahh jo yfar 9<<4 aok tnf pfoftratjgo

ratf rftajofk at yfar 9<<>. Jt js suppgsfk tg if uokfrstggk as tnf usfrs gptjcjzf tnf

usf gb tfenoghgdy. Jo tnf gtnfr wgrks, tfenoghgdjfs arf dfttjod tg if jcpgrtaot. Fvfo

tngudn tnfrf arf fxtfroah baetgrs bgrefk tg hgwfr kgwo tnf usf gb tfenoghgdy.

Cahaysjao enggsfs tg gptjcjzf tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs ratnfr tnao ogt usjod jt.

Jostfak gb ifjod bacjhjar tg tfenoghgdjfs, tfenoghgdjfs navf iffo part gb tnf

nucao ifjod. Jt js kftfrcjofk tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs js ogt ofw tg

fvfrygof. [nf kfphgycfot gb akvaoefk tfenoghgdjfs egosjst hfssfr iarrjfrs, aok

fasjhy hfarofk iy tnf usfrs.



42

6.; Jotfroft

Bjdurf 6.>0 Jotfroft Vsfrs jo Tgrhk (iy \frefotadf)

[nf kata gb tnf wgrhk jotfroft usfrs eghhfetfk sjoef yfar 1::9 nak hfss tnao

<.1% gb usfrs jo pfrefotadf. Jo yfar 1::>, tnf jotfroft usadf nak iffo jotrgkuefk tg

varjgus pfrsgoah aergss tnf wgrhk. Jo yfar 9<<5, tnfrf arf 59% gb tnf jotfroft usfrs

aergss tnf wgrhk. Jo yfar 9<15, tnf usf gb jotfroft dfts tg if irgak aok egccgo. [nf

jotfroft usfrs nak iffo fseahatjod tg 24% gvfr tnf wgrhk. Jo 9< yfars‚ tjcf, jotfroft

usfrs navf sjdojbjeaothy joerfasfk 24% brgc tnf wgrhk pgpuhatjgo. Tjtnjo 1< yfars,

jotfroft usfrs navf drgwo 56% brgc 59% jo yfar 9<<5 tg 24% jo yfar 9<15.

Bjdurf 6.> pgjots gut tnat tnf wgrhk jotfroft usfrs navf sjdojbjeaothy joerfasfk

56 % wjtnjo 1< yfars‚ tjcf. [g akapt wjtn dhgiah carmft, tnf rjpphf fbbfet go

tfenoghgdjfs akgptjgo nas bgref egostruetjgo jokustry tg akgpt jotfroft aok JE[

(Egyof ft ah., 9<<<= Kavjs aok Tahmfr, 9<<:= [gbtfo aok Naccfrvghh, 9<<:= ejtfk jo0

Amjotgyf ft ah, 9<19).

<.<<1<6<.>69<;

2.461>

59.55>

66.462.5

22.:4

<

1<

9<

5<

;<

6<

2<4<

><

1 : : 9

1 : : 5

1 : : ;

1 : : 6

1 : : 2

1 : : 4

1 : : >

1 : : :

9 < < <

9 < < 1

9 < < 9

9 < < 5

9 < < ;

9 < < 6

9 < < 2

9 < < 4

9 < < >

9 < < :

9 < 1 <

9 < 1 1

9 < 1 9

9 < 1 5

Jotfroft Vsfrs, (%)



44

Bjdurf 6.:0 Oucifrs gb Ngtspgt jo Cahaysjao (iy Vojts)

< 1<<< 9<<< 5<<< ;<<< 6<<< 2<<< 4<<<

Car, 9<<2

Car, 9<<4

Car, 9<<>

Car, 9<<:

Car, 9<1<

Car, 9<11

Car, 9<19

Car, 9<15

Car, 9<1;

Car, 9<16

Uarawam Uaian [frfoddaou\frhjs \uhau \joaod \fram \anaod Ofdfrj Ufcijhao CfhamaMfhatao Mfkan @gngr



4>

[nf kata go tnf oucifrs gb ngtspgt jo Cahaysja startfk jo tnf iggm gb rfegrk

sjoef yfar 9<<2 aok aetjvfhy upkatjod tg Caren 9<16. As tnf trfok hjof stjpuhatfk jo

Bjdurf 6.:, tnf oucifrs gb ngtspgt jo Cahaysja fseahatf sjoef yfar 9<11. As iffo

jkfotjbjfk farhjfr, tnf usf gb jotfroft dfts tg if pgpuhar jo tnf yfar 9<1<. [nfrfbgrf jt

js rfasgoaihf tnf ngtspgt drgw sjdojbjeaothy jo tnf egcjod yfar, 9<11. At yfar 9<1<,

Cahaysja ngtspgts jo faen statf nas avfradf ogt cgrf tnao 6<<. Jo tnf bghhgwjod yfar,

yfar 9<11, tnf ngtspgts joerfasf tg 6<<. At tnf fok gb tnf rfegrk, yfar 9<16, ngtspgts

navf cgrf tnao 5<<< uojts jo faen statf.

Yfbfrs tg Bjdurf 6.:, yfar 9<<2 tg yfar 9<1< navf scahh acguot gb ngtspgt

oucifrs. [njs eguhk prgiaihy ifeausf tnf usf gb jotfroft js yft egccgo jo Cahaysja

aok tnf jotfroft usfrs yft tg bjok gut tnf avajhaihf cgijhjty tg egoofet wjtn jotfroft.

At yfar 9<11, tnf oucifrs gb ngtspgt navf drgwo. Jo tnf farhjfr yfars, tnf eahh ratfs

arf njdn. [nfrfbgrf, usfrs enggsf jotfroft as ao ahtfroatjvf bgr egccuojeatjgo.

Ngwfvfr, jotfroft egccuojeatjgo kgfs ogt fbbfetjvf. [nfrf arf gohy scahh

oucifrs gb ngtspgt, usfrs navf tg dft egoofetfk tnfo rfefjvfk tnf cfssadf. Yfsuht

tnat tnf cfssadfs kjk ogt rfaen tg rfefjvfrs jo rfah-tjcf, fxpjrfk tnf rfhjaijhjty gb tnf

cfssadf. Ahtngudn stay egoofetfk js jcpgrtaot, iut stayjod jo a spfejbjfk spgt tg

mffp egoofetjod wjtn tnf jotfroft js ogt tnf bjrst engjef. Tjrfhfss egoofetjgo

prgvjkfs usfrs njdn hfvfh gb cgijhjty aok buhbjh tnf tardft gb aoytjcf aok aoywnfrf.

Cahaysjao tnfrfbgrf dfts tg mogw tnf cgijhjty wnjhf egoofetjod jotfroft. Tjrfhfss

egoofetjgo dfts jotg tnf trfok as jotfroft egoofetjod pgrt.

[nf oucifrs gb ngtspgt rjsfs sjoef yfar 9<11 aok burtnfr drgwo up jo tnf

bghhgwjod yfars. Brgc Bjdurf 6.:, tnf trfok hjof jokjeatjod tnat oucifrs gb ngtspgt

joerfasf aok wjhh dg njdnfr jo tnf buturf. Ahtngudn tnf trfok hjof jokjeatf pgssjihf

drgwtn, iut tgtah oucifrs gb ngtspgt nak rfaen tg pfam pgjot aok js kfsefokjod. Jo

tnf bghhgwjod yfars, tnf oucifrs gb ngtspgt drakuahhy bahh. [nfrf js a pgssjihf rfasgo

tg fxphajo suen kfsefokjod. [nf bahh js kuf tg fxefssjvf supphy aok hgw kfcaok.

Ngtspgt arfas arf hapsf iftwffo faen gtnfr. \fgphf try tg gptjcjzf tnf egvfradf arfa,

aok fodjoffrjod tnf usf gb ngtspgt.



4:

Bjdurf 6.1<0 [gtah Egoofetjvjty jo Cahaysja (iy Vojts)

Bjdurf 6.1< sngws tnf tgtah oucifrs gb egoofetjvjty jo Cahaysja joehukjod

igtn cgkfc iasfk aok cgijhf kfvjefs egoofetjvjty. [nf kata rfegrk startfk sjoef

Kfefcifr 9<<> aok up-tg-katf Caren 9<1;. Jo yfar 9<<>, tnfrf js tgtah 1.49 cjhhjgo

jotfroft egoofetjvjty iy igtn cgkfc iasfk apprgaen aok cgijhf kfvjefs apprgaen.

As jhhustratfk jo tnf aigvf bjdurf, turojod pgjot yfar 9<<: nas tnf tgtah gb 1.: cjhhjgo

jotfroft usfrs. Jo yfar 9<1<, tnf jotfroft egoofetjvjty pucpfk up-tg 9.: cjhhjgo, aok

burtnfr drgwo wjtn 9 cjhhjgo as jotfrvah jo tnf bghhgwjod yfars. [nf fseahatjgo dfts

cgkfratfk jo yfar 9<1; brgc 2.9 cjhhjgo jotfroft egoofetjvjty tg 2.; cjhhjgo.

Jo fvfotuahhy, tnf trfok js traosbgrcs tnf usf gb jotfroft tg dft jobgrcatjgo,

jostfak gb egccuojeatjgo. [nfrf js ;>% drgwtn ratf go usjod jotfroft tg dft

jobgrcatjgo. As jkfotjbjfk farhjfr, Cahaysjao usf jotfroft tg snarf, stgrf aok usf

mogwhfkdf. [nf jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf jo jotfroft js vahuaihf aok iuhmy. \fgphf snarf

vahuaihf jobgrcatjgo aok ngpf tnf jobgrcatjgo foaihf tg nfhp tnf gtnfrs. Gtnfrs

wguhk enggsf tg mffp jobgrcatjgo jo tnf jotfroft as iaemup. [nfy eguhk aeefss tnf

stgrfk jobgrcatjgo aoytjcf jo tnf buturf. Uuen as pngtgdrapn, prjotfk pngtgs cay if

1,:11,4<<

;,:19,5<<

2,;11,2<<

-

1,<<<,<<<

9,<<<,<<<

5,<<<,<<<

;,<<<,<<<

6,<<<,<<<

2,<<<,<<<

4,<<<,<<<

Kfe, 9<<> Car,9<<:

Car,9<1<

Car,9<11

Car,9<19

Car,9<15

Car,9<1;

Egoofetjvjty jo Cahaysja



><

kacadf kuf tg pggr mffpjod. Vphgakjod pngtgs tg jotfroft stgradf wjhh mffp tnf

pngtgs aok cfcgrjfs sabf aok sfeurf.

[nf usf gb jotfroft nas hfvfradf nucaos‚ hjbf. Cahaysjaos kfphgy varjgus aok

cgrf egoofetjvjty tg mffp egoofetjod wjtn tnf jotfroft. Jo Bjdurf 6.1<, tnf oucifrs

gb egoofetjvjty navf joerfasfk ;.4 cjhhjgo jo Cahaysja wjtnjo 6 yfars‚ tjcf. Jt sngws

ngw jcpgrtaot bgr nucao tg stay egoofet wjtn tnf jotfroft. [nf joerfasf usf gb

jotfroft tg dft jobgrcatjgo js sjdojbjeaot aok prggbfk tnat jotfroft nas iffo part gb

Cahaysjaos‚ hjbf. [nfsf statfcfots djvf suppgrts tg tnf prgpgsah= tnf usf gb jotfroft

js jcpgrtaot aok bacjhjar iy fvfrygof.

6.6 Jotfrvjfw

[nf rfpgrt js suppgrtfk iy twg jotfrvjfwffs Ur Enju Engod Ufod brgc \fruokjod

Vmur Ianao EU aok Ur Ggj Nuat Enaj brgc \fruokjod Mgs Ifrsatu. Jotfrvjfwffs arf

Quaotjty Uurvfygrs rfdjstfrfk uokfr Igark gb Quaotjty Uurvfygr Cahaysja aok Ygyah

Jostjtutjgo Uurvfy Cahaysja. [aihf 6.6 ifhgw pjoofk pgjot sgcf bjokjods brgc igtn

jotfrvjfwff.



>1

[aihf 6.60 Jotfrvjfwff Bjokjods

Fhfcfots Ur Enju Engod Ufod UrGgj Nuat Enaj

Egoefpt gb

\rgpgsah

Bgrfsffaihf Ogt fobgrefaihf at tnf cgcfot

\apfrhfssTgrhk

Ogt fhjcjoatjgo, iut rfkuetjgotnf usf gb papfr= ogt hfdahhyaeefptfk

Ogt fhjcjoatjgo, iut rfkuetjgotnf usf gb papfr= ogt hfdahhyaeefptfk

Egoefro gb

[fenoghgdy

Akgptjgo

Fasy akgptjgo= hgeahhy sujts=fasf gb enaodf caoadfcfot

Aeeuraey= spffk= egst gbjcphfcfotatjgo= hgeahhy sujts=eghhaigratjgo

Hfvfradfk iy

[fenoghgdy

[fhfegobfrfoejod aokvjkfgegobfrfoejod arf cgst

prfbfraihf ways gb cfftjod

[fhfegobfrfoejod aokTnatsApp jobgrcatjgo snarjodarf prfbfrrfk= iut pggr johfdjshatjgo caoofr

Ygigtje

EgostruetjgoJokustry

Ofw aok ogt apphjeaihf jo tnf

eurrfot egostruetjgo sjtfegokjtjgo

Gbb-sjtf caoubaeturjod aok go-

sjtf eghhaigratfk usf wjtnnucao wgrmbgrefs

Ehguk Iasfk

Uystfc

Egovfojfot= apphjeaihf ataoytjcf, aoywnfrf, wjtn aoykfvjefs

Upffky, iut rjsmy joegobjkfotjah jobgrcatjgofxpgsurf

Jobgrcatjgo

Unarjod tg

Geeupjfrs

Akvaoefk bfaturf iut ogtapphjeaihf jo fvfry prg`fet

Ogt prfbfrrfk. As jt cay eausfuoofefssary hfdah rfspgosjijhjtyjo hatfr stadf

6.6.1 Ur Enju Engod Ufod

Uurvfygr Enju Engod Ufod aok njs grdaojzatjgo, \fruokjod Vmur Ianao EU, ca`grhy

bgeus go tnf prgbfssjgo gb Quaotjty Uurvfygr‚s wgrm tasms. [nfy ahsg prgvjkf

egotraet akvjsgry sfrvjefs aok djvf akvjef tg ehjfots go prgeurfcfot cftngks, prf-

egotraetjod hfdah prgefkurfs, aok pgst-egotraetjod wgrms rfegccfokatjgos. [nf

cgst egccgo prg`fets iffo jovghvjod arf njdn rjsf iujhkjods wnjen joehukf igtn

egccfrejah aok rfsjkfotjah. [nf sgbtwarf akgptfk iy tnf egcpaoy js Egst^, wnfrf

tnf jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gohy kjbbjeuht at tnf vfry ifdjoojod.

Jotfrvjfwff cfotjgofk tnat tnf tfenoghgdjfs tnf egcpaoy waotfk tg apphy arf

IjoaHjom aok Dhgkgo. [nf jotfrvjfwff statfk tnat igtn gb tnfsf tfenoghgdjfs arf

hgeahhy sujt. IjoaHjom js a hgeah iujht tfenoghgdy aok rfefothy apprgaenjod jotg 5K

cfasurfcfot as wfhh as Dhgkgo kg. Ngwfvfr, tnfsf tfenoghgdjfs arf tgg tfenoghgdy



>9

savvy. [fenoghgdy egosjkfrs fbbfetjvf gohy jb jt js fasy tg hfaro aok akgptfk. [nf

jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat rfefot tfenoghgdy snguhk if suppgrtjvf aok fasjhy hfarofk.

[nf jotfrvjfwff statfk tnat papfrhfss egostruetjgo jokustry js ogt pgssjihf.

[nf tgtahhy papfrhfss jkfa js cgrf tnfgrftjeahhy aok tardft, iut ogt praetjeah. Ngwfvfr

gvfr tnf yfars, tnf jokustry egotrjiutfk jo tnf rfkuetjgo usf gb papfr. Kgeucfots bgr

cfftjods, suen as cjoutfs gb cfftjod, adfoka, aok cfftjod ogtjbjeatjgo, navf

egovfrtfk brgc bax tg fcajh. [nf cfftjod prfsfotatjgo jcphfcfots shjkfs prg`fetjgo

ratnfr tnao papfr igarkjod prfsfotatjgo aok prjotfk kgeucfots bgr faen attfokaoef.

Yfefothy, tnf jokustry kfhjvfrs krawjods aok hfdah kgeucfots jo kjdjtah bgrc

bgr rfak-gohy purpgsf. [nf kgeucfots arf kjstrjiutfk fjtnfr wjtn VUI, fcajh, gr fvfo

ehguk systfc. Egcparfk tg narkegpy, kjdjtah bjhfs arf fasjfr bgr mffpjod aok

fhjcjoatf tnf pgssjijhjty gb hgsjod kgeucfots. [nf jotfrvjfwff tnfrfiy suppgrt tnat

tnf egoefpt gb tnjs rfpgrt js pgssjihf as tnf jokustry nas tnf paef tgwarks tnat

kjrfetjgo. Ahtngudn tfenoghgdjfs arf akvaoef, iut tnf shgw jotfroft spffk hjcjts tnf

drguok tg drgw.

Jotfrvjfwff fxpfrjfoefk tnf usf gb Umypf tg attfok vjkfg egobfrfoejod. [nf

jotfrvjfwff jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf gutegcf js ogt as fbbfetjvf as tfhfegobfrfoejod. [nf

josubbjejfot pfrbgrcaoef was kuf tg pggr jotfroft jobrastrueturf. Uhgw jotfroft

traosaetjgo spffk eausfs ogjsf aok jotfrruptjgo kurjod tnf cfftjod. [fhfegobfrfoejod

nas staihf egoofetjvjty aok rfhatjvfhy fbbfetjvf. Ngwfvfr, tnfrf js og baef-tg-baef

jotfraetjgo. [nf jotfrvjfwff egoehukfk tnat vjkfg egobfrfoejod eguhk if vfry nfhpbuh

as jt fhjcjoatfs tjcf spfot tg travfh tg cfftjods. Ngwfvfr jt js ogt wjkfhy praetjef jo

Cahaysja kuf tg tnf shgw jotfroft egoofetjgo spffk.

Ehguk kataiasf systfc js egccgo tg praetjef jo tnf jokustry. [nf egosuhtaot

tfacs usuahhy snarf tnf bjhf kgwohgak hjoms tg tnf gtnfr egosuhtaot tfacs. Jotfrvjfwff

aok njs egcpaoy navf fxpgsfk tg Ehguk bjhf apprgaen, iut ogt wfhh-mogwo tnf kftajh

gb Ehguk systfc. Ahtngudn tnf kftajhfk buoetjgos arf yft rfahjzfk iy tnfc, iut tnf

iasje snarjod buoetjgo js vfry wfhh jcphfcfotfk. Jotfrvjfwff jkfotjbjfk tnat Ehguk

systfc ahhgws tnfc tg aeefss wjtn jcpgrtaot kata aoytjcf aoywnfrf jo aoy kfvjefs.



>5

[nf systfc foeguradfs tnf usfrs tg akgpt cgijhf kfvjefs ratnfr tnao prjotgut. [nf

systfc cjojcjzfk tnf hgss gb kata aok prfvfots jofbbfetjvf kuf tg pggr jobgrcatjgo.

[nf jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat IJC systfc suppgsfk tg jkfotjby enaodfs. Aoy

enaodfs cakf brgc tnf kfsjdo tfac snguhk if njdnhjdntfk aok ogtjby tg fvfrygof jo

tnf prg`fet tfac. Ahtngudn IJC systfc js aihf tg traem tnf wgrmjod rfegrks, iut tnjs

bfaturf kgfs ogt ajk a hgt jo enaodf caoadfcfot. [nf fhfcfot mffp enaodjod js ogt

hjcjtfk tg krawjods gohy, ahsg nucao rfsgurefs egotrjiutjgo. [nf pfrsgo-jo-enardf

ofvfr foks enaodjod aok tnf jcpgrtaot jobgrcatjgo js ogt tgtahhy swjtenfk tg tnf

suisfqufot pfrsgo. Jobgrcatjgo hgst jo iftwffo tnf enaodf gb pfrsgo-jo-enardf wjhh

eausf tg uoofefssary cjsuokfrstaokjod aok kfdrakf tnf prg`fet pfrbgrcaoef.

Krgofs apphjeatjgo bgr sjtf jospfetjgo js rfhatjvfhy ofw. Ahtngudn jotfrvjfwff

nas yft tg egcf aergss tnf apphjeatjgo, iut nf fxpfrjfoefk tnf jostahhatjgo gb bjxfk

vjfw-eac wjtnjo `gisjtf. [nf apphjeatjgo js vfry nfhpbuh bgr ehjfots aok kfsjdo tfac

tg earry-gut jospfetjgo aoytjcf aoywnfrf wjtn wfi irgwsfr. Egosuhtaots ahsg aihf tg

pfrbgrc fvahuatjgo iasfk go rfah-tjcf jospfetjgo kata. Ngwfvfr, tnf apphjeatjgo gb

krgofs kgfs ogt pfrbgrc as sjcjhar as vjfw-eac. Rjfw-eac js bjxfk jostahhfk, wnjhf

krgofs rfqujrfk spfejah gpfratgrs tg earry-gut tnf jospfetjgo. [nf jotfrvjfwff statfk

tnat tnf 52< kfdrff jospfetjgo kgof iy krgofs wjhh fvfotuahhy if a ifttfr apprgaen.

Ygigtje caenjofrjfs arf tgg akvaoefk bgr Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry.

[nf jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat tnf Cahaysja egostruetjgo sjtf js nfavy kuty, cfssy aok

pggr sabfty cfasurfs. Jotfrvjfwff jkfotjbjfk tnat gvfrsfas egostruetjgo sjtf js cgrf

tjky aok egcbgrtaihf, iut ogt Cahaysjao. [nf sjtf egokjtjgo kgfs ogt ahhgwfk tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb rgigtje caenjofrjfs. Jotfrvjfwff ahsg cfotjgofk tnat tnf egst gb

jcphfcfotatjgo js cuen njdnfr egcparfk tg caouah gpfratgrs. Jt wjhh if ofefssary tg

jkfotjbjfk pfrsgo tg iarf tnf jcphfcfotatjgo egst aok rfhfvaot rfspgosjijhjtjfs.

\rgpfrty jobgrcatjgo snarfk tg geeupjfrs aok jotfdratfs tg scart ngcf systfc

js ogt ofw iut akvaoefk. Jt js ao akkjtjgoah bfaturf aok attraetjvf sfhhjod pgjot bgr

kfvfhgpfrs tg pusn gut tnfjr kfvfhgpcfots. Jotfrvjfwff rfahjzfk tnat jt js ao akvaoefk

tfenoghgdy aok usuahhy apphjfs gohy tg iuodahgw prg`fets. Egokgcjojuc egosjsts gbnuokrfks tg tngusaoks gb uojts aok jt wjhh if vfry kjbbjeuht tg jostahh suen systfc jotg



>;

fvfry uojt wjtngut aoy kfbfet aok sngrtegcjod. Ucart ngcf snahh gohy jcphfcfot go

njdn-fok prgpfrtjfs as a carmftjod stratfdy.

Jt js uokfrstaok tnat tnf jotfrvjfwff, Ur Enju, adrffs aok hggm bgrwark go tnf

fvghutjgo. As cfotjgofk farhjfr, tnjs js a vjsjgo, aok a baet tnat tnf trfok js cgvjod

tgwarks jt. Jt wjhh sggo ifegcf a kyoasty aok tamjod gvfr tnf egovfotjgoah cftngks.

6.6.9 Ur Ggj Nuat Enaj

Uurvfygr Ggj Nuat Enaj aok njs egcpaoy, \fruokjod Mgs Ifrsatu, navf egoefotratf

go tnf prgbfssjgo gb Quaotjty Uurvfygr wgrms. Jotfrvjfwff cgsthy jovghvf wjtn

rfsjkfotjah prg`fet, wnjen egosjst gb njdn rjsf aok fvfo haokfk prgpfrtjfs. [nf

tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk iy tnf jotfrvjfwff‚s egcpaoy arf Cjergsgbt prgkuets aok

IjoaHjom. [nf jotfrvjfwff jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf egcpaoy kgfs ogt akgpt Cjergsgbt

\rg`fet. Jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat prg`fet phaoojod js ogt jo tnf egosuhtaot Quaotjty

Uurvfygr‚s prgbfssjgo wgrm segpf. Gohy jb tnf stadf js prfcaturf tg jcphy fodjoffrs,

Quaotjty Uurvfygr wjhh prfparf a sjcphf phaoojod bgr ehjfots as rfbfrfoefs purpgsf.

[nf jcphfcfotatjgo gb Autgkfsm Yfvjt js yft egosjkfrfk iy tnf jotfrvjfwff.

[nf jotfrvjfwff jkfotjbjfk tnf prfparatjgo gb 5K krawjods js joegovfojfot aok egsthy.

Fspfejahhy jo tnf rfefssjgo pfrjgk, tnf ofw tfenoghgdy jcphfcfotatjgo js a enahhfodf

tg UCFs. Ngwfvfr, jb tnf trfok nas rfaen, arenjtfets aok fodjoffrs jcphfcfotfk 5K=

jt wjhh if a ofefssjty tg bghhgw up iy tnf Quaotjty Uurvfygrs. [nf jotfrvjfwff

jkfotjbjfk tnat egovfotjgoah ways gb kgjod wgrms navf njdn enaoef tg camf cjstamf.

Akgptjgo gb ofw tfenoghgdjfs js hfvfradjod tnf jokustry, iut jt tamfs tjcf.

[nfrf js og spfejbjfk aoy mjoks gb tfenoghgdjfs wjhh if akgptfk iy egcpaoy

jo tnf buturf. [nf gohy egosjkfratjgo js tnf aeeuraey tnat tnf tfenoghgdy eguhk navf.

Njdn hfvfh gb aeeuraey wjhh cjojcjzf nucao frrgr. [nf bghhgwjod egoefro tg akgpt

ofw tfenoghgdy js tnf jcphfcfotatjgo iy arenjtfets aok fodjoffrs. Jb tnfy ofvfr

apphy aok tnf jokustry js yft rfaky bgr jt, Quaotjty Uurvfygr wjhh ogt egosjkfr go tnfakgptjgo gb suen tfenoghgdy. [nf jotfrvjfwff cfotjgofk tnat 5K js ifofbjejah tg tnf



>6

egostruetjgo jokustry. Ngwfvfr, tnf sgbtwarf wnjen kfphgys 5K nas tg hfaro tnf hfdah

rfstrjetjgo aok tnf euhturf gb Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry.

Autgkfsm Yfvjt eguhk pfrbgrc prfejsf kjcfosjgoah iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo, iut

tnf way tg jotfrprft tnf quaotjtjfs kgfs ogt sujt tg Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry

staokark. \ggr traefaijhjty tg tnf quaotjty cfasurfk iy Autgkfsm Yfvjt cay eausf

fxtra wgrm hgak tg tnf Quaotjty Uurvfygr. Quaotjty Uurvfygrs navf tg cfasurf tnf

cfasurfcfot wgrms kgof iy Autgkfsm Yfvjt tg fosurf jt cffts tnf hgeah rfqujrfcfot.

[nf jotfrvjfwff egoehukfs tnat fxphgrf tg ofw tfenoghgdy js tjcf egosucjod.

[nfrf js og spfejbjfk bfaturfs navf tg akk-jo tg fxjstjod tfenoghgdjfs. [nf

jotfrvjfwff cgrf egoefro go tnf aeeuraey, eghhaigratjvf aok spffk eao if prgvjkfk

iy tfenoghgdjfs. [nf egcpaoy akgpt tnf eghhaigratjgo gb IjoaHjom wjtn EAKjao,

aok bguok tnat tnf eghhaigratjgo js nfhpbuh tg wgrm go quaotjty cfasurf. [nf

jotfrvjfwff rfahjzfk tnfrf js a pgtfotjah drgw jo tfenoghgdy eghhaigratjgo. Ngwfvfr,

tnf cftngk tg egokuet tnf eghhaigratjgo js tnf mfy. [nf eghhaigratjgo snahh ahsg

aenjfvf tnf gtnfr twg rfqujrfcfots, aeeuraey aok spffk.

[nf jotfrvjfwff aoswfrfk tnat papfrhfss wgrhk js tnf trfok cgvjod tgwarks.

Egostruetjgo jokustry nas egotrjiutfk tg tnf trfok iy tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb avajhaihf

tfenoghgdjfs suen as Umypf, TnatsApp aok ft eftfra. [nf jotfrvjfwff eacf aergss

tnf usf gb Umypf tg egokuet tfhfegobfrfoejod= aok TnatsApp tg egccfot aok pngtg

eapturjod tnf sjtf egokjtjgo. Ngwfvfr, tnf Cahaysja hfdah bracfwgrm jo egostruetjgo

jokustry js yft tg suppgrt suen jcphfcfotatjgo. Cgst bgrcahjzfk kgeucfots arf

rfqujrfk tg if jo narkegpy. Jotfrvjfwff ehajcfk tnat fhjcjoatjgo tnf usf gb papfr js

jcpgssjihf, cjojcjzatjgo tnf usf gb papfr eguhk if nappfofk.

[nf jotfrvjfwff kgfs ogt sff tnf egoefpt gb tnf prgpgsah bgrejihf, at hfast ogt

jo a bfw cgotns‚ tjcf. \fgphf jo tnf jokustry sffc yft tg if tfenoghgdy savvy. [nf

prgpgsfk systfc nas tg if usfr-brjfokhy aok egovfojfot tg if akgptfk. Ao fxacphf,

tnf jkfa gb kfphgys wjrfhfss egoofetjvjty gvfr tnf sjtf. Tjrfhfss egoofetjvjty jo tnf

gbbjef js jcpgrtaot, iut kgfs ogt sffc tg if nfhpbuh bgr sjtf. Tgrmbgrefs at sjtf yft tg

navf tnf ofefssjty tg stay egoofetfk wjtn tnf jotfroft. Ngwfvfr, jt wjhh if jcpgrtaot



>2

jo tnf buturf wnfo sjtf usfrs navf tnf apprgprjatf cfotahjty aok tfenoghgdy smjhhs.

Tjrfhfss sjdoah aok tnf jovfstcfot egst wjhh if tnf egosjkfratjgo gb akgptjgo.

Ygigtje caoubaeturjod eguhk hgdjeahhy kfphgy jo caoubaeturjod jokustry.

Ahtngudn egostruetjgo jokustry nas sjcjhar purpgsfs wjtn caoubaeturf, iut js yft tg

if pgssjihf jo rgigtje akgptjgos. [nf oaturf gb tnf egostruetjgo jokustry js enaodfs.

Fvfo jb cgkuhar kfsjdo kfvfhgpcfot wjhh ogt if pgssjihf tg egcphftfhy apphy rgigts

tg egostruet go-sjtf. [nf gohy way bgr tnf jokustry tg akgpt rgigts aok cjojcjzf tnf

usf gb haigurfrs js tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb Jokustrjahjzfk Iujhkjod Uystfc (JIU). Gbb-

sjtf egcpgofots caoubaeturjod wjhh if autgcatjzf wjtn tnf gptjcuc usf gb rgigts.

Go-sjtf ahjdocfot wjhh if kgof wjtn tnf eghhaigratjgo gb rgigts aok nucaos.

Unarf egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo tg fok-usfrs js dggk, iut ogt rfegccfokfk.

[nf rfefot iuyfrs aok ehjfots arf yft tg rfqujrf suen jobgrcatjgo as ao attaencfot.

[nfrf js og ofefssjty bgr tnf egostruetjgo tfac tg prgvjkf egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo.

[nf jotfrvjfwff wgrrjfk tnat tnf kjsehgsurf gb tnf jobgrcatjgo cay eausf uowaotfk

hfdah rfspgosjihf. Vohfss tnfrf js hfdah bracfwgrm gr ehausfs rfqujrf tnf tfac tg

prgvjkf tnf iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo. Jo tnf eurrfot trfok, sgcf kfvfhgpfrs kg prgvjkf

tnfjr iuyfrs sgcf iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo. [nf jobgrcatjgo suen as iujhkjod haygut phao,

aok gtnfr catfrjah jobgrcatjgo rfhatfk tg tnf iujhkjod wjhh if iurofk jotg a Egcpaet

Kjse (EK) aok prgvjkfk bgr tnf iuyfrs.

[nf jotfrvjfwff strgodnghk tnf egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo js vfry jcpgrtaot.

Ehguk iasfk systfcs arf bastfr tnao egovfotjgoah ways gb egccuojeatjgo. Ngwfvfr,

pggr sfeurjty go tnf systfc aeefssjijhjty wjhh put egostruetjgo tfac jo tnf rjsm gb

fxpgsjod egobjkfotjah jobgrcatjgo. [nf jotfrvjfwff burtnfr jkfotjbjfk tnat gohjof

egccuojeatjgo kg ogt prgvjkf ao apprgprjatf fovjrgocfot bgr prgihfc sghvjod.

Fxtfroah gistruetjgo suen as jotfrruptjgo, sjdoah hgst, ogjsf, pggr akcjojstratjgo, had

aok ft eftfra abbfet tnf gutegcf gb a kjseussjgo.

Jo sngrt, Ur Ggj adrffs tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdy kg jcprgvf tnf

aeeuraey aok spffk gb wgrms. Nf burtnfr kftfrcjofk tnat tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdy

fegogcjeahhy ifofbjtjod tnf ehjfots. Ahtngudn tfenoghgdy js dggk, iut jt eaoogt ifrfhy go 1<<%. Efrtajo tasms navf tg if kfah wjtn nucao-ifjod.



>4

6.2 Uurvfy Qufstjgooajrf

[nfrf arf rfspgosfs brgc sui`fetjvf qufstjgos. [nf rfspgosfs arf drgupfk jotg bgur

eatfdgrjfs joehukjod fxpfrjfoefs gb tnf tfenoghgdy akgptfk, bacjhjarjty wjtn

tfenoghgdy, prfbfrrfk bfaturfs aok pgtfotjah jcprgvfcfots.

6.2.1 Fxpfrjfoefs gb tnf [fenoghgdy Akgptfk

Gut gb tnf 1> egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots, 11 oucifrs gb tnf rfspgokfots (21%)

rfphjfk go tnf fxpfrjfoef go tfenoghgdjfs usfk. Gvfr tnf 11 oucifrs gb rfphjfs bgr

fxpfrjfoefs go tnf tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk, : gb tnf rfphjfs arf bgeusfs go tnf

fxpfrjfoefs gb cfasurfcfot sgbtwarf.

IjoaHjom js rfegccfokfk iy tnf jokustry rfspgokfots. Yfspgokfots djvf

pgsjtjvf bffkiaem bgr tnf usadf gb IjoaHjom. [nfy ehajcfk tnat tnf sgbtwarf js

fhjcjoatjod frrgrs sjoef jt aihf tg hjom cfasurfcfot tg IQ prfparatjgo wjtnjo a

phatbgrc. Njdnfr autgcatjzf prgefssfs hgwfrfk tnf ratf gb frrgrs. [nf bffkiaem bgr

Egst^ js tnf fasjofss gb hfarojod tg usf tnf sgbtwarf. Aoygof wjtn iasje mogwhfkdf

aok smjhhs jo prgefssjod AutgEAK nas tnf eapaijhjtjfs tg utjhjzf Egst^. Ngwfvfr, tnf

eahjiratjgo prgefss js tfkjgus. Fvfry krawjods snguhk if eahjiratfk ifbgrf prgeffk tg

cfasurfcfot. Jb aoy krawjods arf uoaihf tg if eahjiratfk, jt wjhh gohy if avajhaihf

bgr caouah seahf cfasurfcfot.

Dhgkgo nas tnf bastfst cfasurjod spffk acgod ahh cfasurfcfot sgbtwarf.

Yfspgokfots ehajcfk tnf spffk cjojcjzfs tnf tjcf spfot jo cfasurfcfot wgrms aok

bgeusfs tg gtnfr parts gb tnf Quaotjty Uurvfy prgbfssjgos, suen as prfparatjgo gb IQ.

Ahtngudn tnf sgbtwarf js bast, iut tnfrf arf ruhfs tg bghhgw ifbgrf prgeffkjod jotg

cfasurfcfot wgrms. [nf gpfratgr cust if buhhy burojsnfk wjtn tnf sgbtwarf

buoetjgoahjty aok kfsjdo tfacs cust prgvjkf buhh sfts gb krawjods.



>>

Cjergsgbt Fxefh aok gtnfr Gbbjefs sgbtwarf prgvjkf fbbgrthfss wgrmjod

phatbgrc. Ngwfvfr, akgptjod Cjergsgbt Fxefh tg prfparf IQ js gof cgst enahhfodjod

tasm. Caoy bjrcs egosjkfr tg gwofk a cgkjbjfk sgbtwarf tg prfparf IQ aok kfahjod

wjtn cfasurfcfot wgrms. Cjergsgbt Fxefh js cgrf tjcf egosucjod jo prfparjod IQ

aok pfrbgrcjod cfasurfcfot wgrms. Fspfejahhy tg foeguotfr enaodfs cakf go tnf

krawjods. Ahtngudn Cjergsgbt Fxefh js ogt fbbjejfot tg pfrbgrcs sgcf wgrm tasms,

iut jt js vfry usfbuh jo bgrcuhatjod bgrcuhas jo hfdah kgeucfots. Vsfrs eguhk navf

ehfar jcadf go ngw tnf acguots wgrm-gut aok ifttfr egobjkfoef go tnf wgrms kgof.

6.2.9

Bacjhjarjty wjtn [fenoghgdy

[nfrf arf egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots navjod egobhjet jkfas go tnf apphjeatjgo

gb akvaoef tfenoghgdjfs tg pfrbgrc trakjtjgoah wgrm tasms. Gof gb tnf rfspgokfot

ehajcfk tnat tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb sgbtwarf cjojcjzf tjcf spfot, fonaoef aeeuraey,

njdnhy grdaojzf go wgrms aok fasjfr tg traem go wgrms kgof. Aogtnfr rfspgokfot

vgjef tnat tnf njdnhy autgcatjzf wgrms uoaihf tg prgvjkf egobjkfoef go tnf rfsuht gb

wgrms, as tnf kata js haem gb aeeguotaijhjty. Jt js tnfrfbgrf cakf a statfcfot wnfrf

wgrms arf suppgsfk tg if kgof jo cjojcuc tjcf spfot aok tnf kata snguhk if vfry

grdaojzfk bgr tnf fasf gb enfemjod.

Utukfot rfspgokfots adrff tnat papfrhfss wgrhk wguhk savf tnf fovjrgocfot

aok cgrf fegogcjeah. Tgrmjod wjtn fhfetrgoje kfvjefs aok kjdjtah bjhfs wguhk

rfkuef tnf oucifr gb prjotfk papfr, prgvjkjod a sustajoaihf usf gb oaturah rfsgurefs.

Ngwfvfr, 95.6% gb tnf rfspgokfots kjk ogt bguok tnf egoefpt rfhjaihf. [nf

rfspgokfots ehajc tnat papfrhfss js jcpgssjihf. Hfdah prgefkurfs trakjtjgoahhy rfqujrf

papfr prjotfk narkegpy. Yfspgokfots burtnfr jkfotjby tnat kjdjtah bjhfs egosjst njdnfr

rjsms egcparf tg narkegpy bjhfs. Kjdjtah bjhfs iarf tnf rjsm gb pgwfr bajhurf, aok og

sfrvjef eguhk if prgvjkfk= aok fxpgsfk tg ifjod naem kuf tg pggr sfeurjty systfcs.

Ugcf gtnfr stukfot rfspgokfots bguok tnat kjdjtah bjhfs js fasjfr bgr mffpjod

purpgsf. Kjdjtah bjhhjod js fasjfr tg mffp tjky, aok tnf bjhfs arf aihf tg hjcjt efrtajoautngrjsfk pfrsgoah tg aeefss gohy. Kjdjtah bjhfs ahsg ifofbjts jo earryjod. Iuhmy



>:

tfokfrjod kgeucfots eausfk joegovfojfoef jo fvfry traosaetjgo. Ngwfvfr,

kjdjtahjzfk tfokfr kgeucfots wjhh gohy egosucf Djdaiytfs (DI) aok savfk fjtnfr jo

nuokrfk dracs gb Vojvfrsah Ufrjah Ius (VUI) gr Ehguk snarjod. Ahtngudn akvaoefk,

iut gof gb tnf rfspgokfot burtnfr egoefros tnat papfrhfss wgrhk wjhh eausfk pfrsgoah

joùry, fspfejahhy go nucao vjsuah systfc.

Gtnfr prgbfssjgo rfspgokfots ehajcfk tnat tnf jkfa gb papfrhfss wgrhk js dggk,

aok snguhk if jcphfcfotfk as farhjfr pgssjihf tg wjkf raodf gb jokustrjfs. Gof gb tnf

rfspgokfots kftfrcjofs tnat tnf apphjeatjgo gb Ehguk systfc js tnf mfy bgr papfrhfss

wgrhk. Kfvjefs eguhk utjhjzf Ehguk systfc tg fxenaodf kjdjtah bjhfs wjtngut egostrajo

go eaihf pgrt, tjcf aok phaefs. Fonaoefk wjtn jotfregccuojeatjvf systfc, tfac

cfcifrs wjtnjo ao grdaojzatjgo eguhk snarf aok rfefjvf rfah-tjcf kata aok

jobgrcatjgo iy eghhaigratjod faen gtnfr‚s wgrms jo Ehguk iasfk systfc.

Gtnfr prgbfssjgo rfspgokfots navf sjcjhar egoefros as stukfot rfspgokfots.

[nf papfrhfss wgrhk eguhk hfak tg joerfasf tnf oucifrs gb vjrusfs aok naemfrs,

fxpgsjod kjdjtah bjhfs jotg njdnfr rjsms. Brgc gof gb rfspgokfots rfspgosf tnat,

papfrhfss wgrhk wjhh kfbjojtfhy fseahatf tnf ratf gb nucao vjsuah systfc joùry.

6.2.5 \rfbfrrfk Bfaturfs

Egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots jkfotjbjfk tnat brjfokhy usfr jotfrbaef js gof gb tnf

bfaturfs egoefrofk. Ucggtn usfr fxpfrjfoef aok autgcatje iaemup sfrvjef prgvjkfk

iy Cjergsgbt Gbbjefs arf tnf cajo attraetjgo pgjots tg egotjouf tnf usf gb tnf

sgbtwarf. Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok AutgEAK prgvjkjod egovfojfot usfr jotfrbaef as wfhh

as Cjergsgbt kg. [nfrfbgrf tnf rfspgokfots ehajcfk tnat tnf egotjougus suiserjptjgo

tg Autgkfsm prgkuets js ogt ao joapprgprjatf engjef. Ngwfvfr, tnf prjef bgr igtn gb

tnfsf tfenoghgdjfs js ogt as enfap as fvfry bjrc jo tnf jokustry eao abbgrk. Amjotgyf

ft ah. (9<19) kftfrcjofk tnat egostruetjgo jokustry js ao fcpjrf iujht up iy oucifrs

gb Ucahh Cfkjuc Fotfrprjsfs (UCFs). Jt js ofefssary tg egoefro iy tnf tfenoghgdjfs

supphjfrs tg hgwfr kgwo tnf prjefs gb tnfjr prgkuets bgr jokustrjah usfrs.



:<

[nf stukfots cgst prfbfrrfk bfaturf js nghgdrac prg`fetjgo. 95% gb rfspgosfs

suppgrt tnat nghgdrac js tnf ofxt enaptfr bgr J[ wgrhk. Gtnfr bfaturfs arf akvaoef

Cjergsgbt Gbbjefs= watfrprggbjod kfvjefs= hgod hastjod iattfry hjbf= wjrfhfss enardjod=

njdnfr pfoftratjgo ratf gb IJC jo Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry= eghhaigratjvf

kfvjefs= aok kfvjef foaihf tg egotrgh tnfjr ngcf, suen as sfeurjty systfc, jotfhhjdfot

apphjaoefs egotrgh, aok pfrsgoahjzf sfttjod tg tnfjr ngcf.

Gtnfr prgbfssjgos rfspgokfots cgst prfbfrrfk bfaturfs arf sjcjhar tg stukfot

rfspgokfots. [nf prfbfrrfk bfaturfs arf nghgdrapnje suppgrtjod kfvjefs= hgod spao

iattfry hjbf= aok watfr rfsjstaoef. Gtnfr tnao tnfsf, rfspgokfots ahsg waot tg navf

akkjtjgoah bfaturfs hjmf vgjef tfxtjod, aok njdn kfbjojtjgo eacfra. Gof gb tnf

rfspgokfots vgjef gut tnat tfenoghgdjfs snahh akvaoef wjtn sjcuhatgr bgr varjgus

mjoks gb fovjrgocfot aok sjtuatjgos.

6.2.; \gtfotjah Jcprgvfcfots

\gtfotjah jcprgvfcfot rajsfk iy tnf egostruetjgo jokustry rfspgokfots eguhk if

eatfdgrjzfk jotg enaodf kftfetjgo, eghhaigratjgo, fasy hfarojod sgbtwarf, fhfetrgoje

bjhf snarjod, bhfxjijhjty, jotfdratjgo, aok hfssfr fxpfosjvf tfenoghgdjfs. Jokustry

rfspgokfots sffm bgr tnf tfenoghgdy wnjen aihf tg njdnhjdnt enaodfs jo tnf krawjods

aok ogtjby tnf rfhfvaot kjsejphjofs. [njs wjhh cjojcjsf tjcf spfot jo sfarenjod tnf

enaodfs, aok fhjcjoatjod tnf enaoefs tg rfwgrm-gut cgst gb tnf wgrms. Eghhaigratjvf

wgrm phatbgrc js tnf cajo egoefro gb egotraetgrs. Ifbgrf awarkfk tg if a egotraetgr,

tfokfrfr usuahhy wgrm-gut wjtn narkegpy, fspfejahhy cfasurfcfot wgrms aok IQ

prjejod. Jt js ifst jb tnfrf js a kjrfet sgbtegpy tg wgrm gut egcparf tg caouah

cfasurfs go narkegpy. Njdnfr aeeuraey aok fbbjejfoey gb wgrms wjhh if kgof.

Eghhaigratjgo kgfs ogt stgp at ifofbjtjod egotraetgrs gr tfokfrfrs ahgof. Gof

gb tnf rfspgokfots suddfsts tnat tnf eghhaigratjgo iftwffo tfenoghgdjfs eguhk hfak tg

tnf jotfdratjgo gb IJC. Njdn hfvfh gb eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo fonaoef tnf

egccuojeatjgo systfc iftwffo prg`fet tfac cfcifrs. [nfrfbgrf cjojcjzf tjcfspfot jo wajtjod bgr ofw krawjods jobgrcatjgo gr sghutjgo bgr krawjods uoaihf tg if



:1

eahjiratfk. [nfrfiy tnf ifofbjts acgod egotraetgrs aok egosuhtaots prgvjkfk ao

gvfrahh akvaotadf bgr tnf ehjfots.

Yfspgokfots ehajcfk tnat tnf akvaoef tfenoghgdjfs snahh if fasjhy uokfrstaok

aok jcphfcfot. As tnfrf arf varjgus quahjbjeatjgo hfvfh gb jokjvjkuahs jovghvfk jo a

egostruetjgo prg`fet. Jt js egovfojfot jb tnf tfenoghgdjfs eguhk if hfarofk fasjhy. Jo

aoy pgssjijhjty, tnf sgbtwarf snahh ogt ùst fasy tg hfarot. [nf tfenoghgdy snguhk if

bhfxjihf tg sujt wjtn euhturf aok systfcs gb tnf egcpaoy. Uffcs ca`gr tfenoghgdjfs

apphjfk iy tnf jokustry rfspgokfots arf brgc gvfrsfas. [nfrf js ofefssjty bgr tnf

sgbtwarf tg hgeahjzf wjtn tnf euhturf gb Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry.

Utukfot rfspgokfots egccgohy adrff tnat tnf eurrfot tfenoghgdjfs arf had jo

pfrbgrcaoef. Had kfbjofk as tnf pfrbgrcaoefs bahh ifnjok tnao fxpfetfk, gr kfhayfk

jo pfrbgrcjod tnf prgdrfss (Kjetjgoary.egc, 9<16). Gtnfr wfamofssfs arf tnf

tfenoghgdjfs arf tgg fxpfosjvf= pggr watfrprggbjod kfvjefs= pggr vjsuahjzatjgo go

5K gi`fets= uoaihf tg jkfotjby tnf hgeatjgo gb a cjssjod gi`fet= ogof eghhaigratjvf

tfenoghgdjfs= prgbfssjgo sgbtwarf gohy caoadjod spfejbjfk tasms= addrfssjvf vjrusfs

aok naemfr attaem= haem gb rfegdojtjgo go sgbtegpy hfdah kgeucfots= aok sngrt iattfry

hjbf.

Gtnfr tnao pggr iattfry hjbf spao, gtnfr prgbfssjgo rfspgokfots ahsg jkfotjbjfk

burtnfr wfamofssfs gb eurrfot tfenoghgdjfs. [nfy ehajcfk tnat tnf tfenoghgdjfs arf

tgg fxpfosjvf tg if jovfstjod go= egrpgratf haem gb utjhjzatjgo go Ehguk systfcs= tnf

tfenoghgdjfs arf cgrf go prgbfssjgoah gr caenjofrjfs aspfet, ogt usfrs-brjfokhy= aok

tnf autgcatjzf tfenoghgdjfs kgfs ogt djvf tnf fxpfetfk rfsuht. Jo tnf gtnfr wgrks,

avajhaihf tfenoghgdjfs arf fxpfosjvf aok ogt as fbbfetjvf aok fbbjejfot as fxpfetfk.

[nf brff sfrvjefs prgvjkfk suen as Ehguk systfcs js a mfy tg eghhaigratjvf usf gb

varjgus tfenoghgdjfs navf iffo jdogrfk. Egrpgratf ratnfr jovfst go tnf egcphjeatfk

tfenoghgdjfs aok gvfrhggm tnf usfbuh tgghs attaenfk wjtn tnfjr suiserjptjgo.



ENA\[FY 2

2 \YG\GUAH

2.1

Gvfrvjfw gb Jotfdratfk Uystfc

[nf sfosf tg if jotfdratjvf aok eghhaigratjvf wjtnjo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry nas

iffo jojtjatfk. Ngwfvfr, rfsfarenfs kgof go jotfdratjgo cfenaojscs arf naokbuh.

Fspfejahhy tnf jkfa gb utjhjzf Cjergsgbt Azurf as ao jotfdratjvf phatbgrc js rfhatjvfhy

ofw. Bjdurf 2.1 ifhgw sngwfk ao gvfrvjfw gb tnf jotfdratfk systfc aok tnf kata

traosaetjgo rfhatjgos iftwffo varjgus tfenoghgdjfs.

Tjtnjo tnf \rg`fet [facs ejrehf, jt egosjsts gb oucifrs aok varjgus

kjsejphjofs. [nf kjsejphjofs arf taddfk wjtn sngrt bgrcs, suen as Ehjfots, ehjfots gr

fcphgyfrs gr fjtnfr kfvfhgpfrs = EA, Egotraet Akcjojstratgr= Ur, Ujtf gr Quaotjty

Uurvfygrs= Ar, Arenjtfeturfs= Ejvjh, Ejvjh Fodjoffrs= C&F, Cfenaojeah aok

Fhfetrjeah Fodjoffrs= \C, \rg`fet Caoadfrs= C-Ego, Cajo Egotraetgrs= U-Ego, Uui

Egotraetgrs= aok Uupphjfr, supphjfrs gr egcpgofots caoubaeturfrs.

Bjdurf 2.1 jkfotjbjfk faen kjsejphjofs egoofets jotg varjgus tfenoghgdjfs. As

jhhustratfk jo Bjdurf 2.1, ehjfots, egotraet akcjojstratgr, aok survfygrs usuahhy fxpgsf

tg tnf usf gb Cjergsgbt Gbbjefs. Tnfrfiy tnf survfygrs, arenjtfeturfs, fodjoffrs aok

prg`fet caoadfrs arf bgeus cgrf go tfenojeah apphjeatjgo, IJC. \rg`fet caoadfrs arf

usjod \JC tg egccuojeatf wjtn egotraetgrs bgr hfdah jssufs aok prgdrfss upkatfs.

Uupphjfrs usuahhy apphjfs tnfjr gwo gr prgbfssjgoah sgbtwarf tg hfvfradf tnfjr wgrms

aok prgkuetjgos.



:5

[nf tfenoghgdjfs burtnfr fxtfok tnfjr eapaijhjtjfs jotg Ehguk systfcs. As tnf

rfhatjgos krabtfk jo Bjdurf 2.1, Ehguk systfcs foeguradf aok hfvfradf jo jobgrcatjgo

fxenaodjod. Ahtngudn varjgus kjsejphjofs akgpt kjbbfrfot tfenoghgdy, iut tnf prg`fet

jobgrcatjgo js snarfk aok bhgw acgod tnf tfac cfcifrs. Eurrfot tfenoghgdjfs efasf

tnf jobgrcatjgo snarjod at tnjs stadf. [nf egotraetgrs aok egostruetjgo tfacs arf rfhy

go jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk iy \JC aok sjodhf pgjot traoshatf tg praetjeah wgrm tasms.

Tjtngut tnf ajk gb Cjergsgbt Azurf, egostruetjgo prgdrfss js iasfk go tnf

jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf wjtnjo a phatbgrc.

As Bjdurfk 2.1 sngwfk, \JC js aihf tg snarf aok aeefss jobgrcatjgo brgc

varjgus tfenoghgdjfs. Egostruetjod tfacs arf fxpgsfk tg cgst gb tnf egostruetjgo

jobgrcatjgo. Ngwfvfr, tnf rfhatjgos tg dft go suen jobgrcatjgo arf egcphjeatfk.

[nfrf arf oucifrs gb prfefkfots aok rfhatjgos tg dft jobgrcatjgo brgc a kjsejphjof.

Yfsuht tg jofbbjejfot jobgrcatjgo snarjod, ahsg egcprgcjsfk tnf quahjty gb

jobgrcatjgo. [nfrfbgrf, tnjs rfpgrt prgpgsfk ao jotfdratjvf systfc wnjen foeguradfs

kjrfet joput gb bjrst-naok jobgrcatjgo brgc kjsejphjofs. As tnf rfsuhts bguok brgc tnf

survfy egokuetfk jo tnjs rfpgrt, Cjergsgbt nas tnf cgst egccgo aok pgpuhar ratfs.

[nf systfc tnfrfiy jotfdratfs wjtn tnf utjhjzatjgo gb Cjergsgbt Azurf.

Bjdurf 2.1 sngwfk tnf kjrfet rfhatjgo brgc varjgus kjsejphjofs wjtn Cjergsgbt

Azurf. Gtnfr tnao pfrsgoah, Cjergsgbt Azurf ahsg eapaihf tg jotfrgpfratf wjtn njdnhy

tfenojeah Ehguk sfrvjefs suen as Autgkfsm Ehguk aok \JC Ehguk systfcs. [nf kjrfet

hjomadf tg bjrst-naok jobgrcatjgo ahhgws egostruetjgo tfac fxpgsfk tg buhh egvfradf

gb egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo. Cjergsgbt Azurf burtnfr hjoms up tfenoghgdjfs aok tnf

stamfnghkfrs gr geeupjfrs tg egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo.

[nf jobgrcatjgo kjrfet fxpgsfk tg tfenoghgdjfs ahhgws tnf sjtf tg gpfratf jo

rgigtje caoofr. Jobgrcatjgo suen as D\U aok wgrm segpfs eggrkjoatfs fonaoef tnf

prfejsjgo gb wgrm kgof, as wfhh as kfphgyjod rgigts tg assjst jo wgrms fxfeutjgo.

Ehjfots aok kfvfhgpfrs eguhk cjojcjzf tnf spfokjod go wfipadf kfvfhgpcfot gr

prgpfrty jobgrcatjgo snarjod cfenaojscs. Utamfnghkfrs aok geeupjfrs arf prgvjkfk

wjtn subbjejfot prgpfrty jobgrcatjgo, kfvfhgp ifttfr uokfrstaokjod go kfvfhgpcfot.



:;

Bjdurf 2.10 Jotfdratfk Uystfc ― Kata [raosaetjgo

Uupphjfrs

U-Ego

C-Ego

\CC&F

EjvjhAr

UrEA

Ehjfot

Dggdhf Krjvf

+ Dcajh GofKrjvf

+ Ngtcajh\JC

Ehguk

Autgkfsm

Ehguk

Gbbjef 526

(Cjergsgbt

Ehguk Uystfc)

IJC \JC

\rgbfssjgoah

Ugbtwarf

\grtah + Bgruc + Jobg Vpkatfs + Jobg Kjsphay + Ogtjbjeatjgo Uystfc 3 Cjergsgbt Azurf

Utamfnghkfrs

/Geeupjfrs

Egostruetjgo

[fac

[fenoghgdjfs

Krgof

[aihfts

Cjergsgbt

NghgHfos

\grtaihf Tjrfhfss

Oftwgrmjod

Darcjo

RjvgUcart

Ucart

\ngofs

Ygigtje

YBJK

\rg`fet [facs



:6

2.9 [nf Caouah gb Jotfrgpfraijhjty

As cfotjgofk farhjfr, tnf prgpgsah js ogt tg prgpgsf aok prgkuef a ofw kfvfhgpfk

prgtgtypf. Ngwfvfr, jt js tg rfegccfok tnf avajhaihf aok wfhh-mogwo tfenoghgdjfs

apphjeatjgos. Aeegrkjod tg varjgus enaraetfrs avajhaihf jo a egostruetjgo prg`fet, tnf

bghhgwjod passadf js eatfdgrjzfk jo tfrcs gb egostruetjgo enaraetfrs. Faen gb tnf

enaraetfr apphyjod kjbbfrfot tfenoghgdjfs, tnfrfbgrf, tnf egostruetjgo enaraetfrs arf

drgupfk iy sjcjharjty gb tnf tfenoghgdy apphjeatjgo. [nf enaraetfrs arf drgupfk jotg

sfvfo drgups0 Ehjfots, Egosuhtaots, Cajo Egotraetgrs, Ujtf Caoadfrs aok Ehfrm Gb

Tgrm, Nfavy Caenjofrjfs, Dfofrah Haigurs, aok Utamfnghkfrs aok Geeupjfrs.

[g sueeffk tnf eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs wjtnjo tnf sjtf

aok gut gb tnf sjtf, HJOETgrms oftwgrmjod kfvjefs, YKA aok RAO, arf akgptfk tg

fosurf ahh kays aok ahh hgeatjgos arf aoytjcf wjrfhfss avajhaihf. Cahaysja gwofk

KjDj Irgakiaok CgijBj js a pgrtaihf cgkfc bgr Tj-Bj egoofetjgo tg aoy kfvjefs.

KjDj CgijBj wgrms as sjcjhar as HJOETgrms oftwgrmjod kfvjefs, ngwfvfr KjDj

CgijBj haem gb fxpfrjcfotah rfsuht aok praetjeah apphjeatjgo jo tnf egostruetjgo

jokustry. [nfrfbgrf tnf oftwgrm egoofetjvjty bgr egostruetjgo jokustry js kfsjdofk

wjtn HJOETgrms oftwgrmjod kfvjefs. Jt js tg ifhjfvf tnat tnf apphjeatjgo gb KjDj

CgijBj foaihf tg hgwfr tnf egst, egcparf tg tnf akgptjgo gb HJOETgrms oftwgrm.

Ujtf jotfroft egoofetjvjty foaihf tg upkatf jobgrcatjgo iy rfah-tjcf aoywnfrf

wjtnjo tnf sjtf aok snarf tnf jobgrcatjgo tg tnf rfhfvaot pfrsgoah jo a cjoutf. [nf

jobgrcatjgo bhgws sfachfsshy aok jcprgvfk prgkuetjvjty aok fbbjejfoey= egcparfk tg

egovfotjgoah cgkuhf wnjen rfqujrfs sgcf kays tg sfok, eharjby, rfefjvf, aok fxfeutf

tnf kata aok jobgrcatjgo. Buhh egvfradf wjrfhfss egoofetjvjty wjtnjo egostruetjgo sjtf

fonaoefk rfah-tjcf jobgrcatjgo traosaetjgo aok foaihfs prgiaijhjty bgr ifttfr aok

cgrf joogvatjvf wgrmjod fovjrgocfot. Go-sjtf wgrmbgrefs arf aihf tg fxfeutf wgrms

wjtn ifttfr prfejsjgo aok hfssfr tjcf egosucjod wjtn rfhfvaot kjdjtah bjhfs as suppgrts.

Ujcjhar egokjtjgo apphjfs tg Ogmja GPG aok 5K seaoofr wnfrf Ogmja GPG js

rfhatjvfhy ofw aok josubbjejfot jobgrcatjgo aok kata tg suppgrt. Ogmja GPG aihf tg

egovfrts pnysjeah fovjrgocfot tg vjrtuah rfahjty wjtnjo cjoutfs (Ogmja, 9<16= @acfs,9<16= Fcjhy, 9<16= Kavjk, 9<16). Egcparfk tg 5K seaoofr, Ogmja GPG cjojcjzfk



:2

tjcf spfot tg eghhfet pnysjeah kata aok egovfrt tg sgbtegpjfs. Kavjk (9<16), Fcjhy

(9<16), @acfs (9<16) aok Ogmja (9<16) statf tnat Ogmja GPG fvfo aihf tg rfegrk

stfrfg sguok brgc pnysjeah fovjrgocfot. Vobgrtuoatfhy, Ogmja GPG js rfhatjvfhy

ofw aok hgw jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf bgr jt. [nf usf gb 5K seaoofr wjhh tnfrfbgrf tamf

phaef jo tnjs rfpgrt.

2.9.1 Ehjfots

Ehjfots usuahhy pay ao go-sjtf vjsjtjod tg fvahuatf aok jospfet tnf egostruetjgo wgrms.

[nfy arf aihf tg if baejhjtatfk wjtn rfefot tfenoghgdjfs brgc sjtf gbbjef tg sjtf. Jo sjtf

gbbjef, ehjfots foaihf tg gisfrvf tnf gvfrahh prgdrfss aok kftajhjod jobgrcatjgo gb tnf

pfokjod aok egcphftfk wgrm tasms. [nf jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk aok avajhaihf jo

varjgus kataiasfs, suen as Autgkfsm IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Aoahysfr, \JC,

Uyoenrg, aok ft eftfra, arf egoehukfk aok rfpgrtfk wjtnjo a phatbgrc, Cjergsgbt

Azurf. Kata aok jobgrcatjgo prfsfotfk jo a sjodhf phatbgrc tg djvf fasfcfot bgr

ehjfots tg vjfw tnf wnghf egostruetjgo prg`fet brgc dfofrah tg kftajhs.

Gtnfr tnao sgbtwarf aspfet, akgptjod tnf hatfst narkwarf tfenoghgdjfs jotg tnf

egostruetjgo jokustry ahsg prgvjkf egcbgrtjod bfaturfs bgr ehjfots. Yatnfr tnao dgjod

a sjtf wahm uokfr tnf ngt suo, ehjfots eguhk enggsf tg sjt egcbgrtaihy jo sjtf gbbjef

aok kfphgyjod tfhfrgigts aok krgofs tg kg tnf sjtf jospfetjgo. Fxpgsjod tnf ehjfots

uokfr tnf suohjdnt aok uhtravjghft (VR) hjdnt bgr hgod wjhh eausf narcbuh fbbfets

fspfejahhy go smjo aok fyf, rfsuhtjod joapprgprjatf kfejsjgo camjod. [fhfrgigts aok

krgofs wjhh eapturf aok snarf tnf vjfws brgc sjtf tg sjtf gbbjef. Jostfak gb vjfwjod

gohy a sefof, ehjfots arf aihf tg prg`fet bfw sefofs eapturfk brgc tfhfrgigts aok

krgofs tg bastfo tnf spffk gb jospfetjgo. Ehjfots arf aihf tg fxpfrjfoef tnf vjrtuah

sefoarjgs jo sjtf gbbjef iy usjod Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Jt wjhh erfatf nghgdrac gb tnf

sfhfetfk sefofs aok foaihf tnf ehjfots tg bffh fxaethy tnf sacf fovjrgocfot gb tnf sjtf.



:4

Bjdurf 2.90 Rjrtuah Fxpfrjfoef wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos

Bjdurf 2.9 js a sacphf vjfw gb nghgdrapnje kjsphayfk iy Cjergsgbt NghgHfos.

Brgc tnf jobgrcatjgo prgvjkfk iy Autgkfsm Ejvjh 5K, kfsjdo tfac foaihf tg hay 5K

tgpgdrapny jo Autgkfsm Yfvjt as wfhh as IJC 52<. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos kgfs ogt

stgp ùst go prg`fetjod sefoarjg jo nghgdrapnje. Jt fxtfoks tg iujhkjod cgkfhhjod

nghgdrapnje sjcuhatjgo. [nf ajk gb Uyoenrg wnjen prgvjkfs aetuah wgrms kgof 5K

cgkfhhjod aok phaoofk prgdrfss sjcuhatjod cgkfhhjod ahsg foaihf tg if nghgdrapnje

sjcuhatfk. [nfrfbgrf, ehjfots arf aihf tg navf drfatfr vjsuahjzatjgo gb tnfjr prg`fet jonghgdrac. [nf 5K tgpgdrapny joehusjvf gb aetuah trabbje vghucf jotfdratfk wjtn

Uyoenrg tfcpgrary wgrm 5K cgkfhhjod wjhh nfhp tg jkfotjby wnftnfr tnf tfcpgrary

wgrms eausfk egodfstjgos tg tnf trabbje. Gtnfrs nghgdrapnje vjsuahjzatjgos suen as

egcparjsgo vjfw gb igtn prgpgsfk senfkuhf cgkfh aok aetuah wgrms kgof cgkfh=

suohjdnt patn aoahysjs wjtn tnf egoefro gb akàefot iujhkjods= iujhkjod pghhutaots aok

egokjtjgos aoahysjs nghgdrapnje cgkfhhjod= aok ft eftfra wguhk nfhp ehjfots tg camf

hgwfr rjsms kfejsjgos.

Yatnfr tnao watenjod ngw tnf sjtf wgrms, tfenoghgdjfs ahsg buhbjhhfk ehjfots‚

kfsjrf tg mffp-jo-tguen wjtn tnf haigurfrs. Go-sjtf wgrmbgrefs fqujppfk wjtn YBJK

tads ahhgw rfah-tjcf wgrmbgrefs traemjod aok sjtf fovjrgocfot sjcuhatjgo. YBJK tads

wjhh rfegrk fovjrgocfotah baetgrs suen as tfcpfraturf, nucjkjty, wjok hgak, aok fvfo

zgojod arfas wjtn tnf hfvfh gb nazarkgus. Cfaotjcf, Darcjo Rjvg Ucart js a kfvjef

wnjen eguhk eapturf nucao jobgrcatjgo, suen as puhsf, tfcpfraturf, irfatn, aok ft

eftfra. [nf eghhaigratjgo gb igtn gb tnfsf tfenoghgdjfs foaihfs tg rfegrk tnf haigurs



:>

pnysjeah sjtuatjgo as kata aok prfsfotfk tg tnf ehjfots. Ehjfots eguhk utjhjsf Cjergsgbt

Azurf Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis tg sfok cfssadf tg aoy gb tnf jokjvjkuah wgrmbgref, aok tnf

cfssadf wjhh rfaen tnfjr Darcjo Rjvg Ucart. Tgrmbgrefs eguhk rfphy tnf ehjfots iy

akgptjod Cjergsgbt NghgHfos, tg pfrbgrc igtn Umypf egotaet wjtn ehjfots cfaownjhf

wgrmjod go tnfjr assjdofk tasms.

[nf eghhaigratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs ahhgws ehjfots tg navf twg-way jotfraetjgos

wjtn wgrmbgrefs as wfhh as vjsjtjod go-sjtf. Egcparf tg egovfotjgoah sjtf vjsjt, ehjfots

arf aihf tg uokfrstaok cgrf jo-kfptn kftajhfk jobgrcatjgo gb fvfry sjodhf wgrmbgrefs.

[nf cajo stratfdje bfaturf gb eghhaigratjvf tfenoghgdy js sjodhf egotrghhjod phatbgrc.

Ahh tnf eghhaigratjgos arf avajhaihf jo Cjergsgbt Azurf wnjen prgvjkjod aisghutf

fasfcfot bgr tnf ehjfot tg gpfratf aok gvfrvjfw tnf egostruetjgo prgdrfss. Ehjfots

eguhk spfot hfssfr tjcf aok fbbgrt tg vjsjt tnf sjtf aok utjhjzf tnf avajhaihf tjcf shgt tg

jovfst jotg gtnfr prg`fets. Gtnfr tnao sjtf wgrm caoadfrjah aok gvfrvjfw, tnf usadf

gb Cjergsgbt Azurf js aihf tg fxtfok tg as kfvfhgpcfot prgpfrty wfisjtf.

Ujoef Cjergsgbt Azurf js a ehguk iasfk kataiasfs, jt eguhk burtnfr fxpaok tg

wfisjtfs kataiasfs. Ehjfots eguhk fxtraet gr hjom tnf prg`fet jobgrcatjgo brgc prg`fet

ehguk tg kfvfhgpcfot prgpfrty wfisjtf. Aoy ofws aok upkatfs gb tnf prg`fet gr

akkjtjgoah jobgrcatjgo gb tnf kfvfhgpcfot eguhk sprfak go tnf kfvfhgpcfot prgpfrty

wfisjtf as sggo as rfah-tjcf. Jovfstgrs, ngusfnghks‚ egccuojty aok egosucfrs eguhk

aeefss tg suen jobgrcatjgo bgr camjod kfejsjgo jo jovfstjod kfvfhgpcfots= prgcgtf,

hfaro aok akgpt tnf kfvfhgpcfot sgejfty‚s euhturf= enfem-jo, snarf aok egccfots go

drfat cgcfots aok fxpfrjfoefs dajofk wnjhf spfokjod tnfjr kay jo tnf kfvfhgpcfot.

[nf drfat bfaturf gb Cjergsgbt Azurf js tnf usfrs cay ogt if ao fxpfrt gr prgdrac

fodjoffr jo prfparjod suen wfisjtfs. [nfrfbgrf ehjfots eguhk navf tnfjr J[ tfac tg

camf tnf kfvfhgpcfot prgpfrty wfisjtf wjtn hgwfst egst joeurrfk.

Bjdurf 2.5 sngws a sacphf iujhk gb tnf jotfdratjvf systfc aok jkfotjbjfk tnf

phatbgrc gb jobgrcatjgo snarjod.



::

Bjdurf 2.50 Uacphf Iujhk

Tnfo ehjfots waot tg jojtjatf ofw kfvfhgpcfot prg`fets ofar tg tnfjr fxjstjod

kfvfhgpcfot, ehjfots eguhk aeefss tnf jobgrcatjgo brgc Cjergsgbt Azurf. Cjergsgbt

Azurf egotajos ahh tnf prg`fet jobgrcatjgo gb tnf fxjstjod kfvfhgpcfot wnjen wjhh

foaihf tnf ehjfots tg prfparf a ifttfr stratfdje irjfb bgr tnf ofw kfvfhgpcfot. [nf

jobgrcatjgo brgc IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \JC aok Uyoenrg arf wfhh eggrkjoatfk aok

fasy tg aeefss sjoef ahh arf aihf tg if eghhaigratfk wjtn Cjergsgbt Azurf. Jobgrcatjgo

suen as sghar patn, suisgjh egokjtjgo, trabbje egodfstjgo, akàefot kfvfhgpcfots,

uokfrdrguok jobrastrueturf, fovjrgocfotah jcpaet aok caoadfcfot, sgejfty euhturfs,

aok ft eftfra, arf nark tg if eghhfetfk. [nf kata eghhfetfk jo tnf fxjstjod kfvfhgpcfoteguhk if snarfk tg ofw kfvfhgpcfot aok rfkuejod jojtjah egst. As pfr Mogwhfkdf

Caoadfcfot, Mogwhfkdf Unarjod aok Mogwhfkdf Yfusf, traosbfr aok rf-apphjeatjgo

gb tnf ifst praetjef aok jcpgrtaot taejt mogwhfkdf, suen as fxpfrjfoef (Pacnarjra,

9<16i).

Ahtngudn Cjergsgbt Azurf prgvjkfs fasfcfot gb aeefss tg prg`fet jobgrcatjgo,

iut jt eguhk if njdnhy sfeurfk as wfhh. Goef tnf prfvjgus kfvfhgpcfot prg`fet tfacsnaok-jo tnf kfvfhgpcfot wjtn ahh rfhfvaot prg`fet jobgrcatjgo, ehjfots arf akvjsfk tg



1<<

rfsft tnf sfeurjty sfttjods tg fobgref tnf prgtfetjgo gb tnfjr prg`fet jobgrcatjgo. [njs

wjhh prfvfot pfrsgoah gr prfvjgus prg`fet tfac cfcifrs tg aeefss aok fxpgsf tnf

egobjkfotjah kfvfhgpcfot jobg. Cjergsgbt Azurf attaenfk wjtn varjgus sfeurjtjfs hgem

systfcs suen as Cuhtj-Baetgr Autnfotjeatjgo aok Aetjvf Kjrfetgry, wnjen prfvfot

uoautngrjsfk pfrsgoah aeefssjod njdnhy egobjkfotjah kgeucfots. Fvfo jb uohuemjhy

iffo naem aok kfstrgyfk iy naemfrs, Cjergsgbt Azurf wjtn tnf bfaturfs gb Ehguk

Iaemup aok Egotfot \rgtfetjgo ahways nas tnf prg`fet kata iaemup rfakjhy. Gtnfr

prg`fet iasfk systfcs hjmf IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \JC aok Uyoenrg wjhh hgem-kgwo

aok iaemup iy Cjergsgbt Azurf as wfhh.

Ofw kfvfhgpcfot eguhk dfofratf ofw fcajh aeeguots wjtn Cjergsgbt Azurf

bgr ofw prg`fet tfacs. Ofw fcajh akkrfss foaihfs tnf prg`fet tfac tg aetjvatf aok

aeefss tg IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \JC, Uyoenrg, aok gtnfr prg`fet iasfk systfcs. [nf

prg`fet iasfk systfc eguhk fjtnfr start as a ofw enaptfr wjtn ofw fcajh akkrfss, ao

fcpty prg`fet phatbgrc, gr usjod tnf sacf fcajh nak iffo usfk iy tnfjr grdaojzatjgo.

Ehjfot eguhk enggsf tg hjom spfejbjfk jobgrcatjgo brgc prfvjgus prg`fet suen as 5K

tgpghgdy, ehjcatf aok trabbje jobgrcatjgo, sui-sgjh jovfstjdatfk jobgrcatjgo aok ft

eftfra. Hjomjod spfejbjfk jobgrcatjgo wjhh fonaoef tnf prgkuetjvjty gb tnf hatfr

kfvfhgpcfot= cfaownjhf prgtfetjod gtnfr njdnhy egobjkfotjah jobgrcatjgo brgc tnf

prfvjgus prg`fet. Kfvfhgpfrs eguhk fxpaok tnf usf gb Cjergsgbt Azurf as tnfjr

egcpaoy wfisjtf wnjen egotajo gb egcpaoy prgbjhf, varjgus prg`fets aok iusjofssfs,

bjoaoejah jobgrcatjgo, egotaets aok earffrs, hjoms aok jobgrcatjgo gb suisjkjary

egcpaojfs, aok ft eftfra. Cjergsgbt Azurf nfhps tg savf egst jo tnf fcphgycfot gb

prgdrac fodjoffrs jo kfvfhgpjod egcpaoy aok prg`fet wfisjtfs, aok cjojcjzf tnf

tjcf spfot jo upkatjod jobgrcatjgo bgr wfipadfs. Yfah-tjcf upkatfk wfipadf aok

fasf jo aeefssjod tg irgak jobgrcatjgo attraet pgtfotjah egosucfrs aok jovfstgrs.

Bjdurf 2.; sngwfk a sacphf gb prg`fet pgrtah wnjen foaihf tnf geeupjfrs tg

fxphgrf tnf kfvfhgpcfot jobgrcatjgo as wfhh as tnf prg`fet tfac cfcifrs.



1<1

Bjdurf 2.;0 Cahaysja CY[ \rg`fet \grtah

2.9.9 Egosuhtaots

YBJK tads eguhk fxtfok tnfjr apphjeatjgo as wfhh as tg gbb-sjtf gbbjefs. YBJK eguhk

utjhjsf as attfokaoef carmjod kfvjef bgr fjtnfr go-sjtf haigurs gr gbb-sjtf egosuhtaoey

bjrcs. Ao aetjvf YBJK kftfetgr at tnf fotraoef gb tnf sjtf gr passjvf YBJK kftfetgr

jostahhfk go tnf brgot kggr gb tnf egosuhtaots bjrcs wjhh tamf-gbb tnf kata passfs aok

rfegrk as tnf attfokaoef gb tnf spfejbjfk wgrmbgref. [nf kata eghhfetfk js prfejsf, aok

foaihjod tnf fcphgyfr tg fvahuatf tnfjr fcphgyffs pfrbgrcaoef.

[nf hatfst sgbtwarf kfvfhgpfk, Tjokgws 1<, djvfs pgtfotjah gb jcprgvfcfot

bgr egosuhtaoey bjrcs. Tjokgws 1< prgvjkfs a pfrsgoah assjstaoef, Egrtaoa, bgr fvfryusfr. Egrtaoa aihf tg pfrbgrcs tfkjgus iut jcpgrtaot kjdjtah wgrms suen as prjotjod,

fcajh, rfegrkjod, seaoojod, sfarenjod, sgrtjod, traoshatjod, typjod, aok ft eftfra. [nf

usf gb Egrtaoa cjojcjzjod tjcf spfot tg pfrbgrc kjdjtah wgrms aok caxjcjzjod tjcf

shgts bgr tnf wgrmbgrefs tg pfrbgrc gtnfr jcpgrtaot tasms. Bgr fxacphfs, usfrs eguhk

rfqufst Egrtaoa tg typf ao fcajh tg rfphy egotraetgr gr supphjfr jostfak gb typjod gut

tnf fcajh iy tnfcsfhvfs= kurjod Umypf gr gbb-sjtf tfhfegccuojeatjod cfftjods,

Egrtaoa eguhk rfegrk kgwo tnf egovfrsatjgos aok traosbgrc jotg wgrk bjhfs bgr hfdah



1<9

suppgrt purpgsf= wnfo usfrs arf rfbfrfoejod tg narkegpjfs, usfrs eguhk jostruet

Egrtaoa tg sfaren sgbtegpjfs gr gohjof rfsgurefs bgr suppgrtjod kftajhs.

Bjdurf 2.60 Tjokgws 1< \frsgoah Assjstaot ― Egrtaoa

Ogtjbjeatjgo kjsphay js aogtnfr akvaoefk bfaturf gb Tjokgws 1<. Jt pfrbgrcsas cgijhf kfvjefs ogtjbjeatjgo systfc= ogtjby usfrs wnfo tnfy rfefjvfk gb ofw fcajhs

gr upkatfs brgc tnfjr suiserjptjgo. Egosuhtaots navf rfah-tjcf upkatjod go tnfjr

fcajh aok sjtf cattfrs goef tnfy hgd-go tg tnfjr kfsmtgp. Egcparf tg gpfo ao jotfroft

irgwsfr aok hgd-jo tg fcajh gr sjtf prgdrfss wfisjtfs, tnjs bfaturf spffk-up tnf

prgefss gb fxpgsjod tnf egosuhtaots tg hatfst upkatfs. Cjergsgbt Azurf Ogtjbjeatjgo

Nuis eguhk sfok ogtjbjeatjgos tg tnf egosuhtaots wnfo jt foeguotfrs aoy prgihfcs gr

upkatfs go tnf prgdrfss. [nf ogtjbjeatjgo wjhh kjsphay as a pgp-gut tg fosurf tnf usfrs

dft tnat jobgrcatjgo jo rfah-tjcf. As tnf prg`fet iasfk systfcs arf eghhaigratfk wjtn

Cjergsgbt Azurf, aoy ogtjbjeatjgos brgc IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \JC, Uyoenrg, aok ft

eftfra eguhk enggsf tg ogtjby tnf egosuhtaots wjtn Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis tg dft attfotjgo

brgc tnf egosuhtaots.

[nf nghgdrapnje fxphgrjod kfvjef, Cjergsgbt NghgHfos, djvfs tnf gppgrtuojty

gb jcprgvjod egccuojeatjgo, joogvatjvf, jospjratjgo aok vjsuahjzatjgo tg egosuhtaots.

Cjergsgbt NghgHfos foaihf pfgphf brgc twg kjbbfrfot hgeatjgos rfvjfwjod tnf sacf



1<5

gi`fet. Ujtf Caoadfrs eguhk snarf tnf sacf vjfw wjtn Arenjtfeturfs wjtngut navjod

tnfc go-sjtf tg sghvf prgihfcs. Egosuhtaots eguhk rajsf ao gbb-sjtf cfftjod wjtn tnf

ajk gb krgofs attaenfk wjtn tnrff-kjcfosjgoah seaoofr (5K seaoofr). Egosuhtaots

aeefss tg igtn prgpgsfk cgkfhhjod aok aetuah wgrms kgof cgkfhhjod jo nghgdrac,

aok vgjef gut tnf jssufs bgr kjseussjgos. Egcparf tg egovfotjgoah way wnjen ifjod

go-sjtf aok egcparjod wjtn twg-kjcfosjgoah narkegpy krawjods, nghgdrac fonaoefs

tnf prfejsjgo, prgkuetjvjty aok vjsuahjzatjgo.

Abtfr tnf cfftjods, egosuhtaots eguhk dft tnf kjseussfk rfsuhts kjrfethy cgkjby

go tnf nghgdrapnje cgkfh. [nf fkjtjod gb tnf nghgdrac cgkfh js kgof iasfk go IJC

52<. [nf fkjtfk 5K cgkfh wjhh fxpgrt tg Uyoenrg bgr senfkuhjod upkatfs. Vpkatfs go

Uyoenrg eguhk if fxtraetfk gut aok pgst acfokcfot gotg Ofwbgrca \JC systfc.

IJC 52< foaihfs tg assjdo aok ogtjby rfhfvaot pfrsgoah bgr upkatfk jobgrcatjgo aok

rfsenfkuhfk wgrm tasms. Uuen ogtjbjeatjgo eguhk if jotfdratfk wjtn Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis

aok ogtjbyjod iy fjtnfr Darcjo Rjvg Ucart ahfrt cfssadjod gr kfsmtgp ogtjbjeatjgo.

Kftajhfk rfahhgeatjgo gb rfsgurefs, rfarraodfcfot gb wgrmbgrefs, aok rfsenfkuhjod gb

wgrm tasms sfqufotjah wguhk autgcatjeahhy kgof iy jcpgrtjod tnf acfokfk 5K cgkfh

jotg Uyoenrg. [nf iujht-jo ehasn kftfetgr jo Uyoenrg wjhh kftfrcjof wnftnfr tnf wgrm

sfqufotjah jo ofw wgrm tasms wguhk djvf ehasn tg farhjfr phaoofk wgrm senfkuhf. [nf

kftfetgr prfvfots tnf ehasnfs tg nappfo kurjod aetuah wgrm, tnfrfbgrf fonaoef tnf

prgkuetjvjty gb wgrmbgrefs. \rg`fet Caoadfr nas buhh uokfrstaokjod go tnf wgrms aok

akvaoefk vjsuahjzatjgo tg prfparf a pfrbfet prg`fet senfkuhf.

Bgr hfdah kgeucfotary, jobgrcatjgo joehukjod krawjods, cgkfhhjod, quaotjty,

rfsgurefs, senfkuhjod, varjatjgos, wgrmbgrefs, aok ft eftfra, tg if fxtraetfk gut brgc

Uyoenrg aok bjhf jotg Ofwbgrca \JC systfc. Ofwbgrca \JC systfc strfachjofs tnf

jobgrcatjgo jotg Ijhh gb Quaotjtjfs (IQ), Rarjatjgo Grkfr (RG), aok ft eftfra.

Quaotjtjfs arf rfegobjdurfk wjtngut ca`gr cfasurfcfot wgrms rfqujrfk aok prfparfk

as a IQ jo Fxefh sprfak snfft bgrcat as sggo as tnf enaodfs iffo kftfetfk. \JC wjhh

fxtraet aok sgrt ahh tnf varjatjgos jotg RG tfcphatf aok autgcatje dfofratjod RG.

Yatnfr tnao spfokjod tjcfs go caouah cfasurfcfot aok prfparjod RG, Quaotjty

Uurvfygrs arf aihf tg navf cgrf tjcf bgeusjod go fonaoefcfot gb egst fodjoffrjod,

rfpgrtjod, vahuf caoadfcfot aok ft eftfra, aok jcprgvjod tnf quahjty gb tnf prg`fet.



1<;

Ao akkjtjgoah bfaturf bgr hfdah kgeucfots, fspfejahhy go narkegpy kgeucfots,

js ajkfk iy Akgif. Akgif Aergiat \rg KE aihf tg kjdjtjzf narkegpy kgeucfots wjtn

autgcatjzfk rfegdojtjgo prgefss (Akgif, 9<16a). Kjdjtjzf narkegpy kgeucfots wjhh

fonaoef tnf bjhfs mffpjod aok fosurf tnf prg`fet aihf tg kfhjvfr wjtngut kfhay kuf tg

hgss gb suppgrtjvf hfdah kgeucfots, suen as bjoah efrtjbjeatf prfparatjgo pnasf. Njdn

hfvfh gb aukjtjod narkegpy kgeucfots wjhh prgvjkf fasfcfot aok bhfxjijhjty bgr tnf

egosuhtaots jo acfok, prfparf aok mffpjod kgeucfots.

2.9.5 Egotraetgrs

\rg`fet Caoadfrs pfrbgrcs njdn fbbjejfoey aok aeeuraey gb wgrms wjtn tnf utjhjzatjgo

gb avajhaihf akvaoefk tfenoghgdjfs. Uyoenrg prgvjkfs a kajhy wgrm tasms senfkuhjod,

assjdo rfsgurefs aok wgrmbgrefs tg fxfeutf efrtajo prgdrfss gr tasms tg egcphftf tnf

prg`fet. Uyoenrg jotfdratfk wjtn Daott Enart, Yfsguref Vsadf Unfft, aok sjcuhatfk

prgdrfss 5K cgkfhhjod. [nf jotfdratjgo foaihfs tnf \rg`fet Caoadfrs navf drfatfr

vjsjijhjty go tnf prg`fet aok kftfrcjof wnftnfr go-traem gr gbb. [nrgudn tnf phatbgrc,

Cjergsgbt Azurf, krgofs aok tfhfrgigts arf aihf tg eghhaigratf wjtn Uyoenrg bgr tnf

fonaoefcfot gb prg`fet caoadfcfot wgrms. Krgofs aok tfhfrgigts attaenfk wjtn 5K

seaoofr foaihf tg seao tnf cgst prfejsf kjcfosjgoah gb wgrms kgof aok traoshatfk

jotg sgbtegpy 5K cgkfhhjod. \artjeuhar suen as addrfdatfs, irjems, egoerftf, saok, aok

ft eftfra, wjhh if seaoofk jo tnfjr bjoah bgrc aok jotfrprft as 5K cgkfhhjod jo

Autgkfsm Yfvjt. [nf 5K cgkfh burtnfr fxpgrts tg Uyoenrg aok carm-up as wgrms gr

tasms iffo fxfeutfk.

\rg`fet Caoadfr eguhk fxtraet tnf aetuah wgrm prgdrfss brgc Uyoenrg tg IJC

52< \hao tg pfrbgrc burtnfr aoahysjs. Gtnfr tnao Daott Enart, IJC 52< \hao js ehguk

iasfk apphjeatjgo wnjen eguhk snarf vjfw gb a sacf prgdrfss enart wjtn tnf gtnfrs.

Rarjgus prg`fet cfcifrs eguhk aeefss aok egccfot go tnf sacf phatbgrc aoy tjcf

at aoywnfrf. Vsfrs eguhk kgwohgak tnf kay-wgrm-tasms bgr wgrm fxfeutjgo go-sjtf

aok upkatf tnf prgdrfss wgrm tasms wnfo tnf wgrms arf fxfeutfk. IJC 52< \hao aihf

tg traem aok aoahysf prgdrfss wjtn \haoofk \frefot Egcphftf vahuf. [nf aoahysjs



1<6

rfsuht foaihf tg jkfotjby baetgrs abbfet tg pfrbgrcaoef, suen as jssufs abbfetjod tg tnf

wgrmbgrefs egccjtcfot, rfasgos gb hgw prgkuetjvjty, aok ft eftfra.

[nf jcphfcfotatjgo gb YBJK tads hfvfradfs egostruetjgo jokustry, fspfejahhy

bgr go-sjtf caenjofrjfs aok wgrmbgrefs. Igtn sgbtwarf, Autgkfsm Yfvjt aok Uyoenrg

eguhk rfegrk tnf hgeatjgos gb YBJK tads aok jhhustratfk jo 5K cgkfh. [nf attfokaoef

aok tnf pfrbgrcaoefs gb tnf wgrmbgrefs aok caenjofrjfs eguhk if eapturfk wjtn

YBJK tads. YBJK tads nfhp Uabfty Gbbjefr tg jkfotjby wnfrf aigut faen gb tnf

wgrmbgref ahhgeatfk. Jt kftfets go wgrmbgrefs aok kftfrcjofs wnftnfr aoy gb tnfc

ergssfk iguokary tg gutsjkf gb tnf sjtf gr gtnfr zgofs wnjen tnf wgrmbgrefs arf ogt

assjdofk tg. Uabfty Gbbjefr wjhh fvahuatf wnftnfr tnat ergssfk iguokary jokjvjkuah

nak tnf ofefssjty jo ergssjod, aok jb nf gr snf subbjejfothy fqujppfk wjtn akfquatf

\frsgoah \rgtfetjgo Fqujpcfot (\\F).

[nf YBJK attaenfk wjtn iujhkjod egcpgofots eguhk burtnfr if utjhjsfk iy

Uabfty Gbbjefr as fovjrgocfotah kftfetgr. YBJK tads arf aihf tg pfrbgrc a egokjtjgoah

cfasurfcfot, wnjen eguhk jkfotjby aok rfegrk tnf cgjsturf egotfot, nfat hfvfh,

prfssurf hgakjod, aok ft eftfra fovjrgocfotah jobgrcatjgo. [nf ajk gb YBJK foaihfs

tnf Uabfty Gbbjefr tg jospfet wnftnfr aoy zgofs gb tnf sjtf eaten go bjrf, irffkjod

cgsqujtgs, bhggkjod, jcprgpfr hgakjod gr stgrjod catfrjahs, aok gtnfrs fokaodfrjod

sjtuatjgos. Jb kftfetfk aoy gb suen fokaodfrjod sjtuatjgo, Uabfty Gbbjefr jccfkjatfhy

pgst aok ogtjby ahh rfhfvaot partjfs, fspfejahhy jokjvjkuah wgrmbgrefs arguok tnf zgof,

tg fvaeuatf aok prgeffk tg tnf survjvjod phao. [nf jccfkjatf aetjgo eggpfratfk wjtn

Cjergsgbt Azurf Ogtjbjeatjgo Nui aok Darcjo Rjvg Ucart eguhk rfaen tnf bastfst

rfaetjgo gb ahh jokjvjkuahs wjtnjo tnf sjtf.

[nf usf gb YBJK tads burtnfr fxtfok tg caenjofrjfs aok catfrjahs traemjod.

Catfrjahs wjtn YBJK tads prgvjkf fasfcfot jo jospfetjgo, ahhgwjod Ujtf Caoadfrs tg

traem tnf hgeatjgo gb tnf catfrjahs. Gtnfr tnao hgeatjgo, YBJK tads ahsg prgvjkf

fovjrgocfot jobgrcatjgo suen as tfcpfraturf, nucjkjty, aok ft eftfra. Fovjrgocfot

jobgrcatjgo foaihfs tnf Ujtf Caoadfrs tg kftfrcjof tnf sujtaijhjty tg stgrf tnf

catfrjahs go tnat hgeatjgo. Fqujpcfot attaenfk wjtn YBJK tads fonaoefs jovfotgry

mffpjod. Tgrmbgrefs wjhh rfqujrfk tg enfem-gut tnf fqujpcfot wnjen wjhh if usf, aokenfem-jo fvfry tjcf wnfo tnfy rfturojod jt. Tnfo tnfrf js a sngrtadf gb fqujpcfot jo



1<2

tnf jovfotgry, Ujtf Caoadfrs eguhk enfem tnf hgd rfegrk aok sffm bgr tnf pfrsgoah tg

rfturo tnf fqujpcfot jb jt js ogt jo-usf. [nf akgptjgo gb YBJK tads go fqujpcfot

eguhk avgjk fqujpcfot jkhjod, aok prfvfot uoofefssary irgudnt-jo gb ofw jovfotgrjfs.

[nf eghhaigratjgo gb YBJK tads aok krgofs aok tfhfrgigts prgvjkf njdnfst

sfeurjty gptjgo tg tnf sjtf. YBJK tads aihf tg kftfet jb tnfrf js tnfbt gb catfrjahs tg

gutsjkf tnf sjtf. Vousuah traosbfr gb rfsgurefs wjhh if kftfetfk aok ahfrt tg Cjergsgbt

Azurf. Cjergsgbt Azurf wjhh sfok egccaoks tg Azurf Uenfkuhfr aok kfphgy krgofs

aok tfhfrgigts tg traef tnf rfsgurefs. Ahfrt cfssadf wjhh trjddfr iy Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis

aok sfok tg jcpgrtaot pfrsgoah suen as \rg`fet Caoadfr, Ujtf Ufeurjty Gbbjefr, aok ft

eftfra. Uacf as tg caenjofrjfs, YBJK tads wjhh ogtjby Cjergsgbt Azurf wnfo tnfrf js

a tnfbt gb caenjofrjfs. Cjergsgbt Azurf Ufrvjef Ius wjhh sfok ahfrt cfssadf tg tnf

jcpgrtaot pfrsgoah ahsg rfpgrts tg pghjef jb ofefssary.

Ujtf Uurvfyjod nas iffo ajkfk iy tnf eghhaigratjgo gb Autgkfsm \gjot Haygut

aok Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos nfhps Ujtf Uurvfygrs tg carm-kgwo

\haoofk Hfvfh go eghucos wjtn nghgdrac jostfak gb carmfr. Jt ahsg jotfdratfk wjtn

Autgkfsm \gjot Haygut tg sft pfd pgjots go sjtf aok pjo fxeavatjgo jobgrcatjgo suen

as kfptn aok wjktn as nghgdrac go tnf pfd pgjot. Gtnfr tnao fxeavatjgo jobgrcatjgo,

gtnfr jkfotjbjeatjgo pgst suen as egoerftjod hfvfh, pavfcfot ahjdocfot, pjhf pgjot

carm-up, aok ft eftfra eguhk if kgof as wfhh. [njs jotfdratjgo avgjks Ujtf Uurvfygrs

tg rfwgrm jo tnf easf jb tnf pfd was hgst gr kfstrgyfk aeejkfothy. Nghgdrac js pjoofk

iy tnf rfbfrfoef gb eggrkjoatfs aok stay pfrcaofothy uohfss iffo rfcgvfk iy Ujtf

Uurvfygr. Fhjcjoatjod tjcf spfot go rfwgrmjod foeguradfs Ujtf Uurvfygrs tg prgeffk

go burtnfr tasms, ahsg fseahatf njs gr nfr fbbgrt egotrjiutjgo gotg tnf prg`fet.

Abtfr tnf Ujtf Uurvfygr pjoofk dfghgdjeah jobgrcatjgo, Ujtf Uurvfygr eguhk

upkatf tnf wgrms kgof tg IJC 52< aok Uyoenrg. As IJC 52< ahhgws pfrsgoah tg tad

aok jobgrc tnf rfhfvaot pfrsgoah tg egoefro go tnf njdnhjdntfk cattfrs. Ujtf Uurvfygr

eguhk kjrfet tnf jobgrcatjgo tg tnf spfejbjfk fxfeutjvf. Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis wjhh sfok a

taddfk ogtjbjeatjgo as ao fcajh gr cfssadf tg tnf wgrm fxfeutfr aok upkatf go tnf

jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf. [asm fxfeutfrs wjhh kgwohgak gr aeefss tg tnf jobgrcatjgo

wjtnjo ehguk iasfk IJC 52< aok prg`fetjod as nghgdrac wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos tg



1<4

aetuah sjtf fovjrgocfot. [asm fxfeutfr wjhh if aihf tg fxfeutf tnf wgrm wjtn ifttfr

prfejsjgo aok hfssfr tjcf egosucptjgo.

2.9.; Ehfrm Gb Tgrm aok Ujtf Caoadfrs

Ehfrm Gb Tgrm (E.G.T) usuahhy attfoks tnf sjtf tg fvahuatf tnf cgotnhy prgdrfss bgr

tnf prfparatjgo gb jotfrjc rfpgrt. Cjergsgbt Azurf kfphgys krgofs tg pfrbgrc kajhy

fvahuatjgo aok upkatjod tnf prgdrfss wjtn Uyoenrg. Ngwfvfr, jt js ofefssarjhy bgr

E.G.T tg egokuet sjtf ejreuhatjgo bgr fvahuatjgo jo caouah. [nf egovfotjgoah way gb

jospfetjgo aok fvahuatjgo wjhh jkfotjby wnftnfr tnf autgcatfk kata rfegrkjod egosjst

aoy batah gr brauk gb wgrms. [nf ajk gb autgcatfk kata rfegrkjod hgwfrfk tnf

wgrmhgak gb E.G.T as wfhh as cjojcjzjod tjcf spfot jo caouah fvahuatjgo. [jcf

savfk brgc caouah cfasurfs eguhk pfrbgrc wjkfr raodf gb wgrms enfemjod aok

jospfetjgo.

Goef E.G.T carm-gbb tnf jospfetfk fhfcfots at njs gr nfr taihft, a egpy gb

tnf egotfot wjhh if avajhaihf jo Cjergsgbt Azurf aok Uyoenrg. Tnfo E.G.T ehjemfk

kgof gr suicjt kgeucfot, tnf kata egpjfk jo Cjergsgbt Azurf aok Uyoenrg wjhh sfok

tg \JC systfc bgr sgrt aok dfofratjod jotfrjc rfpgrt. Ugrt aok arraodfcfot gb kata

wfrf kgof aeegrkjod tg usfrs‚ kfsjrfk jotfrbaef, aok tnf dfofratjgo gb jotfrjc rfpgrt

js autgcatfk. \JC systfc wjhh fxtraet gut tnf kata brgc Cjergsgbt Azurf, IJC 52<

aok Uyoenrg tg bjhh jo tnf tfcphatf prfparfk iy tnf egcpaoy. Autgcatfk prgefss

fhjcjoatfs tnf pgssjijhjty gb camjod frrgrs aok cjstamfs, ahsg cjojcjzfk tjcf spfot

jo dfofratjod kgeucfots.

[nf jcphfcfot gb YBJK tads eguhk burtnfr fxtfoks tg caoubaeturfrs aok

supphjfrs. YBJK tads wjhh sfok sjdoah tg tnf traospgrtatjgo truems D\U systfc wnfo jt

js bjojsnfk hgakjod. Tnfo tnf traospgrtatjgo truems kjspaten brgc tnf baetgry gr

apprgaen tg tnf egostruetjgo sjtf, a ogtjbjeatjgo wjhh if sfok tg Cjergsgbt Azurf tg

ogtjby go jts arrjvah. Cjergsgbt Azurf Ogtjbjeatjgo Nuis wjhh sfok tnf ogtjbjeatjgo tg

Ujtf Caoadfrs tnrgudn Darcjo Rjvg Ucart tg ogtjby tnf arrjvah gb tnf kfhjvfry. [nfrfqufst bgr pfrcjssjgo tg quaotjty aok catfrjahs enfemjod wjhh if sfok iy Cjergsgbt



1<>

Ufrvjef Ius. [nf quaotjty enfemjod wjhh ruo tnrgudn wjtn tnf oucifrs gb YBJK tads

aok egcparjod tnf jkfotjty wjtn sacphf YBJK kata prgvjkfk iy tnf supphjfrs. [nf

kfhjvfry enfemjod eguhk if egokuetfk kurjod tnf traospgrtatjgo, ratnfr tnao caouahhy

eguot go-sjtf wnjen cay eausf tg trabbje egodfstjgo aok tjcf egosucjod.

Goef tnf egobjrcatjgo wgrms kgof, Ujtf Caoadfrs kfphgy Autgkfsm Rfnjehf

[raemjod eghhaigratfk wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. [nf eghhaigratjgo js aihf tg jkfotjby

tnf ifst rgutf bgr tnf traospgrtatjgo truem, bfaturjod wjtn fasjfst turojod pgjot,

uogistruetfk swfpt patn aok kfsjrfk hgakjod iay. Goef tnf traospgrtatjgo truem rfaen

tg sjtf, nghgdrac wjhh kjsphay go tnf traospgrtatjgo truem‚s wjoksnjfhk aok jostruetjod

tnf krjvfr wjtn tnf kfsjdofk rgutf rfaenjod tg tnf hgakjod iay. Ifttfr vjsuahjzatjgo gb

traospgrtjod rgutf fhjcjoatfs aeejkfots brgc nappfojod aok prfvfot uoofefssary

ihgemadf tg gtnfr wgrmbgrefs wjtnjo sjtf. [nf truem gpfratgr eguhk ahsg aetjvatfs

autgpjhgt cgkf aok hft tnf truem tg travfh jtsfhb wjtnjo tnf kfsjdofk rgutf.

Ujtf Caoadfrs eguhk burtnfr jcphfcfot Cjergsgbt NghgHfos tg fonaoef tnf

prfejsjgo gb wgrms. Bgr ao fxacphf, Ujtf Caoadfrs eguhk utjhjzf Cjergsgbt NghgHfos

tg kftfrcjof tnf quaotjtjfs rfqujrfk bgr shai egoerftjod. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos wguhk

uokfrstaok tnf pnysjeah fovjrgocfot egokjtjgo suen as nfjdnt hfvfh gb tnf shai,

avfradf nfjdnt gb bgrcwgrm iujht up tg, aok ft eftfra. Ujtf Caoadfrs wjhh if aihf tg

egcparf igtn aetuah iujht egokjtjgos wjtn prgpgsfk kfsjdos tg jkfotjby tnf offk gb

egoerftf quaotjtjfs. Igtn nghgdrapnje 5K cgkfhhjod brgc seaoofk aetuah egokjtjgos

aok IJC 52< prgpgsfk kfsjdos arf aihf tg seahf tg sacf aok caten tg fvahuatf. [nf

fvahuatjgo wjhh kftfrcjof aoy akkjtjgo gr gcjssjgo gb egoerftf quaotjtjfs egcparf tg

tnf quaotjtjfs stjpuhatfk jo IQ. Ahtngudn tnf quaotjtjfs wfrf jkfotjbjfk autgcatjeahhy,

Ujtf Caoadfrs arf stjhh offkfk tg kftfrcjof tnf quaotjtjfs iasfk go tnfjr fxpfrjfoefs.

Ujtf Caoadfrs wguhk egosjkfr tamjod njdnfr quaotjtjfs gb egoerftf grkfr tg

ahhgw efrtajo wastadf. Iasfk go tnfjr fxpfrjfoefs, tnfrf wjhh if a scahh acguot gb

egoerftf bahh gut aeejkfotahhy, gr stuem aok rfcajo wjtnjo tnf egovfyjod prgefss.

[ngsf scahh quaotjtjfs gb wastadf arf usuahhy uoaihf tg if cfasurfk iy bgrcuhas.

[nfrf js kjbbfrfotjah pfrefotadf gb wastadf brgc kjbbfrfot supphjfrs, varjgus wgrm

tasms, aok enaodfs gb tnf fovjrgocfotah egokjtjgos. Jt js ifst tg ahhgw tnf cjojcahwastadf grkfr tg rfkuef tnf pgssjijhjty gb fxtra grkfr. Avgjkjod fxtra grkfrs eguhk



1<:

savf egst jo dfofrah wnjhf pfrbgrcjod prfejsf eaheuhatjgo iy Autgkfsm aok Cjergsgbt

tg rfkuef wastadf ahsg egst savjod aok fonaoejod egcpaoy Egrpgratf Ugejah

Yfspgosjijhjtjfs (EUY) jo fovjrgocfotah jssuf.

2.9.6 Nfavy Caenjofrjfs

Cfotjgofk jo tnf farhjfr sfetjgo, Ujtf Uurvfygr foaihfs tg pjo dfghgdjeah jobgrcatjgo

wjtn tnf eghhaigratjgo gb Autgkfsm \gjot Haygut aok Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Nfavy

caenjofrjfs hjmf fxeavatgrs wjhh rfefjvf a ogtjbjeatjgo kjstrjiutfk iy Ogtjbjeatjgo

Nuis go tnf wgrm tasms. Gpfratgrs eguhk aeefss tg tnfjr wgrm tasms aok kgwohgak tnf

wgrmjod eggrkjoatfs brgc IJC 52<. IJC 52< nas jotfdratfk wjtn aetuah eggrkjoatjod

systfc, parahhfh tg D\U. [nfrfbgrf, gpfratgrs eguhk kjrfethy usf tnf eggrkjoatfs aok

traosbfr jt jotg tnfjr caenjofrjfs fcifkkfk D\U hgeatgr. Tnfo gpfratgrs aok tnfjr

caenjofrjfs rfaen tg tnf hgeatfk arfa, gpfratgrs wjhh fxtraet tnf pjoofk jobgrcatjgo

aok kjsphay as nghgdrapnje wjtn nghgdrac prg`fetgr go tnfjr wjoksnjfhk.

Nghgdrapnje eghhaigratfk wjtn nfavy caenjofrjfs foaihfs go-sjtf wgrmbgrefs

tg wgrm wjtn kjdjtah bjhfs. \gtfotjahhy rfsuht tg njdnfst prfejsjgo aok fbbjejfot gb wgrm.

Bgr fxeavatjgo typfs nfavy caenjofrjfs, gpfratgrs wjhh kfphgy drjkhjofs nghgdrac tg

assjst tnfc aenjfvjod pfrbfet kjcfosjgoah fxeavatjgo. Drjkhjofs arf squarf cappjod

hjofs jokjeatjod kjcfosjgoah drapnje, fspfejahhy bgr twg-kjcfosjgoah wgrms phatbgrc

(TGHBAYC Egcputatjgo Cffts Mogwhfkdf, 9<16). Ngwfvfr, drjkhjofs nghgdrac

kjsphays tnf squarf cap tg jokjeatf 5K wgrm phatbgrc. Drjkhjofs nghgdrac prgvjkfs

vjsuahjzatjgo bgr gpfratgr tg sff tnf kfptn aok snapf gb tnf fxeavatjgo. [nf drjkhjofs

arf ogt jo squarf snapfk= wnfrf fxpaosjgo gb tnf squarf cfaos tnf gi`fet js cgrf

tnao tnf kfsjrfk kjcfosjgo= aok snruom cfaos tnf surbaef js kffpfr tnao tnf kfsjrfk

raodf aok offkfk tg if bjhhfk. [nf drjkhjofs dfttjod tg if apprgprjatf squarf snapf as

sggo as tnf fxeavatjgo kgof tg kfsjrfk snapf.

At farhjfr, Ujtf Caoadfrs kfsjdo rgutfs bgr traospgrtatjgo truems tg rfaen tnf

hgakjod iay. Ujtf Caoadfrs eguhk dft tnf pfrcjssjgo brgc tnf traospgrtatjgo truemkrjvfr tg egoofet wjtn truem cguotfk eraof. [nf utjhjzatjgo gb Cjergsgbt NghgHfos



11<

burtnfr fxpaoks tg rgigtje egotrghhjod. Goef Cjergsgbt NghgHfos egoofetfk wjtn tnf

truem‚s efotrah gpfratjgoah systfc, Ujtf Caoadfrs wjhh if aihf tg djvf jostruetjgo tg

tnf truem cguotfk eraof. Ujtf Caoadfrs wjhh offk tg pgjot gut tnf hgakjod jtfcs aok

tnf uohgakjod pgjot. [nf eraof rfefjvf tnf jostruetjgo brgc Cjergsgbt NghgHfos wjhh

start tnf uohgakjod. Jb jt foeguotfrs gistruetjgo jo tnf patn gb kfhjvfry, tnf eraof wjhh

autgcatjeahhy rfrgutf iy jtsfhb aok dft tnf tasms fxfeutfk. Ao aetjvf YBJK kftfetgr

jostahhfk at tnf hgakjod iay wjhh rfegrk tnf uohgakfk gi`fets. [nf kjdjtah jobgrcatjgo

wjhh sfok tg Uyoenrg bgr 5K cgkfhhjod aok Yfsgurefs Vsadf Unfft bgr kgeucfotary.

Tnfo tnf uohgakjod wgrms arf kgof, Ujtf Caoadfrs wjhh upkatf aok snarf tnf

hgeatjgo gb tnf hgakjod iay tg tgwfr eraof gpfratgr. [nf eggrkjoatfs prgvjkfk brgc

IJC 52< wjhh assjst tnf tgwfr eraof gpfratgr tg kftfrcjof tnf hgeatjgo gb tnf hgakjod

iay. [gwfr eraof gpfratgr kfphgys tfhfrgigts aok krgofs tg eapturf hjvf sefof aok

prfejsf kjcfosjgoah jobgrcatjgo wjtnjo tnf patn gb tnf earrjadf. [fhfrgigts wjhh

survfy tnf wfjdnt gb tnf paemadf aok jospfet surrguokjod fovjrgocfot tg camf surf

jt js sabf tg earry go tnf earrjadf prgefss. Goef jb aoy jrrfhfvaot jokjvjkuah dfttjod

ofar tg tnf earrjadf arfa, tfhfrgigts wjhh sfok a sjdoah tg Cjergsgbt Azurf aok trjddfr

ao ahfrt cfssadf tg tnat jokjvjkuah‚s Darcjo Rjvg Ucart. [gwfr eraof gpfratgr cay

stgp tnf earrjadf uotjh tnat jokjvjkuah js mfpt gut tg a sabf zgof.

Krgofs arf kfphgyfk tg jkfotjby rgutfs gb earrjadf assjstjod tnf tgwfr eraof

gpfratgr tg earry tnf paemadf jo tnf sngrtfst aok sabfr rgutf. Krgofs wjhh rfegrk aok

cfasurf tnf nfjdnt, kfdrff gb swjod, pgtfotjah gistruetjgo, wjok spffk aok hgak, aok

ft eftfra earrjadf abbfetjod baetgrs. [gwfr eraof gpfratgr wjhh fvahuatf tnf earrjadf‚s

wgrmaijhjty wjtn tnf jobgrcatjgo prgvjkfk iy krgofs, tfhfrgigts, aok ahsg Tjokgws

Tfatnfr rfpgrt. Ifbgrf uohgakjod tnf paemadf gotg wgrmspaef, krgofs wjhh seao aok

kftfrcjof apprgprjatf uohgakjod spaef aok tnf pgsjtjgo gb jokjvjkuah wgrmbgrefs

ofariy. Fvfry wgrmbgref wjhh if ogtjbjfk gb tnf earrjadf, fspfejahhy tg tngsf wng

ihgemjod tnf patn gb tnf earrjadf aok uohgakjod. \aemadf snahh krgp fjtnfr wjtn tnf

eggpfratjgo gb tnf wgrmbgrefs gr earfbuh rfhfasf iy tgwfr eraof gpfratgr wjtn krgofs.

Goef paemadf js sueefssbuhhy kfhjvfrfk, a rfegrk wjhh sfok tg Cjergsgbt Azurf aok

rfegrk jo IJC 52<, Ofwbgrca \JC systfc aok Uyoenrg.



111

Jo Cahaysja egostruetjgo jokustry, nfavy caenjofrjfs gbtfo fxpfrjfoejod sjom

at tnf sjtf. Ujoms arf usuahhy kuf tg uohfvfhhfk surbaefs aok pggr kfwatfrjod gb tnf

sjtf. \ggr caoadfcfot gb suen jssuf rfsuhts tg joerfasf tnf pgssjijhjty gb sjomjod

nfavy caenjofrjfs aok hgwfrjod tnf gvfrahh pfrbgrcaoefs. Ujtf Uurvfygrs egccgohy

assjdofk tg caoadf suen sjtuatjgo wjtn sjcjhar apprgaen as tg pjo jobgrcatjgo go tnf

ofefssary arfas. Jo kftajhs, Ujtf Uurvfygrs wjhh kfphgy krgofs tg 5K seao tnf surbaefs

gb tnf rgutf aok burtnfr jovfstjdatf wjtn sjtf survfyjod. Kata eghhfetfk brgc krgofs

wjhh jhhustratf tnf uofvfo surbaef gb tnf arfa. Ujtf Uurvfygrs wjhh sft bfw pgjots gb tnf

arfa tg tfst wjtn hgak eapaejty tfst aok sgjh egnfsjvfofss tfst. \gjots wfrf sft-gut wjtn

Autgkfsm \gjots Haygut aok kjsphayfk as nghgdrac wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Ujtf

Uurvfygrs utjhjzf sjtf survfyjod fqujpcfot suen as raodf pghf aok stakja rgk, tg tfst

tnf surbaefs. [fst kata wjhh if eghhfetfk aok fvahuatf tg kftfrcjof tnf arfas offk bgr

egcpaetjgo. Jobgrcatjgo wjhh snarf aok rfak iy egcpaetgrs aok egccaoks brgc

Azurf Iaten wjhh jojtjatf egcpaetgrs tg fxfeutf tnf wgrms.

Egcpaetgr wjhh if avajhaihf jo igtn caouahhy gpfratfk aok autgpjhgt. Jo hardf

raodf aok surbaef gb egcpaetjod wgrm, egcpaetgr js akvjef tg aetjvatf autgpjhgt tg

cjojcjzf wgrmbgref apphjeatjgo. Kata brgc Autgkfsm \gjots Haygut wjhh if akgptfk

iy egcpaetgr‚s efotrah gpfratjgoah systfc tg fxfeutf tnf egcpaetjod wgrms. [nf

egcpaetgr wjhh kftfrcjof sgbt aok nark surbaef wjtn tnf bjrst rghh. [nfo egcpaet tnf

surbaef wjtn varjgus kfsjdofk hgak jo sfegok rghh tg aenjfvf subbjejfot hfvfh aok fvfo

nark surbaefs as phaoofk. Goef jt dfts tnf bjrst rgw kgof, jt wjhh autgcatjeahhy turo tg

aogtnfr rgw sfetjgo aok prgeffk wjtn sacf prgefss (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4a). Caouahhy

gpfratjod js akgptfk wnfo tnf arfa gb wgrm js tgg oarrgw, bhggkfk, gr uousuah sgjh

pattfros. [nf gpfratgrs wjhh rfefjvf tnf ogtjbjeatjgo aok kata brgc Autgkfsm \gjot

Haygut. Kata eguhk if fxtraetfk jotg nghgdrac tg fxfeutf tnf wgrms prfejsfhy.

Iuhhkgzfr usuahhy eggpfratfk bgr hjbtjod up tnf rgutf hfvfh iy irjodjod apprgprjatf

addrfdatfs gr sgjh bgr bjhhjod. Ao fvfo aok nark surbaef wjhh if fstaihjsnfk.

Kurjod egoerftjod bgr njdn hfvfh kfvfhgpcfot, jt rfqujrfs wfhh-eggrkjoatjgo

iftwffo tnf egoerftf supphy aok egoerftjod at tnf njdnfr hfvfh. [nf egoerftf truem

aok egoerftf pucp truem gpfratgrs navf tg snarf tnf vjfw brgc krgofs tg fosurf tnf

egoerftf supphy sfachfsshy. [nf egoerftf pucp truem gpfratgr wjhh ahsg eggrkjoatjodtnf arraodfcfot aok sfqufotjah gb egoerftf truem tg egotjougus tnf egoerftf supphy.



119

[nf supphy wjhh gohy stgp wnfo tnfy dft a sjdoah brgc tnf egoerftfrs gr tnf egoerftf

supphy js gut. Tnfo tnf egoerftf pgurjod foks, egoerftfrs wjhh start kjstrjiutjod aok

vjiratjod tnf egoerftf fvfohy. Egoerftf pucp truem wjhh irjod kgwo aok sftthf tnf

pucp arc wjtn tnf nfhp gb krgof tg prfvfot aeejkfots nappfojod.

Tnfo tnf nfavy caenjofrjfs gpfratgrs navf tnfjr wgrms kgof aok rfpgrtfk tg

Uyoenrg, Azurf Iaten wjhh kfphgy krgofs tg jospfet, fvahuatf aok fosurf tnf wgrms

arf kgof. [nf seaoofk rfsuht brgc krgofs‚ 5K seaoofr wjhh upkatf tg Uyoenrg. Jt wjhh

sjcuhatf tnf aetuah wgrm kgof prgdrfss aok carm-up tnf senfkuhf iffo fxfeutfk.

2.9.2 Dfofrah Haigurs

[nf eghhaigratjgo aok jotfdratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs hfvfradf tnf sfcj-smjhhfk haigurfrs

tg pfrbgrc tnfjr wgrms prfejsfhy. [nfy eguhk kjsphay tnf egostruetjgo krawjods wjtn

nghgdrapnje. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos prg`fets gut jobgrcatjgo brgc AutgEAK Utrueturah,

AutgEAK CF\ aok ahsg Autgkfsm \gjot Haygut jo nghgdrapnje. Kfsjdo jobgrcatjgo

aok spfejbjeatjgo kjsphayfk as nghgdrac ahhgw tnf haigurfrs tg rfbfr egrrfet kftajhs

aok jostruetjgo at fvfry tjcf. Haigurfrs arf aihf tg bghhgw tnf as-iujht nghgdrapnje

attaen go tnf pnysjeah fovjrgocfot tg pfrbgrc tnf wgrm tasms. Apprgprjatf kfsjdos

aok prfejsf kjcfosjgos ahhgwfk sfcj-smjhhfk haigurfrs tg pfrbgrc ifttfr fxfeutjgo gb

tasm aok prfvfotjod rfwgrms gr rfahjdocfot gb wgrms. Hgw ratf gb frrgrs aok cjstamf

jcprgvf tnf prgkuetjvjty gb tnf sfcj-smjhhfk haigurfrs ahsg foeguradf tnfc tg put-jo

cgrf egotrjiutjgo aok fbbgrt jotg tnf prg`fet.

Egoerftfrs tggm-go Cjergsgbt NghgHfos aok fxtraet jobgrcatjgo brgc IJC

52< as nghgdrac. Nghgdrac jokjeatjod varjgus shai jobgrcatjgo suen as hfvfhhjod,

iguokarjfs, bfaturfs, egovfyjod nghfs, aok ft eftfra. Gtnfr tnao jobgrcatjgo avajhaihf

brgc IJC 52<, egoerftfrs eguhk ahsg carm kgwo aok rfegrk vjiratjod pgjots tg avgjk

hapsf gr bgrdfttjod. Gvfr vjiratjgo wjhh eausf egoerftf tg if njdnfr wgrmaijhjty iut

hgwfr pfrbgrcaoef= wjtngut vjiratjgo wjhh eausfk ngofyegci appfar aok kfbfet jo

strfodtn prgpfrtjfs. [nf utjhjzatjgo gb Cjergsgbt NghgHfos aihf tg pfrbgrcs njdnfr prfejsjgo wgrms aok avgjkjod naem aok rfwgrm. Tjtngut rfwgrmjod, egoerftf wjhh if



115

cgrf staijhjzfk. Jt ahsg foeguradjod egoerftfrs tg put jo cgrf fbbgrt aok earfs gotg

tnf prg`fet, tnfrfbgrf joerfasf tnf prgkuetjvjty.

Tnfo tnfrf arf wgrms acfokcfot, haigurfrs wjhh rfefjvf ogtjbjeatjgo

cfssadfs go tnfjr Darcjo Rjvg Ucart. [nf ogtjbjeatjgos wjhh attaen wjtn hjoms tg

aeefss tnf rfhfvaot jobgrcatjgo gb tnf wgrms. Haigurfrs eguhk fjtnfr aeefss tg tnf

jobgrcatjgo wjtn taihfts gr Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Haigurfrs eguhk fxtraet tnf cgkfh

jobgrcatjgo brgc IJC 52< jotg nghgdrapnje, aok attaen go pnysjeah fovjrgocfot tg

hggm-up bgr enaodfs aok varjatjgos. [nf egosuhtaots‚ rfkfsjdofk cgkfh wjhh carm-up

gr taddfk tnf haigurfrs go tnf enaodfs. Nghgdrac attaenfk go pnysjeah fovjrgocfot

wjhh fasjhy jkfotjby wnjen zgof gr arfa gb wgrms js rfhfvaot wjtn tnf acfokcfot. [nf

ehfar hgeatjgo gb wgrm jokjeatjgo ahhgws haigurfrs tg prgeffk wjtn wgrms jo tnf

egrrfet phaef. Yatnfr tnao joapprgprjatfhy jotfrprft tnf hgeatjgo gb wgrms aok rfsuht tg

cjstamf aok frrgrs.

Bjdurf 2.20 Nghgdrac Eapaijhjtjfs

[nf cgkfh nghgdrac prg`fet go pnysjeah sjtf fovjrgocfot prgvjkfs aeeuratf

kjcfosjgoah jobgrcatjgo gb tnf rfkfsjdo. [nf prfejsf kjcfosjgoah jobgrcatjgo

foeguradfs tnf haigurfrs tg pfrbgrc tnfjr tasms prgpfrhy, aeeuratfhy, aok fhjcjoatjod

tnf enaoef gb rfahjdocfot gr rfwgrm kuf tg cjsphaef. [jcf savfk brgc rfwgrm eguhk

prgeffk tg burtnfr kfvfhgpcfot go gtnfr sfetjgos gb wgrms aok fseahatf tnf

wgrmbgref prgkuetjvjty. Tnfo tnf acfokcfot wgrms kgof, tnf as-iujht krawjods wjhh

if upkatfk iy krgofs aok Uyoenrg. [asms eguhk if burtnfr eatfdgrjzfk jotg JIU



11;

systfc wgrms gr egovfotjgoah wgrms. Bgr JIU systfcs wgrms, hardf egcpgofots suen

as JIU paofhs, prfeast strueturah systfcs, aok ft eftfra, eguhk if YBJK tads cguotfk.

Goef tnf JIU systfcs kgof jostahhjod, haigurfrs wjhh aetjvatf tnf YJBK tg trjddfr a

sjdoah aok sfok tg Uyoenrg. Egovfotjgoah tasms suen as egoerftjod, casgory hay, aok

ft eftfra, wjhh utjhjzf krgofs tg seao tnf gi`fet tg 5K egpy jotg Autgkfsm Yfvjt. [nf

5K wjhh snarf tg Uyoenrg bgr burtnfr caoadfcfot go tnf wgrm senfkuhf.

Goef tnfrf arf ofw upkatfs go tnf as-iujht kftfetfk iy Azurf Iaten, jt wjhh

sfok a egccaok gr sjdoah tg Azurf Uenfkuhfr tg assfcihf ofw kfphgycfot tjcf gb

krgofs bgr tnf jospfetjgo aok seao tnf wgrms kgof tg buhhy burojsn tnf as-iujht cgkfh.

Uenfkuhf wjhh if upkatfk jotg Uyoenrg goef tnf as-iujht cgkfh js rfegdojzfk iy tnf

Cjergsgbt Azurf. Gtnfrs jobgrcatjgo arf ahsg upkatfk egostaothy wjtn tnf jotfdratjgo

gb Ofwbgrca \JC systfc. \rg`fet Caoadfr tnfrfbgrf spfot hfssfr tjcf tg prfparf tnf

rfpgrts aok prfsfotatjgo= ehjfots eguhk navf ifttfr vjsuahjzatjgo go prgdrfss wjtn tnf

ajk gb aojcatjgo aok autgcatfk aoahysjs kjadrac kgof iy \JC systfc.

2.9.4

Utamfnghkfrs aok Geeupjfrs

Jo tnf trfok gb njdn-tfen hjvjod fovjrgocfot, ngusfnghks kfcaokjod njdn-tfen

bfaturfk kfvfhgpcfots. As jkfotjbjfk brgc stukfot rfspgokfots, scartpngof rfcgtf

egotrghhjod tg sfrvjefs suen as fhfetrjejty, sfeurjty ahfrt, aok ft eftfra= rggc

pfrsgoahjzatjgo wjtn scartpngof iy syoenrgojzjod aukjg, vjkfg aok pngtg=

autgcatfk apphjaoefs suen as tguen pak hgems, rgigt ehfaofr, aok atf eftfra= arf

ngusfnghks waotfk bfaturfs. [g buhbjh suen kfsjrfs, a dfofrah cgojtgrjod egcputfr js

rfqujrfk tg if jostahhfk jotg tnf kfvfhgpcfots.

Bgr rfduhar ngusfnghks, tnf cgojtgrjod egcputfr pfrbgrcfk as fhfetrjejty

swjten tg swjten go gr gbb gb tnf apphjaoefs. Jt ahsg djvfs egccaok tg aetjvatf gr snut

kgwo autgcatfk apphjaoefs jo tnf tjcf iffo senfkuhfk iy tnf ngusfnghks. [nf

cgojtgrjod egcputfr eguhk burtnfr fxtfok tg tnf offks gb scartpngof phud-jo tg

pfrsgoahjzf aok rfokfr tnf uojt. Tnfo tnf rfduhar ngusfnghks updrakf tg prfcjucngusfnghks, tnf dfofrah cgojtgrjod egcputfr pfrbgrcs fofrdy caoadfcfot aok



116

aoahysjs, hjomadf wjtn sfeurjty gbbjefs, fvfo jotfhhjdfot sfts suen as caoadjod igtn

autgcatfk aok ogo-autgcatfk apphjaoefs. Jostfak gb iujhkjod a cajo caoadfrjah

egotrgh rggc bgr eggrkjoatjod, ngusfnghks eguhk jcphfcfot spfejahjzfk tfenoghgdy,

Cjergsgbt NghgHfos. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos foaihfs usfrs aok ngusfnghks tg fqujp aok

earry ahgod tnf caoadfcfot egotrghhfr aoywnfrf aoytjcf wnfo tnfy offk jt.

[nf jobgrcatjgo rfqujrfk bgr dfofrah cgojtgrjod egcputfr aok Cjergsgbt

NghgHfos arf avajhaihf jo Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod. Uahfs gbbjef eguhk

rfqufst tnf pfrcjssjgo brgc ehjfots gr kfvfhgpfr tg aeefss tg efrtajo iujhkjod

jobgrcatjgo. Jobgrcatjgo suen as jhhucjoatjgo sjcuhatjod= vfotjhatjgo sjcuhatjgo

rfsuht= hgak kjstrjiutjgo kfsjdo= iujhkjod egcpgofots staokark aok quahjbjeatjgo= aok

ft eftfra, wjhh ahhgw tnf artjbjejah jotfhhjdfot hjmf pfrsgoahjzfk jokggr fovjrgocfot

sfttjod= rgigts kjspaten bgr wgrm fxfeutjgo= sfokjod cfssadf ogtjbjeatjgo tg ahfrt

uousuah sjtuatjgo= aok ft eftfra, tg pfrbgrc bgr tnf ngusfnghks. Hjomjod tnf

ngusfnghks tg tnf egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo wjhh cajotajos tnf vahuf gb tnf

jobgrcatjgo. Cfaotjcf, fonaoef tnf egovfojfoef aok usfr fxpfrjfoef gb tnf

kfvfhgpcfot. Jo gtnfr wgrks, tnf fxtfosjgo gb tnf usf gb iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo brgc

iujhkjod egostruetjgo tg iujhkjod gpfratjgo js a vahuf-akkfk bfaturf. [njs bfaturf

fseahatfs tnf kfvfhgpcfot vahuf iut ogt akkjtjgoahhy egst tg tnf ehjfots gr kfvfhgpfrs.

2.5 Bfaturfs aok Akvaotadfs gb Jotfrgpfratfk [fenoghgdjfs

As Ngw (9<16) aok YJEU (9<16) statfk, jotfrgpfraijhjty ogt ùst prgvjkjod phatbgrc

bgr eghhaigratjvf aok jotfdratjvf, ahsg cfht aok bgrcfk ahh ifofbjts brgc eghhaigratfk

tfenoghgdjfs jo a pgt. Vcjt ft ah. (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnat

jotfrgpfraijhjty aet as a irjkdf bgr prg`fet jobgrcatjgo aok hjom acgod prg`fet tfac

cfcifrs brgc kfsjdo tfac, egostruetjgo tfac, tg iujhkjod gpfratjod tfac. Yfpgrt

kgof iy Fdao (1::>) ejtfk jo YJEU (9<16) rfahjzfk tnat jotfrgpfratfk tfenoghgdjfs

aihf tg rfkuef 1<% gb egostruetjgo tjcf aok egst iy prgvjkjod tjcfhy aok aeeuratf

jobgrcatjgo. [nfsf ifofbjts burtnfr fxpaok aok strueturf hgod-tfrc rfhatjgos iftwffo

prg`fet tfacs aok sustajo quahjty jcprgvfcfot (YJEU 9<16).



112

Frje ft ah. (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnat jobgrcatjgo

fxphgjt nappfos go tnf party wnjen nas ifttfr uokfrstaokjod go tnf rjsms iffo snarfk.

[nfrfbgrf js ofefssary tg fosurf traosparfot jobgrcatjgo snarfk aok trutnbuh rfhatjgos

iujht wjtn tnf ajk gb drfat vjsuahjzatjgo go prg`fet (YJEU, 9<16). Yanjcjao (o.k.)

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19) jkfotjbjfk tnat nucao cjok js narkhy aihf tg sjcuhatf

aok bgrc fvfry iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo aok baejhjtatf tnf kfvfhgpcfot gb tnf prg`fet. Jt

wjhh tnfrfbgrf kfvfhgp a offk gb fxtfroah kfvjefs tg ajk go tnf iujhkjod kfvfhgpcfot

(Uerjvfofr, 1::<= ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19).

2.5.1

Rjsuahjzatjgo

[nf jotfrgpfraijhjty gb tfenoghgdjfs prgvjkjod ehjfots a ifttfr gvfrvjfw gb tnf prg`fet

wjtn cjojcuc tjcf, egst aok fofrdy spfot. Fspfejahhy bgr tnf jotfdratfk usf gb IJC

52<, Cjergsgbt NghgHfos, Ofwbgrca \rg`fet Aoahysfr, \JC Uystfc aok Uyoenrg.

[nf egcijoatjgo gb IJC 52< wjtn Cjergsgbt NghgHfos rfsuhts tg jcprfssjvf

vjsuahjzatjgo fbbfet. Jotfdratfk vjfw gb prgpgsfk kfvfhgpcfot aok 5K tgpghgdy aihf

tg aoahysf rfahjstje jobgrcatjgo suen as sghar patn aoahysjs, snakf prg`fetfk brgc

akàefot iujhkjods jkfotjbjeatjgo= aok trabbje aoahysjs, cfasurjod tnf prg`fetfk rgak

egodfstjgo arguok tnf kfvfhgpcfot. Uuen buturjstje jobgrcatjgo hfaks tg njdnfr

joogvatjgo aok pusn tnf kfvfhgpcfot tg pfrbgrc as ifttfr egosucfr attraetjvf aok

egccuojty rfspgosjihf go fovjrgocfotah brjfokhy jssuf.

Cgst njdnhy eggrkjoatjvf aok vjsuahjzf tfenoghgdjfs suen as IJC 52<, D\U,

Cjergsgbt NghgHfos aok ft eftfra, arf aihf tg prgvjkf ofw fxpfrjfoef tg egostruetjgo

jokustry apphjeaots. [nf fxphgratjvf jobgrcatjgo prgvjkfk wjhh foaihfs wgrms kgof

cgrf fbbjejfothy aok ahsg fbbfetjvfhy. Jt ahsg prfvfots cjstamfs aok frrgrs nappfofk

kuf tg cjsjotfrprft. \rfejsf wgrms pfrbgrcfk rfkuef rjsms gb kfcghjtjgo aok rfwgrm.

[nfrfbgrf egotrjiutfs tg hfss catfrjahs wastadf aok gptjcuc prg`fet egst fbbfetjvfhy.



114

2.5.9 Farhy Fodadfcfot

Brgc easf stuky Aodhjao Tatfr, YJEU (9<16) egoehukfk tnf ifofbjts jo ifjod

eghhaigratfk aok jotfdratfk. \rfejsf jobgrcatjgo fonaoefk tnf wgrm eggrkjoatjgo aok

baejhjtjfs caoadfcfot= burojsnfk fbbfetjvf phaoojod, prfvfot ehasnfs wjtn suppgrtjvf

jobgrcatjgo= kffpfo mogwhfkdfiasf aok rfkuef gppgrtuojstje= egotraetgr wjhhjod tg

earry njdnfr hfvfh gb rfspgosjijhjty= aok joerfasf gppgrtuojty bgr joogvatjvf (YJEU

9<16). Ngwfvfr, tnf vahuf gb tnf ifofbjts gohy caxjcjzfk bgr farhy fodadfcfot wjtn

jotfrgpfraijhjty (YJEU, 9<16). Tabaa (o.k.), ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. (9<19), aok

YJEU (9<16) jkfotjbjfk tnat jotfrgpfraijhjty fodadfk prjgr tg tnf start gb kftajh kfsjdo

wjhh caxjcjzf tnf ifofbjts aok rfkuef kuphjeatjgo gb wgrms kgof.

Fastcao ft ah. (9<11) aok @goatnao (9<16) ehajcfk tnat IJC prgcgtfs farhy

fodadfcfot jo egostruetjgo wgrms as jt js ifttfr tg jkfotjby cjstamfs jo kjdjtah bgrc

ratnfr tnao tnf cjstamfs arf egostruetfk. Pajnao (9<16) cfotjgofk tnat jotfrgpfraihf

IJC strfachjof cgst gb kfsjdojod prgefss aok egostaothy prgdrfss go gof aok

aogtnfr egcpgofot. [nfrfiy rfsuht tg farhy jovghvfcfot gb Rahuf Fodjoffrjod aok

buhhy kfvfhgpfk tfokfr krawjods (Pajnao, 9<16). Farhy fodadf tg jotfrgpfraijhjty

ahhgws nfak-tg-tgf cfasurfcfot kgof tg jkfotjby kfsjdo fbbfetjvfofss (Tabaa, o.k.=

ejtfk jo Amjotgyf ft ah. 9<19). Jt js njdnhy egst savjod, hgw acfokcfots aok frrgrs,

aok njdn hfvfh gb satjsbaetjgo (Hfgod, 9<16= YJEU, 9<16).



11>

Bjdurf 2.40 [jcf aok Rahuf gb Jotfrgpfratjgo Fodadf

Bjdurf 2.4 aigvf sngws jotfrgpfraijhjty jcphfcfotfk jo varjgus egostruetjgo

stadf. [nf bjdurf js ngwfvfr iujhk jo a egoehusjvf caoofr brgc rfvjfwfk hjtfraturfs.

[nf iasjs gb tnf bjdurf utjhjzfk tnf jkfa brgc Rahuf Caoadfcfot, farhy jcphfcfot

navf tnf sjcjhar fbbfet suen as acfokcfots aok frrgrs, egst savjod, aok satjsbaetjgo

ratf. Jt js suppgsfk tg if uokfrstggk tnat tnf farhjfr fodadfcfot gb jotfrgpfraijhjty js

aihf tg prgvjkf egosfqufoefs gb njdnhy egst savjod, hgw jcphfcfotatjgo egst, aok

njdn ratf gb satjsbaetgry. Uuisfqufothy, hatfr fodadfcfot nfhk tnf fovjrgocfot gb

pggr egst savjod, njdn jcphfcfotatjgo egst, aok hgw ratf gb satjsbaetjgo.

2.5.5 \apfrwgrm vfrsus [fenoghgdy Jcphfcfotatjgo

Ujkofy (9<<4) jkfotjbjfk tnat egostruetjgo jokustry nfsjtatf tnf akgptjgo gb

tfenoghgdjfs aok rftajo tnf usf gb papfrwgrm. [nfy arf egcpjhfk jotg sfvfrah rfasgos.

Bjrsthy, tnf egst gb tfenoghgdy js fxpfosjvf. Autgkfsm nas tamfo tnf hfak tg rfkuef

tnf egst joeurrfk iy tnfjr usfrs, iy enaodjod fxpfosjvf pfrpftuah hjefosf jotg hgod-

\hao &Aoahysjs

UenfcatjeKfsjdo

KftajhKfsjdo

TgrmKrawjods

Awark[fokfr

Egostruet Gpfratf

Egst Uavjod

Acfokcfots &frrgrs

Yatf gbsatjsbaetjgo

E g s t & F

b b g r t

\rg`fet Hjbfeyehf



11:

tfrc jovfstcfot kfsmtgp suiserjptjgo (\uoma`, 9<16). [nf jokustry ahsg ehajcfk tnat

kata wjhh hgsf aok kfhftfk jo tnf ejreucstaoef gb pgwfr bajhurf. Ngwfvfr, Cjergsgbt

wjhh iaemup kata jo kguihf at kjbbfrfothy hgeatfk kataiasfs aok sfeurf tnf kata wjtn

njdnfst avajhaihf sfeurjod prgdracs (Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16k).

[nf egostruetjgo jokustry usuahhy kgfs tnjods as jt was, ifeausf tnfy mfpt tnf

egoefpt gb prfvjgushy wgrmfk apprgaenfs cay ogt offk burtnfr akùstcfots. Hfgod

(9<16) kfbfokfk tnat tnf egostruetjgo jokustry js varjgus jo oaturf, aok tnfrfbgrf ogt

fvfry prg`fets eguhk prgeurfk wjtn gof cftngk. Ujcjhar prgeurjod cftngk apphjfs tg

varjgus prg`fet cay hfak uoofefssary egst tg rfkjrfet aok kfhjvfr, tg tnf wgrsf easf,

bajhurf gb suen prgeurjod hfak tg rfwgrm aok kfcghjsn (Hfgod, 9<16). Hfsmjofo

(9<<>) ahsg statfk tnat egovfotjgoah papfrwgrm js apprgaenjod tg igtthfofem, wnfrf

tfenoghgdy apphjeatjgo js ifst sujt tg tamf gvfr tnf rghf gb papfr.

Ujkofy (9<<4) jkfotjbjfk tnat tnf egotraetgrs usuahhy kfah wjtn sui-egotraetgrs

aok supphjfrs wnjen ogt usjod tfenoghgdjfs bgr egccuojeatjgo purpgsf. Ngwfvfr,

Hfsmjofo (9<<>) upkatfk tnat cgst jokjvjkuahs jo tnf jokustry arf eapaihf tg utjhjzf

tfenoghgdjfs bgr tnfjr pfrsgoah egccuojeatjgo. Ancak Uunajcj (9<16), Ggj (9<16)

aok YJEU (9<16) statfk tnat uppfr hfvfh gb tnf tfac, suen as arenjtfeturf aok ehjfots,

snguhk hfak tnf jcphfcfotatjgo ifbgrf aoy gtnfrs gb tnf tfac. Goef tnf hfak gb tnf

tfac jcphfcfotfk, tnfrf js og fxeusfs bgr gtnfr wadfs fcphgyffs tg bghhgw-up

(Ancak Uunajcj, 9<16= Ggj, 9<16= YJEU, 9<16).

[nf jokustry burtnfr egcphajofk tnat tnf dgvfrocfot aok tnfjr adfoejfs kg

ogt djvf nfhpjod naoks jo tfenoghgdjfs akgptjgo (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Cgst kgeucfots arf

narkegpy aok gohy grjdjoahhy sjdofk kgeucfots arf hfdjihf. [njs egosfqufoef iffo

jkfotjbjfk iy rfpgrt rfspgokfots, YJEU (9<16) aok Ujkofy (9<<4) ehajcfk tnat tnf

dgvfrocfot adfoejfs cay djvf hfdjshatjgo rjdnt bgr fhfetrgoje bjhfs aok hfak tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo jo tnf jokustry brgc puihje prg`fets. Autgkfsm (9<16e) aok YJEU

(9<16) cfotjgofk tnat VM Dgvfrocfot kjk drfat wgrms tg prgcgtf tnf jcphfcfot gb

IJC jo egostruetjgo jokustry. [nfy prgvjkf rgak sngws, egobfrfoef, aok ehassfs tg

fkueatf tnf jokustry phayfrs bgr tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb IJC.



19<

[nf jokustry satfk tnat tnf wgrmbgrefs gb egostruetjgo wgrms navf rfhatjvfhy

hgw mogwhfkdf tg gpfratf ofw tfenoghgdjfs aok rfsuht tg jofbbjejfoey aok joaeeuratf

gb wgrm (Ggj, 9<16= Ujkofy, 9<<4). Yfspgosfs brgc buturf dfofratjgo tnfrfbgrf iffo

datnfrfk tg jkfotjbjfk typfs gb tfenoghgdjfs egccgohy akgptfk aok kfvfhgp as part

gb tnf prgpgsjod systfc tg cjtjdatf tnf jofbbjejfoey aok jofbbfetjvf usf gb tfenoghgdy.

[nf jokustry ahsg ehajcfk tnat papfr wgrm rfegrks arf ifttfr fbbfetjvf aok hfdahhy

aeefptaihf egcparfk tg kjdjtah kata (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Ujva (9<16i) aok Uyoenrg (o.k.)

prgvfk tnjs statfcfot wrgod.

Ujva (9<16i) jkfotjbjfk tnat IJC 52< Bjfhk ahhgws sjtf fxfeutjvf tg fxtraet

tnfjr parts gb wgrm tasms brgc wgrm prgdrac aok prgeffk as kay wgrm tardft. Jo grkfr

tg fonaoef fbbfetjvfofss, IJC 52< Bjfhk foaihf tnf fxfeutjvf tg attaen egccfots,

pngtgs, phaos aok ft eftfra sjtf rfhfvaot jobgrcatjgo jotg sfparatfk wgrm tasms tg

carm-up aok ogtjby gtnfr partjfs bgr spfejah fvfots (Ujva, 9<16i). Ujva (9<16i) statfk

tnat IJC 52< Bjfhk ahsg fonaoefk wjtn QY Egkf seao aok jkfotjbjfs tnf egcpgofots

egcphftfhy jostahhfk aok tnfjr eggrkjoatfs rfegrkjod. Apphy tgdftnfr wjtn Uyoenrg,

tnf autgcatfk prgdrfss as-iujht rfegrkjod aok upkatfs, ehjfots wjhh if burojsnfk wjtn

njdnfr vjsuahjzatjgo aok uokfrstaokjod go tnf egostruetjgo prgdrfss. \rgpfrhy iujht-

up prgdrfss rfpgrt nas strgodfr staok tg if as hfdah fvjkfoef bgr egurt easfs.

Hasthy, tnf jokustry cfotjgofk tnat tnfy kg ogt navf tnf joefotjvfs tg wgrm

fhfetrgojeahhy (Ujkofy, 9<<4). Ngwfvfr, YJEU (9<16) jkfotjbjfk tnat tnfsf joefotjvfs

arf yft iffo fxphgrfk iy tnf jokustry phayfrs. Egst fbbfetjvf, egst savjods, hgw hfvfh

bjoaoejah joefotjvfs, aok ft eftfra joefotjvfs bfaturfs arf sueefssbuhhy aenjfvfk iy tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs (YJEU, 9<16). Tjhhjacs (9<<4a) jkfotjbjfk tnat ehjfot

eao if joefotjvf wjtn tnf usf gb tfenoghgdy as jt hgwfrs tnf prg`fet gvfrahh egst. [nf

usf gb apprgprjatf senfkuhjod tfenoghgdjfs wjhh assjst tnf egotraetgrs tg ahhgeatf tnfjr

rfsgurefs earfbuhhy aok gptjcuc hgwfst rfsgurefs egotrjiutjgo (Tjhhjacs, 9<<4a).

Hgw rfsgurefs egotrjiutf tg caxjcjzfk fbbgrt wjhh dfofrahhy hgwfr tnf egst gb prg`fet.

Jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdy iujhk egnfsjvf fovjrgocfot acgod tnf prg`fet

tfacs (YJEU, 9<16). Tjhhjacs (9<<4a) jkfotjbjfk tnat egnfsjvf fovjrgocfot

foeguradfs prg`fet tfacs iujhk-up njdnfr trutnbuhofss aok hgwfr gppgrtuojstje. Hgwgppgrtuojstje krads kgwo tnf traosaetjgo egst aok hgwfr tnf prg`fet egst (YJEU,



191

9<16). Tjhhjacs (9<<4a) burtnfr statfk tnat prg`fets IJC cay prgeffk jotg varjgus

sjcuhatjgo aoahysfs tg jkfotjby tnf fbbfetjvfofss gb tnf iujhkjod kfvfhgpcfot. Farhy

fodadf jotg tfsts prfvfot buturf akùstcfot aok acfokcfot wnjen eausf tg kfcghjsn

aok rfwgrm. [nfrfbgrf prfvfot bjoah egostruetjgo egst iurstjod tnf prg`fet iukdft.

Hatgur (9<<6), ejtfk jo Bguen ft ah. (9<16) jotfrgpfratfk tfenoghgdjfs arf vfry

strgod aok sueefssbuh prgkuet. RKE (9<1;) jkfotjbjfk tnat cgrf tnao 4<% rfspgosfs

ratfk fxtrfcfhy satjsby wjtn tnf hfvfradjod jcpaet irgudnt iy tfenoghgdy. Akgptjgo

gb tfenoghgdjfs irjods jccfkjatf pgsjtjvf fbbfet go wgrmbgrefs cgojtgrjod, savjod

egst, fonaoef prgkuetjvjty, aok joerfasf tnfjr eustgcfrs‚ fxpfrjfoefs (RKE, 9<1;).

Egcparfk tg kfsmtgp-sjzfk ihufprjots aok irjem-wfjdnt kgeucfots, tfenoghgdy nas

caokatfk tnf spffk gb pfrbgrcjod wgrms (Ygdfrs-g Irjfo, 9<16).

Cgtjgo (9<1;a) jkfotjbjfk tnat papfrwgrm aok tfhfpngof eahhs dfts pfgphf jotg

brustratjgo, aok uoaihf tg prgvjkf tnfjr eustgcfrs jo tjcfhy jobgrcatjgo. Goef tnfy

hgst tnfjr papfrwgrm at tnf `gisjtf, tnfy wjhh ogt dft pajk go tnf sfrvjefs tnfy nak

prgvjkfk (Cgtjgo, 9<1;a). Aurgra Vtjhjtjfs (9<16) aok Ofirasma \uihje \gwfr

Kjstrjet (o.k.) statfk tnat tfenoghgdjfs foaihf tnfc tg aeefss rfah-tjcf kata at go-sjtf

wjtngut tnf offks gb travfh iaem tg gbbjef aok savfk 46% gb tjcf egosucptjgo.

\fgphfs Oaturah Das (o.k.) ehajcfk tnat prfvjgushy iuokhfs gb sjtf jospfetjgo rfegrks

papfrwgrm rfqujrfk traosbfrrjod aok rfmfyjod kata iaem tg gbbjef kataiasf js tfkjgus.

Ugcf easf, tnf kata mfyjod pfrsgoah uoaihf tg rfak tnf kata rfegrkfk iy tnf

bjfhk rfegrkfr (\fgphfs Oaturah Das, o.k.). [nfsf joaeeuraey aok jofbbjejfoejfs arf

fhjcjoatfk wjtn tnf usf gb tfenoghgdjfs. [nf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdy tg tamf

gvfr papfrwgrm nas savfk sfvfrah ngurs pfr wffm aok cjojcjzfk tnf pfrsgos

jovghvfk tg mfy-jo tnf jospfetjgo rfegrks (\fgphfs Oaturah Das, o.k.). Jo gvfrahh, tnf

jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs foaihf tg savf tjcf, egst savjod aok jcprgvf tnf

aeeuraey gb wgrms kgof.



ENA\[FY 4

4 EGOEHVUJGO

4.1

Yfsfaren Egotrjiutjgo tg tnf Egostruetjgo Jokustry

Mfrrjf (9<1;) jkfotjbjfk tnat tfenoghgdjfs kfvfhgp wjtn og jotfrgpfraijhjty wjtn gtnfr

iraoks gb tfenoghgdjfs. Egostruetjgo jobgrcatjgo js tnfrfbgrf ogt snarfk aergss tnf

prg`fet tfac cfcifr aok egokuetfk tg jofbbjejfoey aok jofbbfetjvf. [nf rfpgrt

tnfrfbgrf ajcs tg prgpgsf tnf jotfdratjgo gb fxjstjod tfenoghgdjfs, aok rajsf

awarfofss go tfenoghgdy jcphfcfotatjgo jo egostruetjgo jokustry.

[njs rfpgrt jkfotjbjfk tnf tfenoghgdjfs avajhaihf bgr egostruetjgo jokustry.

Oucifrs gb gvfrsfas aok hgeah tfenoghgdy prgkuets iffo jkfotjbjfk. [nf trfokjod

tfenoghgdy, IJC, prgvjkfs ao jobgrcatjgo nui tg eghhfet aok snarf jobgrcatjgo bgr

prg`fet cfcifrs. \JC prgvjkfs eggrkjoatjgo go hfdah kgeucfotary= cjojcjzf tnf

tjcf spfot go sfarenjod rfhfvaot kgeucfots. Cjergsgbt Azurf pfrbgrc as phatbgrc

wnjen egoofetjod fvfry jokjvjkuahs aok rgigts. Jt fonaoefs tnf scggtnofss aok rfah-

tjcf kata fxenaodjod prgefss. Gtnfr tfenoghgdjfs suen as rgigts, wjrfhfss kfphgyjod

tfenoghgdjfs, aok nghgdrapnje prg`fetjod tfenoghgdy wjhh jcprgvf tnf wgrmaijhjty gb

egostruetjgo prg`fets.

[fenoghgdjfs akgptjgo eguhk hfvfradf tnf jokustry wjtn hfssfr egst aok tjcf

spfoks. Jo kftajhfk, tnf prg`fet jobgrcatjgo js wfhh sgrtfk aok arraodfk. Jt eguhk

burtnfr if utjhjzfk aergss tnf prg`fet hjbf eyehf aok irjods ifofbjts. Ngwfvfr, tnf

akvfrsarjah oaturf gb igtn tfenoghgdy aok egostruetjgo jokustry eausfk joaijhjty tgfxpaok tnf usf gb tfenoghgdjfs. Fxtra egst bgr varjgus tfenoghgdy aok trajojod eausfk



195

rfhuetaot bgr egostruetjgo jokustry tg jcphfcfot tfenoghgdy. [nf akgptjgo gb

tfenoghgdjfs kgfs ogt fxtfok jotg sjtf aok rfsuht tg joegcphftf kfvfhgpfk gb tnf

tfenoghgdy egccuojeatjgo bracfwgrm.

J[ kata js sfosjtjvf aok rfqujrfs upkatjod wjtn cgst rfefot jobgrcatjgo.

[nfrfbgrf, tnjs rfpgrt apphjfk survfy qufstjgooajrf tg jkfotjby tnf tfenoghgdjfs iffo

akgptfk iy Cahaysjao egostruetjgo jokustry jo yfar 9<16. Eghhfetfk kata aok aoahysjs

navf prfsfotfk jo Enaptfr 6. Kata sngws tnat tnf cgst pgpuhar tfenoghgdjfs akgptfk

jo tnf jokustry arf Autgkfsm prgkuets aok Cjergsgbt prgkuets. Bgr buturf

kfvfhgpcfot purpgsf, tnjs rfsfaren rfpgrt burtnfr jovfstjdatfs tnf tfenoghgdy

pgtfotjahhy jcphfcfot jo tnf jokustry. [nf jokustry‚s prfbfrrfk tfenoghgdy js

Cjergsgbt prgkuets, aok uokfrdrakuatfs wng arf egostruetjgo iasfk navf adrffk wjtn

tnf statfcfot.

Uui`fetjvf qufstjgos jo tnf qufstjgooajrf jkfotjby tnf pgtfotjah jcprgvfcfots

gb eurrfot tfenoghgdjfs. Jo sngrt, rfspgokfots waot njdnfr hfvfh gb autgcatjzf aok

eghhaigratjvf wgrmjod phatbgrc. [g jkfotjby tnf rfhatjgo gb tnf eghhfetfk kata wjtn tnf

prgpgsah, tnf rfpgrt akgptfk kata brgc EFJE Kata Caoadfr. [nf kata sngwfk tnf

way tfenoghgdy hfvfradjod nucao-ifjod aok tnf pfoftratjgo ratf jo Cahaysja. [nf

rfsuht rfbhfets tnat egostruetjgo jokustry kgfs ogt kfbfok tnf akgptjgo gb tfenoghgdy.

[nf jokustry js bacjhjar aok prfparfk tg rfefjvf ofw tfenoghgdjfs.

Egostruetjgo jokustry eguhk jcphfcfot tnf prgpgsah tg fo`gy tnf ifofbjejah

irgudnt iy tnf usadf aok eghhaigratjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs. Ngwfvfr, jt sffcs tnf

prgpgsah rfqujrfs njdn jojtjah egst wnjen js ogt UCFs-brjfokhy apprgaen. [nf jokustry

eguhk akgpt sgcf part gb tnf dujkfhjof ratnfr tnao jcphfcfot as a wnghf. [nf

ifofbjts eguhk stjhh fo`gyaihf iy tnf jokustry, iut ogt buhhy burojsnfk. Brgc prg`fet tg

prg`fet, tnf jokustry akgpt part iy part. Jo sgcf kay abtfr bfw prg`fets, tfenoghgdjfs

eguhk if aeeucuhatfk aok kfphgy as systfc as statfk jo tnf dujkfhjof.

[nf prgpgsfk systfc kfphgyfk jotfroft egoofetjvjty bgr sjtf fxfeutjvf tg

fonaoef jobgrcatjgo snarjod, fspfejahhy rfah-tjcf kata traosaetjgo. Tjrfhfss egvfrfk

wgrm sjtf foaihjod ihufs eghhars wgrmbgrefs apphy akvaoefk tfenoghgdjfs tg fonaoeftnfjr fbbfetjvfofss aok fbbjejfoey. Tjrfhfss sjtf ahsg foaihfs autgcatjzf wgrmbgref



19;

suen as krgofs, survfyjod fqujpcfot, nfavy caenjofrjfs aok ft eftfra tg fxfeutf

rfpftjtjvf wgrms aok egccaoks.

[nf nfavy jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs js aihf tg buhbjh tnf bgur ca`gr

egostruetjgo wgrms egostrajots, tjcf, egst, quahjty aok sabfty. [jcf aok egst krgppfk

sjdojbjeaothy cfaownjhf tnf quahjty aok sabfty gb wgrms fonaoefk. Njdn hfvfh gb

vjsuahjzatjgo joehjof wgrm pfrbgrcaoefs brgc igtn egosuhtaot aok egostruetjgo tfacs.

Njdn prg`fet traosparfoey aok vjsjijhjty foeguradf farhjfr fodadfcfot gb varjgus

prgbfssjgos aok caxjcjzf oucifrs gb ifofbjts kurjod kfvfhgpcfot kfsjdo stadf.

[nf rfpgrt aenjfvfk tnf ajc, aok egotrjiutfs tnf fbbgrt as rfegccfokatjgo

bgr tnf egostruetjgo jokustry. [nf rfpgrt nas prgvjkfs tnf jokustry ao gppgrtuojty tg

dft ifofbjejah wjtn tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs. [nf akgptjgo gb tnf dujkfhjof

eguhk hfvfradf tnf jokustry wjtn njdnfr egnfsjvfofss iftwffo prg`fet tfac cfcifrs.

Cjojcjzf gppgrtuojstje aok utjhjzf iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo jo wnghf prg`fet hjbf eyehf.

Jo grkfr tg buhbjh [fg's (9<19) rfegccfokatjgo, tnjs rfsfaren nas burtnfr fxtfoks tg

prgpgsf bracfwgrm gb jcphfcfotatjgo. Ngwfvfr, tnf dgvfrocfot grdaojzatjgos navf

tg tamf aetjgos. [nf Utaokark Bgrc gb Iujhkjod Egotraets snahh upkatf tnfjr ehausfs

aok prgcgtjod tnf jcphfcfotatjgo gb tfenoghgdjfs.

4.9 Yfsfaren Hjcjtatjgos

[nf rfsfaren rfpgrt nas iffo egcpgsfk wnghf-nfartfkhy. Oucifrs gb rfakjods aok

kata eghhfetjgo brgc varjgus fxpfrtjsf aok autngrjsfk grdaojzatjgos navf iffo kgof.

Ngwfvfr, tnf rfsfaren js yft tg burojsn wjtn satjsbaetjgo.

\ggr rfspgosf ratf bgr igtn survfy qufstjgooajrf (15%) aok jotfrvjfw rfsuht

tg ijas kata eghhfetfk. [nf jciahaoef stuky bajhs tg jkfotjby tnf praetjeaijhjty gb tnf

dujkfhjof. Gvfr 6<% gb tnf rfspgokfots arf brgc stukfot aok >>% gb tnf egostruetjgo

jokustry rfspgokfots arf Quaotjty Uurvfygr jo prgbfssjgo. [nf prgpgsah js cfaot bgr

ahh pfrsgoah jo tnf egostruetjgo jokustry, iut tnf eghhfetfk kata uoaihf tg suppgrt joao gvfrahh. [njs sjtuatjgo rfsuhts tnf rfsfaren rfpgrt tg navf hgw rfhjaijhjty.



196

Yfspgokfots foeguotfr tnat tnf survfy qufstjgooajrf js kjbbjeuht. [njs rfsuht

tnf rfspgokfots kgfs ogt buhhy uokfrstaok tnf survfy aok sjcphy taiuhatf tnf aoswfrs

gr kjk ogt aoswfr at ahh. Jt js tg eatfdgrjsf tnjs as gof gb tnf rfasgos go hgw rfspgosf

ratfs. [nf wgrsf sjtuatjgo, tnf kata eghhfetfk js abbfetfk aok hgw rfhjaijhjty. [njs

eguhk kuf tg tnf haem gb pjhgt stuky. [nf survfy qufstjgooajrf wjtngut pjhgt stuky wjhh

ogt if fasjhy uokfrstaok aok kgfs ogt ajk tg eghhfet apprgprjatf kata. [nf survfy

qufstjgooajrf wjtngut pjhgt stuky nas tg if avgjkfk jo tnf buturf rfsfaren.

Ahtngudn qufstjgooajrf nak statfk „bgr aoswfrs ogt apphjeaihf, phfasf hfavf jt

ihaom‚, iut tnfrf arf sgcf gb tnf rfspgokfots kjk ogt bghhgw. Yfspgokfots jdogrfk

tnf statfcfot aok tjemfk tnf aoswfrs wjtn vfry pggr ratjod. Voofefssary jobgrcatjgo

eghhfetfk rfsuhts ao uorfhjaihf kata prfsfotfk. Trgodbuh kata hgwfrfk tnf kata quahjty

aok hfak tg pggr suppgrtjvf jobgrcatjgo tg tnf rfsfaren rfpgrt. Jb tnf rfpgrt rfhjfs go

kata eghhfetfk iy survfy qufstjgooajrf, tnf rfsfaren rfpgrt kgfs ogt prgvjkf drfat

egobjkfoef bgr buturf rfbfrfoef purpgsf.

[nf jovfstjdatjgo go tfenoghgdy jcphfcfotatjgo snahh ogt egostrajot tg gohy

grdaojzatjgo typfs aok jokjvjkuah fxpfrjfoefs. [nf baetgrs snahh ahsg jovfstjdatf go

tnf prg`fet sjzf, prg`fet typfs, grdaojzatjgo sjzf, aok ft eftfra. Ngwfvfr, tnf rfpgrt

prfsucfk tnf egcpaojfs navf tamfo prg`fet sjzf, prg`fet typfs, grdaojzatjgo sjzf aok

gtnfr baetgrs as tnfjr egosjkfratjgo bgr tfenoghgdy akgptjgo. [nf egcpaojfs kgof tnf

fvahuatjgo wjhh enggsf ao apprgprjatf tfenoghgdy wnjen sujt tg tnf grdaojzatjgo cgst.

[nf rfpgrt rfhjfs go tnf fvahuatjgo nak kgof iy tnf egcpaojfs aok ngpf tnfy kg.

Hjcjtfk tjcf bracf js tnf egccgo jssuf foeguotfrfk iy oucifrs gb rfsfaren

rfpgrt. Ungrt tjcf bracf kgfs ogt ahhgw tnf rfpgrt tg buhhy kfvfhgp tnf prgpgsah. [nf

systfc eguhk navf kfvfhgp wjtn njdnfr praetjeaijhjty aok prgeffk tg tfst. [nf tfst

krjvf gb tnf systfc eguhk fxtfok as easf stuky tg kftfrcjof tnf bfasjijhjty gb tnf

kfvfhgpcfot gb tnf systfc. Jotfrvjfwffs eguhk bgeusfs gohy go pjhgt usfrs aok

jkfotjby wfamofssfs gb tnf systfc. Uubbjejfot tjcf wguhk foaihf tnf rfpgrt tg fxphgrf

burtnfr go gtnfr pgssjihf tfenoghgdjfs tg if joehukfk jotg tnf systfc.



192

4.5 Yfegccfokatjgo bgr Egotjouatjgo Yfsfaren

[njs rfsfaren rfpgrt cakf a dujkfhjof wnjen ahhgws tnf egostruetjgo jokustry tg rfbfr

aok jcphfcfot tfenoghgdjfs. Ngwfvfr, tnjs rfpgrt kgfs ogt burtnfr jovfstjdatf tnf

rfsuht gb tnf dujkfhjof. As cfotjgofk aigvf, hjcjtfk tjcfhjof egostrajofk tnf systfc

tg if buhhy kfvfhgpfk. Jt js tg rfegccfok hgodfr tjcf bracf bgr rfsfarenfs tg prfparf

ifttfr egokuetfk rfsfaren. [g njdnfr fxtfok, rfsfarenfrs snguhk navf ehfarfr jkfa go

tnf segpf gb tnf rfsfaren jo tnf farhjfr stadf. \rgpfr phaoojod aok pffr dujkaoef aok

nfhp eguhk cgtjvatf rfsfarenfrs tg spfok cgrf fbbgrt jo farhjfr prfparatjgo.

Gtnfr tnao tnf rfsuht gb tnf systfc, buturf rfsfaren cay ahsg egoefro tg

jkfotjby tnf cgkjbjeatjgo gb tnf systfc. [nf systfc js tnfgrftjeahhy egcpgsfk aok yft

tfstfk wjtn praetjeah trjah. [nf praetjeah jcphfcfotatjgo gb tnf systfc eguhk navf

geeurs oucifrs gb cgkjbjeatjgo tg sujt wjtn varjgus fovjrgocfots gb tnf prg`fets aok

kjbbfrfot oatjgoah euhturfs. Yfsfarenfrs cay burtnfr jovfstjdatf tnf pattfros gb tnf

systfc abtfr jcphfcfotfk jotg tnf jokustry. Yfsfaren rfpgrts cay fxtfok tg akvjef

jcprgvfcfot aok rfegccfok go tnf ifst cgkjbjeatjgo go tnf systfc. Kjbbfrfot

oatjgo aok statfs eguhk egokuet tg kjbbfrfot rfsuhts. Yfsfaren eguhk bgeusfs go

jkfotjby tnf rfhatjgo gb tnf jokustry euhturf aok tnf apprgaenfs tg akgpt tnf systfc.

Jo kfptn kfsjdos gb tnf systfc navf tg if egokuetfk. [njs rfsfaren rfpgrt js

egostrajot iy spfejbjfk tjcf bracf aok js josubbjejfot tg kftajhfk tuojod fvfry aspfet

gb tnf dujkfhjof. Gtnfr tnao sngrtadf gb tjcf, josubbjejfot suppgrtjvf jobgrcatjgo aok

rfsgurefs hfak tg uoprgkuetjvf kfvfhgpcfot go tnf systfc. Yfsfarenfrs cay datnfr

cgrf rfsgurefs aok pgtfotjah jovfstcfot tg fonaoef tnf prgkuetjgo gb tnf systfc.

[nf rfsfarenfrs navf tg if cgtjvatfk jo kfvfhgpjod tnf systfc tg avgjk jofbbfetjvf

kfvfhgpcfot.

Burtnfr rfsfaren rfpgrts eguhk fxpaok tg tnf kfvfhgpcfot gb hfdahjty go

tfenoghgdy jcphfcfotatjgo. [nf dgvfrocfot grdaojzatjgos gr adfoejfs eguhk ogt

acfok tnf ehausfs wjtn og suppgrtjvf aok arducfots. Cgrf aeakfcje rfsfaren wjhh

if ofefssjty tg suppgrt tnf ehausf acfokcfot aok praetjeahjty. [njs rfpgrt kgfs ogt

apprgprjatfhy uokfrstaok tnf fxjstjod ehausfs aok ogt tamjod hfdahjty jotg egoefro.



194

Buturf rfpgrts navf tg suppgrt tnf trfok gb jcphfcfotjod tfenoghgdjfs jotg jokustrjfs.

Cgrf rfsfaren go tnf hfdah tfrcs aok apphjeatjgo js strgodhy rfegccfokfk.

Jo tfrc gb bjfhk kata eghhfetjgo, buturf rfsfaren eguhk egosjkfr tg kjstrjiutf

tnf qufstjgooajrf tg spfejbjfk rfspgokfots jostfak gb raokgc kjstrjiutjgo. Upfejbjfk

kata prgvjkf iahaoefk jobgrcatjgo eghhfetfk aok njdnfr rfhjaijhjty. Hardfr oucifrs gb

jotfrvjfws cay if egokuetfk. Jotfrvjfw fosurfs tnf rfspgokfots navf apprgprjatf

uokfrstaokjod go tnf kata suppgsfk tg if eghhfetfk. [nf rfpgrt pfrbgrcs ifttfr jb

tnfrf arf easf stukjfs as suppgrtjvf kata. [nf systfc cay akgpt tnf easf as rfbfrfoef

go praetjeaijhjty kfvfhgpcfot purpgsf. Buhh jokfx gb fxtfroah kata wjhh prfvfot tnf

cjsjotfrprftatjgo kurjod tnf kata aoahysjs. Ifttfr uokfrstaokjod gb tnf fxtfroah kata

hfvfradf tnf rfpgrt wjtn njdn hfvfh gb egobjkfoef aok suppgrtjvf jobgrcatjgo.



19>

YFBFYFOEFU

Akgif, 9<16a. Akgif Aergiat \rg KE. Akgif. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//haokjod.akgif.egc/fo/sfa/prgkuets/aergiat/2:91<-cay-

prgspfets.ntch7traemjodjk3M[MAA ]Aeefssfk @uhy 9;, 9<16S.

Akgif, 9<16i. Egcpaoy | Akgif. Akgif. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//www.akgif.egc/sfa/egcpaoy.ntch7prgcgjk3MHÔK ]Aeefssfk @uhy9;, 9<16S.

Ancak Uunajcj, ijo A.C., 9<16. Bgruc0 [wg-ways Egccuojeatjgo wjtn Uurvfygrs.

Amjotgyf, A., Dguhkjod, @. & Pawkjf, D., 9<19. Egostruetjgo Joogvatjgo aok

\rgefss Jcprgvfcfot , Tjhfy. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//iggms.dggdhf.egc.cy/iggms7jk3EFhA@5:yg2;E.

Aojta, 9<<>. Ngw Jokustrjfs Enaodf - NIY. Avajhaihf at0

nttps0//nir.grd/9<<;/1</ngw-jokustrjfs-enaodf ]Aeefssfk Caren 1>, 9<16S.

Aogo, Ihuf, TU0 \UHE. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.pshe.ws/caergd/wgrm/ihuf.ntc]Aeefssfk Caren 12, 9<16aS.

Aogo, 9<<4. Ungrtfr Gxbgrk Fodhjsn Kjetjgoary, Gxbgrk Vojvfrsjty \rfss.

Aogo, wnjtfprjot | krabtjod | Foeyehgpfkja Irjtaoojea. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//dhgiah.irjtaoojea.egc/FIenfemfk/tgpje/2;9><1/wnjtfprjot ]AeefssfkCaren 12, 9<16iS.

Aogo, Tjmjpfkja. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.wjmjpfkja.grd/ ]Aeefssfk Caren 12,9<16eS.

Arcstrgod, C., 9<15. Fcphgyff Yfwark , EJ\K Ngusf.

Aurgra Vtjhjtjfs, 9<16. JC\YGRJOD Cgtjgo Egcputjod ‚ s [aihfts Uurdf. , pp.1―5.

Autgkfsm, 9<11. Autgkfsm Ehguk Foaihfs Aeefss tg Kfsjdo Eapaijhjty brgcAoywnfrf , at Aoytjcf ‘ Tf arf phfasfk tg wgrm wjtn Autgkfsm tg prgvjkfsfeurf , go-kfcaok , pay as ygu dg ehguk.

Autgkfsm, 9<15. Autgkfsm Yfvjt. Nttp0//Tww.Autgkfsm.Egc/\rgkuets/Autgkfsm-

Yfvjt-Bacjhy/Gvfrvjfw.



19:

Autgkfsm, 9<16a. IJC Egostruetjgo Eghhaigratjgo Ugbtwarf | IJC 52< Dhuf.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.autgkfsm.egc/prgkuets/ijc-52<-dhuf/gvfrvjfw]Aeefssfk Cay 9:, 9<16S.

Autgkfsm, 9<<4. IVJHKJOD JOBGYCA[JGO CGKFHJOD IJC aok \rg`fet

\haoojod.

Autgkfsm, 9<16i. EAK [gghs | AutgEAK Ugbtwarf Bfaturfs | Autgkfsm. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.autgkfsm.egc/prgkuets/autgeak/bfaturfs/ahh/dahhfry-vjfw ]AeefssfkCay 16, 9<16S.

Autgkfsm, 9<16e. [g Vsf IJC 52< Bjfhk A\Js | IJC 52< Bjfhk | AutgkfsmMogwhfkdf Oftwgrm. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//mogwhfkdf.autgkfsm.egc/suppgrt/ijc-52<-bjfhk/dfttjod-startfk/eaas/EhgukNfhp/ehguknfhp/FOV/IJC-52<-Bjfhk/bjhfs/DVJK-AFF29EE4-KE4B-;>KB-AKE>-:;91EE9B65>E-ntc.ntch]Aeefssfk Cay 51, 9<16S.

Autgkfsm, 9<<9. Tnjtf papfr iujhkjod jobgrcatjgo cgkfhjod. , pp.1―4.

Ihamstak, G., 9<<>. Yfsfaren Cftngkghgdy. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//fxphgraihf.egc/rfsfaren-cftngkghgdy ]Aeefssfk Caren 1>, 9<16S.

Enff, N.U., 9<16. \rg`fet Caoadfcfot, Enaodf Caoadfcfot - Pfego Ifrnak.

Enua, U.E., 9<19. A Utuky go tnf Jssufs gb Egostruetjgo Kjsputfs jo Cahaysja aokUjodapgrf.

Eghiuro, F., 9<1;. Autgkfsm 52< Rs . Krgpigx. , pp.9<19―9<15.

Egrf YBJK, 9<<:. Egostruetjgo & YBJK 0 [nf YGJ.

Erfabgrc, 9<16. Ueao tg EAK Ugbtwarf bgr 5K seaoojod fqujpcfot Dg!UEAO 5K -R^cgkfh. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.dgseao5k.egc/fo/vxcgkfh-seao-eak-sgbtwarf-cgkuhf ]Aeefssfk Cay 5<, 9<16S.

Katasat Egccuojeatjgo, 9<1;. [nf cgijhf aok bhujk oaturf gb cgst egostruetjgogpfratjgos prfsfots sgcf rfcgtf hgeatjgos. , pp.1―;.

Kavjk, E., 9<16. Ogmja uovfjhs GPG0 52< kfdrff RY eacfra. iftaofws.egc.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//iftaofws.egc/9<16/<4/5</ogmja-uovfjhs-gzg-52<-kfdrff-vr-eacfra/ ]Aeefssfk Audust 9, 9<16S.

Kjetjgoary.egc, 9<16. Had | Kfbjof Had at Kjetjgoary.egc. kjetjgoary.rfbfrfoef.egc .Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//kjetjgoary.rfbfrfoef.egc/irgwsf/had ]Aeefssfk @uhy :,9<16S.

Kgirzyosmj, I.K., 9<1;. Eghhaigratjgo Ufrvjefs 0 [fac\hatbgrc Egcparjsgo gb

Ehguk-Iasfk EAK Eghhaigratjgo Ufrvjefs 0 [fac\hatbgrc vs Autgkfsm 52<. ,

pp.1―95.



15<

Krawirjkdf [fenoghgdjfs Uko Ink, 9<16. R^fhfcfots.

Fakjf, Y., \frfra, U. & Nfaofy, D., 9<11. Aoahysjs gb tnf Vsf gb f-prgeurfcfot jotnf \uihje aok \rjvatf Ufetgrs gb tnf VM Egostruetjgo Jokustry. … gb

Jobgrcatjgo [fenoghgdy jo Egostruetjgo …, 12(@aouary), pp.22:―2>2. Avajhaihf

at0 nttp0//jtego.grd/kata/wgrms/att/9<11W5:.egotfot.<>>99.pkb.

Fastcao, E. ft ah., 9<11. IJC Naokiggm0 A Dujkf tg Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhjod

bgr Gwofrs, Caoadfrs, Kfsjdofrs, Fodjoffrs aok Egotraetgrs, @gno Tjhfy &Ugos. Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//iggms.dggdhf.egc/iggms7jk3aEj4Gzwmg`<E&pdjs31]Aeefssfk Caren 14, 9<16S.

Fastcao, E. ft ah., 9<11. IJC Naokiggm0 A Dujkf tg Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhjod

bgr Gwofrs, Caoadfrs, Kfsjdofrs, Fodjoffrs aok Egotraetgrs, Tjhfy.Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//iggms.dggdhf.egc.cy/iggms7jk3aEj4Gzwmg`<E.

Fcjhy, \., 9<16. Ogmja irjods jts iahh tg tnf iurdfgojod vjrtuah rfahjty party.djzcad.egc. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.djzcad.egc/ogmja-gzg-vjrtuah-rfahjty-eacfra-vr/5>414/ ]Aeefssfk Audust 9, 9<16S.

Fccjtt, U. & Dgrsf, E.A., 9<<:. Egostruetjgo Egccuojeatjgo, @gno Tjhfy & Ugos.Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//iggms.dggdhf.egc/iggms7jk3dxsZC<dF^pQE&pdjs31]Aeefssfk Caren 14, 9<16S.

Bfhkcao, \., 1::2. Egostruetjgo aok Egcputfrs, CeDraw-Njhh. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//iggms.dggdhf.egc/iggms7jk3NOQHAQAACAA@&pdjs31 ]AeefssfkCaren 14, 9<16S.

Bjsenfr, C., 1::5. ;K EAK Cgkfhjod 0 Rjsuah Jotfhhjdfoef bgr Egostruetjgo

Caoadfcfot. , pp.9―5.

Bguen, Y. ft ah., 9<16. [fenoghgdy Utukjfs Gvfrvjfw Fkjtgr ‚ s Jotrgkuetjgo.

Darcjo, 9<16. vjvgscart. Darcjo. Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//iuy.darcjo.egc/fo-VU/VU/jotg-spgrts/nfahtn-bjtofss/vjvgscart-/prgk16;>>2.ntch ]Aeefssfk Cay19, 9<16S.

Dggdhf Bjoaoef, 9<16. Akgif Uystfcs Joegrpgratfk Egcpaoy \rgbjhf, DggdhfBjoaoef. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//bjoaoef.dggdhf.egc/bjoaoef7q3AKIF ]Aeefssfk@uhy 9;, 9<16S.

Ngfzfo, C., Yfycfo, J. & Kfwuhb, D.\.C.., 9<<2. [nf prgihfc gb egccuojeatjgojo egostruetjgo. Egccuojeatjgo. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//kge.utwfotf.oh/6><4>/.

Ngw, Z.[., 9<16. [nf Iruosbjfhk IJC @gurofy0 Fciraejod IJC bgr jotfdratfkeghhaigratjvf wgrmjod jo tnf iujht fovjrgocfot. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod

[njods.

JEF, 9<<:. Yakjg Brfqufoey Jkfotjbjeatjgo ( YBJK ). , (91<969), pp.1―6.



151

@acfs, T., 9<16. Ogmja ùst uovfjhfk tnf uhtjcatf eacfra - IusjofssJosjkfr#jxd@@bne1>KbACmb.:4. [FEN . Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.iusjofssjosjkfr.cy/ogmja-ùst-uovfjhfk-tnf-uhtjcatf-eacfra-9<16-4/#jxd@@bne1>KbACmb.:4 ]Aeefssfk Audust 9, 9<16S.

@goatnao, 9<16. Egccfots brgc wgrhk ifst Arenjtfeturf. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.

Maubcao, @.@., 1:26. Buoetjgo Aoahysjs Uystfcs [fenojquf ― tnf Iasjes. , pp.1―11.

Mfrrjf, N., 9<1;. Jo tnf Ofw Fra gb Egcputjod, Jcadjoatjgo Yuhfs | TJYFK.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.wjrfk.egc/9<15/<:/jo-tnf-ofw-fra-gb-egcputjod-jcadjoatjgo-ruhfs/ ]Aeefssfk Caren 1>, 9<16S.

Mgtnarj, E., 9<<;. Yfsfaren cftngkghgdy0 cftngks aok tfenojqufs, Avajhaihf at0nttp0//cfkegotfot.cftaprfss.egc/jokfx/A26YC<5\;>4;9;5O.pkbXonttp0//iggms

.dggdhf.egc/iggms7nh3fo&hr3&jk3>e2dmiMj-B;E&gj3bok&pd3\Y4&kq3Yfsfaren+Cftngkghgdy+-+Cftngks+aok+[fenojqufs&gts3jDgAcRQ6c@&sjd3NKstqHuVgsMAfPmhdQVnt;ZoVd<Xonttp0//iggms.dggdhf.egc/iggm.

Mrfis, K., 9<15. Ngw tnf hatfst tfenoghgdjfs aok trfoks arf traosbgrcjod tnf cgijhfwgrmbgref. Bjfhk [fenoghgdjfs, pp.1―12.

Hfgod, E.U., 9<16. Rahuf Caoadfcfot.

Hfsmjofo, U., 9<<>. Cgijhf tfenoghgdy jo tnf Bjoojsn egostruetjgo jokustry―prfsfot prgihfcs aok buturf enahhfodfs. \rgeffkjods brgc 91st Ihfk fEgobfrfoef …, pp.15―9;. Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//kgcjog.bgv.uoj-ci.sj/prgeffkjods.osb/\rgeffkjods/2IE25I>:59EB4F;5E1964;>1<<5I5I9;/$Bjhf/<9Hfsmjofo.pkb.

Hj, P.Q., 9<15. Kfvfhgpcfot gb a Tfi-Iasfk Uystfc bgr Caoadjod Uupphjfrs‚\frbgrcaoef jo Egostruetjgo \rg`fets. , (Ogvfcifr).

Hjc, 9<15. Egotraet Akcjojstratjvf,

Hjc, U.R., 9<11. tnf Vsf gb Drffo Iujhkjod Catfrjahs jo tnf Egostruetjgo. , (Audust).

Castgr, U.N. & @aiatao, 9<<6. tnf Jcpaet gb F-\rgeurfcfot Apphjeatjgo go IusjofssAetjvjtjfs jo Cahaysjao Egostruetjgo Jokustry. tnf Jcpaet gb F-\rgeurfcfot

Apphjeatjgo go Iusjofss Aetjvjtjfs jo Cahaysjao Egostruetjgo Jokustry.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;a. 5C Upffks Cgijhf-App Kfvfhgpcfot aok Dajos Yfah-[jcfJosjdnt wjtn Ehguk Ughutjgo. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//eustgcfrs.cjergsgbt.egc/\adfs/EustgcfrUtgry.aspx7rfejk3>>4;]Aeefssfk Cay 1;, 9<16S.



159

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16a. apps aok sfrvjefs Ahh gb tnf egotrgh , ogof gb tnf wgrm VsfMfy Rauht wjtn ygur brff trjah . [ry jt ogw / fo -. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/mfy-vauht/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16i. Autgcatjgo Ujcphjby ehguk caoadfcfot wjtn prgefss

autgcatjgo Hfvfradf fxjstjod Tjokgws \gwfrUnfhh wgrmbhgws gr erfatf ygurgwo Jotfdratf wjtn tnf sfrvjefs ygu kfpfok go Kfhjvfr cgrf rfhjaihf sfrvjefs ,bastfr. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/autgcatjgo/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16e. Azurf Aetjvf Kjrfetgry Jkfotjty aok Aeefss Caoadfcfotbgr tnf ehguk Jkfotjty aok Aeefss Caoadfcfot bgr tnf Ehguk Ujcphjby usfraeefss tg aoy ehguk app Foaihf sfhb - sfrvjef bgr ygur fcphgyffs Jotfdratf wjtnAetjvf Kjrfetgry. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/aetjvf-kjrfetgry/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;i. Azurf Iaemup Ujcphf aok rfhjaihf ehguk jotfdratfk iaemup

Uavf up tg >< % wjtn ehguk iaemup \gwfr gb iaemjod up tg Azurf [ufskayswjtn Egrfy. , (Bfiruary 9<1;), pp.1―;. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/iaemup/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16k. Azurf Cuhtj - Baetgr Autnfotjeatjgo Akkfk sfeurjty bgrygur kata aok apphjeatjgos ‛ wjtngut akkfk Cgrf sfeurjty , bfwfr nggps Yfah - tjcf cgojtgrjod aok ahfrts Kfphgy jt go - prfcjsfs gr jo tnf ehguk Cgrf

prgtfetjgo bgr Azurf akcjojstratgrs. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/cuhtj-baetgr-autnfotjeatjgo/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16f. Azurf Ufaren Ufaren - as - a - sfrvjef bgr wfi aok cgijhfapp kfvfhgpcfot Iujhk drfat sfaren fxpfrjfoefs bgr ygur wfi aok cgijhf appsBuhhy - caoadfk sfrvjef rfkuefs egcphfxjty. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/sfaren/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16b. Azurf Ufrvjef Ius Mffp apps aok kfvjefs egoofetfk aergss prjvatf aok puihje Yuos aoywnfrf , egoofets ofarhy aoytnjod Iujhk rgiust ehguksghutjgos tnat seahf tg cfft kfcaok Caoadf cfssadf kfhjvfry jo tnf ehgukEgoofet go - prfcjsfs apphjeatjgos tg tnf ehgu. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/sfrvjef-ius/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16d. Iaten - Egcputf `gi senfkuhjod sfrvjef | Cjergsgbt Azurf.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/iaten/ ]Aeefssfk Cay1:, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16n. Ehguk Ufrvjefs - Kfphgy wfi apps & A\Js | CjergsgbtAzurf. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/ehguk-sfrvjefs/]Aeefssfk Cay 1:, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16j. DF Nfahtnearf Kfhjvfrs Egrf Eustgcfr Ughutjgos go tnfCjergsgbt Ehguk. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//eustgcfrs.cjergsgbt.egc/\adfs/EustgcfrUtgry.aspx7rfejk319122

]Aeefssfk Cay 1;, 9<16S.



155

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16`. NFJOFMFO Vsfs tnf Ehguk tg Yfaen 1<.6 CjhhjgoEgosucfrs jo Dhgiah Carmftjod Eacpajdo. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//eustgcfrs.cjergsgbt.egc/\adfs/EustgcfrUtgry.aspx7rfejk314456]Aeefssfk Cay 1;, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16m. Cfkja Jokfxfr Njdnhy- aeeuratf aukjg sfaren rfsuhts

Kftfrcjof spgmfo mfywgrks Erfatf a cfkja sghutjgo tgkay Dft startfk / fo -.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/cfkja-sfrvjefs/cfkja-jokfxfr/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16h. Cjergsgbt Azurf prfvjfw pgrtah Iujhk , caoadf , aokcgojtgr fvfrytnjod brgc sjcphf wfi apps tg Kffp \frsgoahjzatjgo Yghf - iasfkAeefss Egotrgh. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/bfaturfs/azurf-

pgrtah/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16c. Cgijhf Apps Erfatf a Cgijhf App

nttps0//tryappsfrvjef.azurf.egc/7 Iujhk fodadjod cgijhf apps bast Akkegrpgratf sjdo - go jo sfegoks Vsf gbbhjof kata syoe tg iujhk rfspgosjvf appsEgoofet ygur apps tg go - prfcjsfs kata. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/app-sfrvjef/cgijhf/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<1;e. OIE Ofws \jems Tjokgws Azurf gvfr Acazgo tg Ngst\usn Ogtjbjeatjgos tg Cgijhf Apps. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//eustgcfrs.cjergsgbt.egc/\adfs/EustgcfrUtgry.aspx7rfejk315596]Aeefssfk Cay 1;, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16o. \farsgo usfs ehguk phatbgrc tg irjod kjdjtah tfxtiggms tghjbf aok tg aoahyzf ngw mjks hfaro. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//eustgcfrs.cjergsgbt.egc/\adfs/EustgcfrUtgry.aspx7rfejk31>;>;]Aeefssfk Cay 1;, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16g. YfcgtfApp - Yuo Tjokgws apps jo tnf ehguk | CjergsgbtAzurf. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/rfcgtfapp/]Aeefssfk Cay 1:, 9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16p. Uenfkuhfr Jkfah bgr rfeurrjod aetjgos , kajhy cajotfoaoef ,kfvfhgpfrs Kfsjdofk bgr njdn avajhaijhjty , rfhjaijhjty. Avajhaihf at0

nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/senfkuhfr/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16q. Ufok pusn ogtjbjeatjgos tg aoy phatbgrc , brgc aoy iaemfokTgrms wjtn aoy iaemfok [ardft aoy aukjfoef wjtn kyoacje tads Hgeahjzatjgocakf fasjfr wjtn tfcphatfs Azurf Brjkay sfrjfs. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/ogtjbjeatjgo-nuis/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16r. Ujcphf uojbjfk N[CH aok @avaUerjpt A\Js Kjadogstjesefotfr Dft startfk / fo -. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/cfkja-sfrvjefs/.



15;

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16s. Ujtf Yfegvfry Grenfstratf tnf prgtfetjgo aok rfegvfry gbygur apphjeatjgos bgr Ujcphf , Autgcatfk \rgtfetjgo. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/sjtf-rfegvfry/7i316.195.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16t. Utgradf Yfhjaihf , fegogcjeah ehguk stgradf bgr kata ijd aok

scahh Ihgis , [aihfs , Qufufs , aok Bjhfs Njdnhy seahaihf Kuraihf & njdnhyavajhaihf. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/stgradf/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16u. UtgrUjcphf A uojquf nyirjk ehguk stgradf sghutjgo tnathgwfrs egsts aok Egcpaojfs usjod Azurf UtgrUjcphf Fbbfetjvfhy caoadf katadrgwtn Ujdojbjeaothy aeefhfratf kjsastfr rfegvfry , jcprgvf egcphjaoef Yfkuefstgradf egsts iy up tg 2< % UtgrUjcphf Gvfrvjfw. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/stgrsjcphf/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16v. [rabbje Caoadfr Dfg - rgutf joegcjod trabbje tg ygur appbgr ifttfr pfrbgrcaoef aok avajhaijhjty Jcprgvfk app pfrbgrcaoef , egotfot

kfhjvfry Tgrms wjtn ygur go- prfcjsfs kataefotfr. Avajhaihf at0

nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/trabbje-caoadfr/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16w. Tfi Apps Erfatf aok kfphgy cjssjgo erjtjeah Tfi Appstnat seahf wjtn ygur Erfatf A Tfi App nttps0//tryappsfrvjef.azurf.egc/7Tfisjtfs aok Apps. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/sfrvjefs/app-sfrvjef/wfi/.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16x. Tnat js Azurf7 - JaaU + \aaU | Cjergsgbt Azurf. Avajhaihfat0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/gvfrvjfw/wnat-js-azurf/ ]Aeefssfk Cay 1;,9<16S.

Cjergsgbt Azurf, 9<16y. Tnat js Cjergsgbt Azurf 7 Jt ‚ s JaaU + \aaU Jt ‚ s nyirjkrfaky Jt ‚ s gpfo aok bhfxjihf Jt ‚ s ahways up , ahways go Jt ‚ s fegogcjeah aokseahaihf Jt ‚ s fvfrywnfrf Azurf vs ATU Tnat ygu eao kg wjtn Azurf Iujhkjobrastrueturf. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//azurf.cjergsgbt.egc/fo-us/gvfrvjfw/wnat-js-azurf/.

Cjergsgbt Nghghfos, 9<16. Cjergsgbt NghgHfos | Gbbjejah Ujtf. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.cjergsgbt.egc/cjergsgbt-nghghfos/fo-us ]Aeefssfk Caren 14, 9<16S.

Cjhfs, C.F.N., 9<1;. Quahjtatjvf kata aoahysjs. , pp.59<―564.

Cgtjgo, 9<1;a. Kafh Fhjcjoatfs \apfr ― Utrfachjofs Tgrmbhgw. , pp.1―5.

Cgtjgo, 9<1;i. Cgtjgo Yuddfk [aihft \Es & Cgijhf Egcputjod Ughutjgos | Cgtjgo.Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//www.cgtjgoegcputjod.egc/ ]Aeefssfk Caren 12, 9<16S.

Ofirasma \uihje \gwfr Kjstrjet, Easf Utuky Cgtjgo [aihft \Es Nfhp Ogrrjs \uihje\gwfr Kjstrjet Yfahjzf up tg 46 % jo [jcf Uavjods ‘ [nf hjofcfo arf gutsjkf joahh typfs gb wfatnfr aok offkfk a kfvjef tnat eguhk staok up tg rajo , sogw ,kust , wjok krgppfk aok.

Ofwbgrca, 9<1;. Ofwbgrca tg Ofwbgrca. , (Caren), p.2919.



156

Ofwbgrca, \JC jo tnf Ehguk A pradcatj e apprgaen tg prg`fet jobgrcatj gocaoadfcfot wnjen rfegdojzfs tnat jobgrcatj go offks tg if caoadfk igtn go-

prfcjsf aok jo tnf ehguk. , pp.1―1<.

Ogmja, 9<16. Ogmja GPG. Ogmja GPG. Avajhaihf at0 nttps0//gzg.ogmja.egc/

]Aeefssfk Audust 9, 9<16S.

Gbbjef gb Yfsfaren Jotfdrjty, Kata Aoahysjs. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.oju.fku/rerpgrtah/katacaoadfcfot/katgpje.ntch ]Aeefssfk Caren1>, 9<16S.

Gėuznao, 9<<;. Egostruetjgo \rg`fet Egotrgh [nrgudn Tjrfhfss Oftwgrmjod. ,

(Audust).

Ggj, N.E., 9<16. Yfsfaren Jotfrvjfw.

Gxbgrk, 9<1<. Gxbgrk Kjetjgoarjfs. Gxbgrk Vojvfrsjty \rfss. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//gxbgrkkjetjgoarjfs.egc/kfbjojtjgo/fodhjsn/parakjdc7q3parakjdc.

\fgphfs Oaturah Das, [aihft-Iasfk Ughutjgo [aemhfs Jofbbjejfoejfs.

\uoma`, C., 9<16. Dfttjod tnf cgst gut gb ygur Uuiserjptjgo. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb

Camjod [njods.

Yjenark, N., 9<<>. Jotfrvjfws0 A ofdgtjatfk partofrsnjp.

YJEU, 9<16. Eghhaigratjvf Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod ( IJC )0 EghhaigratjvfIujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhhjod ( IJC )0 , (Bfiruary).

Ygdfrs-g Irjfo, 9<16. Easf Utuky0 Ygdfrs-G‚Irjfo Egostruetjgo [uros [g Cgtjgobgr Tjrfhfss @gisjtf Egoofetjvjty.

Ygusf, C., 9<15. Kfbjojtjgo gb krgof.

Uengofr, I., 9<1;. Yaef [jcjod wjtn YBJK Fcajh Artjehf. , pp.1―;.

Unfryhh, H., 9<1;. Cfasurfcfot Umjhhs,

Ujkofy, H., 9<<4. Jotfrgpfraijhjty aok Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhjod ( IJC ).\rg`fet Caoadfcfot jo Egostruetjgo, 6.

Ujva, [., 9<16a. A52<. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.

Ujva, [., 9<16i. Cuhtjkjsejphjoary kfsjdo aok eghhaigratjgo - IJC 52< Dhuf aokBjfhk. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.

Ugutn Fast Asja, 9<1;. IVJHKJOD CAYMF[ YF\GY[.

Urjvatsao, R.Y., 9<16. Mfyogtf. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.



152

Uyoenrg, ;K Egostruetjgo Uenfkuhjod - Uyoenrg Ugbtwarf. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//syoenrghtk.egc/uojvfrsjty-prgdrac/ ]Aeefssfk @uof 96, 9<16aS.

Uyoenrg, Uyoenrg \rg | ;K Egostruetjgo Uenfkuhjod - Uyoenrg Ugbtwarf. Avajhaihfat0 nttps0//syoenrghtk.egc/syoenrg-prg/ ]Aeefssfk @uof 92, 9<16iS.

[ao, E.U., 9<16. Tfhegcf Akkrfss. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.

[ayhgr-pgwfhh, F. & Yfoofr, C., 9<<5. Aoahyzjod Quahjtatjvf Kata (D526>-19).

[fg, ^.Q., 9<19. a Utuky gb Iujhkjod Jobgrcatjgo Cgkfhjod (Ijc) jo CahaysjaEgostruetjgo Jokustry [fg. , (Cay).

[gn, [.E., 9<15. Quaotjtatjvf Aoahysjs,

Vojtfk Utatf [fenoghgdy, 9<1;. Haotfro 0 Gof Kfvjef , Brff Kata Brgc Upaef

Bgrfvfr. , pp.1―;<.

Vojvfrsjty gb Caoenfstfr, Yfsfaren Cftngkghgdy | Utuky Umjhhs | Vojvfrsjty gbCaoenfstfr. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.nucaojtjfs.caoenfstfr.ae.um/stukysmjhhs/assfsscfotWfvahuatjgo/kjssfrtatjgos/cftngkghgdy.ntch ]Aeefssfk Caren 1>, 9<16S.

Vscao, O. & Uajk, J., 9<19. Jcpaet gb [fenoghgdjeah Kfvjefs go Jobgrcatjgo aokEgccuojeatjgo [fenoghgdy Aeefptaoef bgr Egostruetjgo Ujtf Caoadfcfot jo

Ojdfrja. , 5(5), pp.596―555. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//ejs`guroah.grd/`guroahgbegcputjod/arenjvf/vgh5og5/vgh5og5W;.pkb.

RKE, 9<1;. [nf Enaodjod Baef gb Vtjhjtjfs Ahjdojod Jovfstcfots jo Cgijhf J[ tg\ut Eustgcfrs Bjrst.

Tao, \.Z., 9<11. Bgrcwgrm Tastadf jo Egostruetjgo Jokustry. , (Audust).

Tjmjpfkja, 9<16a. 5K seaoofr. Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//fo.wjmjpfkja.grd/wjmj/5KWseaoofr]Aeefssfk Cay 5<, 9<16S.

Tjmjpfkja, Fvghutjgo (tfrc) - Tjmjpfkja, tnf brff foeyehgpfkja. Avajhaihf at0

nttp0//fo.wjmjpfkja.grd/wjmj/FvghutjgoW(tfrc) ]Aeefssfk Caren 12, 9<16S.

Tjmjpfkja, 9<16i. Ygigt - [fhfrgigt. Tjmjpfkja.

Tjhhjacs, [., 9<<4a. Jobgrcatjgo [fenoghgdy bgr Egostruetjgo Caoadfrs, Arenjtfets

aok Fodjoffrs, [ngcsgo Kfhcar Hfarojod. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//iggms.dggdhf.egc/iggms7jk3o54dAAAACAA@&pdjs31 ]AeefssfkCaren 1>, 9<16S.

Tjhhjacs, [., 9<<4i. Jobgrcatjgo [fenoghgdy bgr Egostruetjgo Caoadfrs, Arenjtfets

aok Fodjoffrs, [ngcsgo Kfhcar Hfarojod. Avajhaihf at0

nttp0//iggms.dggdhf.egc.cy/iggms/aigut/JobgrcatjgoW[fenoghgdyWbgrWEgostruetjgo.ntch7jk3o54dAAAACAA@&pdjs31 ]Aeefssfk Caren 1>, 9<16S.



154

TGHBAYC Egcputatjgo Cffts Mogwhfkdf, 9<16. DrjkHjofs‛Tghbrac HaoduadfKgeucfotatjgo. Avajhaihf at0nttps0//rfbfrfoef.wghbrac.egc/haoduadf/rfb/DrjkHjofs.ntch ]Aeefssfk @uhy 5,9<16S.

Tghhcao, K., 9<1;. Darcjo Rjvgscart rfvjfw0 wnfrf bjtofss iaok cffts scartwaten.Avajhaihf at0 nttp0//www.fodakdft.egc/9<1;/11/1</darcjo-vjvgscart-rfvjfw/]Aeefssfk Cay 19, 9<16S.

Tgod, E.N., 9<11. Akùkjeatjgo0 Fvghutjgo gb Ofw Bgrc gb Kjsputf Yfsguhtjgo joEgostruetjgo Jokustry. , (Audust).

Tgrhk, I., 9<1;. 9<1;-<>-<<WIfvfradfWTgrhk.pkb.

Pajnao, I.N.A.U., 9<16. Arenjtfeturf Easf Utuky0 IJC bgr Iujhkjod Kfsjdo. Jo Autgkfsm0 Buturf gb Camjod [njods.

Pacnarjra, I.U., 9<16a. Eurrfot Egostruetjgo Jssufs,

Pacnarjra, I.U., 9<16i. Mogwhfkdf Caoadfcfot.

Pfmavat, \.Y., Cggo, U. & Ifroghk, H.F., 9<1;. Ufeurjod a Tjrfhfss Ujtf Oftwgrm tgErfatf a IJC-ahhjfk Tgrm-brgot. Jotfroatjgoah @guroah gb Akvaoefk Ygigtje

Uystfcs, p.1. Avajhaihf at0nttp0//www.jotfengpfo.egc/`guroahs/jotfroatjgoahW`guroahWgbWakvaoefkWrgigtjeWsystfcs/sfeurjod-a-wjrfhfss-sjtf-oftwgrm-tg-erfatf-a-ijc-ahhjfk-wgrm-brgot.

Purjatj, 9<16. Dft Zgur Draccar Yjdnt ,



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