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YEAR 8

PUPIL’S BOOK

Cover page is with -ERC

EXPLORING THE WORLD

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The Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) section of the Ministry of Education owns the copyright to this Y8

Social Science Pupils Workbook. Schools may reproduce this in part or in full for classroom purposes only.

Acknowledgement must be included on any reproductions. Any other use of this workbook must be referred

to the Curriculum Development Unit, Ministry of Education, Fiji.

Revised Edition

© Ministry of Education, Fiji, 2015

Published by Ministry of Education

Waisomo House

Private Mail Bag

Suva Fiji

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Acknowledgement

The following people are acknowledged for their contribution in the development of this Pupils Workbook.

Mrs. Matila Mateni Dudley Intermediate School

Mrs. Alisi Tabu Delainamasi Government School

Mr. Noe D Ceinaturaga Rewa District School

Mr.Viliame Gucake Dilkusha Boys School

Mr. Aminio T Tabu Bishop Kempthorne Primary School

Mr. Epineri Vuli Burenitu Village School

Mr. Maretino Koroivuki Delainamasi Government School

Mr. Keasi Delana Jnr Live and Learn

Mr.Raneel Rinesh Prasad Deenbandhoo Memorial

Mr.Tifere Versoni Mausio Stella Maris Primary

Mr.Josevata Rokodua Vieuto Primary

Mr.Anil Chand Nehru Memorial

Mrs.Romeeka Rajashree Nand A.O.G Primary

Mr.Peni Niukalasi Vatuwaqa Primary

Mrs.Sheenu Joytishna Chandra SSM Primary

Mrs.Maopa A. Saumi Dilkusha Girls

Mr.Umesh Prasad Nasinu Sangam

Ms. Laleshni Prasad M.G.M Primary

Ms. Vasemaca Doka CDU [Primary Curriculum]

Mr. Aminio L. Kaivuaqava CDU [Primary Curriculum]

Mr. Ravinesh R.Prasad CDU [Primary Curriculum]

Mr. Nitesh Prasad CDU [Primary Curriculum]

This is not the only textbook to be used by teachers. It is a support material for them and they can select

other available resource materials which might suit their children in their own context

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TABLE OF CONTENT

UNIT 1: SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND PROCESSES

Personal, Social Groups and Processes…………………p 7

Cultural Identity and Cohesion…………………………….p 18

UNIT 2: TIME, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

Understanding the Past…………………………………….p 25

Continuity and Change……………………………………..p29

UNIT 3: PLACE AND ENVIRONMENT

Features of Places………………………………………...p 38

People and Care of Places……………………………….p 44

UNIT 4: RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Use and Management of Resources…………………….p 53

People and Work…………………………………………..p65

Glossary…………………………………………………………………….p 70

Reference…………………………………………………………………..p73

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INTRODUCTION

WHY THE WORLD?

We are living in the 21st century and the world is very much changing. These changes

have affected us and influence our lives. The global village is such that if we cannot

adapt, we will not survive thus unable to participate and contribute to the change that is

happening.

Fiji lives in a global village and it needs to know what is happening around her. It needs

to develop dramatically so that it is in par with the rest of the world.

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SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND PROCESSES

WORLD ORGANISATIONS

WORLD ORGANIZATION

ORIGIN

ROLES

CHANGES RESPONSES

INFLUENCE

UNIT

ONE

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1.1 PERSONAL, SOCIAL GROUPS AND PROCESSES

Achievement Indicators

Identify and gather data on origins, roles and characteristics of some world

organizations.

Select and describe how these organizations have influenced the world and the lives of

people socially, economically and culturally.

Demonstrate their ability to respond to changes and hazards.

1.1 A. World Organisations

World Organisations will help you put an end to the environmental destruction that is

taking place every day, both in our own neighborhoods and elsewhere in the world

The world is a very diverse place, with no two places being the same. Each country

has its own unique combination of factors such as its culture and customs and the

religion of its people; the geography and climate of the land; the economic system

including industry, mining and agriculture and as well as its political system and policies.

World Organisations or International Organisations work towards acknowledging this

diversity. They classify countries into two main groups, developed and developing

countries, for the sake of identifying common characteristics.

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Developed countries are the rich or wealthy countries of the world. These countries

have a high income economy like Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States of

America, Britain, some Arab nations and most of Europe.

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Developing countries have low or middle income economy in which most people have

a lower standard of living with access to fewer goods and services than do most people

in the developed countries. Other terms such as 'less developed', 'under developed', or

'third world countries referred to developing countries. These countries include most of

Latin America, Africa and Asia as well as a few European nations and the Pacific.

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Activity: Group Work

1 Choose a developed country mentioned above and state its

i. Capital city

ii. Major source of income/economy

iii. Leader

iv. Some of its export

v. Unique characteristics [well known for]

2. Explain the difference between developed countries and developing countries.

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1.1 B. Origins and Roles

Despite the differences between the countries in their locations, they have common

social, cultural, economic and political characteristics. Some common characteristics

include increasing populations which is an issue of concern for developing countries,

a lower health status of their people due to limited access to health facilities and safe

water and sanitation, lower education and literacy levels, high rates of poverty and

many more.

There are some characteristics that become an international concern. World

organisations like UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO ,FAO, AusAid, World Vision, Plan

International and many more work towards providing equal standards of living in the

world for both developed and developing countries. Many people consider it unfair that

developed countries experience such high standards of living while people in

developing countries suffer illness, diseases and death as a result of poor nutrition,

sanitation or harsh environmental conditions.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations Program

headquartered in New York City that provides long-term humanitarian and

developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.

UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946,

to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been

devastated by World War II.

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Ludwik Rajchman, a Polish bacteriologist, is regarded as the founder of UNICEF and

was its first chairman from 1946 to 1950. In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of

the United Nations System and its name was shortened from the original United

Nations International Children's Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known

by the popular acronym based on this previous title.

UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors. Most of

UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories.

Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at its

headquarters in New York. UNICEF's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and

serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items as vaccines,

antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements,

emergency shelters and educational supplies.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)

The World Health Organisation (WHO) was created in 1948 by member states of the

United Nations (UN) as a specialized agency with a broad mandate for health. The

WHO is the world's leading health organization. Its policies and programs have a far-

reaching impact on the status of international public health.

Defined by its constitution as "the directing and coordinating authority on international

health work," WHO aims at "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible

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standard of health." Its mission is to improve people's lives, to reduce the burdens of

disease and poverty, and to provide access to responsive health care for all people.

Responsibilities and Functions

WHO's responsibilities and functions include assisting governments in strengthening

health services; establishing and maintaining administrative and technical services,

such as epidemiological and statistical services; stimulating the eradication of diseases;

improving nutrition, housing, sanitation, working conditions and other aspects of

environmental hygiene; promoting cooperation among scientific and professional

groups; proposing international conventions and agreements on health matters;

conducting research; developing international standards for food, and biological and

pharmaceutical products; and developing an informed public opinion among all peoples

on matters of health.

The World Health Assembly is the supreme decision-making body, and it meets

annually, with participation of ministers of health from its 191 member nations. In a real

sense, the WHO is an international health cooperative that monitors the state of the

world's health and takes steps to improve the health status of individual countries and of

the world community.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] is

a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). Its purpose is to contribute to peace

and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and

culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human

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rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter.

UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members.

UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education, natural

sciences, social/human sciences, culture, and communication/information. Projects

sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes;

international science programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of

the press; regional and cultural history projects; the promotion of cultural diversity;

translations of world literature; international cooperation agreements to secure the world

cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and

attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide.

UNESCO's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty,

sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences,

culture, communication and information". Other priorities of the organization include

attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and

ethical challenges, fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive

knowledge societies through information and communication.

Levuka town-one of the World National Heritage sites.

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Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is an agency of

the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both

developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations

meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is also a source of

knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition

modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring

good nutrition and food security for all.

Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates as "let there be bread". As of 8 August 2013,

FAO has 194 member states, along with the European Union (a "member

organization"), and the Faroe Islands and Tokelau, which are associate members.

World Environmental Organisation (WEO)

The World Environmental Organization [WEO] is devoted to the preservation of the

natural diversity of plant and animal species, and their habitats, through the prevention

of environmental degradation and destruction. World Organisation develops and

implements scientific strategies for decreasing fossil fuel use, preventing climate

change, and preserving plant and animal species and their habitats.

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It educates the public about a wide variety of environmental topics including

preservation of natural habitats, organic farming, endangered species preservation,

nutritional treatments for health conditions, renewable energy, the reduction of fossil

fuel consumption, climate change, animal rescue and other related environmental

topics.

1.1 C How Do World Organisations Influence Our Lives?

These organisations work together in making the world a better place to live. They

ensure that people are able to meet their needs today and also for the future

They empower people to take control of their lives by providing for the development of

knowledge, skills, and abilities that will enable an individual to have some control over

decisions that affect them, improving the living standards and quality of life of individuals

by creating employment opportunities, investing in education to expand the level of

skills and knowledge in schools and in the workforce.

They respect people‘s traditional knowledge and cultural values and empower people to

use their traditional knowledge and skills to make a living and protecting the world‘s

natural resources for future generations by preventing deforestation, reducing pollution

and encouraging methods of waste disposal which are friendly to the environment.

For You To Do

Group Project Work

Choose one of the following organisations:

United Nations Organisations

UNICEF

WHO

FAO UNESCO

UN UNDP UNIFIL WEO

Each group is to research the following information about the organisation.

• Outline a brief history of the organization stating when and why it was formed.

• What are the aims or objectives of the Organisation?

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• How is the organization managed or funded?

• What task does the organization perform?

• Select one project on which the organisation has recently worked in Fiji. Provide

a description of:

The development issue being addressed.

How the organization addressed the issue?

The success of the project.

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1.2 CULTURAL IDENTITY, DIVERSITY AND COHESION

Achievement Indicators

Find out and collect evidence of the categories of different people in the world, their origins

and characteristics.

Identify and sort how they colonize the world they live in.

Describe how the groups establish themselves and evolve within groups.

The major groups of people in the world extend throughout the major continental areas

such as Africa and Asia and large island chains such as Micronesia and Polynesia. The

major groups are African, American, Asian, Australian, European, Indian, Melanesian,

Micronesian and Polynesians.

.

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Origins and Characteristics of the Major Groups of People

Africans usually called Negroids are interrelated groups of people in Africa. They have

curly or tightly coiled hair, thick lips and black skinned.

American Indians have lived for thousands of years in the Western Hemisphere. They

have light to brown skin and straight dark hair.

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Asians are sometimes called Mongoloids. They include people in the continent of Asia

except for South Asia and the Middle East .It also includes Japan, Taiwan, the

Philippines and Indonesia. They have straight hair and inner eye folds short in height

and light brown skinned.

Australians are also called Australoids [Aborigines] and is a group of local people in

Australia. They have large teeth, moderate to dark skin colour and a hairy body.

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Europeans are sometimes called Caucasoid include people throughout Europe. They

are light skinned and blonde haired. The whites of Australia, New Zealand and South

Africa, North and South America are of the European ethnicity.

Indians are people in South Asia to the Himalayas and to the Indian Ocean. Their

skin colour ranges from light in the north and dark in the south.

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Melanesians are dark skinned people of the Pacific. They have frizzy hair and

resemble African skin colour.

Micronesians includes a group of islands in the Pacific. They are dark skinned and

most are small with wavy to woolly hair. They include the Caroline‘s , Gilberts ,

Marianas , Marshall , Kiribati and Tuvalu.

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Polynesians are Pacific island people living far apart ranging from Hawaii to Ellice

islands , Cook islands ,Tahiti , Samoa , Tonga and Easter islands. They are all and

many are have light to moderate skin colour.

What is An Indigenous Group?

The Collin dictionary of sociology defines Indigenous group as an ethnic group originating

and remaining in an area subject to colonization.

Such groups often go through a sequence of defeat, despair and regeneration, if they have

not been exterminated or have their culture completely destroyed by the colonial power. A

similar term is Native people.

For You To Do

1. What are the different groups of people around the world?

2. Identify a group of people and find out the following:

i. Their origins

ii. Their physical features or characteristics

iii. The language they speak

iv. Their lifestyle

v. Traditional costumes

vi. Traditional food

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TIME, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

UNIT

TWO

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2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE PAST

Achievement Indicators:

Find out and collect evidence of the categories of different people in the world, their origins

and characteristics.

Identify and sort how they colonize the world they live in.

Describe how the groups establish themselves and evolve within groups.

It is very important for us to know about the past. People who study about the past

are known as Historians. They informed us of important events that had happened

in the past.

2.1 A Famous People

A lot of people are very famous because of what they have done or achieved in life.

List of Famous People-This list may change over time

A list of famous people, chosen mainly from the Nineteenth, Twentieth or Twenty First Century. This list includes famous actors, politicians, entrepreneurs, writers, artists and humanitarians.

1. Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) US President during American civil war 2. Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945) – leader of Nazi Germany 1933-45. 3. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) German scientist – theory of relativity. 4. Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel (1905–1969) - founder and leader of the National Federation Party. 5. Barack Obama (1961- present ) US President 6. Benazir Bhutto (1953 – 2007) – Prime Minister of Pakistan 7. Bill Gates (1955 – present ) American businessman, founder of Microsoft 8. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) British scientist proposed theory of evolution. 9. Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) – Italian explorer 10. Dalai Lama (1938 – present ) Spiritual and political leader of Tibetans 11. Desmond Tutu (1931 – present) South African Bishop and opponent of apartheid 12. Dr Jiko Fatafehi Luveni (1946- present)- Fiji‘s first woman Speaker 13. Elvis Presley (1935 – 1977) American pop singer. 14. Fidel Castro (1926- present) Cuban revolutionary leader. 15. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882 – 1945) – US President 1932 – 1945. 16. George Bush jnr (1946 – present ) US President 2000-2008. 17. George Orwell (1903 – 1950) British author of 1984, Animal farm 18. Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) US Industrialist 19. Indira Gandhi (1917 – 1984) – Third Prime Minister of India. 20. J.K.Rowling (1965 – present) British author of Harry Potter series. 21. J.R.R. Tolkien (1892 – 1973) – British author of Lord of the Rings 22. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Indian Prime Minister 23. Jesse Owens (1913-1980) US track athlete won 4 golds at 1936 Olympics. 24. John F. Kennedy (1917 – 1963) US President 25. Joseph Stalin (1879 – 1953) Soviet leader from 1924-1953. 26. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Italian, painter, scientist, polymath 27. Lionel Messi (1987- present ) Argentinian footballer 28. Lord Baden Powell (1857 – 1941) British Founder of scout movement 29. Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948) Leader of Indian independence. 30. Mahendra Pal Chaudhry (1942- present) - Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister 31. Martin Luther King (1929 – 1968) – American civil rights campaigner

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32. Michael Jackson (1958 – 2009) – American Pop singer 33. Michael Jordon (1963 – present) US Basketball star. 34. Mikhail Gorbachev (1931 – present) Russian President during end of Cold War. 35. Mother Teresa (1910 – 1997) Catholic missionary nun / charity worker 36. Muhammad Ali (1942 – present) American Boxer and civil rights campaigner. 37. Neil Armstrong (1930 – 2012) US Pilot, first person to land on moon. 38. Nelson Mandela (1918 – present) – South African President anti-apartheid campaigner. 39. Pele (1940 – present) Brazilian footballer, considered greatest of 20th Century. 40. Plato (423 BC – 348 BC) Greek philosopher 41. Pope Francis (1936 – prresent) – First pope from the Americas. 42. Pope John Paul II (1920 – 2005) Polish Pope. 43. Prince Charles (1948 – present) Heir to British throne 44. Queen Elizabeth II (1926 – present) British monarch since 1954. 45. Queen Victoria ( 1819 –1901) British Queen during Nineteenth Century 46. Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara ( 1920-2004) – Fiji‘s first Prime Minister 47. Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna ( 1888-1958) - chief, scholar, soldier, and statesman 48. Roger Federer (1981 – present ) Swiss Tennis player 49. Ronald Reagan (1911 – 2004) – US President (1981-1989). 50. Roy Krishna (1987- present) - Fijian footballer to play in the A-League 51. Steve Jobs (1955 – 2012) Key figure in Apple computers 52. Tiger Woods (1975 – present) American golfer 53. Timoci Uluivuda Bavadra ( 1934 - 1989)- Founder of the Fiji Labour Party 54. Usain Bolt (1986 – present) – Jamaican athlete. Record holder at 100m and 200m 55. V.Lenin (1870-1924) – Leader of Russian Revolution 1917. 56. Vijay Singh (1963- present) – first Fijian professional golfer who was ranked World‘s Number 1 57. Vilsoni Hereniko (1954-present) - playwright, film director and academic 58. Waisale Tikoisolomoni Serevi (1968- present) – Sevens rugby legend 59. Walt Disney (1901 – 1966) American film producer 60. Winston Churchill (1874- 1965) – British Prime Minister during WWII

Significance of Famous People

They are significant in many ways. They may be popular because of their leadership,

achievements, and inventory.

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For You To Do: Group Work

1. Choose a famous person from the list given above.

2. Briefly explain why he/she is famous.

3. What are some impacts of his/her characteristics to the people of the world?

4. Collect pictures of him/her and paste it on a brown paper to be displayed in class.

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Politicians

These are people who are interested in politics and they join with people who have the

same ideas to form political parties in order to gain power and can become political

leaders. In Fiji, many political leaders after winning their votes from general elections

become members of parliament and some appointed as cabinet ministers.

Some past political party leaders and organisers are:

Jale Baba from Soqosoqo ni Duavata ni Lewenivanua ( SDL ) Party

Mick Beddoes from United People Party

Jokapeci Koroi from Fiji Labour Party

Sidiq Koya from National Federation Party

Saula Telawa from new Nationalist Party

Some former Cabinet Ministers:

James Ah Koy – Minister of Finance and Senator

Ahmed Ali- Cabinet minister

Andrew Deoki- pre and post-Independence Politician & Attorney general

Irene Jai Narayan- Cabinet Minister

Tomasi Vakatora- Prime Minister & House Speaker

For You To Do: Group Work

Collect pictures or write down the names of the present Government Ministers of Fiji

and beside each name write his/her portfolio. Display your work on the wall after

discussions.( portfolio means the position and duties of a Minister of State)

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2.2 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

Achievement Indicators:

Gather and sort the nature/type and importance of some major world events.

Compile and describe the effects of major world events on people and the world as a whole.

Significant World Events

World War II

World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War (after the recent

Great War), was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts

began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the

great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the

Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100

million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants

threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort,

erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths

of civilians, including the Holocaust (during which approximately 11 million people were

killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (during which

approximately one million people were killed, including the use of two nuclear weapons

in combat), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made

World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

Causes of World War II

1. Japanese Expansion

In the period before World War II, Japan was growing rapidly. However, as an

island nation they did not have the land or the natural resources to sustain their

growth. Japan began to look to grow their empire in order to gain new resources.

They invaded Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937.

2. Fascism

With the economic turmoil left behind by World War 1, some countries were

taken over by dictators who formed powerful fascist governments. These

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dictators wanted to expand their empires and began to look for new lands to

conquer.

3. Great Depression

The period before World War II was a time of great economic suffering

throughout the world called the Great Depression. Many people were out of work

and struggling to survive. This created unstable governments and worldwide

turmoil that helped lead to World War II.

For You To Do

1. When was the World War II?

2. Why was there a World War II?

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Olympic Games

The modern Olympic Games are the leading international sporting event featuring

summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the

world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be

the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The

Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games

alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.

Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia,

Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin

founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing

body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and

authority.

For You To Do

1. How often do we have an Olympic Game?

2. Which country won the last Olympic Game?

3. When and where will the next Olympic Games held?

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The Commonwealth Games

The Commonwealth Games (known as the British Empire Games from 1930–1950,

the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954–1966, and British

Commonwealth Games from 1970–1974) is an international, multi-sport event

involving athletes from the Commonwealth Nations.

The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, which were

cancelled due to World War II, has taken place every four years since then.

The games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which

also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected

for each edition. 18 cities in seven countries have hosted the event. Apart from many

Olympic sports, the games also include some sports that are played predominantly in

Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls, netball and rugby.

For You To Do

1. Name some countries that take part in the Commonwealth Games?

2. Which country won the last game?

3. When and where will the next Commonwealth games be held?

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Medical Epidemic

An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a

given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less. For example,

in Fiji we once had leprosy where patients were sent to Makogai Island for treatment.

We still have medical epidemic in Fiji like dengue fever, leptospirosis and TB.

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a

change in the ecology of the host population, a genetic change in the pathogen

reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population.

An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries

or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic.

For You To Do

1. Name a disease that causes an epidemic in your community?

2. What causes it?

3. How was it treated?

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Pacific Games

The Pacific Games (formerly known as the South Pacific Games) is a multi-

sport event, much like the Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with

participation exclusively from countries around the South Pacific. It is held every

four years and began in 1963, hosted by Suva, Fiji.

It also has mini Pacific Games in between a PG until the next PG.

For You To Do

1. Name the countries that usually take part in the South Pacific Games?

2. Which country won the last SPG?

3. When and where will the next SPG be held?

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Economic development seeks to improve the economic well-being and quality of life

for a community by creating or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes. Some

examples of economic development in Fiji include:

1. the upgrade of the Kings Highway

2. construction of the new Hospital in Navua

3. construction of bridges

Economic problems in Fiji

1. Emigration

2. Natural disasters

3. Homelessness

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For You To Do

1. List some examples of economic development in your village/town/community.

2. Discuss the effects of emigration, natural disasters and homelessness on

economic development.

3. List some natural disasters common in Fiji.

4. Why is economic development important?

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PLACE AND ENVIRONMENT

UNIT

THREE

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3.1 FEATURES OF PLACES

Achievement Indicators:

Identify and collect information on the world‘s different climatic zones and their

characteristics.

Sort and select reasons for experiencing different climate in different regions and

factors which contribute to different climatic experiences.

Describe effects of climate on people‘s lives living on different climatic zones.

3.1A World Climate Zones

Have you ever wondered why one area of the world is a desert, another a grassland,

and another a rainforest? Why are there different forests and deserts and why are there

different types of life in each area? The answer is climate.

Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earth's surface at a

certain place on earth. It is the long-term weather of that area (at least 30 years). This

includes the region's general pattern of weather conditions, seasons and weather

extremes like hurricanes, droughts, or rainy periods. Two of the most important factors

determining an area's climate are air temperature and precipitation eg. rainfall.

The climate of a region will determine what plants will grow there, and what animals will

inhabit it.

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Latitude is always given before longitude

For You To Do

1. How would you describe the areas around the Arctic and Antarctic circles?

2. Between which two lines of latitude do you find the tropical countries?

3. Where are the temperate countries located?

4. Describe what you can find in a tropical country?

The Arctic Circle

The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.

The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is

called the Northern Temperate Zone. The equivalent polar circle in the Southern

Hemisphere is called the Antarctic Circle.

Relatively few people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate. Areas

have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. Thousands of years

ago, waves of people migrated from Eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North

Tropic of Capricorn(23.5 degrees South

Tropic of Cancer( 23.5 degrees North)

Arctic Circle(66.5 degrees North)

Antarctic Circle(66.5 degrees South

Equator (0 degrees latitude)

Lines running down from north to south down

the map are called meridians of longitude.[ it

includes the International Dateline(180degrees

East or West)] and the Prime Meridian

(Greenwich, 0 degrees longitude)

Lines running East-West across the

map are called parallel of latitudes

The Equator is the longest line of

latitude

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America and gradually eastward to settle. Much later, in the historic period, there has

been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants.

The three largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and

Norway, which lies slightly south of the line, has a population of approximately 60,000,

making it the largest settlement located in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle.

In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut

(Greenland), has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Of the Canadian and United States

Arctic communities, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000

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inhabitants.

The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway

have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of

north Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all the year. In the interior, summers can

be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in

Norilsk (Russia) will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while the winter

temperatures frequently fall below −50 °C (−58 °F).

For You To Do

1. Name some countries that are in the Arctic Circle.

2. How are they able to withstand the cold during winter? (-50 degrees Celsius)

3. What type of food do they eat?

Antarctic Circle

The area south of the Antarctic Circle is known as the Antarctic, and the zone

immediately to the north is called the Southern Temperate Zone. The equivalent line

of latitude in the northern hemisphere is the Arctic Circle.

The continent of Antarctica forms a land mass covering much of the area within the

Antarctic Circle. There is no permanent human population south of the Antarctic

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Circle. There are, however, several Antarctic research centers from many nations

that are inhabited by teams of scientists that rotate on a seasonal basis.

For You To Do

1. Why are there no inhabitants in this region?

2. What do scientists do in the research centres set up by their nation?

3. Can people live there for a short period of time?

4. Name some animals that live in this region.

The Tropical Region

The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator. It is limited in latitude by

the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the

southern hemisphere

The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the Torrid Zone.

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Tropical Rainforest

A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem type that occurs roughly within the latitudes 28

degrees north or south of the equator (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of

Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). This ecosystem experiences high average

temperatures and a significant amount of rainfall. Rainforests can be found in Asia,

Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific,

Caribbean, and Indian Ocean islands.

For You To Do

1. Between which two latitudes will you find the tropical climate/forest?

2. Does Fiji come under the tropical region? How?

3. What is another name for tropical region?

4. What else can you find in a tropical region?

5. What can you find in a tropical rainforest?

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3.2 PEOPLE AND CARE OF PLACES

Achievement Indicators:

Identify and collect evidence of some major world climatic issues.

Discuss and present about their effects on people‘s health, and the environment.

Discuss policies and regulations to reduce effects of climatic issues on lives.

3.2 A Some Major World Climatic Issues

The climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming

scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on

the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to

adapt naturally are diminishing.

Many are agreeing that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the

planet. Recent years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and increasing

extremities in weather patterns.

The world mostly agrees that something needs to be done about global warming and

climate change. The first stumbling block, however, has been trying to get an

agreement on a framework. In 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) was created by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to assess the scientific knowledge on global

45

warming. The IPCC concluded in 1990 that there was broad international consensus

that climate change was human-induced. That report led way to an international

convention for climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), signed by over 150 countries at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. This

section looks at this Convention and some of the main principles in it.

The Impacts of Global Warming

It's nearly impossible to overstate the threat of climate change. Greenhouse gas

emissions are rising more rapidly than predicted and consequently the world is warming

more quickly.

Global warming will have catastrophic effects such as accelerating sea level rise,

droughts, floods, storms and heat waves. These will impact some of the world's poorest

and most vulnerable people, disrupting food production, and threatening vitally

important species, habitats and ecosystems.

As we work to reduce emissions, we must simultaneously begin to adapt to the

increasing impacts of climate change.

Environmental issues are also a major global issue. Humans depend on a sustainable

and healthy environment, and yet we have damaged the environment in numerous

ways.

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For You To Do

1. What are some causes of global warming?

2. What will happen to human kinds and other living things if we do not take actions

now?

3. Draw what your community will look like in 75 years from now.

Pollution

Pollution is also a major problem today. Over the years man have pumped many

dangerous chemicals and pollutants into the atmosphere, polluting the very air we

breathe. A major source of this pollution is caused by vehicles and industrial wastes.

This has contributed to global warming.

Water is polluted by human activities such as rubbish and litter dumped in rivers,

chemical toxins and pesticide seeping into water supply, breakdown of human and

animal waste contaminating water that we drink.

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Land pollution is caused by the products in our society that we do not need – that is the

rubbish. The more rubbish we produce the more harm it does to the quality of our land.

Noise pollution is common in today‘s technological society .Airplanes and other

transport vehicles, machinery at work and at home all contribute to this problem.

For You To Do: Research Work

1. Identify and list down the different types of pollution.

2. Pick one and briefly explain how it pollutes the environment.

3. State some ways in which you can reduce pollution in your area.

4. Collect pictures of the different types of pollution and paste it on a brown paper

for presentation and display to the class.

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3.2 B Policies that tackle Climatic Issues

New policies and regulations can have a substantial impact on the rate of climate

change. Many solutions have been suggested to solve this problem. The most common

ones being; greater energy efficiencies, carbon cap-and-trade systems, carbon taxes,

new fuel economy standards and renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar

power and bio-fuels. But until these mitigation measures are enacted, we need to look

at practical adaptations as well, including zoning requirements, appropriate land use

regulations and a new structure for insurance rates.

The world‘s countries need to take significant steps to mitigate climate change. In

particular, we must transit from the use of fossil fuels to non-polluting forms of energy

such as solar and wind energy and learn to use energy more wisely. To minimize the

adverse impacts of climate change, we need to enact regulatory tools and financial

incentives that will encourage both businesses and citizens to reduce emissions of

carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

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For You To Do

1. Define the term ―Global Warming‖.

2. What are some of the possible ways in which we can stop global warming?

3. Explain the statement ―Saving Our Planet- Mother Earth‖ in your own words.

Creativity

Sketch a drawing to show four ways of saving our planet and write a short

description that explains your drawing.

Greenpeace

Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over

forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the

Netherlands.

The goal of Greenpeace is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all

its diversity" and focus its campaigns on worldwide issues such as climate

change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering,

and anti-nuclear issues.

It uses direct action, lobbying, and research to achieve its goals. The global

organization does not accept funding from governments, corporations, or political

parties, relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants.

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Greenpeace has a general consultative status with the United Nations Economic

and Social Council and is a founding member of the INGO Accountability Charter; an

International Non-governmental Organisation that intends to foster accountability

and transparency of non-governmental organisations.

Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most

visible environmental organisation in the world. Greenpeace has raised

environmental issues to public knowledge, and influenced both the private and the

public sector.

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For You To Do

1. Find out other organisations that help in fighting against people who damage our

environment?

2. What is their main goal(s)?

3. Who are the members of this Organisation?

4. How do people become members of these organisations?

5. Where do these organisations get their funds from?

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Resources, People and Work

UNIT

FOUR

RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

MANAGING RESOURCES

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4.1 USE AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURES

Achievement Indicators:

Collect evidence and discuss about the use of time and money on our lives and their

effects.

Sort and discuss methods to approve proper managing of time and money.

Draw up a budget and use financial tools and records to monitor

4.1A What Are Resources?

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources

are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to

produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of

resource utilization may include increased wealth, meeting needs or wants, proper

functioning of a system, or enhanced well-being.

From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the

environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or ecological

perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organisms.

Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential for

depletion or consumption. Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus

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abiotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential versus actual, along with more

elaborate classification.

Managing Resources

We need to use our resources wisely so that we won‘t run out of supply. All the people

in this world need to work together in managing our resources otherwise in the near

future there will be no more supply for our future generations. Just imagine what will

happen to them if all our resources have been used up.

A big step towards becoming independent and in control of your life is the ability to

manage your resources effectively.

Land resources

Water resources

Underground resources

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For You To Do

1. Name some resources in your community

2. How do you manage these resources?

3. Why do you have to manage your resources wisely?

4. What will happen if the people in your community do not look after your

resources properly?

4.1B The Importance of Using Time Properly

What is time management? It is a set of principles, practices, skills, tools and systems that help you use your time to accomplish what you want.

Why is time management important?

Time management is important for your personal life and career success. It teaches you

how to manage your time effectively and make the most of it.

Here are a few of the reasons why it is so important, and how it can help you use and

manage your time more advantageously:

Time is a special resource that you cannot store or save for later use. Everyone

has the exact same amount of time each day. Time not well used cannot be

retrieved.

Most people, feel like they have too much to do and not enough time. They

blame lack of time for their poor finances, stress, bad relationships, and for not

exercising their body.

Wise time management can help you find the time for what you desire, and for

what you need to do.

You need time to get what you want out of life. If you wait for extra time to

appear, you might lose the game of life. Through right time management, you

can ―create‖ the time you need, and not just wait for it to come. By planning your

time wisely, you will have more time to do more things.

Time management will help you set up your priorities.

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Time is limited to 24 hours a day, so plan your life wisely.

Time management helps you make conscious choices, so you can spend more

of your time doing things that are important and valuable to you.

You can learn to find the time for the things that are important to you. Even a

small amount of time once a day, or even once a week, will take you closer to

your goals, and you will be surprised at the progress you make.

You become more productive using improved time management skills and tools,

and can accomplish more with less effort and time. Time management can help

you reduce wasted time and energy, help you become more creative and

productive, and enable you to do the right thing at the right time. This will of

course lead to more balance and fulfillment in your life.

Life today presents so many distractions, and therefore, it is very easy to lose

time on unimportant activities. Ask yourself, is watching this or that TV program,

reading this or that gossip or participating in a certain activity is going to add

anything to your life. Is the time spent on a particular activity well spent, or is just

a waste of time and energy?

Life puts in front of everyone so many choices each day, and the question is, do

you follow what appears on your way, or do you consciously choose what you

want to do? Do you allow external distractions to deter you from your goal, or do

you use willpower and self-discipline to walk toward your goal in a straight line,

without wasting time and energy?

A certain degree of detachment and inner peace are useful in managing your

time effectively. They help you avoid spending too much emotional and mental

energy on what people say and think about you. They help you stay calm,

despite distractions or difficulties, and this saves you a lot of time and energy,

which you can spend on better and more rewarding activities.

There are many things you can do and tools to use to manage your time

effectively. There is a lot of time wasted each day, which can be put to better

uses. There are changes you can make, which will effectively increase the time

you have at your disposal every day.

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Thinking, planning, finding out how others manage their time, and reading books

and articles on time management, will develop these skills and give you good

ideas.

Among the many changes that you can make to manage your time, there is one

that is important and easily available, and that is getting up early in the morning.

Give up watching TV late at night and go to sleep a little earlier than usual. It will

then be easier to wake up earlier.

To get rid of the feeling that you have much to do and not enough time, try to feel

and to think, as if you have all the time in the world.

This kind of thinking would enable you to focus on what you are doing, without

stress and strain.

Always plan your time well and don‘t waste it on useless matters. Be careful not

to procrastinate, and do everything in the best way you can, with focus and

attention.

For You To Do

1. Design/draw up a timetable to show how you spend your time.

2. How much time is used for studying? Show your study timetable as well.

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4.1C How to Spend Money Wisely

No matter how little or how much money you have, spending it wisely is a good idea; it

enables you to get the most for your money.

Spending Basics

1. Create a budget.

Track your spending and income so you have an accurate picture of your

financial situation. Save receipts or write down your purchases in a notebook as

you make them.

Organize your purchases by category (food, clothing, entertainment, etc.).

Categories with the highest monthly amounts (or monthly amounts you consider

surprisingly high) may be good targets for saving money.

Once you've tracked your purchases for a while, create a monthly (or weekly)

limit for each category. Make sure the total budget is smaller than your income

for that period, with enough left over for savings if possible.

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2. Plan your purchases/buying in advance.

Making spur of the moment decisions can balloon your expenditures. Write down

what you need to buy while you're calm and at home.

Make a preliminary trip before you go on your real shopping trip. Note the prices

of several alternatives at one or more stores. Return home without buying

anything and decide which products to buy on your second, "real" expedition.

The more focused you are and the less time you spend in the store, the less

you'll spend

If you are motivated to treat each purchase as an important decision, you will

make better decisions.

Do not accept free samples or try something on just for fun. Even if you don't

plan on purchasing it, the experience can convince you to make a decision now

instead of considering it carefully in advance.

3. Avoid impulse purchases.

If planning your purchases in advance is a good idea, buying something on the

spur of the moment is a terrible one. Follow these tips to avoid making shopping

decisions for the wrong reasons

Don't browse store windows or shop for fun. If you're only buying something

because you find the act of shopping fun, you'll likely end up spending too much

on stuff you don't need.

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Don't make purchasing decisions when your judgement is impaired. Alcohol,

other drugs, or sleep deprivation can harm your ability to make sensible

decisions. Even shopping while hungry or listening to loud music can be a bad

idea if you don't stick to your shopping list.

4. Shop alone.

Children, friends who love shopping, or even just a friend whose tastes you

respect can influence you to spend extra money

Do not take advice from store employees. If you need a question answered,

politely listen to their response but ignore any advice on purchasing decisions. If

they won't leave you alone, leave the store and return later to make your

decision.

5. Pay in full and in cash.

Credit and debit cards increase spending for two reasons: you have much more

money available to spend than you normally would, and because no visible

money is changing hands, it doesn't register as a "real" purchase. Similarly,

running up a bar tab or using a delayed payment scheme makes it harder to

realize how much you're actually spending.

Don't bring more cash with you than you need. If you don't have the extra money,

you can't spend it.

Similarly, withdraw your weekly budget from an ATM once a week rather than

filling up your wallet whenever you run out.

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6. Don't be fooled by marketing.

Outside influences are a huge factor affecting what we spend our money on. Be

vigilant and try to be aware of all the reasons you're drawn to a product.

Don't buy something on the basis of an advertisement. Whether on television or

the product's packaging, treat ads with skepticism. They are designed to

encourage you to spend money and will not provide an accurate portrayal of your

options.

Don't purchase something just because it's reduced price. Coupons and sales

are great for products you were already planning to buy; purchasing something

you don't need just because it's 50% off does not save money.

Be aware of pricing tricks. Translate that "$1.99" price into "$2". Judge the price

of an item on its own merits, not because it's a "better deal" than another option

by the same company.

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7. Wait for sales and discounts.

If you know you'll need a particular item but doesn‘t need it today, wait until it

ends up in the bargain bin or try to find a coupon for it.

Only use a coupon or take advantage of a discount for an item you absolutely

need or decided to buy before the discount occurred. The attraction of a cheaper

price is an easy way to get customers to buy something they don't need.

Buy products only useful at particular times of year during the off season. A

winter coat should be cheap during summer weather.

8. Do your research.

Before making expensive purchases, go online or read consumer reports to find

out how to get the most for the least dollar. Find the product within your budget

that will last longest and meet your needs best

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9. Take all the costs into account.

You'll end up paying a lot more than the sticker price for many big-ticket items.

Read all the fine print and add up the total amount before making your decision.

10. Compile a weekly menu and shopping list.

Once you have an amount budgeted for food, write down in advance the exact

meals you will eat and what you need to purchase at the grocery store to make

them.

This will not only prevent you from making impulse buys at the grocery store, but

also prevent wasting money due to food waste, a major expenditure for many

people

If you find yourself throwing away food, reduce the size of your planned meals.

11. Minimize eating at restaurants.

Eating out is much more expensive than preparing your own food, and should

never be done as an impulse by someone who is trying to save money.

Pack a lunch at home instead and bring it with you to work or class.

Fill a water bottle using your tap at home instead of buying expensive bottled

water.

Similarly, if you drink coffee frequently, buy a cheap French press and save

money by preparing it at home.

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For You To Do

1. Draw up your family budget for a week.

2. Plan a week‘s menu together with the cost for your family.

3. Give some advantages of budgeting your money.

4. Do your parents/guardians plan a budget for your family?

Financial Education

Activity

Your teacher will select a topic from FinEd manual on budgeting and savings and

he/she will discuss on what you have to do

65

4.2 PEOPLE AND WORK Achievement Indicators:

Define and give examples of Globalisation.

Gather evidence and facts and discuss about globalization, its characteristics and formation)

Select and describe influences of globalization from their country and regional point of view

4.2A GLOBALISATION

The term globalisation is derived from the word globalize, which refers to the

emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation is the

process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views,

products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and

telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity

the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of

economic and cultural activities.

Though scholars place the origins of globalisation in modern times, others trace its

history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World.

Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BC. In the late 19th century and

early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very

quickly.

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The term globalisation has been increasingly used since the mid-1980s and especially

since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four

basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment

movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge.

Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water and

air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing

processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-

cultural resources, and the natural environment.

Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk

Road that connected Asia, Africa, and Europe is a good example of the transformative

power of translocal exchange that existed in the "Old World".

Philosophy, religion, language, the arts, and other aspects of culture spread and mixed

as nations exchanged products and ideas. In both the 15th and 16th centuries,

Europeans made important discoveries in their exploration of the oceans, including the

start of transatlantic travel to the "New World" of the Americas. Global movement of

people, goods, and ideas expanded significantly in the following centuries.

Early on in the 19th century, the development of new forms of transportation (such as

the steamship and railroads) and telecommunications that "compressed" time and

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space allowed for increasingly rapid rates of global interchange. In the 20th century,

road vehicles, intermodal transport, and airlines made transportation even faster. The

advent of electronic communications, most notably mobile phones and the Internet,

connected billions of people in new ways by the year 2010.

Growth of globalization has never been smooth. One influential event was the late

2000s recession, which was associated with lower growth (such as cross-border phone

calls and Skype usage) or even temporarily negative growth (such as trade) of global

interconnectedness. The DHL Global Connectedness Index studies four main types of

cross-border flow: trade (in both goods and services), information, people (including

tourists, students and migrants) and capital. It shows that the depth of global integration

fell by about one-tenth after 2008, but by 2013 had recovered well above its pre-crash

peak.

Globalized society offers a complex web of forces and factors that bring people,

cultures, markets, beliefs and practices into increasingly greater proximity to one

another.

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For You To Do

1. Define ‗Globalisation‘

2. Is globalisation important? State your reasons.

3. What are some impacts of globalisation in your community?

4. Give some examples of globalisation in your community/country.

5. Collect pictures showing globalisation.

4.2B The impact of globalisation in the Pacific

The impact of globalization on small developing economies in the Pacific region is

inevitable. As globalization deepens and intensifies the scope of economies, vulnerable

small economies will be affected, whilst at the same time benefiting from its immense

benefits.

The leaders of the South Pacific countries meet annually to develop collective

responses to regional issues. The forum meetings are mainly informal, and decisions

are made by consensus and are outlined in forum communiqués. The communiqués

express the forum‘s position on issues such as nuclear testing, climate change,

fisheries, and other security and/or environmental issues, but disagreement by a single

country can weaken both the language used in the statement and any action taken.

69

To assist the Pacific island nations facing social, economic and environmental

challenges, some donor countries provide aid to help reduce poverty and achieve

sustainable development. Most aid is committed to long-term projects to assist countries

in developing their skills and knowledge to manage in the future. Some aid is also

provided for relief in emergencies and to address particular issues such as peace

building. Donors coordinate their aid to avoid duplication and work with the receiving

countries to plan and monitor the use of the aid.

Australia’s aid in the Pacific

The Pacific region is one of the highest priorities for the Australian government‘s aid

program. Its programs focus on economic growth, more effective, accountable and

democratic government (governance), improved law and justice, and security and

enhanced service delivery, including effective fiscal management. In 2009–2010,

Australia committed AUD $1,090.9 million in aid to the Pacific region.

For You To Do

1. List some advantages and disadvantages of globalisation on the Pacific.

2. What is a forum communiqué?

3. List some global issues facing the world today.

4. Name some donor countries that assist the Pacific island countries.

5. What is Aid?

6. How is Aid utilised?

7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Aid.

8. Identify and name the countries that provide Aid to Fiji.

9. List down all forms of Aid provided by New Zealand and Australia to Fiji.

10. Identify and name some projects in your community/town/village that have been

funded by donor agencies.

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Glossary

Abiotic resource resources that are nonliving

Actual resource type of natural resource that has been surveyed for quality and quantity and used in present time

Antarctic Zone the region around the south pole

Arctic Zone the section of the earth‘s surface lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole

Biotic resource renewable resources that include the plants and animals

Capital wealth in the form of money or other assets

Chaos complete disorder and confusion

Climate change a change in global or regional climate patterns

Communiqué an official announcement or statement

Conquer overcome and take control of a place or people by the use of military force

Cooperative business owned, controlled, and operated by a group of users for their own benefit

Credit card a small plastic card that is used to buy things that you agree to pay for later

Debit card card which allows customers to access their funds immediately, electronically

Deforestation cutting down of trees

Democratic a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting

Depression a long and severe recession in an economy or market

Desert A dry, often sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and no vegetation

Developed country country with a high level of economic growth and security

Developing country

a poor agricultural country that is trying to become more advanced economically and socially

Dictator a ruler with total power over a country

Dissemination the act of spreading information

Economic relating to the process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought

Ecosystem everything that exists in a particular environment

Empire a group of countries or regions that are controlled by one ruler or one goverment

Epidemic an outbreak of a disease or illness in a population or area.

Equator an imaginary line drawn on the Earth and spaced equally between the North and South Pole

Fascism a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power

Fiscal management

the process of managing an organisation‘s budget

Genetic Engineering

the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a desired result

Global Warming increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans

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Globalisation the process by which the world is becoming interconnected

Governance the action of controlling/governing

Grassland a large open area of country covered with grass

Greenhouse Effect a natural process that warms the Earth‘s surface

Greenhouse gases a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, e.g. carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons

Historian an expert in history

Indigenous originating or occurring naturally in a particular place

Inevitable cannot be stopped

Inhabitant a person or animal that lives in or occupies a place

International existing, occurring, or carried on between two or more nations

Invade to enter forcefully as an enemy

Investment the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth

Latitudes lines running West to East of the equator

Longitude lines running North to South of the equator

Melanesian a native or inhabitant of any of the islands of Melanesia

Merit the quality of being particularly good or worthy

Micronesian a native of Micronesia.

Migration to move from one country or region to another

Non-renewable any natural resource from the Earth that exists in limited supply and cannot be replaced if it is used up

Organisation an organised body of people with a particular purpose.

Pandemic A widespread epidemic affecting a large part of the population

Pathogen an agent that causes diseases

Pollution the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms

Polynesian a native or inhabitant of Polynesia, or a person of Polynesian descent

Potential resource type of natural resource that exists in a region and may be used in the future

Purchase the action of buying something

Renewable a source of energy that is not depleted by use, such as water, wind, or solar power.

Reparation anything paid or done to make up for a wrongdoing

Resource source or supply from which benefit is produced

Skepticism having an attitude of doubt

Sustainable the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources

Trade the action of buying and selling goods and services

Transatlantic concerning countries on both sides of the Atlantic

Treaty a formal agreement between two or more countries

Tropical rainforest a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth.

Tropical Zone the part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn;characterised by a hot climate

Turmoil a state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty

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Under developed country

a nation that lags behind most others in industrialisation, education, standard of living, healthcare and life expectancy

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References

Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia.2009.mht.www.http/Globalization/Theory/neoli

berlasim\Neoliberalism

http://www.eaber.org/node/22711

www.warwick.ac.uk/.../globalisation_and_security

https://ideas.repec.org/p/eab/develo/22711.html

www.pacificscience.org/pdf/guamintro.pdf

www.pazifik-infostelle.org/uploads/diplomarbeit_anita_augustin.pdf

www.entrepreneur.com/article/219553

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www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk

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www.factmonster.com/countries.