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15/11/15
1
ExtendingConserva0on:Interna0onalCapacityBuilding
JukkaJokilehto
London,12November2015
Scope
• TheCapacityBuildingdocumentwastheresultofalongprocess,associated
withthegeneralinternaEonaldevelopments.Itwasstartedbythegrowing
awarenessofmoresystemaEctrainingtargeEngawiderangeofprofessional,
techniciansaswellasthegeneralpublic.Indeed,withtheevolvingre-
definiEonofwhatisintendedby"heritage",pracEcallyeverybodyinthe
societyshouldbeinvolvedinthecareofhis/herheritage.
• MyintenEonistothinkaboutthedefiniEonofheritage,andtherelevant
managementprocesses.Iwilltrytodiscusstheinvolvementofdifferent
disciplinesinlinewiththeCapacityBuildingprinciples.OneofthequesEonsis
toclarifytherelaEonshipofwhatapropertyisthatwhatitsignifies,
comparedtothevaluesthatmaybeassociatedwithit.
• ThisisimportantalreadyinthecontextofWorldHeritageevaluaEons.With
theincreasingnumberofheritagesites,understandingtheirsignificancein
therelevantcultural,socialandenvironmentalcontextbecomescrucial.
Furthermore,anincreasingnumberofheritageproperEes,parEcularlyurban
areas,areatriskduetolarge-scalecommercialandofficedevelopments.
• So,howshouldwedealwithCapacityBuildinginfaceofthesedifferent
challenges.
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Crea0vityandCulture• HenriBergson(1859-1941)
ÉLANVITALChairman:Interna'onalCommi.eefor
IntellectualCoopera'on,foundedby
theLeagueofNaEonsin1922
• AloisRiegl(1857-1905)analysisofheritagevalues:
KUNSTWOLLEN
Riegl
Bergson
Recogni0onofSignificanceandRestora0on
• FriedrichNietzsche:
“DEATHOFGOD” HumanValuejudgement
• EugeneViollet-le-Duc:
STYLISTICRESTORATION Emphasisonformanddesign
• JohnRuskin:
CONSERVATIONMOVEMENT Emphasisonmaterialandsubstance
• GustavoGiovannoni:
SCIENTIFICRESTORATION Emphasisonevidenceandmethodology
Viollet-le-Duc
Ruskin
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TheoryofRestora0on
RestoraEonconsistsof
themethodologicalmomentinwhichthe
workofartisrecognized
initsphysicalbeingand
initsdualaestheEcand
historicalnature,inview
ofitstransmissiontothe
future.
Laocoön
Interna0onalRecogni0onVeniceCharter,1964
• Imbuedwithamessagefromthepast,
thehistoricmonumentsofgeneraEonsof
peopleremaintothepresentdayasliving
witnessesoftheirage-oldtradiEons.
• Peoplearebecomingmoreandmore
consciousoftheunityofhumanvalues
andregardancientmonumentsasa
commonheritage.
• Thecommonresponsibilitytosafeguard
themforfuturegeneraEonsisrecognized.
Itisourdutytohandthemoninthefull
richnessoftheirauthenEcity.
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‘Monument’• La0n,Italian:derivesfrom‘moneo’:toremind,
admonish,warn.
• English:‘thehistoricmonumentsofgenera'onsof
people’
• French:‘lesœuvresmonumentalesdespeuples’(i.e.the
greatworksorimportantachievementsofthepeoples).
• Chinese:‘culturalrelics’,whichhadaveryarchaeologicalfeeling.The2015‘PrinciplesfortheConservaEonof
HeritageSitesinChina’,e.g.‘heritagesite’isinterpreted
asacombinaEon:[‘culture+property+ancient+
remains’].
• Arabic:‘turath’,correspondstothenoEonof‘heritage’,referredtointangibleculturalheritageandliving
tradiEons.Instead,‘athar’,alsoheritage,isunderstoodto
mean‘ruins’
ArchofTitus,Rome
1993TrainingGuidelines(ICOMOS-CIF)GuidelinesonEducaEonandTrainingintheConservaEonofMonuments,EnsemblesandSites
• TheobjectofconservaEonistoprolongthelifeofculturalheritage
and,ifpossible,toclarifythearEsEc
andhistoricalmessagestherein
withoutthelossofauthenEcityand
meaning.
• ConservaEonisacultural,arEsEc,technicalandcralacEvitybasedon
humanisEcandscienEficstudies
andsystemaEcresearch.
• ConservaEonmustrespectthe
culturalcontext.
SirBernardFEILDEN
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CompetenceinHeritageConservaEon
1993Guidelines,arEcle5
A.RecogniseHeritageResourcewithinitsContexta) readamonument,ensembleorsiteandidenEfyitsemoEonal,culturalandusesignificance;
b) understandthehistoryandtechnologyofmonuments,ensemblesorsitesinordertodefinetheiridenEty,planfortheirconservaEon,and
interprettheresultsofthisresearch;
c) understandthesenngofamonument,ensembleorsite,theircontentsandsurroundings,inrelaEontootherbuildings,gardensor
landscapes;
d) findandabsorballavailablesourcesofinformaEonrelevanttothemonument,ensembleorsitebeingstudied;
B.UndertakeSurveyandDocumenta0on
e) understandandanalyzethebehaviourofmonuments,ensemblesandsitesascomplexsystems;
f) diagnoseintrinsicandextrinsiccausesofdecayasabasisforappropriateacEon;
g) inspectandmakereportsintelligibletonon-specialistreadersofmonuments,ensemblesorsites,illustratedbygraphicmeanssuchas
sketchesandphotographs;
C.UnderstandandApplyInterna0onalDoctrine
h) know,understandandapplyUNESCOconvenEonsandrecommendaEons,andICOMOSandotherrecognizedCharters,regulaEonsand
guidelines;
i) makebalancedjudgementsbasedonsharedethicalprinciples,andacceptresponsibilityforthelong-termwelfareofculturalheritage;
D.CollaborateinConserva0onManagement
j) recognizewhenadvicemustbesoughtanddefinetheareasofneedofstudybydifferentspecialists,e.g.wallpainEngs,sculptureand
objectsofarEsEcandhistoricalvalue,and/orstudiesofmaterialsandsystems;
k) giveexpertadviceonmaintenancestrategies,managementpoliciesandthepolicyframeworkforenvironmentalprotecEonand
preservaEonofmonumentsandtheircontents,andsites;
l) documentworksexecutedandmakesameaccessible.
m) workinmulE-disciplinarygroupsusingsoundmethods;
n) beabletoworkwithinhabitants,administratorsandplannerstoresolveconflictsandtodevelopconservaEonstrategiesappropriateto
localneeds,abiliEesandresources;
AimsofCourses
• ThepracEceofconservaEonisinterdisciplinary;itthereforefollows
thatcoursesshouldalsobe
mul0disciplinary.
• Professionals,includingacademics
andspecializedcralspersons,who
havealreadyreceivedtheirnormal
qualificaEonwillneedfurther
traininginordertobecome
conserva)onists;equallythosewhoseektoactcompetentlyinhistoric
environment.
Scotland,2014
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HeritageEnvironment
• 1990sCulturalLandscape– WorldHeritage1992
– CouncilofEurope1995• 2000EarthCharter• 2003IntangibleCulturalHeritage• 2005DiversityofCulturalExpressions• 2005ICOMOS,SenngofHeritage
• 2011HUL,HistoricUrbanLandscape
HeritageCommunity
FaroConvenEon,2005
• CULTURALHERITAGEisagroupofresourcesinheritedfromthepastwhichpeopleidenEfy,independentlyof
ownership,asareflecEonandexpressionoftheir
constantlyevolvingvalues,beliefs,knowledgeand
tradiEons.Itincludesallaspectsoftheenvironment
resulEngfromtheinteracEonbetweenpeopleand
placesthroughEme;
• AHERITAGECOMMUNITYconsistsofpeoplewhovaluespecificaspectsofculturalheritagewhichthey
wish,withintheframeworkofpublicacEon,tosustain
andtransmittofuturegeneraEons.
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KyotoVisionUNESCO-WH,2012
• OnlythroughstrengthenedrelaEonshipsbetweenpeopleandheritage,basedon
respectforculturalandbiologicaldiversity
asawhole,integraEngbothtangibleand
intangibleaspectsandgearedtoward
sustainabledevelopment,willthe‘future
wewant’becomeaqainable.
Value• Valuemeansrecogni0onofquali0esandsignificanceinreferencetocomparablesources
• 2005,CouncilofEuropeFrameworkConven'onontheValueofCulturalHeritageforSociety,‘FaroConvenEon’
• Culturalheritageisreferredto:
– “--resourcesinheritedfromthepastwhichpeopleiden'fy,
independentlyofownership,asareflec'onandexpression
oftheirconstantlyevolvingvalues,beliefs,knowledgeand
tradi'ons.Itincludesallaspectsoftheenvironment
resul'ngfromtheinterac'onbetweenpeopleandplaces
through'me.”
• Inourcontemporarysociety,valueshavebecomeaproduct.
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Valuevs.SignificanceA. Iden0fica0onofmeaningofan
object(e.g.heritage);B. Associa0onofvaluetoobject
throughmeaning
Meaning/Significance
Society
Tangible
and/or
Intangible
Society
Compara0veStudywithproper0esofsimilar
meaning
CommunityNeedsShelter,SocialSpace
HumanCrea0vityTypology,Morphology
SIGNIFICANCE
ContextEnvironment
Material
Climaterequirements
CulturalExpression
Form/SubstanceDura0on
Recogni0onofCulturalExpressionsasHeritageVALUEJUDGEMENT
Tradi0onConEnuityand
Maintenance
ModernityRestoraEon
ConservaEon
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CapacityBuilding• Theprocessbywhichindividuals,organisa0ons,ins0tu0onsandsocie0esdevelopabili0esto– performfunc0ons,– solveproblemsand– setandachieveobjec0ves.
• 3inter-relatedlevels:INDIVIDUAL,INSTITUTIONALANDSOCIETAL
• POLICYCHOICESANDMODESOFIMPLEMENTATIONamongdevelopmentopEons,basedonanunderstandingof
heritage/environmentpotenEalsandlimitsandofneeds
perceivedbythecommunity/countryconcerned.
WorldHeritageCapacityBuildingStrategy(2011)
• TheFirstParadigmShih:FromTrainingtoCapacityBuilding– strengthentheknowledge,abiliEes,skillsandbehaviourofpeoplewithdirectresponsibiliEesforheritageconservaEonand
management,
– improveinsEtuEonalstructuresandprocessesthrough
empoweringdecision-makersandpolicy-makers,and
– introduceamoredynamicrelaEonshipbetweenheritageandits
contextand,inturn,greaterreciprocalbenefitsbyamoreinclusive
approach,
• TheSecondParadigmShih:Connec0ngCapacityBuildingforCulturalandNaturalHeritage
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2013,ICOMOSCIFPrinciplesforCapacityBuildingthroughEduca0onandTraininginSafeguardingandIntegratedConserva0onofCulturalHeritage
• Thepresentdocumentshouldbeseenasaframeworkdocumentprovidingoverallguidancefortheprinciplesof
Capacity-Buildinginthesafeguardingandconserva'onof
theculturalheritage.
• Addi'onaldocumentscouldbea.achedprovidingamorein-depthguidanceforspecifictypesofheritageandtarget
audiences,aswellasfordifferenttypesofCapacity-Building
ac'vi'es,orsafeguardingandconserva'onac'ons.
• TheseprinciplesextendbutdonotreplacetheICOMOS-CIF
1993Guidelines.Itisaddressed,inthefirstplace,tothe
membersofICOMOS,invi'ngthemtodiffusethemessages
thereintothebroaderinterna'onalcommunityofheritage
conserva'onistsandbeyond.
CapacityBuildingRequires:
• Buildinganetworkofqualifiedteachers,andidenEfyingnecessarydidacEcfaciliEes;
• Iden0fyingsponsorsandregionalandnaEonalpartnerorganisaEons;
• Direc0ngfinancialandadministra0vesupporttoheritagemanagement;
• Organisingcollabora0venetworksofindividualsandinsEtuEonsfortheexchangeofideasandopinionson
approachestoeducaEonandtraining;
• ExpandingthemarketforconservaEon,researchandtraining,andencouragingthecreaEonofopportuniEesfor
qualified,trainedconservaEonists;aswellas,
• EnsuringthatthenecessarylegalandregulatoryframeworksenableorganisaEons,insEtuEonsandagenciesatalllevelsandinallsectorstoenhancetheircapaciEes,
developingframeworksandcommunicaEonsystems.
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HistoricUrbanAreas
Urbanhistoricalsitesarepartofa
widertotality,comprisingthe
naturalandthebuiltenvironment
andtheeverydayliving
experienceoftheirdwellersas
well.Withinthiswiderspace,
enrichedwithvaluesofremoteor
recentoriginandpermanently
undergoingadynamicprocessof
successivetransformaEons,new
urbanspacesmaybeconsidered
asenvironmentalevidencesin
theirformaEvestages.
Shiraz,Iran
Recogni0onofhistoricalandarchitecturalvaluesofmonuments
Ahmadabad,India
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Recogni0onofsocial-culturalvaluesin
UrbanAreasAhmadabad,India
Recogni0onofcultural-environmentalsignificanceofwidercontext:CulturalGeography
Ahmadabad
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CulturalLandscape
CulturalLandscape:“--illustra0veoftheevolu0onofhumansocietyandseilementover0me,undertheinfluenceofthephysicalconstraintsand/oropportuni0espresentedbytheirnaturalenvironmentandofsuccessivesocial,economicandculturalforces,bothexternalandinternal.”
HUL,HistoricUrbanLandscape
UNESCO2011
ThisRecommendaEonaddressestheneedtobeqer
integrateandframeurbanheritageconservaEonstrategies
withinthelargergoalsofoverallsustainabledevelopment,
inordertosupportpublicandprivateacEonsaimedat
preservingandenhancingthequalityofthehuman
environment.Itsuggestsalandscapeapproachfor
idenEfying,conservingandmanaginghistoricareaswithin
theirbroaderurbancontexts,byconsideringtheinter-
relaEonshipsoftheirphysicalforms,theirspaEal
organizaEonandconnecEon,theirnaturalfeaturesand
senngs,andtheirsocial,culturalandeconomicvalues.
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UNESCO:HistoricUrbanLandscape(HUL)Assisi,PhDbyVivianaMar0ni,2013
OldRauma,Finland(founded15c;totalpopulaEon40,000;centre800)
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GeneralTargetGroups
• Communi0esandtheGeneralPublic• Non-GovernmentalOrganisa0ons(NGOs)• GovernmentalAuthori0esandIns0tu0ons• PropertyandSiteManagers• Conserva0onProjectManagers
TargetGroupsofSpecificProfessions
• Conserva0onArchitects,Planners,LandscapeArchitects,Engineers• Conservators/Restorers• Conserva0onTechnicians,TechnologistsandHeritageRecordingSpecialists• Conserva0onScien0sts• Art/ArchitecturalHistorians,Archaeologists,andotherHeritage
Researchers
• Architects,Planners,LandscapeArchitects,Engineers,Surveyors,Geographers,Topographers,etc.notspecialisedinConservaEon
• ProfessionalsresponsibleforEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,
NatureandNaturalHeritageConservators
• Economists,Sociologists,Anthropologists,SocialGeographers,LawyersandothersupporEngprofessionals
• CrahspersonsandAr0sans• PlannersandEngineersofInfrastructure• TechniciansofBuildingU0li0esandCommodi0es
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PlanningandImplemenEng
• Theapproachwouldnormallyinvolvemakinga
criEcalassessmentoftheneedsandtheexisEng
resourcesand,developingsoluEonsinorderto
prepareaStrategicPlanwhilerecognisingthat
emergingstrategiesneedtobeadaptableto
changingcondiEons.
• TheStrategicPlanshouldaimtodefineindividual
responsibiliEes,andleadtothecreaEonofan
AcEonPlanthatcouldbepursued,monitored
andupdatedatregularintervals.
Involvement
• AvarietyofinsEtuEonsmaybeinvolvedinCapacityBuilding
iniEaEves–includinguniversiEes,trainingcentres,andrelated
NGOsandIGOsincludingICCROM,eachwithaspecificmandate
forCapacityBuilding.Othersmayengageinamorelimitedor
ad-hocmanner.
• ThenecessaryspecificresourceswillvarywiththetypeofinsEtuEon,targetgroupandidenEfiedacEvity.
• EachoftheplannedacEviEesmustbedesignedforthe
competentappropriateaudience.
• Itisimportanttoconsiderthat,atthestrategiclevelinvolvinga
numberofinsEtuEons;theremayalreadybesufficientfinancial
andhumanresourcestocarryouttheidenEfiedacEviEes.
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OUVTheoutstandinguniversalvalueofculturalandnaturalproperEesis
definedbyArEcles1and2ofthe
ConvenEon.ThesedefiniEonsare
interpretedbytheCommiqeeby
usingtwosetsofcriteria:onesetfor
culturalpropertyandanothersetfor
naturalproperty.(e.g.1992)
TobedeemedofOutstandingUniversalValue,apropertymust
alsomeetthecondiEonsofintegrityand/orauthen0cityandmusthave
anadequateprotec0onandmanagementsystemtoensureits
safeguarding.(2005)
IUCN
THANKYOU