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oleh6 Hol,n $ul,.&,yo

Pengetian Umum

Fo&og'(0 (&(u d(l( 3(h(.( Ingg',.6 photography &e'd,', d(', du( 3u(h 4(&( Yun(n, y(,&uφ ς % phōs+ y(ng 3e'('&, c(h(y( d(n γραφή %graphé) y(ng 3e'('&, g(',. (&(u g(3('= $ec('(h('0(h 8o&og'(0 d()(& 3e'(4n( /engg(3(' deng(n c(h(y(1 d(l( B(h(.( Indone.,(=Fo&og'(0 .end,', d()(& d,de0n,.,4(n deng(n enggun(4(n 3e'3(g(, c('( )(nd(ng 3(,4 c('()(nd(ng .en, ,lu )enge&(hu(n (u)un (4&,:,&(. (&(u 4eg,(&(n= H(4,4(&ny( 8o&og'(0e'u)(4(n .e3u(h )'o.e. e'e4( c(h(y( (&(u gelo3(ng ele4&'o(gne&,4 &e'&en&u )(d(.e3u(h ed,u &e'&en&u %d()(& 3e'u)( ed,( 4,,( (u)un ele4&'on,4+ en2(d, .e3u(hc,&'( g(3(' y(ng 3e'.,8(& &e&() %du'(3le+

Pengertian Epistimologi

Secara epistimologi 4(&( )ho&og'()hy d,)e'4en(l4(n oleh $,' 7ohn He'.chel d(l( .e3u(hce'((h d, Roy(l $oc,e&y London )(d( # M('e& #> .eh,ngg( enye3(34(n 4(&()ho&og'()hy d,4en(l d, dun,( h,ngg( .((& ,n,= $ec('( &e'&ul,. ,.&,l(h Pho&og'()hy )e'&((4(l, d,&ul,. oleh 7oh(nn :on M(edle' )(d( .u'(& 4('3(' 7e'(n @o..,.che e,&ung )(d( !Fe3'u(',=

“Fotografi” dalam ara pandang se!ara"

In.),'(., engen(, citra gambar fotogra uncul .een2(4 &e'2(d,ny( 8enoen(&e'3en&u4ny( c,&'( g(3(' &e'3(l,4 (4,3(& lolo.ny( c(h(y( el(lu, lu3(ng 4ec,l )(d( .e3u(h&end( &e'&u&u)= In.),'(., &e'.e3u& endo'ong &e'c,)&(4(nny( kamera obcura oleh I3n (l-H(y&h( )(d( &(hun #""-(n= Ke3e'(d((n I3n (l-H(y&h( d(l( .e2('(h 8o&og'(0 d()(&d,l,h(& el(lu, 4('y( &ul,.ny( y(ng 3e'2udul /Boo4 o8 O)&,c.1= O3.cu'( .end,', d(l( 3(h(.(l(&,n 3e'('&, 'u(ng(n gel()=

K('y( I3n-(lH(y&h( d,4e3(ng4(n .ec('( &e'u. ene'u. oleh 3e3e'()( (hl, l(,nny( )(d(9(4&u .el(n2u&ny(= $ec('( 3e'u'u&(n )enge3(ng(n 4(e'( o3cu'( d(n )e'4e3(ng(n

8o&og'(0 d(', 9(4&u 4e 9(4&u d()(& d,l,h(& )(d( &(3el 3e',4u&6

T(3el6 $e2('(h Pe'4e3(ng(n Fo&og'(0

Tahun

Nama Ilmuan AsalNegar

a

Hasil Karya

#" Ro3e'& Boyled(n Ro3e'&Hoo4e

Ingg',. 4(e'( o3.cu'( 2,n2,ng y(ng u4u'(nny( le3,h 4ec,ld(', 4(e'( I3n (l-H(y&h(

# 7oh(nn (hn 7e'(n enye)u'n(4(n 4(e'( o3.cu'( en2(d, le3,h4ec,l ud(h d,3(9( d(n e(n8((&4(n ce',n d(n

len.(un&u4 e8o4u.4(n c(h(y(

## 7o.e)hN,ce)ho'eN,e)ce

P'(nc,. ence&(4 )(d( .e3u(h le)eng(n )e9&e' %log(lun(4 c()u'(n+ deng(n 3,&uen %.e(c( (.)(l+

#" W,ll,( FoJ T(l3o&

Ingg',. enye)u'n(4(n )'o.e. ce&(4 8o&o y(ng d,4en(ldeng(n (lo&y)e

# De.,'e @(n Belg,( eu4(nny( le)eng 4e',ng collod,on

https://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/holin-sulistiyohttps://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1hVHunJ80LUkZ3n4lOwYqBxheD7JW7Arz0UlTCLVZXg4&pref=2&pli=1#bookmark=id.sblbtjpoc0gyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Herschelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Herschelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Maedlerhttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/holin-sulistiyohttps://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1hVHunJ80LUkZ3n4lOwYqBxheD7JW7Arz0UlTCLVZXg4&pref=2&pli=1#bookmark=id.sblbtjpoc0gyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Herschelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Maedler


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Monc4ho:en

## R,ch('d Le(chM(ddoJ

Ingg',. eneu4(n gel(&,n 4e',ng

# Geo'ge E(.&(n Ae',4(

eneu4(n 0l &o)og'(04enc,)&(4(n 4o&(4 4(e'( deng(n 0l .elulo,d

#> Ed9,n L(nd Ae',4(

K(e'( ,n.&(n )e'&(( 4(l, d,)o)ule'4(n oleh)ol('o,d

# K,y(non4(3u.h,4,-g(,.h(

7e)(ng Mend,',4(n )e'u.(h((n )e3u(& 4(e'( > 0l3e'n(( ANON

l,h(& ,n8o'(., de&(,l d(l( 8o&og'(0(n(

Fotografi #e$agai Ilmu

Fotogra sebagai sains %Pho&og'()hy (. ( .c,ence+ eng(cu )(d( 3,d(ng ,lu)enge&(hu(n .e)e'&, (&e(&,4( 4,,( 0.,4( d(n 4o)u&e' y(ng en2(d, d(.(' 3(g,4e3e'(d((n 8o&og'(0 ul(, d(', (.( (9(lny( h,ngg( .((& ,n,= Me4(n,.e 4e'2( 4(e'(d,n(,4( e4.)o.u'e d(n )enge3(ng(n ed,u 4,,( 0l (&(u)un d,g,&(l h('u. 3en('

.e,3(ng d(n d,gun(4(n .ede,4,(n 'u)( oleh 8o&og'(8e' un&u4 engh(.,l4(n g(3('

.e.u(, 4e3u&uh(n e'e4(=

Ilu 0.,4( d(l( 8o&og'(0 %&he Phy.,c. o8 Pho&og'()hy!+ e,l,4, )e'(n end(.(' y(nge3e',4(n )eng('uh 8und(en&(l d(l( )e'4e3(ng(n 8o&og'(0= Ke3e'(d((n len.(d,4en(l .e2(4 2((n )u'3(4(l( n(un .ec('( &e'&ul,. len.( ul(, d,)e'4en(l4(n d, Yun(n,Kuno d(l( .(nd,9('( A',.&o)h(ne. The loud. %! $M+ y(ng enye3u&4(n .e3u(h gel(.-)e3(4(' %.e3u(h len.( ce3ung y(ng d,gun(4(n un&u4 e8o4u.4(n c(h(y( (&(h(',un&u4 enc,)&(4(n (),+= $el(n2u&ny( $enec( &he Younge' %> $M+ en2el(.4(n e8e4)e3e.('(n d(', .e3u(h gel(. 3ul(& y(ng d,,., oleh (,'= Pe'4e3(ng(n len.( .ec('( ,l,(hd(l( ()l,4(.,ny( d(l( dun,( 8o&og'(0 d,)u3l,4(.,4(n oleh ,lu(n u.l, 3e'4e3(ng.((nA'(3 A3u Al, (l-H(.(n I3n Al-H(,&h( %-#">+ y(ng enul,. 3u4u 3e'2udul K,&(3 (l-M(n(?,' %Boo4 o8 O)&,c+ y(ng d,d(l(ny( e3(h(. engen(, &eo', o)&,4(l )e'&(( d(n

u&((= H(,&h( en2el(.4(n 3(h9( len.( d, (&( (nu.,( e3en&u4 .e3u(h g(3(' d,'e&,n(= Penye3('(n )enggun((n len.( &,d(4 &e'2(d, .()(, )eneu(n 4(c( (&( d, I&(l,()(d( #!"-(n=

Mekanisme Kerja Kamera e'u)(4(n .e2ul(h e4(n,.e 4e'2( e4(n,4 y(ngd,'(nc(ng .ede,4,(n 'u)( un&u4 d()(& eng(&u' 9(4&u eJ)o.u'e d(n e3u4( 3e.('cel(h d,(g8'(g( .eh,ngg( eung4,n4(n )eng(&u'(n (.u4ny( .e2ul(h c(h(y( &e'&en&u.e.u(, 4e3u&uh(n )e3en&u4(n c,&'( g(3(' )(d( ed,( 'e4(n %3(,4 0l (u)un ed,(d,g,&(l+ y(ng 3e'(d( d, d(l( 'u(ng gel() d, 3(g,(n d(l( 4(e'(=

Pe'(n u&(( ,lu 0.,4( d(l( e3u(& .,.&e 4e'2( )eng(&u'(n c(h(y( (.u4 4e d(l(4(e'( (d(l(h )(d( )'o.e. )engu4u'(n c(h(y( deng(n enggun(4(n (l(& )engu4u'c(h(y( y(ng .ec('( uu d,4en(l deng(n n(( l,gh& e&e'=

Hukum eciprocity !Law of Reciprocity photography " en2el(.4(n 3(g(,(n(,n&en.,&(. c(h(y( d(n du'(., d,(&u' .ede,4,(n 'u)( un&u4 enen&u4(n )(2(n(n %exposure+=Al,h-(l,h hu4u reciprocity d()(& d,de0n,.,4(n .e3(g(, hu3ung(n (n&('( 4ece)(&(n '(n(%shutter speed+ d(n cel(h d,(g8'(g( %aperture+ un&u4 engh(.,l4(n &o&(l )(2(n(n y(ngd,3u&uh4(n= Pe'u3(h(n )(d( .e&,() eleen d,(n&('( 4edu(ny( d,u4u' enggun(4(n .4(l(u4u'(n y(ng d,.e3u& .e3(g(, /.&o).1 d,(n( .(&u .(&u(n .&o) .e&('( d,(n&('( 4edu(4o)onen &e'.e3u&=

Ilmu kimia #alam fotogra %&he he,.&'y o8 Pho&og'()hy+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki-gaishahttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/home/sejarah-fotografi/1-mistar-waktuhttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/home/sejarah-fotografi/1-mistar-waktuhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophaneshttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clouds&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clouds&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/424_SMhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Youngerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/965http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1038http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki-gaishahttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/home/sejarah-fotografi/1-mistar-waktuhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophaneshttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clouds&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/424_SMhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Youngerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/965http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1038


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Film# d(l( 8o&og'(0 (d(l(h le3('(n )l(.&,4 %)olye.&e' PET n,&'o.elulo.( (&(u .elulo.((.e&(&+ y(ng d,l(),., deng(n eul., %g('( )e'(4 h(l,d( )e4( c(h(y( y(ng &e',4(& olehgel(&,n+ deng(n :(',(3el u4u'(n 4',.&(l y(ng enen&u4(n &,ng4(& .en.,&,:,&(. 'e(4., &e'h(d()c(h(y( 4on&'(. d(n 'e.olu., 0l= Ke&,4( eul., &e'4en( c(h(y( %(&(u 3en&u4 l(,n d(', '(d,(.,ele4&'o(gne&,4 .e)e'&, .,n('-;+ y(ng encu4u), ,( (4(n e3en&u4 .e3u(h g(3(' l(&en%&,d(4 &e'l,h(&+ = P'o.e. 4,,( l(n2u&(n (4(n 'e(4., ,n, eung4,n4(n &e'3en&u4ny( c,&'(

g(3(' y(ng n()(4 3(,4 .ec('( neg(&,8 (u)un )o.,&,8 el(lu, .e3u(h )'o.e. y(ngd,.e3u& )enge3(ng(n 0l=

P(d( 0l 8o&og'(0 h,&(-)u&,h 3,(.(ny( (d( .(&u l(),.(n g('( )e'(4= Ke&,4( 3u&,'(ng('( )e'(4 d,4e3(ng4(n ,( d,u3(h en2(d, )e'(4 e&(l,4 y(ng engh(3(& c(h(y(d(n uncul .e3(g(, 3(g,(n h,&( d(', 0l neg(&,8=

F,l 3e'9('n( enggun(4(n .e&,d(4ny( &,g( l(),.(n= Pe9('n( y(ng enye'() 4e)e'u4((n g('( )e'(4 e3u(& 4',.&(l .en.,&,8 &e'h(d() 9('n( y(ng 3e'3ed(= B,(.(ny(l(),.(n 3,'u-.en.,&,8 3e'(d( d, 3(g,(n )(l,ng (&(. d,,4u&, oleh l(),.(n h,2(u d(n e'(h= $((&eng(l(, )'o.e. )enge3(ng(n g('(-g('( )e'(4 d,4on:e'., en2(d, )e'(4 e&(l,4%.e)e'&, h(lny( d(l( 0l h,&(-)u&,h+ n(un d(l( 0l 3e'9('n( 'e(4., 3(h(n-3(h(nd(l( )'o.e. )enge3(ng(n .ec('( .,ul&(n engg(3ung4(n 3(h(n 4,,( y(ng d,4en(ldeng(n colo' cou)le'.! y(ng &e'd()(& 3(,4 d(l( 0l (u)un d(l( l('u&(n )enge3(ng

e3en&u4 c,&'( g(3(' en2(d, 3e'9('n(= 7en,. 0l Fo&og'(0 d()(& d,4elo)o4(n 3e'd(.(' )(d( 3e3e'()( 4',&e',(= $ec('( uu 2en,.0l 8o&og'(0 &e'd,', (&(.6

#= F,l e&(4 %P',n& F,l+= F,l e&(4 (d(l(h 0l 8o&og'(0 y(ng e3u&uh4(n )'o.e.)ence&(4(n un&u4 e3en&u4 g(3(' .e.u(, deng(n h(.,l )eng(3,l(n g(3('y(ng d,l(4u4(n= F,l ce&(4 &e'd,', (&(. 0l ce&(4 h,&( )u&,h d(n 3e'9('n(= P'o.e.)ence&(4(n d()(& d,l(4u4(n el(lu, )'o.e. )e3e.('(n el(lu, )'oye4., len.((u)un 4on&(4 l(ng.ung &e'h(d() 4e'&( 8o&o y(ng le3,h d,4en(l deng(n ,.&,l(hcon&(c& )',n&=

!= olo' Re:e'.(l F,l e'u)(4(n 0l 9('n( 3e'c,&'( )o.,&,8 .e&el(h eng(l(, )'o.e.)enge3(ng(n= 7en,. 0l ,n, .ec('( uu d,4en(l .e3(g(, 0l .l,de d,4('en(4(n4e3,(.((n )eny(2,(nny( d(l( 3en&u4 3,ng4(,-3,ng4(, y(ng &e'.,)(n d(l( .l,de

c(&',dge y(ng d,)'oye4.,4(n deng(n )'oye4&o' .l,de=>= Bl(c4 (nd Wh,&e Re:e'.(l F,l e'u)(4(n 0l &'(n.)('(n 3e'c,&'( )o.,&,8= F,l 2en,.

,n, (d( h(ny( .(2( &,d(4 &e'.ed,( .ec('( uu %l(ng4(+= F,l 2en,. ,n, 2ug( d,.e3u&.e3(g(, 3l(c4 (nd 9h,&e ch'oe=

Kepekaan lm %0l .)eed+

$roses merekam c(h(y( .ec('( 4,,(9, d,l(4u4(n )(d( ed,( )l(& )l(.&,4 4e'&(.(&(u)un 4(,n= $e3elu d,gun(4(n un&u4 e'e4( c(h(y( ed,( )e'e4( d, 3e',4(n3(h(n-3(h(n y(ng .en.,&,8 &e'h(d() c(h(y( y(ng d,.e3u& .e3(g(, eul., 8o&og'(0%)ho&og'()h,c eul.,on+ .eh,ngg( eung4,n4(n &e'2(d,ny( 'e(4., c(h(y( &e'h(d()ny(y(ng .el(n2u&ny( d,)'o.e. un&u4 e3en&u4 c,&'( g(3('= Eul., 8o&og'(0 (d(l(h 4olo,dy(ng .en.,&,8 &e'h(d() c(h(y( y(ng &e',4(& )(d( gel(&,n d(n d, &u(ng4(n )(d( .u3&'(&=Eul., 8o&og'(0 &e'd,', d(', 4',.&(l )e'(4 h(l,d( %.,l:e' h(l,d(+ &e',4(& d, gel(&,n d(nd,&u(ng4(n )(d( .u3.&'(& 3e'u)( 4(c( 4e'&(. 0l )l(.&,4 (&(u 4(,n=

I.&,l(h eul., d(l( 8o&og'(0 3u4(nl(h (4n( eul., .e3en('ny( &e&(), le3,h 3e'(4n(.e3(g(, .u.)en., d(', )('&,4el )(d(& d(l( c(,'(n= K(&( Eul., 4eud,(n en2(d, ,.&,l(h&e&() y(ng d,gun(4(n d,gun(4(n d(l( 8o&og'(0 d(n ,lu 8o&og'(0 un&u4 enun2u44(n(4n( 4(&( eul., y(ng 4,&( 4en(l d(l( ,lu 8o&og'(0 .((& ,n,= $olu., .en.,&,.(., un&u4)'o.e. gel(&,n non-)e'(4 .e)e'&, )'o.e. koloid dichromated cyanotype d(n kallitype4(d(ng-4(d(ng d,.e3u& 2ug( eul.,=


11/164

Pe()('(n %exposure+ '(d,(., gelo3(ng ele4&'o(gne&,. %c(h(y(+ )(d( eul., 8o&og'(0e'u)(4(n )'o.e. u&(( d(l( )e3en&u4(n g(3(' 8o&og'(0 .ec('( 4,,(9,= (h(y(d,('(h4(n .ede,4,(n 'u)( )(d( el(lu, .e3u(h cel(h 4ec,l %3(c(6 ),n hole )(d( 4(e'(o3cu'( (&(u ()e'&u'e )(d( len.(+ enu2u ed,u 3e',., eul., d(l( 9(4&u &e'&en&u y(ngd,.e.u(,4(n deng(n 4e)e4((n eul., &e'h(d() c(h(y(= %l,h(& )en2el(.(n leng4() d(l(3(g,(n eJ.)o.u'e+

Solusi Kimiawi fotografi (photographic chemical solution),

Photo Developer = D(l( )'o.e. )engol(h(n 0l )el(& (&(u 4e'&(. 8o&og'(0 de:elo)e'(d(l(h 3(h(n 4,,( y(ng e3u(& g(3(' l(&en )(d( 0l (&(u ce&(4 &e'l,h(& .e3(g(,(n( (.l,ny(= H(l ,n, d,l(4u4(n deng(n engu'(ng, )e'(4 h(l,d( y(ng &el(h &e'4en( c(h(y(d(l( (&',4. gel(&,n= $e3(g(, gene'(l,.(., .e(4,n l(( )enge3(ng d,l(4u4(n .e(4,n3e.(' )ul( &,ng4(& )engu'(ng(n 4',.&(l h(l,d( )e'(4 un&u4 )e'(4 y(ng enye3(34(ng(3(' )o.,&,8ny( en2(d, .e(4,n gel()=

Stop Bath (d(l(h 4,,( )e3e'.,h y(ng 3,(.(ny( d,gun(4(n d(l( )'o.e. )engol(h(n&'(d,.,on(l 0l )el(& d(n 4e'&(. 8o&og'(0 h,&(-)u&,h y(ng d,gun(4(n .e&el(h )'o.e.)enge3(ng(n .ele.(,= Tu2u(n )e(n8((&(n .&o) 3(&h (d(l(h un&u4 enghen&,4(n)e'4e3(ng(n 0l )l(& (&(u 4e'&(. deng(n 3(,4 encuc, 3(h(n 4,,( )enge3(ng%developer + (&(u ene&'(l4(nny(=

Fixer fotogra (d(l(h c()u'(n 3(h(n 4,,( y(ng d,gun(4(n )(d( l(ng4(h &e'(4h,'d(l( )'o.e. )enge3(ng(n c,&'( 8o&og'(0 )(d( 0l (&(u 4e'&(.= F,Je' 3e'8ung., un&u4e3u(& c,&'( g(3(' en2(d, .&(3,l engh()u. )e'(4 h(l,d( y(ng &e'.,.( )(d( 0l (&(u4e'&(. 8o&og'(0 e3u(ng )e'(4 e&(l,4 y(ng &el(h &e'edu4., .eh,ngg( &,d(4 )e4(&e'h(d() .eg(l( .e.u(&u )'o.e. l(,n y(ng d,(4,3(&4(n oleh (d(ny( ,n&e'(4., c(h(y( deng(nc,&'( g(3(' y(ng &el(h &e'3en&u4= T(n)( xer )e'(4 h(l,d( y(ng &e'.,.( deng(n ce)(&(4(n enggel()4(n d(n enye3(34(n c,&'( 4(3u&= G('( y(ng )(l,ng uu d,gun(4(n(d(l(h n(&',u &,o.ul8(& - h,)o 3,(.( d,.e3u& - d(n &,o.ul8(& (on,u - uu d,gun(4(nd(l( 8o'ul( 0Je' ode'n=

F,Je' d,gun(4(n un&u4 e)'o.e. .eu( 0l y(ng uu d,gun(4(n &e'(.u4 h,&(-d(n-)u&,h 0l Kod(ch'oe d(n 0l ch'oogen,c= D(l( 0l ch'oogen,c )e'(4 &e'.,.( h('u.

d,h()u. oleh 3(h(n 4,,( y(ng d,.e3u& bleach x 4(d(ng-4(d(ng d,.,ng4(& en2(d, %li&=In, 3e',., c()u'(n (on,u &,o.ul8(& d(n 8e''ou. EDTA ?(& )eng4el(& y(ng 4u(&=

$e&el(h 04.(., %)'o.e. )e3e',(n 0Je' d(l( )'o.e. )enge3(ng(n+ )encuc,(n ,n, )en&,ngun&u4 engh()u. 3(h(n 4,,( lel(h d(', eul., y(ng enye3(34(n 4e'u.(4(n c,&'( 2,4(d,3,('4(n=

Kertas Fotogra %Pho&og'()h,c )()e'+ (d(l(h 4e'&(. y(ng d,l(),., deng(n 3(h(n 4,,()e4( c(h(y( y(ng d,gun(4(n un&u4 e3u(& ce&(4(n 8o&o= Penc(h(y((n &e'h(d() 4e'&(.8o&o d,l(4u4(n deng(n c('( y(ng &e'4end(l, deng(n c('(6 #= ene)(&4(n neg(&,8 d(l(4on&(4 deng(n 4e'&(. l(ng.ung un&u4 engh(.,l4(n cetak kontak %contact print + !=el(4u4(n )e3e.('(n deng(n enggun(4(n len.( un&u4 memproyeksi neg(&,8 )(d(4e'&(. 8o&o %)'o.e. ce&(4 8o&o y(ng .ec('( uu 4,&( 2u)(,+ >= enggun(4(n printer#igital un&u4 ence&(4 c,&'( g(3(' l(&en d(l( ed,( d,g,&(l = e,nd(, .u3e'

c(h(y( &e'odul(., (&(. 4e'&(. (&(u deng(n ene)(&4(n o32e4 (&(.ny( un&u4engh(.,l4(n fotogram=

Ke'&(. 8o&og'(0 &e'3(g, 4ed(l( &,g( .u3-4(&ego',6

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https://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1hVHunJ80LUkZ3n4lOwYqBxheD7JW7Arz0UlTCLVZXg4&pref=2&pli=1#bookmark=id.t1p3js1pd9gohttps://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1hVHunJ80LUkZ3n4lOwYqBxheD7JW7Arz0UlTCLVZXg4&pref=2&pli=1#bookmark=id.t1p3js1pd9go


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>= Ke'&(. y(ng d,gun(4(n un&u4 )'o.e. )o.,&,8-)o.,&,8 0l-&o-)()e' d, (n( c,&'( )o.,&,8 d,)e'3e.(' d(n d,.(l,n 4e 4e'&(. 8o&o ,.(lny( )'o.e. Ilfochrome=

Ilu 4o)u&e' d(l( 8o&og'(0 %Computer Science of Digital Photography +

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D,g,&(l (e'(D,g,&(l I(g,ng

Fotografi se$agai te%ni% (Photography as a technique)

Fotografi se$agai seni (Photography as an art )

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.en, &e'.e3u& d,&u(ng4(n= H(.,l 4('y( .en, &,d(4 h(ny( d,l,h(& )(d( 4('y( .en, y(ngd,h(.,l4(n le3,h d(', ,&u 4('y( .en, e'u)(4(n h(.,l d(', .e3u(h )'o.e. )enc,)&((n y(ng()'e.,(.,ny( d,.(nd('4(n )(d( )(e'(n g(le', )o'&o8ol,o 3,og'(0 .u'(&-.u'(& d(n e.(,4',&,.=

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Ad( d(l( .en, .u(&u &,nd(4(n 4ehend(4 d, (n( ('&,. .eng(2( en(ngg(), .u32e4.eh,ngg( e3(9( 3(h9( .u32e4 4e)(d( (ud,en.= K('y( .en, (d(l(h &,d(4 (d( ce',n.e4(d(' .u32e4 0.,4 4('en( ()( y(ng .en,(n e3(9( 4e)(d( )enon&on (d(l(h&(ngg()(nny( &e'h(d() .u32e4 d(n 3u4(n .u32e4 ,&u .end,',= $&'ee& .cene E:(n. d, $el(Al(3(( %#>+ (d(l(h 4(.u. d, &,&,4= O3ye4 0.,4 %3(ngun(n o'(ng 2(l(n o3,l dll+ d,(&u'4('en( e'e4( 3,.( engh(.,l4(n '(&u.(n g(3(' y(ng .(ng(& 3e'3ed( &e'g(n&ung )(d()ene)(&(n 4(e'( d(n e4.)o.u'= In, g(3(' &e'&en&u (d(l(h .e3u(h 4('y( .en, deng(nde,4,(n 4('en( e3(9( 4elu(' 'e.)on &e'&en&u E:(n. 4e TKP= I&u (d(l(h 'e.)on y(ng4o)le4. &e'(.u4 o'(ng-o'(ng dudu4 )o.&u' e'e4( o'(ng-o'(ng 3e'2(l(n 3(y(ng(n 2(l(n d(n (u&o= K,&( h('u. 3e'&(ny( ()( )eng(&u'(n &e'&en&u 3end( 4(&(= B(g(,(n( 4,&(e3(c( .e3(g(, .e.u(&u y(ng E:(n. 3e'4oun,4(., 4e)(d( 4,&( el(lu, g(3('

Be',4u& (d(l(h du( )o&ong(n L(nge y(ng )(l,ng &e'4en(l6 I3u M,g'(n& d(n M(l(,4(& 7(lu'Ro&, Pu&,h= 7ug( enggun(4(n Po9e'Po,n& un&u4 el,h(& .l,de .ho9 ,n, d,d(.('4(n )(d(

4ol(3o'(., L(nge deng(n 8o&og'(8e' le Al3e'. d, )u.(& 'elo4(., 7e)(ng d, M(n?(n(' d,O9en. @(lley (l,8o'n,(= An.el Ad(. 2ug( eo&'e& M(n?(n(' d(n And( d()(& el,h(&3e3e'()( .,d,4 2(',ny( d, .,n,=

R(4.(.( l(,n .en, (d(l(h Hen', ('&,e'-B'e..on= D(l( )o&'e& Ro3e'& Fl(he'&y %#>+ 'e(l,&(.0.,4 2el(. &e'9(4,l, d(l( g(3(' 8o&og'(0 &e&(), .eg(l( .e.u(&u y(ng l(,n e'u)(4(n)'odu4 d(', 4e)u&u.(n .eo'(ng .en,(n= Meng()( ('&,e'-B'e..on e,l,h un&u4 e9(4,l,.u32e4 d(l( h(l ,n, c('( y(ng &e)(& A)( y(ng d,4(&(4(n &en&(ng o'(ng ,&u Gun(4(n&o3ol )(n(h un&u4 el,h(& )o&'e& l(,n= ('&,e'-B'e..on d,4en(l .e3(g(, 8o&og'(8e'

2(l(n(n 3(ny(4 (deg(n y(ng )(l,ng &e'4en(l (d(l(h c(&(&(n .)on&(n )e',.&,9( .e.((&.e)e'&, ,n, 3oc(h Pe'(nc,. 4e3(l, d(', &o4o (nggu'= T(), ,n, &,d(4 h(ny( 'e4((n= ('&,e'-B'e..on e,l,4, 4e()u(n lu(' 3,(.( un&u4 en(ng4() 4e3e&ul(n d(n ,'on,= H(l ,n,d(l( ,.&,l(h We.&on el,h(& d,&(3(h= H(l ,n, &,d(4 h(ny( el,h(& o'(ng-o'(ng d(n ,ng,neng(3,l 8o&o e'e4( el(,n4(n ,&u (d(l(h )e(h((n e'e4( d(l( ('&, y(ng un,4y(ng d(&(ng 4e e4.)'e., d(l( c,&'( 8o&og'(0 tertentu.

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$roses merekam cahaya secara #igital

FOTOGRAFI& 'AUU 'AN #E*ARANG

oleh6 D(ud P'(&(( d(n Re?4h, h(nd'( Nug'(h(

#E+ARA FOTOGRAFI (History of Photography )

ET,-OOG,

Coining ari !"otografi# telah i$ait$an paa tahun %&' $epaa Sir ohn *erschel +erasar$an unani (phos),(geneti-ephoto) /ang +erarti !caha/a#, an (graphe) /ang +erarti !menggam+ar,menulis# , +ersama0sama /ang+erarti !menggam+ar engan caha/a#. 1amun paa tahun %&'2 sei$it i$enal 3rancis04ra5il penemu *ercules"lorence mempela6ari cara permanen memper+ai$i $amera o+scura gam+ar, /ang ia +eri nama !photographia#. 7iatia$ pernah mempu+li$asi$an hasil penemuan/a memaai. Karena ia aalah seorang penemu 6elas tinggal ise+uah pro-insi ter$ecil an +elum +er$em+ang

TE.NOOGI.A /A.*GROUN'

"otografi aalah hasil ari $om+inasi +e+erapa penemuan te$nis /ang +er+ea. auh se+elum foto0foto pertamai+uat, "ilsuf Cina 8o 9i an unani :ristoteles an ;ucli matemati$awan menggam+ar$an se+uah $amera lu+ang

6arum i S8 a+a $e0< an $e0=. paa a+a $e0>, :nthemius matemati$a 4i5antium an 9ralles mengguna$an tipe$amera o+scura alam perco+an.

?+n al0*a/tham (:lha5en) (>< i 4asra 0, C %.@=@ i Kairo) mempela6ari $amera o+scura an $amera lu+ang 6arum, :l+ertus 8agnus (%%'A%2@>0&@) menemu$an pera$ nitrat, an Beroges "a+ricius (%0%) menemu$an $loriapera$. 7aniel 4ar+aro i6elas$an iafragma paa tahun %&. Dilhelm *om+erg menggam+ar$an +agaimanacaha/a gelap +e+erapa +ahan $imia (efe$ foto$imia) tahun %>=. 9he Biphantie no-el (oleh e la Eoche 9iphaigne3erancis, %20%=) menggam+ar$an apa /ang +isa itafsi$an se+agai fotografi.

-ONO.RO-E PRO..E##"oto /ang permanen pertama aalah gam+ar /ang ihasil$an paa tahun %&2> atau %&2 oleh oseph /a penemu3erancis 1icFphore 1iFpce. "oto itu iprou$si i piring timah ipoles. 4ahan pe$a caha/a aalah lapisan tipis aspal,tar min/a$ alami, /ang ilarut$an alam min/a$ putih, iterap$an paa permu$aan piring an iper+oleh$an untu$mengatur se+elum iguna$an. Setelah pemaparan /ang sangat pan6ang i $amera (traisional i$ata$an elapan

6am, tapi mung$in +e+erapa hari), aspal itu cu$up mengeras alam proporsi e$sposur terhaap caha/a /ang tia$i$eras$an +agian +isa ilepas engan pelarut, meninggal$an citra positif engan caha/a aerah iwa$ili oleh aspalmengeras an aerah gelap engan timah telan6ang. Gntu$ melihat gam+ar engan 6elas, piring harus men/ala anilihat seemi$ian rupa sehingga +are metal muncul gelap an aspal relatif ringan.

"oto /ang permanen pertama aalah gam+ar /ang ihasil$an paa tahun %&2> atau %&2 oleh oseph penemu3erancis 1icepore 1iepce. foto itu iprou$si i piring timah ipoles. 4ahan pe$a caha/a aalah lapisan tipis aspal,tar min/a$ alami, /ang ilarut$an alam min/a$ putih, iterap$an paa permu$aan piring an iper+oleh$an untu$mengatur se+elum iguna$an. Setelah pemaparan /ang sangat pan6ang i $amera (traisional i$ata$an elapan

6am, tapi mung$in +e+erapa hari), aspal itu cu$up mengeras alam proporsi e$sposur terhaap caha/a /ang tia$

i$eras$an +agian +isa ilepas engan pelarut, meninggal$an citra positif engan caha/a aaerah iwa$ili oleh aspalmengeras an aerah gelap engan timah telan6ang. Gntu$ melihat gam+ar engan 6elas, piring harus men/ala anilihat seemi$ian rupa sehingga +are metal muncul gelap an aspal relatif ringan.

1iFpce se+elumn/a +ere$sperimen engan $ertas ilapisi engan pera$ $loria. 4er+ea peneliti se+elumn/aengan garam pera$, ia +erhasil memotret gam+ar ter+entu$ alam $amera $ecil, menghasil$an hasil pertaman/apaa %&%>, tapi seperti penahulun/a ia tia$ mampu mencegah lapisan gelap ari seluruh saat ter$ena caha/auntu$ melihat. :$i+atn/a, ia men6ai $ecewa engan sen/awa pera$ an mengalih$an perhatiann/a $e aspal anlainn/a /ang sensitif terhaap caha/a 5at organi$.

https://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/daud-pratamahttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/rezkhi-chandra-nugrahahttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/daud-pratamahttps://sites.google.com/site/edufotografi/kontributor/rezkhi-chandra-nugraha


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3aa tahun %&'' 1iepce meninggal $arena stro$e, meninggal$an catatan untu$ 7aguerre. He+ih tertai$ paa pera$+er+asis proses i+aning 1iepce telah, 7aguerre +ere$sperimen engan memotret gam+ar $amera langsung $epiring pera$ muncul /ang telah iasapi engan uap /oium, /ang +erea$si engan pera$ untu$ mem++entu$ lapisanpera$ ioia. 3aparan $ali masih impracticall/ lama. Kemuian, secara tia$ senga6a sesuai engan re$eningtraisional, 7aguerre mem+uat penemuan penting +ahwa gam+ar laten ta$ terlihat samar iprou$si paa sepertipiring engan e$sposur /ang le+ih pene$ apat !i$em+ang$an# untu$ -isi+ilitas penuh oleh asap mer$uri. ?nimem+awa wa$tu +u$aan $e +e+erapa menit alam $onisi optimal. Se+uah solusi panas /ang $uat ari garam +iasa

isa6i$an untu$ mensta+ila$n atau memper+ai$i gam+ar engan menghapus ioia pera$ tersisa. 3aa anuari%&' 7aguerre mengumum$an proses pertama fotografi leng$ap pra$tis untu$ :$aemi ?lmu pengetahuan 3erancisan +erita engan cepat men/e+ar. 3aa awaln/a, semua rincian prises itahan an spesimen han/a itampil$an$epaa +e+erapa iperca/a. 3engaturan /ang i+uat untu$ pemerintah 3erancus untu$ mem+eli ha$ alampertu$aran untu$ pensiun untu$ 7aguerre an ana$ 1iepce an $emuian men/ampai$ann/a $epaa unia (enganpengecualian e facti 4ritania ra/a) se+agai haiah gratis. 3etun6u$ leng$ap /ang iter+it$an paa tanggal %

:gustus %&'.

Setelah mem+aca laporan awal ari penemuan 7aguerre. 9al+ot +e$er6a paa men/empurna$an proses seniri.3aa tahun %&' awal ia memperoleh per+ai$an $unci. seorang fiIer /ang efe$tif, ari ohn *erschel, astronom,/ang se+elumn/a menun6u$$an +ahwa h/posulfite soa (+iasa ise+ut !hipo# an se$arang i$enal secara resmise+agai natrium tiosulfat) a$an melarut$an garam pera$. 4erita ini 7aguerre 6uga mencapai pelarut, /ang iam0iamigantu untu$ pengo+atan garam $urang efe$tif n/a air panas.

Houis 7aguerre ilahir$an paa tahun %& i $ota Cormeilles i 3erancis utara, ia merupa$an seniman /ang paapertengahan umur tiga puluhan ia merancang !iograma#. +arisan lu$isan /ang sangat +agus, ipertun6u$anengan +antuan efe$ caha/a. sementara ia menggarap pe$er6aan itu ia men6ai tertari$ engan pengem+angansuatu me$anisme untu$ secara otomatis melu$is$an $em+ali pemanangan /ang aa i unia tanpa mengguna$an$uas atau cat. 9ing$at pertama perancangan alat $amera /ang +isa +erfungsi tia$ +erhasil, i tahun %&2 ia+ertemu engan 1iepce /ang 6uga seang mela$u$an e$sperimen mem+uat $amera an se6auh itu +erhasil. uatahun $emuian ia mem+uat $ongsi engan niepce, i tahun %&'' 1iepce meninggal unia, 7agguere tetapmelan6ut$an perco+aann/a. 8en6elang tahun %&' ia +erhasil memgem+ang$an se+uah sistem pra$tis fotografi /angise+utn/a !aguerreot/pe#. paa tahun %&' ia mem+eri tahu pu+li$ secara ter+u$a, pemerintah 3rancismem+erin/a im+lan pensiun seumur hiup +ai$ $epaa aguerre maupun ana$ 1iepce. engan itu ia i+eri +an/a$penghormatan an ianggap se+agai pahlawan. metoe !aguerreot/pe# engan cepat +er$em+ang men6ai hal/ang iguna$an oleh umum.7egurre segara pensiun an ia meninggal i tahum %&


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a+a $e sem+ilan +elas e$sperimen engan proses fotografi sering men6ai proprietar/. Kelahiran erman, 1ewrleans "otografer 9heoore Hilienthal +erhasil mencari ganti rugi hu$um alam $asus pelanggaran /ang meil+at$an%.&&% n/a !3roses Ham+ert# i 7istri$ 9imur Houisiana.

Selan6utn/a, paa a+a $e 2% penemuan te$nologi igital mem+uat per$em+angan fotografi sema$in mening$at.Laman ulu, untu$ mengam+il gam+ar $ecil harus mengguna$an $amera +esar. 1amun se$arang, enganitemu$ann/a te$nologi igital untu$ menggam+il gam+ar +esar apat mengguna$an $amera seu$uran sa$u +a6u.

httpAAen.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iA*istor/MofMphotograph/

httpAAsulut.$emeneg.go.iAfileAfileAhumasAtIh$%'%'>@>2.pf

3enciptaan Kaiah Gntu$ 8ere$am "oto ?mage Ke$al ("ai5al "e+rian Eamahani)

9homas Degewoo memancang naman/a alam +agian se6arah pan6ang per6alanan unia fotografi,mem+uat$amera se+agai meia penghasil grafis n/atan/a ta$ sesu$ar /ang i+a/ang$an,masalah 6ustru muncul $eti$a foto/ang ihasil$an han/a +ersifat temporer.Hang$ah +esar 9homas setia$n/a men6ain/a acuan untu$ penemuanhe+at +eri$utn/a.Setelah &@@ tahun $urang le+ih +erlalu,manusia masih +elum mampu mencipta$an foto engane$sisitensi output /ang $e$al,sampai paa tahun %&2> 1eciphore 1iepce su$ses mengu+ah $eaaan mencipta$anfoto engan hasil /ang +ersifat $e$al,1iepce aalah orang pertama /ang +erhasil mencipta$an hasil foto /ang tia$+ersifat temporer. 3rinsip $er6a hasil foto /ang icipta$an oleh 1iepce inama$an *eliograph(aalah $aca is/arat/ang iguna$an engan memanfaat$an efe$ caha/a matahari,prinsip heliograph han/a a$an +e$er6a $eti$a sinalmatahari atang engan intensitas tinggi,1eipce 6uga mem+uat eahan caha/a untu$ mere$am hasil foto engan

margin & 6am.

1iepce mem+uat suatu $ar/a /ang ia ei$asi$an paa $era+atn/a,i tahun %&2,foto /ang i+eri nama !-iew fromthe winow# ini iam+il oleh 1eipce i $eiamann/a i $awasan 3erancis,foto ini aalah foto pertama/ang +ersifatnontemporer. Houis 7aguerre +er$reasi i unia fotografi satu e$ae $emuian, tepatn/a tahun %&',engan7aguerrot/pen/a ,proses ini han/a mema$an margin eahan re$am foto se$itar '@ menit,selain itu hasil foto /angihasil$an melalui penemuan 7aguerro ini tampa$ inah an le+ih +erupa, /ang mem+uat penemuan an hasil foto/ang itemu$an 7aguerro ini +egitu popular i eran/a.

9ia$ +erselang lama ari penemuan Houis 7aguerro,i meio %&' Dilliam *err/ "oI 9al+ot mem+uat lang$ahfenomenal engan mengi$uti $esu$sesan para penemu penahulun/a,$ali ini 9al+ot menemu$an proses imagenegatif /ang inama$an Calot/pe. Bam+ar negatif aalah transformasi hasil gam+ar /ang semula +er+entu$ positif,sehinggaasil foto /ang itelah ihasil$an apat iper+an/a$ sesuai $ehena$.Setelah penemuai 9al+ot se6atin/a+an/a$ $em+ali +ermunculan penemuan serupa,namun $a+er+agai fa$tor,ari mulai $urang sempurna sampai$urang user frienl/,mem+uat proses hasil foto positif0negatif /ang itemu$an 9al+ot men6ai acuan.

Source

www.fototeacher.comA+logAarti$el0$reati-itiAse6arah0ring$as0fotografiA

tutuorial$uliah.+logspot.comA2@@A%@Atentang0flare0signals0heliograph0mirror.html

3opulari5ation (4/ Ee5a 7wicah/a 3utra)

9ahun %&=, seorang pangeran Eussia Sergei H-o-ich He-its$/ mem+uat se+uah $amera /ang secara signifi$anmening$at$an proses fo$us. 3enemuan ini mempengaruhi per$em+angan $amera alam +e+erapa e$ae anmasih iguna$an alam +e+erapa $amera profesional. Gntu$ pertama$alin/a, He-its$/ memper$enal$an $ar/a0$ar/an/a i 3aris, serta re0touching negatif untu$ mengurangi atau menghilang$an $e$urangan te$nis. He-its$/ 6ugamerupa$an fotografer pertma /ang menggam+ar$an seseorang alam pose /ang +er+ea.

Eoger "enton an 3hilip *enr/ 7elamotte memper$enal$an cara +aru alam mere$am se+uah peristiwa. peristiwapertma /ang ia+ai$an olehn/a aalah perang Krimera, an /ang $eua aalah proses pem+ong$aran anre$onstru$si 9he Cr/stal 3alace i Honon. Seorang fotografer a+a $e0% lain/a aalah Eo+ert 8acpherson /angmempopuler$an ga/a lans$ap an arsite$tur. "oto0foto Eoma, interior Jati$an, an peesaan se$itarn/a men6ai+u$ti $ar/an/a.

9ahun %&=, $ar/a0$ar/a He-its$/ ipamer$an oleh seorang ahli opti$ /ang ter$enal asal 3aris, Charles HouisChe-alier. 7i 3aris, $ar/an/a iguna$an se+agai i$lan lensa mere$a. "oto0fotn/a menerima se+uah penghargaan+erupa meali emas, an ini merupa$an penghargaan pertama /ang i+eri$an $epaa se+uah foto.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photographyhttp://sulut.kemeneg.go.id/file/file/humas/txhk1371360629.pdfhttp://www.fototeacher.com/blog/artikel-kreativiti/sejarah-ringkas-fotografi/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photographyhttp://sulut.kemeneg.go.id/file/file/humas/txhk1371360629.pdfhttp://www.fototeacher.com/blog/artikel-kreativiti/sejarah-ringkas-fotografi/


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3aa tahun /ang sama, i St. 3eters+ug, Eussia stuio He-its$/ pertama$alin/a mengusul$an ie untu$ su+/e$artifisial caha/a alam pengaturan stuio mengguna$an penerangan listri$ i siang hari. 7ian mengata$an tentangpenggunaaan/a, !se6auh /ang sa/a tahu apli$asi ini ari lampu listri$ +elum pernah ico+a, itu aalah sesuatu /ang+aru, /ang a$an iterima oleh fotografer $arena $eseerhanaan an $epra$tisan/a#. 7ua tahun +eri$utn/a, i se+uahpameran i 3aris, He-its$/ memenang$an meali emas pertama /ang pernah i+eri$an untu$ foto potret.

httpAAen.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iA*istor/MofMphotograph/N3opulari5ation

Oleh fi Eofiatul anahP

4ahan Darna

Setelah penemuan Callot/pe atau 9al+ot/pe (/ang alam +ahas /unani +erarti gam+ar /ang inah atau canti$) paatahun %&@@, $emuian penemuan proses colloion paa tahun %&%, iamenga$ui +ahwa $ar/an/a ipengaruhi oleh penemuan 9homas oungQs tentang fotoreseptor mata.

8aIwell mem+uat tiga gam+ar pita +er+ea melalui tiga saringan /ang +er+ea. Keti$a ia mempro/e$si$an tigagam+ar terpisah engan caha/a +erwarna ari setiap saringan an selaras panangan, hasiln/a aalah tampilanwarna.

Se+enarn/a ia +eruntung $arena e$sperimenn/a engan pita tartan trang +erhasil. "ilm fotografi saat itu tia$

sensitif terhaap warna merah. Satu0satun/a alasan warna +isa ilihat aalah $arena pita itu seniri mencermin$anraiasi ultra -iolet tiruan merah. 8aIwell $emuian men6ai 3rofesor "isi$a ;Iperimental i uni-ersitas Cam+rige.7ia meninggal paa tahun %&, $ar/an/a alam "otografi warna mengilhami +an/a$ orang lain untu$ memprou$siwarna0warna alami.

Karena $etia$pra$tisann/a penemuan 8aIwell itu, perhatian langsung ifo$us$an paa +ahan ceta$ warna. 7alam+u$un/a tahun %&>, Photography in Color , "ranceQs Houis 7ucos u *auron mem+u$ti$an metoe untu$ mem+uatwarna ceta$ foto, namun tern/ata menghasil$an warna ceta$ (Color 3rints) le+ih sulit ari paa menghasi$antampilan warna (Color Slie).

Selain itu penelitian 8aIwell 6uga mengispirasi :uguste an Houis Himiere /ang 6uga meneliti tampilan warna, anpaa a$hirn/a menemu$an $amera motion picture an pro6ector.

Belatin04romia 3roses 3elat Kering

ilmuan an fotografer amatir mengisi se6arah fotogarfi engan cerita penemuan ter$enal. 7r. Eichar 8aoI aalah

satu orang awam /ang mem+antu mengu+ah wa6ah tentang fotografi. 8aoI aalah seornag /ang mempela6aritentang o+at0o+atan. 8aoI +ela6ar ilmu $eo$teran i ?nggris an pra$te$ i Konstantinopel. Keti$a ia $em+ali $erumah, ia mengha+is$an wa$tun/a untu$ fotografi mi$ro. Seperti $e+an/a$an orang /ang lainia seang mencaripengganti untu$ colloion se+agai emulsi fotografi. 8aoI menco+a gelatin +ahan organi$ /ang iperoleh aritulang, $ulit an $u$u hewan enagn proses :rcher. 8aoI mencampur$an camium +romie an sil-er nitratalam larutan hangat ari gellatin. *asil ari larutan itu aalah larutan pe$a caha/a /ang apat iprou$si anisimpan. Kema6uan proses i tahun %@@ ini mempercepat pen/inaran $e piringan. 7i tahun0tahun +eri$utn/apenelitian 8aoI terus +erlan6ut hingga menghasil$an $amera /ang cu$up $ecil an +isa igenggam tangan anmenghasil$an gam+ar /ang apat iceta$ engan tam+ahan huruf.

*olograph/

3aa tahun %=, ilmuan *ungaria +ernama 7ennis Ba+or mengem+ang$an holografi untu$ mening$at$an $ualitastampilan /ang iperoleh engan mi$ros$op ele$tron. Ba+or mem+a/ang$an se+uha proses /ang tia$ mem+utuh$anlensa traisional, sehingga informasi /ang $urang fo$us an +lur apat terlihat. *asil /ang menon6ol ari holografi

aalah holografi mengahsil$an gam+ar tiga imensi ari o+6e$ /ang ifoto paa satu lem+ar film. Salah satu hasilari holografi itampil$an paa ma6alah 1ational Beographic paa 8aret %&=.

Sum+er Hester, 3.8. (2@@


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Diliam *enr/ "oI 9al+ot ( leh Bema 8ila *ia/ati)

3aa tahun %&'' Diliam *enr/ "oI 9al+ot mela$u$an penelitian untu$ 1iepce an 7agueree, an a$hirn/a paatahun %&=@ ia menemu$an suatu proses peru+ahan ari negatif $e positif /ang men/e+a+$an pengham+urangam+ar /ang ise+ut !calot/pe#, an setelah penelitian le+ih lan6ut tern/ata !calot/pe# apat mem+antu untu$mening$at$an $ualitas gam+ar, caha/a le+ih pe$a terhaap permu$aan /ang sensitif 6uga proseur memotret le+ihseerhana.

httpAAfr.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iA*istorieMeMlaMphotographie

7aguereet/pe

leh uti Selia 8artiani

oseph 1icephore 1iepce +e$er6a sama engan Houis 7agueree paa tahun %&2 engan men/empurna$an hasiltemuan 1iepce /ang mem+uat foto engan melapisi plat logam paa sen/awa +uatann/a.

setelah $ematian 1iepce paa tahun %&'', Houis 7agueree nelan6ut$an penelitiann/a seniri selama > tahun, hasilpenelitiann/a menemu$an eIposure ( 6umlah caha/a /ang iterima oleh sensor paa $amera) /ang apatiminimalisir han/a alam wa$tu setengah 6am. 9ia$ han/a itu, 7agueree 6uga menemu$an +ahwa foto apatmen6ai permanen apa+ila hasil gam+ar terse+ut irenam paa air garam. 1amun, $elemahann/a han/a apatmem+uat satu gam+ar sa6a an tia$ +isa iupli$asi.

3aa tahun %&' Houis 7aguerre men6ual $amera 7aguerret/pe pertaman/a paa pemerintah 3rancis anmenapat tanggapan positif sehingga $amera itu laris i ;ropa an :meri$a Seri$at

Beorge ;astman

(oleh 7wi 3urwanti)

Setelah era pelat, unia fotografi mulai +er$em+ang $e era film. ;ra film mulai +ergera$ paa tahun %&&=, $eti$aBeorge ;astman mulai menemu$an pita film (seluloi) /ang tem+us panang. ;astman menemu$an film fotografi$/ang mem+uat unia fotografi men6ai sema$in men/enang$an. 3aa tahun %&&


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sum+er httpAAen.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iAHippmannMplate

httpAAi.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iA3latMHippman

oleh 8are5$ha Di+awa :

#E+ARA FOTOGRAFI 'I IN'ONE#IA3er$em+angan fotografi i inonesia +ermula ari masa pen6a6ahan an para fotografer paa 5aman JC +u$anari $alangan awam. Ke+an/a$an mere$a +erasal ari $alangan $elas menengah an pernah +ela6ar i0se$olah0se$olah ii$an *inia04elana +ah$an +an/a$ fotografer ?nonesia $ala itu memili$i $eturunan ari 4elana. Se6a$iper$enal$an se$itar tahun %&2@0an,"otografi +er$em+ang seemi$ian pesatn/a. (leh 8ohamma :lif :lfi/uin).

3er$em+angan fotografi i inonesia +erhu+ungan engan per6alanan politi$n/a, +ersama engan +eru+ahn/a?nonesia ari masa $e masa hingga a$hirn/a re-olusi an sampai $epaa reformasi. *al ini apat $ita lihat engan+er$em+angn/a +u$ti0+u$ti re-olusi ?nonesia /ang aa alam foto an -ieo /ang +erear. ( leh :hma "ai5alBinan6ar )

Se6arah fotografi i ?nonesia imulai paa tahun %&


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pasu$an, an meriam tetapi engan cara menguasai te$nologi transportasi an $omuni$asi moern termasu$fotografi.

paa tahun %&=%0%=%, alam rentan wa$tu %@@ tahun itu penguasaan $amera secara e$slusif +eraa i tanganorang0orang ;ropa, Cina, epang an han/a empat orang pri+umi sa6a /ang memili$in/a salah satun/a /aituKassian Cephas.

*assian .ep"as (012230405)& ,ang Pertama6 7ang Terlupa%an

Cephas lahir paa %< anuari %&=< ari pasangan Kartorono an 8inah. :a 6uga /ang mengata$an +ahwa iaaalah ana$ ang$at ari orang 4elana /ang +ernama "reeri$ 4ernar "r. Schal$. Cephas +an/a$ mengha+is$anmasa $ana$0$ana$n/a i rumah Christina 3etronella Ste-en. Cephas mulai +ela6ar men6ai fotografer /ang +e$er6a iawa 9engah se$itar %&>'0%&


21/164

Cephas aalah salah satu ari segelintir pri+umi /ang wa$tu itu +isa meni$mati $eistimewaan0$eistimewaan anpengharagaan ari mas/ara$at elite ;ropa i og/a$arta. 8ung$in itu se+a+n/a $ar/a0$ar/a foto Cephas saratengan suasana men/enang$an an inah. 8oel0moel canti$, tari0tarian, upacara0upacara, arsite$tur rumahtempo ulu, an semua hal /ang ena$ ilihat selalu men6ai sasaran +ii$ $ameran/a +ah$an, rumah an to$o mili$orang0orang 4elana, leng$ap engan tuan0tuan an noni0noni 4elana /ang uu$0uu$ i teras rumah, 6ugasering men6ai o+/e$ foton/a.

Se$itar tahun %&>'0%&


22/164

:nreas 7arwis 9riai atau /ang le+ih i$enal engan nama 7arwis 9riai aalah salah satu fotografer senior i?nonesia. 7arwis 9riai lahir i solo paa %< o$to+er %


23/164

3:" ini ipra$arsai oleh 3rof. C. 3. Dolff Schoema$er +ersauara an 3rof. Schermerhorn. 8ere$a merupa$an to$oh$enamaan i 4anung an Buru 4esar ari 9echnische *ogeschool (9*) atau se$arang ise+ut ?nstitut 9e$nologi4anung (?94). 8eneer Schoema$er merupa$an seorang arsite$tur ternama *inia04elana paa awal a+a $e0 %.4eliau seniri lah /ang mem+uat logo 3:".

(leh enal 8utaRin)

Sum+er Eu6u$an anonim, 2@%'. PAF Perhimpunan Amatir Foto.

OnlineP. 9erseia httpAAwww.sfi2@%'.comA O%< Septem+er 2@%'P

Terlindas #emangat Re9olusi

8es$i emi$ian, alam $ha5anah fotografi ?nonesia, nama Kassian Cephas tia$ seharum nama 8enur +ersauara, /a$ni :leI 8enur an "rans 8enur. 8enur +ersauara +erasal ari aerah Kawo$oan, 8inahasa,Sulawesi Gtara. :leI 8enur lahir paa tahun %@ seang$an "rans 8enur paa tahun %%'. 8ere$a +eruaaalah fotografer /ang ianggap sangat +er6asa +agi per6alanan +angsa ini. 8ere$alah /ang menga+i$an momen0momen penting saat Soe$arno mem+aca$an pro$lamasi Kemere$aan ?nonesia. 1amun han/a foto ari "rans8enur /ang apat lolos ari sitaan pasu$an epang. "oto0foto "rans 8enur itu aalah foto paa saat 3resienSoe$arno mem+aca$an te$s pro$lamasi $emera$aan ?nonesia, foto paa saat pengi+aran 4enera 8erah03utiholeh salah satu anggota 3;9: (3em+ela 9anah :ir) an foto paa saat pemua ?nonesia seang melihat upacara4enera 8erah03utih. Kar/a0$ar/a mere$a le+ih isorot mas/ara$at ?nonesia $arena ianggap $ental engansuasana heroi$ /ang memang paa masa itu sangat i+utuh$an.

"oto0foto monumental $ar/a 8enur 4ersauara, mulai ari foto 4ung 9omo /ang seang +erpiato engansemangat +erapi0api i +awah pa/ung, foto enral Suirman /ang ta$ lepas ari tanun/a, foto sengitn/apertempuran i Sura+a/a, hingga foto pen/o+e$an +enera 4elana i *otel Sa-o/, men6ai alat per6uangan +angsaan men6ai +u$ti se6arah ter+entu$n/a negara ini. 7i awal0awal $emere$aan an re-olusi, tentu sa6a foto0foto8enur 4ersauara tai terus iprou$si oleh penguasa an pela$u se6arah untu$ mengawal semangat +angsa ini."oto0foto $ar/a mere$a iceta$ alam +u$u0+u$u se6arah an men6ai +acaan wa6i+ siswa se$olah, mulai ari ting$atasar sampai ting$at o$toral.

:leI 8enur an "rans 8enur merupa$an pahlawan ?nonesia /ang +ersen6ata$an Kamera /ang mere$a mili$i.Karena, 8enur +ersauara apat meno$umentasi$an momentum0momentum sa$ral +agi ?nonesia agar mas/ara$at ?nonesia paa saat ini mengertahui semangat per6uangan pahlawan ?nonesia terahulu. $arenaei$asin/a an $ar/a0$ar/an/a ini 8enur +ersauara men6ai i$on alam unia fotografer nasional.

8enur +ersauara ini muncul $eti$a masu$n/a epang paa tahun %=2 i ?nonesia /ang secara tia$ langsungmem+eri$an $esempatan paa +angsa ini untu$ men/erap te$nologi $amera /ang paa masa itu iguna$an untu$$e+utuhan propagana an alam men6alan$an propagana terse+ut mere$a melatih orang0orang ?nonesia untu$men6ai fotografer untu$ +e$er6a i $antor 7omei mili$ mere$a. 4u$an han/a itu, 8enur +ersauara ini mem+eri$anima6in +aru tentang +angsa ?nonesia $epaa epang. 8elalui fotografi, 8enur +ersuara +erusaha mem+entu$mental +angsa agar memili$i mental /ang sama tinggi an seera6at.

8enur +ersauara mem+entu$ mental terse+ut $eti$a mere$a $erap mere$am peristiwa 0 peristiwa penting +aginegeri ini, salah satun/a aalah menga+ai$an eti$ 0 eti$ pem+acaan 3ro$lamasi Kemere$aan Eepu+li$?nonesia. ?nilah momen $eti$a fotografi +enar 0 +enar !sampai# $e inonesia $eti$a $amera mampu +erpinahtangan $e inonesia an inonesia pun mampu merepresentasi$an irin/a seniri an menun6u$an +ahwa inonesiamemili$i mental /ang sama tinggi an seera6at. (leh Eista :malia)

hal inilah /ang mem+ea$an foto0foto $ar/a 8enur +ersauara engan foto0foto $ar/a Cephas. $arena alam$ar/an/a 8enur +ersauara le+ih meniti$ +erat$an paa momentum0momentum +erse6arah +agi +angsa ?nonesia

/ang $ental engan suasana heroi$ /ang seang ter6ai i ?nonesia paa saat itu, sementara foto0foto Cephas /angpen/e+arann/a sangat ter+atas le+ih coco$ masu$ $e museum atau i$ole$si oleh orang0orang /ang men6ai $lien/aatau para $ole$tor. Kanungan foto $ar/a Cephas inilai tia$ menu$ung suasana pergola$an /ang tengah+erlangsung saat itu. 4ah$an foto0foton/a /ang menon6ol$an tentang $einahan ?nonesia, potret ra6a0ra6a an!lono0lono#, serta para +angsawan ipanang se+agai !pro status Ruo#. 8a$an/a foton/a 6arang iliri$.

3er+eaan 5amanlah /ang mem+uat foto0foto $ar/a Cephas an 8enur 4ersauara saling +ertola$ +ela$ang.Kalau foto $ar/a 8enur 4ersauara memperlihat$an soso$ 4ung Karno /ang hangat, flam+o/an, an penuhsemangat $era$/atan, 6ustru foto +uatan Cephas menampil$an soso$ ra6a /ang ingin, som+ong, an sangat feoal.4ila foto0foto para pe6uang wanita /ang 6uga anggota palang merah i $ancah pertempuran isuguh$an 8enur

http://www.sfi2013.com/http://www.sfi2013.com/


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4ersauara, 6ustru foto0foto gais canti$, man6a, an a/ulah /ang itawar$an Cephas tenggelam alam pelu$an para$ole$tor.

Kini Kassian Cephas han/a tinggal $enangan. "oto0foto tentang irin/a pun tersem+un/i entah i mana. han/a aasatu foto /ang men6ai +u$ti +ahwa ia pernah aa, /a$ni foto irin/a setelah menerima +intang 6asa !range01assau# ari Eatu Dilhelmina paa tahun %@%.

httpAAaniarwi$an.+logspot.comA2@@A@'Ase6arah0fotografi0inonesia.html

httpAAmari+ela6arfoto.worpress.comA2@%2A%%A%

httpAAwww.tempo.coAreaAnewsA2@%%A@A@>A%>2'' polaroi memper$enal$an pengontrol otomatis paa +u$aan iafragma, lampu $ilat an $ecepatanrana engan te$nologi. 3aa tahun %2, lahirlah sistem polaroi ST0@ engan se+uah re-olusi mem+e+as$anpemotret ari segala hal $ewa6i+an./ang mengi$at, $arena segalan/a +e$er6a secara otomatis. 7alam wa$tu >@ eti$,$eti$a tom+ol rana ite$an ma$a pemotretan $eluar engan senirin/a an langsung 6ai. 3aa ST0@ inimengguna$an sistem pena6aman gam+ar engan mengguna$an naa +erfre$uensi tinggi /aitu sonar autofocus.3aa tahun %& lahirlah sistem pola-ision, /aitu se+uah sistem re$aman hiup langsung 6ai.

httpAAoptii$.u+.ac.iApolaroi0photoA

httpAAtau0se6arah.+logspot.comA2@%'A@2Ase6arah0per$em+angan0$amera0polaroi.html

(oleh *eni Eahma/anti)

PINOE .A-ERA:

Se+uah $amera lu+ang 6arum aalah $amera simpel tanpa lensa engan aperture $ecil tunggal 0 efe$tif $ota$caha/a0+u$ti engan lu+ang $ecil i satu sisi. Caha/a ari se+uah aegan melewati titi$ tunggal ini anmempro/e$si$an ?mage ter+ali$ i sisi +erlawanan ari $ota$. 8ata manusia alam caha/a terang +ertina$ sama,seperti haln/a camera mengguna$an lu+ang $ecil.

Sampai titi$ tertentu, sema$in $ecil lu+ang, sema$in ta6am gam+ar, tapi immer gam+ar /ang ipro/e$si$an. Secaraoptimal, u$uran aperture harus %A%@@ atau $urang ari 6ara$ antara itu an gam+ar /ang ipro/e$si$an.

http://daniarwikan.blogspot.com/2009/03/sejarah-fotografi-indonesia.htmlhttp://maribelajarfoto.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/sejarah-fotografi-di-indonesia/(2012)http://maribelajarfoto.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/sejarah-fotografi-di-indonesia/(2012)http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2011/09/06/162354830/Dari-Mendur-untuk-Sejarahhttp://optiik.ub.ac.id/polaroid-photo/http://tau-sejarah.blogspot.com/2013/02/sejarah-perkembangan-kamera-polaroid.htmlhttp://daniarwikan.blogspot.com/2009/03/sejarah-fotografi-indonesia.htmlhttp://maribelajarfoto.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/sejarah-fotografi-di-indonesia/(2012)http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2011/09/06/162354830/Dari-Mendur-untuk-Sejarahhttp://optiik.ub.ac.id/polaroid-photo/http://tau-sejarah.blogspot.com/2013/02/sejarah-perkembangan-kamera-polaroid.html


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Karena $amera lu+ang 6arum mem+utu$an paparan pan6ang, rana apat ioperasi$an secara manual, sepertiengan flap ter+uat ari caha/a0+u$ti materi untu$ menutupi an mengung$ap lu+ang 6arum. ;$sposur $has +er$isar ari < eti$ hingga +e+erapa 6am.

3aa asarn/a caha/a aalah se+uah fenomena gelom+ang, $eti$a imensi caha/a saat lu+ang mem+u$a samaengan imensi pan6ang gelom+ang caha/a, ter6ailah ifra$si. 7imana 6i$a lu+ang caha/a terlalu $ecil, gam+ar a$an$eluar ari fo$us.

3erhitungan iameter lu+ang /ang optimal untu$ menghasil$an gam+ar /ang ta6am pertama $ali iusul$an oleh osef 3et5-al, /ang $emuian i sempurna$an oleh Hor Ea/leigh 4ritish pemenag 1o+el. Hor Ea/leigh memapar$anrumusn/a alam +u$u 1ature paa tahun %&% an masih +erla$u sampai saat ini.

3enggunaan umum ari $amera lu+ang 6arum aalah untu$ menang$ap gera$an matahari selama 6ang$a wa$tu/ang pan6ang. 6enis fotografi ise+ut Solargraph/.

Bam+ar apat ipro/e$si$an $e la/ar tem+us untu$ melihat real0time (populer untu$ mengamati gerhana matahari,lihat 6uga $amera o+scurea), atau apat menge$spos film fotografi atau +ia/a perang$at iga+ung$an (CC7).Kamera lu+ang 6arum engan CC7 sering iguna$an untu$ sur-eilans $arena mere$a sulit untu$ iete$si.

3erang$at lu+ang 6arum mem+eri$an $eselamatan +agi mata saat melihat gerhana matahari $arena acara ini iamatisecara tia$ langsung, intensitas +er$urang ari gam+ar lu+ang 6arum /ang tia$ +er+aha/a i+anung$an engansilau penuh 8atahari itu seniri.

Bam+ar /ang ihasil$an ari pinhole memili$i $ara$teristi$ $husus /ang tia$ $ita temu$an ari lensa foto $lasi$.Karena alam prosesn/a mengguna$an pusat ari pro/e$si sehingga gam+ar alam pinhole ihasil$an ariperspe$tif /ang ieal.

Ciri $husus lainn/a gam+ar /ang ihasil$an oleh pinhole camera memili$i $eta6aman /ang sama walaupun o+6e$/ang itang$ap ari 6ara$ /ang sangat e$at atau +ah$an 6auh.

Karena pinhole camera mere$am gam+ar ari suut pengam+ilan gam+ar /ang sangat luas, alam proses mere$amgam+ar tentu meli+at$an caha/a /ang masu$ an mema$an wa$tu /ang lama. 3inhole mengatur 6umlah caha/a/ang masu$ melalui aperture $ecil. 7an $esulitann/a aalah memotret o+6e$ /ang +ergera$. Da$tu penang$apangam+ar +iasan/a +isa ihitung ala hitungan eti$ atau menit, tetapi alam $onisi pencaha/aan /ang +uru$ (gelap)penang$apan gam+ar +isa men6ai +er6am06am atau +ah$an +erhari0hari.

httpAAen.wi$ipeia.orgAwi$iA3inholeMcamera

httpAAwww.pinhole.c5AenApinholecamerasAwhatis.html

Se6arah 3inhole Kamera

Bam+ar /ang i+uat m

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