Factors That Impact Population Growth

Culture/Religion Gender Equality for Education and

EmploymentEducation AvailabilityPension SystemsMarriage Age and FertilityFamily Planning ServiceAbortion AcceptanceInfant Mortality Rate

Calculating a Population(Births- Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration) = Population ChangeBirth rate - Death rate x 100 = Rate of Pop.

Change

70/Growth Rate (as a percentage) = The time it takes a pop. to

double (Rule of 70)Current Population e^ (rate * time)

= Estimated Population

A closer look at Equation #2

(Birth rate - Death rate) + (Immigration rate- Emmigration rate ) x 100

= Rate (%) of Pop. Change

Birth rate = Births for every 1000 people

Death rate = Deaths for every 1000 people

Immigration Rate = Enter country for every 1000 people

Emmigration Rate = Exit country for every 1000 people

Example of a Population ProblemShermana has a population of 10,000

people

70 Births10 Deaths

10/1000 people immigrate in 5/1000 people leave the country

What is the Shermana’s growth rate? (1.1%)

Another Example…In 1950, a scientist was studying Beluga whales.

At this time, there were 5,000 whales. With a growth rate of 2.5%, what will the estimated population be in 50 years? When will the population double?

Pe= Pi ert Pe is the estimated populationPi is the initial populatione is a constantr is the growth rate (as a decimal)t is time

Factors That Affect Death Rates

Food supplies and distributionNutritionMedical care and Public health technology

Sanitation and personal hygieneSafe water availability

United States

Low infant mortality 165 to 6.5, but not the lowest

Why?Inadequate healthcare for poorDrug addictions Teenage pregnancy

United States Immigration

Accounts for 45% of annual growthFirst Europeans, but now Latinos

and AsiansMany want to limit new citizens

from 45% to 20%Immigration Reform and Control Act

Those with family members can fill vacant jobs, or refugees seeking asylum

Why some citizens welcome new immigrants?

History of the U.S.Increase tax payersFill unwanted jobsWorkforce will be needed to fill the shoes of retired baby boomers

What’s a “brain drain?”

Many educated people leave their own country if they can obtain:

A) Higher income B) Better job

Understanding Age StructureWhat to look for in Population

Pyramids:Fast growth: wide base in a pyramid

Slow growth: base is not as wide in a pyramid

No growth (ZPG): pencil shapeNegative growth: a diamond

Social Impact with slow growth

Who pays for Social Security?

Missing workforce

Demographic Transition StagesSocial changes/stages a country would go through:

PreindustrialTransitionalIndustrializationPost Industrial

Preindustrial StageHarsh conditions:

Famine, plagues, wars, etc.Poor healthcare

High Birth rate and High Death rate

= Low population growth

Transitional StageImproved healthcareMore reliable food production and

distributionWater supplies

Birth rate is still high, low death rate= High Population growth

Industrial StageEconomic GrowthMore jobsEducation availability

Birth rate declines and gets closer to death rate

= Slow Population growth, but still increasing

Post Industrial Better educated, more affluentSmaller families

Low birth rate = death rateZero Population Growth

Indicators for Overall Health of a Country

Life expectancyInfant Mortality

Reflects nutrition and health care availablity

UN Conference on Population and Development

Cairo, EgyptGoals by 2015:

Provide access to Family Planning Services Improve pediatrics and prenatal care Encourage implemenation on population policies Gender equality (education, jobs, and family

responsibilities) Improve poverty Decrease unsustainable patterns of consumptionJapan, Thailand, S. Korea, Taiwan, Iran, and

China all decreased their TFR within 15 years!

Benefits of a City

TradePolitics and organized governmentOrganized religionTechnology, healthcareEducationCulture/Art

Negative effects:

Urban sprawlPovertyPollution (Air, Water, Soil degradation)

Mexico City – Fecal SnowUrban heat absorptionRunoff and floodingNoise PollutionSpread of disease

Possible Solutions:

Move up and not out (skyscrapers)Conserve natural habitatsEnergy and resource conservation (recycling)Mass transportation

Detroit Mass TransitMore plants (ex. Greenbelts)