Human Populations Chapter 7 Cover human population growth Cover factors affecting population growth

Human PopulationsHuman PopulationsChapter 7Chapter 7

Cover human population growthCover human population growth

Cover factors affecting population Cover factors affecting population growthgrowth

I. Population GrowthI. Population Growth

A. General InformationA. General Information According to the book, 4-5 children are born According to the book, 4-5 children are born

every second, worldwideevery second, worldwide• (+) 9,000 people per hour(+) 9,000 people per hour• (+) 214,000 people per day(+) 214,000 people per day

According to the book, 2 people die every According to the book, 2 people die every second, worldwidesecond, worldwide

Concerns are rising over resource depletionConcerns are rising over resource depletion• Leads to birth control and bands on numbers of Leads to birth control and bands on numbers of

children per familychildren per family


A. (cont)A. (cont) Some believe no concern over world-wide Some believe no concern over world-wide

carrying capacity carrying capacity An increase of carrying capacity is possible An increase of carrying capacity is possible

with technologywith technology• More people = more workers = more geniuses (to More people = more workers = more geniuses (to

solve problems)solve problems)• Issues arise from human problems Issues arise from human problems

Greed, power, etc.Greed, power, etc.


B. Human Population HistoryB. Human Population History Populations were low during the Populations were low during the

“hunter/gatherer” era“hunter/gatherer” era Populations increased with the invention of Populations increased with the invention of

agriculture (cultivation and domestication)agriculture (cultivation and domestication) Human population growth has been reduced Human population growth has been reduced

over the years by disease, famine, and warover the years by disease, famine, and war• Ex. Bubonic plague – estimated 1/3 of European Ex. Bubonic plague – estimated 1/3 of European

population died over a 3 year periodpopulation died over a 3 year period

Human Population Over HistoryHuman Population Over History

II. Limits to GrowthII. Limits to Growth

A. Malthusian ChecksA. Malthusian Checks Human populations tend to increase at an Human populations tend to increase at an

exponential or compound rateexponential or compound rate Predicted human populations will outgrow Predicted human populations will outgrow

food supplies, causing a population crashfood supplies, causing a population crash Positive checks are disease and famine, and Positive checks are disease and famine, and

birth preventionbirth prevention• Discussed “moral restraint”Discussed “moral restraint”


A. (cont.)A. (cont.) Most people were immoral or lazyMost people were immoral or lazy Karl Marx disagreed with MalthusKarl Marx disagreed with Malthus

• Social justice would fix the problemsSocial justice would fix the problems Neo-malthusians believe we are approaching or Neo-malthusians believe we are approaching or

already past the carrying capacity already past the carrying capacity B. Technological InfluenceB. Technological Influence

Population crash is stalled due to scientific and Population crash is stalled due to scientific and technological advancestechnological advances

Current population increases are due to scientific Current population increases are due to scientific and technological advancesand technological advances


C. Benefits from higher populationsC. Benefits from higher populations More people means larger markets, More people means larger markets,

more workers, greater numbers of more workers, greater numbers of geniuses, etc.geniuses, etc.

Humans may be the ultimate resourceHumans may be the ultimate resource• No real evidence that social problems have No real evidence that social problems have

increased with greater populationsincreased with greater populations Percentages remain the samePercentages remain the same

III. Human DemographyIII. Human Demography

A. General InformationA. General Information Demography deals with vital statistics about peopleDemography deals with vital statistics about people

• Ex. Births, deaths, where they live, total population, etc.Ex. Births, deaths, where they live, total population, etc.• Graphos = to write or measure Graphos = to write or measure • Demos = peopleDemos = people

B. How many peopleB. How many people As of 10/12/1999, the U.N. declared there are 6 billion As of 10/12/1999, the U.N. declared there are 6 billion

peoplepeople Very hard to determineVery hard to determine Some countries don’t take census Some countries don’t take census


B. (cont.)B. (cont.) Can’t count people that are not supposed to Can’t count people that are not supposed to

be in the countrybe in the country 2 different worlds2 different worlds

• Poor, young, growing rapidlyPoor, young, growing rapidly• Rich, established, slow growing or shrinking (older Rich, established, slow growing or shrinking (older

40 is average age) 40 is average age) Russia declining at 1 million per yearRussia declining at 1 million per year


C. Fertility and Birth RatesC. Fertility and Birth Rates Birth rates are defined as the number of births Birth rates are defined as the number of births

per 1000 personsper 1000 persons Total fertility rate is the number of children born Total fertility rate is the number of children born

to an average woman during her life timeto an average woman during her life time Zero population growth can only occur after Zero population growth can only occur after

several generations at replacement level fertilityseveral generations at replacement level fertility Fertility rates have declined in every part of the Fertility rates have declined in every part of the

world except Africa ( last 50 years)world except Africa ( last 50 years)• Bangladesh 6.9 (1980) to 4.1 in (1998)Bangladesh 6.9 (1980) to 4.1 in (1998)


D. Mortality and Death RatesD. Mortality and Death Rates Crude Mortality Rates are the number of Crude Mortality Rates are the number of

deaths per 1000 people in a given yeardeaths per 1000 people in a given year E. Population Growth RatesE. Population Growth Rates

Natural increase of a population is crude birth Natural increase of a population is crude birth (-) crude death(-) crude death

Total Growth Rate includes immigration and Total Growth Rate includes immigration and emigration:emigration:


E. (cont.)E. (cont.)• Afghanistan -5.3%, doubles every 13 yearsAfghanistan -5.3%, doubles every 13 years• US and Canada- .8%, doubles every 87 yearsUS and Canada- .8%, doubles every 87 years• Spain and United Kingdom- .1% doubles every 700 yearsSpain and United Kingdom- .1% doubles every 700 years• Latvia- - 1.1%, lose ½ population in 64 yearsLatvia- - 1.1%, lose ½ population in 64 years

Declining mortality is the greatest factor for rising Declining mortality is the greatest factor for rising populations world-widepopulations world-wide

Developing countries are increasing their life Developing countries are increasing their life expectancyexpectancy

• Due to better nutrition, improved sanitation, and clean waterDue to better nutrition, improved sanitation, and clean water

World Population v. TimeWorld Population v. Time

World Wide PopulationWorld Wide PopulationDeveloped v. Developing NationsDeveloped v. Developing Nations

III. Human DemographyIII. Human Demography E. (cont.)E. (cont.)

Good correlation between annual income and life Good correlation between annual income and life expectancy, up to $4000 per person per yearexpectancy, up to $4000 per person per year

• After, life expectancy levels out to 75 male and 80 femaleAfter, life expectancy levels out to 75 male and 80 female• Life expectancy between and within races varyLife expectancy between and within races vary

F. Emigration and ImmigrationF. Emigration and Immigration 800,000 people immigrate (legally) into U.S. per year800,000 people immigrate (legally) into U.S. per year Developed regions gain 2 millions people per year Developed regions gain 2 millions people per year

(estimated for the next 50 years)(estimated for the next 50 years) Latino’s are the largest US minorityLatino’s are the largest US minority

• 35 Million35 Million

Money v. Life ExpectancyMoney v. Life Expectancy

IV. Population Growth: Opposing IV. Population Growth: Opposing FactorsFactors

A. Pronatalist pressuresA. Pronatalist pressures Pronatalist Pressures are factors that Pronatalist Pressures are factors that

increase desires to have babiesincrease desires to have babies• Happiness, pride, etcHappiness, pride, etc• Elderly supportElderly support• High infant mortality, non-industrialized nationsHigh infant mortality, non-industrialized nations• Societal status (class systems)Societal status (class systems)• Cultural and religious valuesCultural and religious values

B. Birth Reduction PressuresB. Birth Reduction Pressures Industrialized nationsIndustrialized nations

IV. Population Growth: Opposing IV. Population Growth: Opposing FactorsFactors

B. (cont.)B. (cont.) Pressure to reduce fertilityPressure to reduce fertility Desire for children offset by the desire for Desire for children offset by the desire for

goodsgoods Women want to earn salariesWomen want to earn salaries

• In some areas, the woman’s salary is a necessary In some areas, the woman’s salary is a necessary portion of the budgetportion of the budget

Expensive to raise childrenExpensive to raise children• More than just physical needs, for example, More than just physical needs, for example,

learning trades and collegelearning trades and college

V. Demographic TransitionV. Demographic Transition

A. General InformationA. General Information Demographic transition is when birth rates Demographic transition is when birth rates

and death rates fall due to improved living and death rates fall due to improved living conditions and economic developmentconditions and economic development

B. Development and PopulationB. Development and Population U.S. is on the developed portion of time-lineU.S. is on the developed portion of time-line Countries like Kenya, Yemen, Libya, and Countries like Kenya, Yemen, Libya, and

Jordan are in the developing stageJordan are in the developing stage• Death rates have fallen, yet birth rates have not Death rates have fallen, yet birth rates have not

started downwardstarted downward

Population Rates v. TimePopulation Rates v. Time

V. Demographic TransitionV. Demographic Transition B. (cont.)B. (cont.)

Third world development will increase populations but Third world development will increase populations but should eventually level offshould eventually level off

C. Optimistic View vs. Pessimistic ViewC. Optimistic View vs. Pessimistic View Developing nations already in transitionDeveloping nations already in transition World Population stabilization in this centuryWorld Population stabilization in this century Prosperity and social “reforms” lower need and desire Prosperity and social “reforms” lower need and desire

for childrenfor children Technology advances in third world countries quicker, Technology advances in third world countries quicker,

so population doesn’t rise as fast so population doesn’t rise as fast Can avoid historical mistakesCan avoid historical mistakes Modern communication spurs changeModern communication spurs change


VS.VS. Demographic “trap”, prevents the countries from Demographic “trap”, prevents the countries from

escaping the “developing” stageescaping the “developing” stage Current demands exceeds sustainable yieldsCurrent demands exceeds sustainable yields Most reduce population growth by any meansMost reduce population growth by any means

• Need to use birth controlNeed to use birth control

D. Social Justice ViewD. Social Justice View ““Fair” share of social benefits for everyoneFair” share of social benefits for everyone Enough resources for everyone, social inequities Enough resources for everyone, social inequities

cause misdistribution of resources cause misdistribution of resources


D. (cont.)D. (cont.) All bad issues are a result of no social justiceAll bad issues are a result of no social justice

• Over population exacerbates problemsOver population exacerbates problems Creates “fair” system, don’t blame victimsCreates “fair” system, don’t blame victims

VI. Family PlanningVI. Family Planning

A. General InformationA. General Information Family Planning allows couples to determine Family Planning allows couples to determine

the number of childrenthe number of children Birth Control means methods use to reduce Birth Control means methods use to reduce

birthbirth B. Fertility ControlB. Fertility Control

Longer breast feeding periodsLonger breast feeding periods• Reduces ovulationsReduces ovulations• Cultural considerationsCultural considerations

VI. Family PlanningVI. Family Planning

B. (cont.)B. (cont.) CelibacyCelibacy Mechanical barriersMechanical barriers Surgical methodsSurgical methods Chemical methodsChemical methods Physical barriers ( IUD’s)Physical barriers ( IUD’s)

Fallopian Tubes “Tied”Fallopian Tubes “Tied”

IUDIUD

VasectomyVasectomy

Enough Said!Enough Said!

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Human Populations Chapter 7 Cover human population growth Cover factors affecting population growth